Exercise is a valuable intervention for maintaining long-term health and independence in later life, but for some individuals, it can lead to serious health risks. About 0.05 to 2 percent of the population suffers from an allergy called exercise-induced anaphylaxis (EIA), where physical activity can trigger symptoms ranging from mild discomfort to life-threatening situations.
EIA is a rare, severe allergic reaction caused by exercise, similar to how the body reacts to a wasp sting, according to Consultant Immunologist Dr. Scott Pereira. Although EIA cases are rare, they are estimated to constitute around 0.05 percent of the population and 5 percent of all anaphylaxis cases.
The condition primarily affects individuals in their teens or twenties, with more women impacted than men.
Causes of exercise-induced anaphylaxis
Exercise alone can trigger reactions in EIA patients, but more commonly, episodes occur when exercise is combined with another anaphylaxis trigger, often food consumed within the last 4 to 6 hours. Common food allergens that can cause EIA include wheat, dairy, eggs, nuts, shellfish, tomatoes, and celery.
Additionally, factors like anti-inflammatory painkillers, alcohol, pollen exposure, infections, and hormonal changes can contribute to triggering an EIA reaction by lowering the response threshold.
The specific type, intensity, and duration of exercise that can induce an EIA episode vary among individuals, but aerobic exercises like running and brisk walking have been linked to EIA.
Symptoms and Diagnosis of EIA
Symptoms of EIA typically start with fatigue, warmth, and itching, progressing to hives, swelling, stomach cramps, wheezing, and in severe cases, collapse. Anaphylaxis symptoms can quickly manifest during exercise, affecting breathing, heart rhythm, and blood pressure.
Diagnosing EIA can be challenging, as symptoms are often mistaken for other conditions, leading to delayed diagnosis. Medical history, allergy blood tests, and thorough examinations are essential for identifying EIA triggers.
Management of EIA
Currently, there is no known cure for EIA, but individuals can safely continue exercising by understanding and avoiding triggers. Carrying an epinephrine auto-injector at all times is crucial, as immediate use of epinephrine is recommended when symptoms appear.
Avoiding trigger foods, anti-inflammatory drugs, and alcohol before exercising, along with being cautious during hot or pollen seasons, can help prevent EIA episodes. It is also advisable to refrain from exercising alone until symptoms are well-controlled.
Source: www.sciencefocus.com
