Extremely cold atoms show a unique ability to self-integrate their quantum states, allowing for imaging with remarkable clarity. This capability aids researchers in exploring the behaviors of quantum particles within unusual materials like superconductors and superfluids.

Mapping the quantum states of atoms, particularly the shape of their wavefunction, poses significant challenges—especially when atoms are densely packed in solids and interact closely. To delve into the quantum behaviors of such materials, scientists convert quantum properties into extremely cold atoms, which they can manipulate with lasers and electromagnetic fields, arranging them into closely packed patterns that mimic atomic structures in solid materials.

Sandra Brantetter from the University of Heidelberg, along with her team, has developed methods to expand the wave functions of hyperpolar atoms by a factor of 50, enhancing their detectability.

Starting with around 30 lithium atoms cooled to just a few millionths above absolute zero, researchers trapped these atoms in a flat configuration using lasers, allowing for precise control of their quantum states. The team then manipulated the properties of the light used, effectively enlarging the atoms’ wave functions while carefully managing the trapping conditions to maintain stability, akin to fine-tuning a microscope’s lens, according to Brandstetter.

Following these adjustments, the researchers employed a reliable atomic detection technique to visualize wave functions in detail that were previously unattainable. “When imaging a system without prior magnification, the result is merely a singular blob, obscuring any structural insights,” Brandstetter explains.

Utilizing this innovative technique, the team examined various atomic configurations. For instance, they successfully imaged a pair of atoms interacting and forming molecules; the magnification permitted them to distinguish between each individual atom. The most complex setup involved 12 interacting atoms, each exhibiting different quantum spins that dictate the material’s magnetic properties.

Jonathan Mortlock notes that although similar magnification methods have been explored at Durham University, this experiment is the first to utilize such an approach for identifying the quantum characteristics of individual atoms in an array—details once deemed inaccessible.

The team aims to apply this method to study the phenomena when two quantum particles known as fermions coalesce into liquids that exhibit zero viscosity or conduct electricity with complete efficiency. Understanding these states could pave the way for the development of superior electronic devices. However, researchers must first achieve a deeper comprehension of how fermions assemble and the implications of pairing within the quantum state. Brandstetter states that new techniques now allow for the creation of ultra-cold fermionic atoms and the imaging of their enlarged wave functions.