The September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks in the United States are considered the deadliest in history, with an official death toll of 2,977 victims (excluding the 19 terrorists involved).

These tragic events involved the hijacking of four passenger planes by Al Qaeda. Two planes struck the World Trade Center twin towers in New York City, one crashed into the Pentagon in Washington, D.C., and the fourth plane, which was likely aimed at the U.S. Capitol, went down in a Pennsylvania field after courageous passengers fought back.

The majority of casualties—2,606 people—occurred within the Twin Towers. Additionally, 125 individuals were killed or injured at the Pentagon, and 246 individuals (both crew and passengers) were affected across the four aircraft.

However, the overall impact of these attacks extends far beyond these numbers.

In the years following 9/11, tens of thousands have developed health conditions related to the attacks, particularly those who were in Lower Manhattan during the aftermath.

For instance, the New York City Fire Department lost 343 members that day, and over 370 members are currently suffering from 9/11-related illnesses.

Toxic Dust and Invisible Battlefields

The devastating collapse of the Twin Towers released a massive cloud of dust and debris that lingered for months.

Residents, commuters, students, and emergency responders inhaled a toxic mix of materials including concrete, glass, silica, asbestos, lead, jet fuel, and harmful fire-related chemicals like dioxins and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.

According to the CDC, approximately 400,000 individuals were exposed to toxic pollutants, risking injury and suffering from high stress levels in the aftermath of the attacks.

Since 2011, the World Trade Center (WTC) Health Program has been providing medical care and monitoring for responders and survivors of the 9/11 attacks.

Currently, 136,000 individuals are enrolled in this program, with about 90,000 diagnosed with a 9/11-related health condition.

Waves of Disease Expected in Coming Decades

Diagnosed conditions include various cancers (with non-melanoma skin cancer, prostate cancer, and breast cancer being most prevalent), respiratory diseases such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, chronic sinusitis, and post-traumatic stress disorder.

New York City firefighters exposed to dust have shown an unusually high incidence of sarcoidosis, a rare inflammatory disease that forms lumps in bodily organs.

While precise figures on deaths attributed to 9/11-related illnesses are elusive, by March 2024, 6,897 members of the WTC Health Program have died, although this includes fatalities from all causes, not solely those related to the attacks.

Tragically, the long-term health consequences of the 9/11 attacks are expected to persist, as certain cancers can take decades to manifest following initial exposure to carcinogens—a phenomenon known as the “latency period.”

For example, the average latency period for mesothelioma caused by asbestos exposure is approximately 30 years. Experts warn of a potential significant rise in this cancer among 9/11 responders and survivors.

This article addresses the inquiry from Lewis Miller of Pennsylvania: “Will we ever know how many people died on 9/11?”

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