average: A scientific term referring to the arithmetic mean, calculated by dividing the sum of a group of numbers by the total count of those numbers.
cancer: A category of over 100 diseases characterized by the rapid and uncontrolled division of abnormal cells. Cancer development and malignancy can result in tumors, pain, and potentially fatal outcomes.
cell: (in biology) The fundamental unit of structure and function in living organisms. Cells are typically microscopic and consist of a liquid environment enclosed by a membrane or wall. Depending on size, animals can comprise thousands to trillions of cells, while many organisms, like yeast, molds, bacteria, and some algae, consist of a single cell.
chemicals: Substances formed when two or more atoms bond together in specific ratios and structures. For instance, water (H2O) is a chemical resulting from the combination of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom. The term chemistry can also describe the characteristics of materials arising from various reactions among different compounds.
chromosome: A coiled DNA strand located in the cell nucleus. In both animal and plant cells, chromosomes typically exhibit an X shape. Certain segments within chromosomes encode genes, while other segments serve as binding sites for proteins. The full roles of several chromosome DNA segments remain a subject of scientific inquiry.
clinical trial: A research endeavor that involves human participants.
DNA: (short for deoxyribonucleic acid) An elongated, double-stranded helical molecule found in most living cells that carries hereditary information. Composed of a framework of phosphorus, oxygen, and carbon atoms, DNA instructs cells on which molecules to produce across all forms of life, from plants and animals to microorganisms.
egg: A reproductive cell that carries half of the genetic material necessary for creating a complete organism. In humans and various other animals, eggs are produced by the ovaries. When fertilized by sperm, the egg becomes a zygote, marking the beginning of new organism development.
embryo: The initial stage of a developing organism or animal, typically composed of a few cells. As an adjective, it can refer to the infancy of any system or technology.
fusion: (related to fuse) The process of combining two entities to create a new, unified one.
molecule: A collection of atoms representing the smallest unit of a compound. Molecules can consist of single or multiple types of atoms. For example, diatomic oxygen (O2) is made up of two bonded oxygen atoms, while water (H2O) comprises two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom.
nuclear: (in biology) Referring to the nucleus, which is a dense, membrane-enclosed structure found in many cells and contains genetic material.
puppy: A term that designates the young of various animals, including dogs, mice, and seals.
sperm: A reproductive cell containing half of the genetic information required to form a complete organism. In humans and many animals, sperm is produced in the testes. Upon combining with an egg, the two create a zygote, the first step in the formation of new organisms.
technology: The practical application of scientific knowledge, encompassing the tools, processes, and systems developed from this understanding.
Y chromosome: A component of an animal’s genetic makeup found on the sex chromosome known as “Y”. Generally, males possess both a Y and an X chromosome, while females are typically without a Y chromosome.
fertilized egg: The cell produced when two gametes merge; in humans, this refers to the fusion of eggs and sperm, while in plants, it pertains to the combination of pollen grains and eggs.
Source: www.snexplores.org
