Bipolar: An adjective that means working in two directions simultaneously. (in plasma physics or chemistry) Affects both positive and negative ions equally.
islands: A group of islands formed in an arc across a vast ocean. Examples include the Hawaiian Islands, the Aleutian Islands, and the more than 300 islands of the Republic of Fiji.
arctic: Area included in the Arctic Circle. The edges of that circle are defined as the northernmost point where the sun is visible on the northern winter solstice and the southernmost point where the midnight sun is visible on the northern summer solstice. The Arctic Highlands are the northernmost third of the region. The area is covered in snow for most of the year.
atmosphere: An envelope of gas surrounding the Earth, another planet, or the Moon.
atom: Basic unit of chemical elements. Atoms consist of a dense nucleus containing positively charged protons and uncharged neutrons. The nucleus of an atom is orbited by a cloud of negatively charged electrons.
battery: A device that can convert chemical energy into electrical energy.
COVID-19 (new coronavirus infection): The name given to the disease that developed into a major global pandemic in 2020. The disease first appeared in 2019 and is caused by a new coronavirus known as SARS-CoV-2. Symptoms include pneumonia, difficulty breathing, feeling too tired to walk more than a few steps, fever, headache, low blood oxygen levels, blood clots, and brain “fog.”
develop: Appearing or produced naturally or through human intervention such as manufacturing.
electric field: The area around a charged particle or object where forces are exerted on other charged particles or objects.
potential: Potential, commonly known as voltage, is the driving force for current (or flow of electrons) in a circuit. In scientific terms, electric potential is a measure of the potential energy per unit charge (such as an electron or proton) stored in an electric field.
electronic:Negatively charged particles. It is usually seen orbiting the outer region of the atom. Also a conductor of electricity in solids.
evolution: (v. evolve) The process by which a species changes over time, usually through genetic variation and natural selection. These changes usually result in new types of organisms that are better suited to the environment than previous types. A new type is not necessarily more “advanced”, just better adapted to the specific conditions in which it was developed. Alternatively, the term can refer to changes that occur as a natural progression in the nonliving world (such as computer chips evolving into smaller devices that operate faster).
force: external influences that can change the motion of objects, move objects closer together, or cause motions or stresses in stationary objects.
basic: something fundamental or the basis of another thing or idea.
gravity: A force that attracts something with mass or volume to another thing with mass. The greater the mass of something, the greater its gravitational force.
greenland: The world’s largest island, Greenland is located between the Arctic Ocean and the North Atlantic Ocean. Greenland is technically part of North America (located just east of northern Canada), but politically it has strong ties to Europe.
habitable: A place suitable for humans and living things to live comfortably.
hydrogen:The lightest element in the universe. As a gas, it is colorless, odorless, and highly flammable. It is an essential part of many of the fuels, fats, and chemicals that make up living tissues. It consists of a single proton (acting as the atomic nucleus) orbited by a single electron.
hypothesis: (v. hypothesis) A proposed explanation for a phenomenon. In science, a hypothesis is an idea that must be rigorously tested before it can be accepted or rejected.
ion: (adjective, ionized) An atom or molecule that acquires a charge due to the loss or gain of one or more electrons. An ionized gas or plasma is a state in which all electrons are separated from their parent atoms.
magnetic field: An area of ​​influence created by the movement of a certain substance, or electric charge, called a magnet.
Mars: The fourth planet from the Sun, and the only planet removed from Earth. Like Earth, it has seasons and humidity. However, its diameter is only about half that of Earth.
oxygen: A gas that makes up about 21% of the Earth’s atmosphere. All animals and many microorganisms require oxygen to facilitate growth (and metabolism).
particle: A trace amount of something.
planet: A large celestial body that orbits a star, but unlike a star, it does not produce visible light.
polar wind: A flow of ions (plasma) rising from the upper layers of Earth’s atmosphere, namely the magnetosphere and upper ionosphere. No one was sure of its cause, but some kind of electric field was the most likely explanation (until confirmed in 2024). The term for this eruption of ions appeared in two 1968 research papers by Peter M. Banks and Thomas E. Holzer, and W. Ian Axford. It became known as Earth’s polar winds because it resembles the flow of solar plasma leaving the Sun’s outer atmosphere (solar wind).
very: (in earth science and astronomy) the cold region of a planet farthest from the equator. The upper and lower ends of the virtual axis around which the celestial body rotates. (in physics and electrical engineering) the end of a magnet. (in chemistry) two regions of opposite charge, one positive and one negative.
recollection: To remember.
sea: Ocean (or area that is part of the ocean). Unlike lakes and streams, sea water, or ocean water, is salty.
spectrometer: Equipment that measures spectra of light, energy, atomic mass, etc. Chemists typically use these instruments to measure and report the wavelengths of light they observe. The process of collecting data using this instrument is known as spectrometry and can help identify elements and molecules present in unknown samples.
supersonic: Travels at a speed of 1 to 5 times the speed of sound in air.
Venus: The second outermost planet from the Sun, it has a rocky core like Earth. Venus lost most of its water a long time ago. The sun’s ultraviolet radiation split these water molecules apart, allowing their hydrogen atoms to escape into space. Volcanoes on the Earth’s surface spewed out high levels of carbon dioxide, which accumulated in the Earth’s atmosphere. Currently, the atmospheric pressure on Venus’s surface is 100 times that of Earth, and the atmosphere keeps the planet’s surface at an unforgiving temperature of 460 degrees Celsius (860 degrees Fahrenheit).
Source: www.snexplores.org
