Gently Operated Pacemaker Energizes the Heart

algorithm: A set of defined rules or procedures aimed at solving a problem through a sequence of steps. Algorithms are utilized in mathematics and computer programming to derive solutions.

artificial intelligence: A form of cognitive decision-making performed by machines or computers. This term also encompasses research areas aimed at developing intelligent machines or software.

Biology: The study of living organisms, conducted by scientists known as biologists.

Blood vessels: Tubular structures that carry blood to various tissues and organs.

catheter: A slender tube used for draining fluids from within the body. Made from flexible materials, catheters can often be temporarily inserted or permanently attached. One common use is for draining urine from the bladder, which is typically retained until urination.

Chemicals: Substances formed by the bonding of two or more atoms in fixed ratios and structures. For instance, water is a chemical compound represented by the formula h₂O, consisting of two hydrogen atoms bonded to one oxygen atom. The term also describes the attributes of materials resulting from various reactions between compounds.

Chemistry: A scientific discipline that explores the composition, structure, and properties of matter, as well as their interactions. Chemists utilize this knowledge to investigate new substances, replicate useful materials, and develop new compounds. The term also refers to the recipe or methodology involved in producing compounds and their properties. In social sciences, it denotes the ability of individuals to collaborate and form positive relationships.

Clinical: Pertaining to diagnosis, treatment, or experimentation involving individuals in a medical context.

the current: Flux within liquids like water or air that flows in a specific direction. In an electrical context, it refers to the flow of charge through any material over a designated time period.

data: Sets of facts or statistics gathered for analysis, which may not be systematically organized to convey meaning. In digital contexts, this data typically consists of numbers represented in binary code as strings of zeros and ones.

Develop: To emerge or manifest naturally or through human intervention, such as manufacturing processes.

hindrance: In the context of drugs, refers to conditions that might be seen as diseases when bodily functions are impaired. This term can be synonymous with illness.

electrode: A component that introduces electricity and interacts with non-metal parts of an electrical circuit, or a device that enables electrical signals to travel. In electronics, it can direct the actions or movement of semiconductor devices like transistors, which manage the flow of electrons (negative charges) or holes (positive charges).

engineer: Professionals who leverage science and mathematics to tackle problems. As a verb, it refers to the act of designing a device, material, or process to address issues or unmet needs.

engineering: A field of study that employs mathematics and science to solve practical problems. Individuals working in this domain are known as engineers.

Field: In research, it denotes an area of focus: Her research field is biology. It also describes the natural environments, such as seas, forests, mountains, and cities, where research occurs, contrasting with artificial environments like laboratories. (In physics), it refers to the spatial region where certain physical phenomena occur, such as magnetism, gravity, mass, or electricity.

concentration: The act of focusing intently on a specific point or object.

Implant: Medical devices designed to replace missing biological structures, support damaged structures, or enhance existing ones. Examples include artificial hips, knees, and teeth, as well as pacemakers and insulin pumps for diabetes management. Some devices are surgically placed in animals to monitor biological metrics like temperature, blood pressure, and activity cycles.

Incision: (v. to cut) Refers to cuts made with blade-like instruments or marked cuts in various materials. For example, a surgeon employs a scalpel to make an incision through skin and muscle to access internal organs.

Internship: A training program where students acquire professional skills by working alongside experts. Participants in these programs are referred to as interns, which can encompass medical, scientific, journalism, and business fields.

Invasive: An adjective describing entities that can encroach upon environments, such as invasive species, or alter environments, like invasive medical procedures.

Materials Science: The examination of how the atomic and molecular structures of materials correlate with their properties. Materials scientists can create new materials and assess current ones, analyzing characteristics like density, strength, and melting point to help engineers choose the best materials for specific applications.

film: A layer that obstructs the passage or flow of certain materials based on size or functionality. Membranes play a crucial role in filtration systems and serve similar functions as outer layers of cells and organs in the body.

metal: A substance known for its ability to conduct electricity, shiny appearance, and malleability, which allows it to be shaped under heat or pressure.

logic: A type of tissue responsible for movement generation through contractions of muscle fibers, which are rich in proteins that prey species seek for sustenance.

pacemaker: A compact medical device surgically implanted to regulate abnormal heart rhythms by emitting electrical signals that stimulate the heart to maintain a consistent, healthy rate.

risk: The potential for adverse events to occur, as defined mathematically. For example, exposure to radiation presents a cancer risk. It can also refer to the inherent danger itself, such as: Among the cancer risks faced by individuals were radiation exposure and arsenic contamination in drinking water.

robot: A mechanized entity capable of sensing its surroundings, processing information, and executing specific actions. Some robots operate autonomously, while others are directed by human operators.

rodent: Mammals belonging to the Order Rodentia, including species such as mice, rats, squirrels, guinea pigs, hamsters, and porcupines.

semiconductor: Materials that can conduct electricity under certain conditions. Semiconductors are essential components in computer chips and various electronic technologies, such as light-emitting diodes.

silicon: A non-metallic, semiconductor element used in the fabrication of electronic circuits. Pure silicon typically exists as a grayish powder or as shiny dark gray crystals.

Singapore: An island nation situated just off the southern tip of Malaysia in Southeast Asia. Initially a British colony, it gained independence in 1965. Comprising around 55 islands, with the largest being Singapore, the area covers approximately 687 square kilometers (265 square miles) and has a population of over 5.3 million residents.

system: An interconnected set of components that collaborate to fulfill a specific function. For instance, the circulatory system consists of blood, blood vessels, and the heart. Similarly, the components of a nation’s railway system may include trains, platforms, trucks, signals, and overpasses. The term can also describe processes or methodologies entailing an organized sequence of tasks.

boredom: (n. Tedium) Referencing a state characterized by slowness, monotony, and repetitiveness.

Organization: Comprised of cells, it is a distinct type of material that constitutes animals, plants, or fungi. Cells within tissues operate as functional units within organisms, as seen in the diverse types of tissues making up various organs in the human body.

tool: An implement created or obtained by a person or animal to perform tasks such as accessing food, self-defense, or grooming.

Undergraduate students: Refers to second- or fourth-year university students.

vein: (In zoology) A part of the circulation system, these tubes generally transport blood toward the heart. (In botany) a tubular network composed of xylem and phloem cells that plants utilize for transport of materials like water and sugars throughout their structural systems. (Geology) mineral or ore deposits that extend over considerable distances and may contain valuable materials, such as silver veins.