abnormality: A brief and unexpected difference. Something uncommon, especially something that falls outside the usual range.
ash: (in geology) small, light pieces of rock or glass expelled by a volcanic eruption.
chemicals: A substance formed when two or more atoms combine in a specific proportion and structure. For example, water is a chemical created when two hydrogen atoms combine with one oxygen atom. Its chemical formula is H2O. Chemistry can also be used as an adjective to describe the properties of materials resulting from various reactions between different compounds.
core: Something at the center of an object (usually round). (in geology) the innermost layer of the earth. or long cylindrical samples drilled into ice, soil, or rock. Cores allow scientists to analyze layers of sediment, dissolved chemicals, rocks, and fossils to understand how a location’s environment has changed over hundreds or thousands of years.
crater: A large bowl-shaped cavity either underground or on the surface of a planet or moon. These are often caused by explosions or impacts from meteorites or other celestial bodies. Such impacts are sometimes referred to as cratering events.
crust: (in geology) the outermost layer of the earth, usually made of dense, solid rock. (in planetary science) The outer surface of rocky planets, dwarf planets, and natural satellites.
crystal: (adjective: crystalline) A solid consisting of a symmetrical, regular three-dimensional arrangement of atoms or molecules. This structured arrangement is common for minerals. For example, apatite forms hexahedral crystals. The crystalline components of rocks are typically too small to be seen with the naked eye.
melt: Changing a solid into a liquid and dispersing it in the molten liquid. (For example, solid sugar or salt crystals dissolve in water. The crystals disappear, and the solution becomes a mixture of liquid sugar or salt fully dispersed in water.)
earthquake: Sudden and sometimes violent ground shaking caused by movements within the earth’s crust or volcanic activity, sometimes leading to significant destruction.
eruption: (in Earth science) A sudden explosion or release of hot material from deep within a planet or moon through its surface. Volcanic eruptions on Earth typically release hot lava, hot gas, or ash into the air and onto the surrounding land. In colder regions of the solar system, eruptions that eject liquid water from cracks in the icy crust are common. This phenomenon occurs on Saturn’s icy moon Enceladus.
force: External influences that can alter the motion of objects, bring objects closer together, or cause motions or stresses in stationary objects.
geology: The study of the earth’s physical structure and materials, its history, and the processes that act on it. Individuals who work in this field are known as geologists. Planetary geology involves studying the same aspects about other planets.
Hawaii: This central Pacific island became the 50th state in the United States on August 21, 1959. Its eight major islands, moving from west to east, are Niihau, Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Lanai, Kahoolawe, Maui, and Hawaii (also known as the Big Island). The entire archipelago spans approximately 2,400 kilometers (1,500 miles) and was formed from volcanic eruptions of one or more volcanoes long ago. The chain lies about 3,857 kilometers (2,397 miles) west of San Francisco, California, and 8,516 kilometers east of Manila, Philippines.
Iceland: A predominantly Arctic country in the North Atlantic Ocean, situated between Greenland and the western edge of northern Europe. This volcanic island was settled by immigrants from Norway and Celtic lands (regions under the rule of Scots and Irish) from the late 800s to 1100 AD. It currently houses approximately one million people, about one-third of the population.
information: (as opposed to data) A fact or learned trend about something or someone, often resulting from data analysis.
lava: Molten rock that emerges from volcanoes, travelling from the mantle through the Earth’s crust.
liquid: A substance that maintains a fixed volume while flowing freely, such as water or oil.
magma: Molten rock beneath the Earth’s crust. When this material erupts from a volcano, it is referred to as lava.
mantle: (in geology) the thick layer beneath the earth’s outer shell, semi-solid and typically divided into upper and lower mantle.
melted: Describing molten material, like the liquid rock that forms lava.
population: (in biology) a group of individuals (of the same species) living in a specific area.
prehistoric: An adjective describing events that occurred tens of thousands to millions of years ago, before people began recording events intentionally.
pressure: Force uniformly applied over an entire surface, measured as force per unit area.
Queensland: One of the states in the northeast corner of Australia.
lift: (v.) To rupture or divide, like a friendship. (in geology) The separation of areas of the Earth’s surface along geological faults due to plate tectonics. (n.) Denoting such a rupture or division.
risk: The probability or likelihood that something negative will occur. For example, exposure to radiation carries a risk of cancer. Or a danger or threat itself. (e.g., People faced cancer risks from drinking water contaminated with radiation and arsenic.)
solid: A stable and solid shape, neither liquid nor gas.
sulfur dioxide: A compound of sulfur and oxygen, a pollutant produced by burning fossil fuels and naturally released during volcanic eruptions. Its scientific symbol is SO2.
Crustal deformation: Surface activity of a large rocky body (such as a planet or moon) with liquid rock flowing to the surface, solidifying, and slowly shifting over the molten rock.
volcano: A location where the Earth’s crust opens, and magma or gas erupts from an underground reservoir of molten material. The magma rises through a system of pipes and channels, sometimes interacting in chambers where it undergoes chemical changes. The plumbing system can become more intricate over time, altering the chemical composition of lava. Surrounding the volcanic opening, mounds or cones can form as successive eruptions bring more lava to the surface, where it solidifies into rock.
volcanologist: Scientists specializing in the study of volcanoes.
Source: www.snexplores.org
