The origin story of Saturn and its spectacular rings may have been influenced by its largest moon, Titan. Approximately 400 million years ago, a collision involving an early proto-Titan and a smaller celestial body may have set off a chain reaction, resulting in the creation of Saturn’s iconic rings while altering the planet’s wobble and the orbits of its moons.

Saturn’s system is rife with enigmas. The rings are surprisingly younger than anticipated, the planet’s wobble is not correlated with Neptune’s gravitational influence as simulations suggested, and Iapetus, one of its moons, possesses a strangely tilted orbit. Titan itself is noted for its unique features, including a sparse number of craters and an eccentric orbit.

The collision that formed the Titan we observe today could elucidate many of these mysteries. “This creates a grand unified theory that addresses all primary issues,” said Matiya Chukku, the leader of the research team. “We had various hypotheses about each problem, and this could be the way they interconnect in one narrative that we can test.”

The theory begins with the proposition of a hypothetical moon named Chrysalis, located on the outer edge of Saturn’s system. Proposed in 2022, it was suggested to explain how Saturn’s wobble separated it from Neptune. It was theorized that Chrysalis was drawn towards Saturn, leading to a breakup and the formation of rings, thereby destabilizing Saturn’s wobble and the orbit of Iapetus. However, further simulations indicated that the most probable scenario would be for Chrysalis to collide with Titan.

This presents a complication, Chukku explains: “If Chrysalis collided with Titan, it couldn’t transform into rings.” Therefore, he and his team analyzed the ramifications of a potential impact with Titan. Their findings indicated that such a collision around 400 million years ago could have erased Titan’s craters, transformed its originally circular orbit into an elliptical one, and produced a cascade of debris. The smaller moon Hyperion might be formed from this debris, explaining why it appears significantly younger than Saturn’s other moons.

Over time, Titan’s orbital changes could have destabilized the smaller inner moons, causing them to collide and grind into the tiny particles now making up Saturn’s rings. “It all starts with Titan, leading to subsequent calamities in the internal systems,” Chukku states.

“If the collision in Titan’s early history can unravel many mysteries within the Saturn system, it underscores Titan’s significance in our understanding of Saturn as a whole,” adds Sarah Helst from Johns Hopkins University. “I value the elegance of resolving multiple Saturnian issues simultaneously.”

We are nearing the opportunity to gather evidence to confirm or refute this theory. NASA’s Dragonfly mission, set to launch in 2028 and arrive at Titan by 2034, will conduct comprehensive surface analyses of Titan, potentially elucidating whether Titan has merged with Chrysalis. Should this hypothesis hold, the peculiarities of Saturn may finally be explained.