air pressure: The force exerted by the weight of air molecules.
Ash: (geology) Small, light pieces of rock or glass ejected by a volcanic eruption. (biology) A group of deciduous trees in the olive family that are popular for landscaping and timber.
bladder: A flexible, bag-like structure for holding liquids or gases.
caldera: A crater formed when the center of a volcano collapses or is destroyed by a very powerful explosion.
compression: To press one or more sides of something to reduce its volume.
crater: A large, bowl-shaped cavity on the ground or surface of a planet or moon, usually caused by an explosion or the impact of a celestial body such as a meteorite. Such impacts are sometimes called cratering events.
debris: Scattered debris, usually trash or destroyed material. For example, space junk includes the remains of defunct satellites and spacecraft.
earthquake: As a result of tectonic or volcanic activity, the ground shakes suddenly, sometimes violently, sometimes causing great destruction.
eruption: (Earth science) A sudden explosion or eruption of hot material from deep within a planet or moon, erupting from the surface. On Earth, volcanic eruptions usually spew hot lava, hot gases, or ash into the air and onto the surrounding land. In colder parts of the solar system, eruptions often spew liquid water through cracks in the icy crust, as happens on Saturn’s icy moon Enceladus.
frequency: The number of times some periodic phenomenon occurs within a specified time interval. (In physics) The number of wavelengths that occur in a particular time interval.
Geological: an adjective describing things relating to the physical structure and materials of the Earth, its history, and the processes acting on it. People who work in this field are known as geologists.
Earth Sciences: Any of the various sciences, such as geology and atmospheric science, concerned with a greater understanding of the Earth. People working in this field are known as geoscientists.
Groundwater: Water stored underground in gaps and cracks in soil and rocks.
Infrasound: Sound waves with frequencies below the lower limit of human hearing.
Link: A connection between two people or things.
magma: Molten rock found beneath the Earth’s crust. When it erupts from a volcano, the material is called lava.
size: (geology) A number used to describe the relative size of an earthquake. It ranges from 1 to 8 or more and is calculated by the maximum ground motion recorded by a seismograph. There are several scales of magnitude. One of the most commonly used scales today is moment magnitude, which is based on the size of the fault (crack in the Earth’s crust), how much the fault slips (moves) during the earthquake, and the energy force required to allow that movement. For every increase in magnitude, an earthquake produces 10 times the ground motion and releases about 32 times the energy. For reference, a magnitude 8 earthquake can release the energy equivalent to exploding 6 million tons of TNT. (astronomy) A measure of the brightness of a star.
mechanism: The step or process by which something happens or “functions.” It might be the spring that makes something jump from one hole to another. It might be the contraction of the heart muscle that pumps blood throughout the body. It might be the friction that slows down a car as it coasts. To understand how something works, researchers often look for the mechanisms behind actions and reactions.
Mitigate: (noun or adjective mitigation) To take actions or identify characteristics that make something less extreme, less painful, or less disruptive.
melted: A word used to describe molten material, such as the liquid rock that makes up lava.
Communication network: a group of interrelated people or things. (verb) The act of connecting with other people who work in a particular field or do similar things (such as artists, business leaders, medical support groups, etc.), often by going to gatherings where such people are likely to congregate and engaging in conversation with them there. (noun: networking)
novel: something clever, unusual, and new, never seen before; (in literature) a work of fiction.
phenomenon: Something surprising or unusual.
Decorative feathers: (in geology) A fluid (usually air, water, or magma) that travels long distances while remaining more or less intact and in a feathery form.
pressure: A force applied uniformly over an entire surface, measured as force per unit area.
danger: The chance or mathematical probability of something bad happening. For example, the risk of getting cancer from exposure to radiation. Or the danger, or harm itself. (For example: Among the cancer risks people faced were radiation and arsenic-contaminated drinking water..
rocket: something that is propelled into the air or into space; sometimes used as a weapon of war. Rockets are usually launched by the gases released from burning fuel. (verb) Something that is propelled into space at high speed as if fueled by combustion.
scenario: A possible (or likely) sequence of events and how it might unfold.
Seismometer: (also called a seismometer) An instrument that detects and measures vibrations (called seismic waves) as they pass through the Earth.
order: The exact order of related things in a series.
slope: (geology) The steep side of a cliff, hill, or mountain. (mathematics) The degree to which a line rises or falls from strictly horizontal. A line that appears to rise as it travels to the right has a positive slope. A line that appears to fall as it travels to the right has a negative slope. A vertical line has neither; its slope is described as undefined.
Sound waves: A wave that transmits sound. Sound waves consist of alternating bands of high and low pressure.
distortion: (in physics) A force or stress that twists or deforms a rigid or semi-rigid object.
subsidence: Downward movement. In geology, subsidence is the downward movement of the Earth’s surface. Subsidence is occurring in many coastal areas, especially in areas where groundwater has been pumped up from below the surface.
subtle: An adjective that describes something that may be important but is difficult to see or describe. For example, the first cellular changes that indicate the beginning of cancer may only be slightly different, small and hard to distinguish, from nearby healthy tissue.
Summit: (in geology) the highest part of a mountain or hill or (verb) the act of climbing to reach its highest point. (in public policy) A meeting between officials of some organization or government, often for the purpose of negotiating new rules, policies, or treaties.
United States Geological Survey: (or USGS) is the largest non-military agency in the United States responsible for mapping water, earth, and living resources. It collects information to monitor the health of ecosystems, natural resources, and natural hazards. It also studies the effects of climate and land use change. Part of the U.S. Department of the Interior, the USGS is headquartered in Reston, Virginia.
Individual: Something different, one of a kind.
Discharge: (n.) An opening through which a gas or liquid can escape. (v.) To release a gas or liquid that has been under pressure. The term is also used for the release of strong suppressed emotions such as anger.
Volcano: A place where the Earth’s crust is open and magma and gases can erupt from a reservoir of molten material underground. The magma rises through a system of pipes and channels, sometimes spending time in chambers where it bubbles with gas and undergoes chemical changes. This plumbing system can become more complex over time. This can also change the chemical composition of the lava over time. The surface around the volcano’s opening grows into a hill or cone as successive eruptions spew more lava to the surface, where it cools and turns into hard rock.
Volcanologist: A scientist who studies the science of volcanoes.
Source: www.snexplores.org
