Electric bicycles have become more popular in the United States since the pandemic, helping riders travel farther and faster with less effort while offering a more affordable and accessible alternative to increasingly expensive cars. But the market is facing challenges: Bicycle manufacturers and retailers have seen sales fall from two years ago, horseback-riding injuries are increasing—especially among children—and lawmakers are considering measures to reduce injuries. Confusion about the differences between e-bikes, faster electric bikes and electric motorcycles is making the situation more difficult.
Consumers are not entirely to blame for that confusion. In many places, lawmakers and vehicle retailers blur the boundaries between product categories, even though riders of the most powerful e-bikes and electric motorcycles may be subject to age, licensing and registration requirements.
A child who sees an online advertisement for an electric dirt bike capable of traveling faster than 40 miles per hour might ask a parent to buy it over the internet. But children—and minors generally—may not understand that they cannot legally operate a motorcycle on public roads without a license.
This guide outlines the main types of electric micromobility vehicles available. Because local laws vary, buyers should research the rules governing local roads before purchasing an electric vehicle.
Electric bicycles
The e-bike industry uses three classes to distinguish product features.
Class 1
Class 1 electric bicycles have a motor that activates when the rider pedals. The motor stops providing assistance at 20 miles per hour.
Class 2
Class 2 e-bikes include pedal assist and a throttle, allowing riders to travel at up to 20 miles per hour without pedaling.
Class 3
Class 3 e-bikes provide more powerful pedal assistance. Under the system described here, that assistance stops when the bicycle reaches 40 miles per hour, although some locations set the limit at 25 miles per hour.
Thirty-nine U.S. states have incorporated the three-class system into their laws. In general, Class 3 riders must wear helmets and be at least 16 years old. Some states set the minimum age for riding an e-bike at 14 or 15.
Outside of those requirements, e-bikes are generally regulated like conventional bicycles, and riders must follow the same traffic rules.
Licensing and registration
In most states, e-bike riders do not need a license or registration. As of 2026, New Jersey and Alaska are the two exceptions.
New Jersey requires all e-bikes to be registered and licensed, while Class 3 e-bikes must also be insured.
Alaska has no statewide e-bike law. Some local jurisdictions, including Anchorage, require licenses for e-bikes with a sustained output of more than 750 watts. These vehicles can typically reach speeds of 20 to 48 miles per hour.
Source: www.wired.com
