This Papirus, written in Greek, visited the area in 129/130 AD, and in front of Jewish or Roman officials in Arabia in the reign of the Roman Emperor Hadrian, before the revolution of 129/130 AD. This is a memorandum of hearing. The rebellion of Bar Coffba in 132. Papyrus includes the unofficial record of the hearing. This is related to many individual prosecutions, including specific Gadarias and Sauros. Avoid the empire Finances (Ministry of Finance dominated by the emperor).
Papyrus in question was found in the 1950s in one of the Nahal Haber caves in the Jewish desert.
Initially, this document, which had been misaligned as a Nabatea, remained unnoticed until Hanna Cotton Pargi of Hebrew University was rediscovered in 2014.
Currently, Papirus, which is called Papir Scotton, is the longest Greek document in the Jewish desert because it exceeds the 133 lines.
Professor Cotton Parciel, Austrian Science Academy, Vienna University, and Hebrew's colleagues say that this document says the prosecutor in front of the Roman officials (132-136 CE) of the Roman officials (132-136 CE) the night before the bar. I judged that it was represented. A transcript that was rapidly drafted by the judicial hearing itself.
The language is full of lively and direct, and one prosecutor has advised another prosecutor on the strength of various evidence and predicts the objection.
“This papyrus is extraordinary to provide direct insights in preparing for trials in the Roman Empire,” said Dr. Anna Dorgano, Austrian Science Academy.
“This is the best documented Roman court lawsuit from Jews apart from Jesus' trial,” said Dr. Avenner Ecker at Hebrew University.
Papyrus detailed the incidents, which are almost compatible with modern Israel and Jordan, including forgery, tax evasion, fraudulent sales and slave abuse in Juda and Arabia.
The main defendants, Gadarius and Sauros, are accused of corrupt transactions.
Gadaria, the son of a notary public and probably Roman citizen, had a crime, including violence, terrifying tor, counterfeiting, and rebellion.
His collaborator, Sauros, adjusted the fictitious sales and slaves principles without paying the necessary Rome taxes.
In order to hide their activities, the defendant counterfeited documents.
“Falculation and tax fraud have suffered severe penalties under the Roman law, such as intense labor and death penalty,” said Dolgonov.
The criminal case was deployed between the two major Jews uprising to Rome's rule: Jewish Diaspola rebellion (115-117 CE) and Barcova rebellion (132-136 CE).
In particular, this text involved Gadarias and Sauros in rebellious activities during the visit by Emperor Hadrian (129/130 AD), and when Bar Coffba Revolt began, Tanius, the governor of Juda, Tanius.・ It is named Rufus.
With his previous anxiety, the Roman authorities probably have seen the defendant with doubt and linked their crimes to a wider conspiracy against the empire.
“Whether they were actually involved in the rebellion remain unresolved, but the flirting is talking to the charged atmosphere at the time,” said Dolgano.
“The nature of the crime makes a question because it doesn't seem to be a profitable business model,” said Dr. Ecker.
“The origin of the slaves is unknown, but this case may include the Bible's duty of the Jews of illegal trafficking or reimbursing the slaves. “
Papyrus provides new insights on the Roman method of the East Empire speaking in the Greek, referring to the governor of the Jewish Assazazi Tour and the Forced JU Service.
“This document indicates that the Core Roma institution, a documented in Egypt, is being implemented throughout the empire,” Mitthof said.
“Papyrus also introduces the ability to regulate private transactions in Roman in remote areas.”
“In the Kokhba Revolt, the caution was a mystery, which is likely to have been born from a hideaway cave in the Jewish desert, and the results of the trial may have been interrupted by rebellion.”
Team paper Published in the journal Thai。
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Anna Dolgano et al。 2025. Falculation and fiscal fraud in the night before the bar: A memorandum of Roman officials (P.Cotton) and the minutes of trial. Thai 38; DOI: 10.25365/tyche-2023-38-5
Source: www.sci.news
