Suzanne Simard Explores the Wood Wide Web: Connections and Avatars in Nature

Forest ecologist Suzanne Simard, a trailblazer in the spirit of Jane Goodall, Rachel Carson, and Lynn Margulis, has transformed our understanding of trees. In her pivotal 1997 paper, she revealed how trees connect and exchange nutrients via an underground fungal network, famously dubbed the ‘Wood Wide Web’ by Nature.

In 2021, Simard published Finding the Mother Tree: Revealing the Wisdom and Intelligence of the Forest, captivating a broader audience eager for insights into natural communities. However, like James Lovelock’s Gaia hypothesis, her claims sparked controversy among some researchers who questioned the concept of resource-sharing among trees.

Raised in a logging family, Simard is acutely aware of the ecological damage wrought by unsustainable forestry practices. Currently, she leads the Mother Tree Project at the University of British Columbia in Canada, aimed at exploring and understanding tree relationships in forest ecosystems. Her latest release, When the Forest Breathes, serves as a sequel to Finding the Mother Tree.

Rowan Hooper: What is the ‘Mother Tree’ concept?

Suzanne Simard: My research demonstrates that trees form interconnected communities. In British Columbia’s rainforests, we’ve shown that trees communicate and share resources through a fungal network. The ‘Mother Tree’ emerges as the most connected tree, facilitating the exchange of resources and nurturing seedlings that regenerate forests.

Essentially, the Mother Tree is the largest and oldest tree, playing a vital role in forest regeneration.

Does this network also connect different species?

Yes, indeed. My research, highlighted in Nature, examined how species like paper birch and Douglas fir share resources. The allocation of these resources is influenced by each tree’s photosynthetic capacity throughout different seasons and conditions.

When did you first face backlash?

The initial criticism emerged in the late 90s, mainly from British scientists who claimed insufficient evidence existed. After addressing their concerns, the critique waned. However, following the release of Finding the Mother Tree, a larger wave of criticism surfaced.

A recent review suggested inadequate evidence that fungal networks persist long-term. How did you respond?

Critics have focused on perceived flaws and questioned our claims about the significance of fungal networks, often downplaying the role of competition in forests. I systematically addressed these critiques but found it disheartening. Fortunately, engaging with Indigenous communities in rainforests deepened my understanding and resolve to continue advocating for these concepts.

Are you still identifying as a scientist?

Absolutely! I embrace my scientific identity.

Do you think science alone is enough for your mission?

I often refer to myself as a “recovering scientist.” While I employ the scientific method and value peer-reviewed processes, I recognize its limitations. My goal is to deepen public understanding of our relationship with the natural world, incorporating Indigenous knowledge systems.

So you apply scientific methods while also sharing broader narratives?

Indeed! Our societies are built on interconnected relationships, and I wanted to communicate that. Many people are losing touch with their roots, and the scientific community isn’t always conveying this urgency, which propelled me to write my books.

Is such storytelling part of the criticism you faced?

To resonate with audiences, you must engage their imagination. While scientific writing is efficient for conveying facts, stories capture imaginations. When I blend my scientific insights with personal narratives, people connect more deeply.

Can you tell us about the Mother Tree Project?

Covering 1,000 kilometers, the Mother Tree Project spans various climatic zones. This research aims to understand how forests might evolve with changing climates, focusing on methods to conserve old trees while managing younger trees.

Our findings underscore the significance of preserving old trees: they safeguard carbon stores and protect biodiversity, vital for species thriving in ancient woodlands.

Did James Cameron’s Avatar draw inspiration from your research?

Absolutely! I initially thought they were merely intrigued, but I later learned they intended to reference my work. It was a thrilling acknowledgment.

While Avatar expands beyond science, it portrays increasing interconnectedness. How do you view this?

Children naturally understand the vastness of our world. Trees were my childhood friends, and I realized early on my intrinsic connection to nature.

Did this understanding persist while you were part of the forestry industry?

Indeed. I always sensed a connection with the forest, yet my formal education pushed the idea that trees operated as individuals rather than part of interconnected systems. However, I had to realign my understanding with what I intuitively knew to effect change in forestry practices.

What drives your mission to transform forestry?

The forestry industry’s extractive nature threatens native forests. However, public sentiment is shifting as awareness of industrial logging’s impact grows. People are demanding change, but much has been lost along the way.

This is an edited version of an interview from New Scientist‘s podcast, The World, The Universe, and Us.