Cardiff, UK, May 26, 2024, Chainwire
On May 20, 2024, the Bitcoin Layer 2 development team BEVM We have published a technical yellow paper titled “Taproot Consensus: A Decentralized BTC Layer 2 Solution”. The paper details the implementation of Taproot Consensus, which leverages native Bitcoin technologies such as Schnorr signatures, MAST, and Bitcoin SPV nodes to build a fully decentralized BTC Layer 2 solution. Taproot Consensus significantly improves native Bitcoin scalability through an innovative combination of existing Bitcoin technologies without modifying Bitcoin’s core code.
I. Bitcoin’s Technical Evolution
- October 31, 2008: Satoshi Nakamoto published “Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System” and introduced the concept of Bitcoin and SPV (Simple Payment Verification).
- January 3, 2009: Nakamoto mined the genesis block and launched Bitcoin. The original code used ECDSA for digital signatures instead of the more suitable Schnorr signatures, which were under patent protection at the time. Schnorr signatures preserve all the functionality and security assumptions of ECDSA and can exceed ECDSA’s 15 signature limit, allowing Bitcoin to be managed with thousands of addresses without impacting signing speed.
- 2018: Bitcoin core developers have proposed integrating Schnorr signatures into the Bitcoin network.
- November 14, 2021: Taproot’s upgrade integrated Schnorr signatures and introduced MAST (Merkelized Abstract Syntax Trees), enabling smart contract-like functionality and decentralized multi-signature management.
- BEVM’s Taproot Consensus solution builds on these advancements, combining Schnorr signatures with MAST to manage multi-signature addresses and enable complex business scenarios on Bitcoin Layer2.
II. Taproot Consensus Solution Overview:
The Yellow Paper begins by highlighting Bitcoin’s non-Turing completeness and limited smart contract capabilities. Rather than modifying Bitcoin’s Layer 1, it argues for building a decentralized Layer 2 solution using Bitcoin’s existing capabilities.
BEVM’s Taproot consensus combines Bitcoin’s Taproot technology (Schnorr signatures and MAST), Bitcoin SPV Light Nodes, and the BFT PoS consensus mechanism to create a decentralized and consistent Layer 2 network.
III. Detailed Description of the Taproot Consensus Architecture
The Taproot consensus architecture consists of three main components: Schnorr+MAST, Bitcoin SPV, and Aura+Grandpa.
Schnorr+MAST: These technologies from the Taproot upgrade will be used to achieve decentralized Bitcoin multi-signature management powered by the Bitcoin code.
Bitcoin SPV: It allows for the synchronization and validation of Bitcoin transactions without running a full node.
Aura + Grandpa: An advanced PoS consensus protocol for Byzantine fault tolerance ensures high consistency among network nodes.
In the BEVM system, each validator holds a BTC private key for Schnorr signing. The aggregated public keys form a MAST tree, enabling BTC transfers and stamping to threshold signature addresses. Validators act as Bitcoin SPV light nodes, synchronizing the BTC network state securely and permissionlessly. Aura+Grandpa uses assets managed by BFT consensus to ensure the security and reliability of the layer-2 network.
The working principle of Taproot Consensus is as follows: “In the BEVM system, each validator holds a BTC private key for Schnorr signatures. The properties of Schnorr signatures allow efficient signature aggregation, improving the security and efficiency of the system. The aggregate public key Pagg generated by the Musig2 multi-signature scheme forms a large MAST (Merkle Abstract Syntax Tree). After generating the root hash of the MAST tree, the validator performs BTC transfer and stamping to the threshold signature address generated by the MAST tree, allowing data to be sent from the BTC mainnet to the BEVM network. Each validator also acts as a Bitcoin SPV (Simple Payment Validation) light node, allowing it to securely and permissionlessly synchronize the state of the BTC network.”
IV. Other Technical Details of the Yellow Paper – True Decentralization
The yellow paper also details the implementation of Schnorr signatures, MAST, Bitcoin SPV light nodes, and Aura+Grandpa, providing a comprehensive technical overview for anyone interested in Bitcoin technology. It discusses Musig2’s implementation and contrasts it with other BTC Layer 2 projects such as Mezo, which also use the tBTC protocol. Unlike tBTC, which relies on a network of 9 signers, Taproot Consensus integrates a multi-signature network with BFT PoS consensus to achieve true decentralization.
Furthermore, the Yellow Paper describes Musig2’s implementation process and how it differs from other BTC Layer2 projects such as Mezo and Taproot Consensus. Mezo’s underlying technical structure is based on the tBTC protocol, which uses Bitcoin’s multi-signatures to build a threshold signature network, providing stronger consistency compared to traditional decentralized networks. However, while tBTC still relies on a network of nine signers, a truly decentralized system must be consensus-driven, combining a multi-signature network with a BFT PoS (Byzantine Fault Tolerant Proof of Stake) consensus mechanism. This is the difference between a decentralized network and a blockchain. A decentralized network values decentralization but lacks Byzantine Fault Tolerant consensus. On the other hand, a blockchain, while being a decentralized network, is driven by Byzantine Fault Tolerant consensus, achieving true decentralization. The Taproot Consensus solution adopts this more advanced design. By integrating Schnorr signatures, MAST, Bitcoin SPV Light Nodes, Aura and Grandpa Byzantine fault-tolerant consensus mechanisms, we create a consistent, secure and decentralized Layer 2 scalability solution. This integration improves the scalability and usability of the Bitcoin network and ensures the security and consistency of the BEVM network.
Conclusion
The BEVM team’s technical yellow paper comprehensively describes Taproot Consensus, a Bitcoin Layer 2 solution built entirely with native Bitcoin technology. The solution is innovative while respecting Bitcoin’s original technical direction, making it a true evolution of native Bitcoin scalability technology. As the Bitcoin ecosystem evolves, solutions like Taproot Consensus will be essential to its development and will serve as a key foundation for a truly decentralized Bitcoin Layer 2 solution.
About BEVM
BEVM is a fully decentralized, EVM-compatible Bitcoin Layer 2 solution that allows DApps in the Ethereum ecosystem to run on Bitcoin using BTC as gas. BEVM increases the utility of Bitcoin by providing a secure and scalable platform for decentralized applications. The system integrates advanced consensus mechanisms, cross-chain interaction, and robust data integrity to ensure a seamless experience. BEVM aims to innovate within the Bitcoin ecosystem by improving scalability, security, and compatibility with popular Ethereum tools and applications.
For more information, The BEVm formula Follow us on our website or BEVM twitter.
contact
Tommy
BEVM
Email: tommie@bevm.io
Source: www.the-blockchain.com
