atom: The basic unit of a chemical element. An atom consists of a dense nucleus containing positively charged protons and uncharged neutrons. A cloud of negatively charged electrons orbits the nucleus.
carbon: A chemical element that is the physical basis of all life on Earth. Carbon exists freely as graphite and diamond. Carbon is an important component of coal, limestone, and petroleum and can chemically combine with itself to form a vast number of molecules of chemical, biological, and commercial importance.
chemicals: A substance formed by the combination of two or more atoms in a certain ratio and structure. For example, water is a chemical formed by two hydrogen atoms combining with one oxygen atom. Its chemical formula is H2O. Chemical can also be used as an adjective to describe the properties of substances that result from various reactions between different compounds.
crystal: (adjective: crystalline) A solid consisting of a symmetrical, ordered three-dimensional arrangement of atoms or molecules. Most minerals have this organized structure; for example, apatite forms hexagonal crystals. The crystalline components of rocks are usually too small to be seen with the naked eye.
Calm: (in chemistry) The fixing or deposition of atoms onto another substance (commonly called the substrate).
diamond: One of the hardest substances known on Earth and the rarest gemstones, diamonds are formed deep within the Earth when carbon is compressed under incredibly intense pressure.
element: A building block of a larger structure. (In chemistry) Any of over 100 substances whose smallest unit is a single atom. Examples include hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, lithium, and uranium.
Field: Field of study. Example: Her field of research is biology.It is also a term used to describe the real-world environment in which some research takes place, such as the ocean, a forest, a mountaintop, a city street, etc. It is the opposite of an artificial environment, such as a laboratory. (Physics) A region in space where certain physical effects act, such as magnetism (produced by magnetic fields), gravity (produced by gravitational fields), mass (produced by the Higgs field), and electricity (produced by electric fields).
hydrogen: The lightest element in the universe. As a gas, it is colorless, odorless, and highly flammable. It is an essential part of many fuels, fats, and chemicals that make up living tissues. It consists of one proton (which acts as the nucleus) and one electron orbiting it.
iron: A metallic element common in minerals in the Earth’s crust and hot core. It is also found in space dust and many meteorites.
liquidA substance that flows freely but has a constant volume, such as water or oil.
magnetic fieldA field of influence produced by certain substances called magnets, or by the movement of electric charges.
Mantle: (geology) The thick layer beneath the Earth’s outer crust. The mantle is semi-solid and is commonly divided into the upper mantle and the lower mantle.
metal: Something that conducts electricity well, is shiny (reflective), and malleable (i.e. can be reshaped with heat and without excessive force or pressure).
methaneHydrocarbons with the formula CHFour (that is, four hydrogen atoms bonded to one carbon atom). It is a naturally occurring component of what is called natural gas. It is also released by decomposing plants in wetlands and by the burping of cows and other ruminant animals. From a climate perspective, methane is a very important greenhouse gas because it is 80 times more powerful than carbon dioxide at trapping heat in the Earth’s atmosphere.
nickel: Number 28 on the periodic table, this hard, silvery element is resistant to oxidation and corrosion, making it suitable for use as a coating for many other elements and in multi-metallic alloys.
particle: A trace of something.
physically: (adjective) A term referring to something that exists in the real world, not in memory or imagination. It can also refer to properties of matter that result from their size or from non-chemical interactions (such as when one block slams into another). (In biology and medicine) The term can also refer to the body, as in a physical examination or physical activity.
pressure: A force applied uniformly over an entire surface, measured as force per unit area.
Silicon: A nonmetallic semiconducting element used in the manufacture of electronic circuits. Pure silicon exists in shiny dark grey crystalline form and as an amorphous powder.
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