US Government Aims for Practical Quantum Computer by 2028: What This Means for the Future

Posted on June 29, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

The Core of the Quantum Computer Developed by Infleqtion

Infleqtion

Quantum Computer by Infleqtion — The Core of the Quantum Computer Developed by Infleqtion

Infleqtion

The U.S. government aims to develop a powerful quantum computer within the next two years to catalyze significant advancements in scientific research. This initiative seeks to fast-track innovations in materials, pharmaceuticals, and agro-manufacturing.

Quantum computing, once merely a theoretical concept among physicists, is now a tangible reality. However, widespread commercial viability and clear practical applications remain elusive. The efficacy of these quantum systems relies on their size—measured by the number of qubits—and their overall reliability. Presently, available quantum devices are still too limited and prone to inaccuracies.

The U.S. Department of Energy’s Quantum Genesis Initiative aims to change this by 2028 through a competitive framework that will establish a national quantum supercomputing facility and support advancing quantum research.

By 2028, the DoE aspires for quantum computers to tackle significant challenges in chemistry, materials science, plasma physics, and high-energy physics. “I am confident that the foundational components are in place… we don’t require a groundbreaking discovery,” states Dario Gil, Undersecretary for Science at the Department of Energy.

Gil’s optimism is fueled by recent breakthroughs in quantum technology, including enhanced qubit fabrication and advanced algorithms that allow quantum systems to self-correct errors. Moreover, the integration of AI is anticipated to assist researchers in refining quantum control methods, contributing to the 2028 target.

“While 2028 is an ambitious goal, it is achievable,” asserts Juliette Peirone of quantum computing company Alice & Bob. Paul Stimers notes that multiple quantum firms have committed to delivering functional, error-free quantum computers by 2028 or shortly thereafter, as highlighted by the Quantum Industry Coalition.

This announcement from the DoE follows two executive orders from President Trump aimed at enhancing quantum technology, including a substantial $2 billion investment in various quantum computing firms by the U.S. Department of Commerce.

Quantum Technologies Noted in Executive Order highlight that practical applications for quantum sensors are already being realized, with plans for their deployment in partnership with NASA in space exploration. Interest in quantum computing is growing, partly due to its potential as powerful code-breaking tools; however, significant challenges remain ahead of the 2028 deadline.

Gill acknowledges that transitioning from current quantum technologies to future ones will involve substantial learning curves. “Realistically, we will be confronted with complexities.” Additionally, many components necessary for next-gen quantum systems are rare, posing risks to an already fragile supply chain, according to Stimers.

The U.S. is not the only nation pursuing accelerated quantum technology advancements. The U.K. plans to integrate large-scale quantum systems post-2030 and introduced a procurement program. Quantum computing, alongside artificial intelligence, is pivotal to global technological leadership, as evidenced by China’s latest five-year development strategy. Setting 2028 as a target would present the most aggressive timeline globally, as noted by Gill.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Exploring Quantum Mechanics: How Video Games Enhance Our Understanding

Posted on June 26, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Experience the Quantum Twist with Quantris

credit: Quantum Native

Quantris game depiction — Experience the Quantum Twist with Quantris

credit: Quantum Native

Blocks keep falling in Quantris, a quantum twist on the classic game Tetris. A pale yellow square awkwardly lands atop a green block shaped like the letter “Z”. There’s a unique block nearby, bordered in white, seemingly enclosing empty space—a representation of a quantum state of superposition. Observing it changes everything. Confirm your existence: a small black square with an eye symbol falls, flashes into existence, and your block tower perilously approaches the ceiling. Did the block vanish due to observation? No luck here! In Quantris, the quantum version of Tetris, one realization becomes clear: even quantum mechanics can’t save me from my gaming skills.

Though I’m new to quantum video games, their history runs deep. References to quantum physics appeared in video games back in the 1980s. However, the surge in quantum games truly took off when quantum computing became accessible via the cloud in 2016. The rising adoption of tools like IBM’s quantum software development kit has further fueled innovation. Laura Pispanen, a researcher at Aalto University, estimates there are nearly 400 quantum games today, many born from the weekend Quantum Game Jam events since 2014.

Among her favorites is Cubit the Barbarian, reminiscent of classic sword and sorcery themes. This game lets players navigate a maze through tiles that represent different quantum states, enabling them to exploit quantum mechanics and interact with the environment in fascinating ways. By measuring quantum states, players can transform the maze, discovering new paths or erecting barriers.

A dedicated community of researchers and gamers believes in the future of quantum video games. The convergence of untested tech, counterintuitive physics, and the timeless joy of gaming creates a unique landscape. What advancements will we see from quantum computing in gaming? How can games leverage the power of quantum mechanics?

It’s essential to clarify that we’re not discussing games playable directly on quantum computers. While these devices are rapidly advancing, they remain largely experimental. They’ve only recently gained enough computational power and reliability for specific scientific problem-solving. However, they are not all-purpose machines yet—likely suitable for only select tasks, and real-time video game execution remains untested.

Despite this, quantum hardware is making inroads into game development. Released this year, Quantum Backroom is a horror game that utilizes an IBM quantum computer for level generation. This eerie journey through liminal spaces reflects the unsettling nature of its internet phenomenon origins. James Wootton from Moth Quantum notes each room mirrors a quantum state of the computer, creating a visceral link to quantum technology.

Curious if these innovations will become mainstream, Julian Togelius from New York University, who studies creativity in video games and AI, believes that quantum computing could revolutionize game development. Quantum technology could connect in-game worlds more realistically, tackling the challenging mathematical problems that currently limit game design. However, he warns that this remains a complex challenge due to the limitations of quantum hardware.

In Quantum Backroom, the quantum elements impact game development rather than gameplay—it’s after the quantum computer powers off that gameplay is handled by classical systems. While Wootton successfully created a quantum version of rock-paper-scissors in 2017, many quantum games still run on classical simulators due to hardware limitations.

“At present, all my games are running on simulators. The hardware isn’t quite ready,” reflects Chris Cantwell, creator of Quantum Chess and other titles. In 2020, a Google quantum computer tested Quantum Chess, but it required extensive recoding. The essence of adapting games to quantum mechanics involves integrating quantum features into gameplay, essential for benchmarking quantum computer performance. Evert van Nieuwenburg at Leiden University has developed Quantum TiqTaqToe, a quantum version of Tic-Tac-Toe.

Bringing Quantum Concepts to the Living Room

Many quantum games incorporate real quantum phenomena, like superposition and entanglement, into familiar gameplay mechanics. In Quantum Chess, for example, two pieces can coexist on the same square. Van Nieuwenburg emphasizes that players don’t require in-depth knowledge of these concepts; engaging with them naturally builds understanding.

Quantum physics is often counterintuitive, as it usually applies to tiny particles or extreme temperatures. However, games offer a unique opportunity to interact with these principles. “At a recent science night, I observed kids playing Tic-Tac-Toe. They may not have understood the mechanics initially, but one kid excitedly exclaimed, ‘Oh, now you’ve got me involved!'” Van Nieuwenburg reminisces. Children quickly adapt to new concepts, including jargon from quantum physics textbooks. “Quantum Chess” enhances traditional chess, providing players additional pieces, and interestingly, children might not grasp the quantum aspects yet. However, they engage in genuine quantum phenomena, hinting at a future where they could become quantum-native developers.

Quantum Chess: A Leap Ahead of Traditional Games?

credit: Shotshop GmbH/Alamy

Reflecting on my younger brother—who found little interest in physics but was absorbed in his console games—I ponder whether he could excel in quantum challenges if the stakes involved gaming. Spiros Michalakis from Caltech, who engages in games like Quantris and Quantum Chess, emphasizes the outreach potential of quantum gaming. His journey began in 2014 with quantum adaptations in Minecraft, leading to a new research field focused on creating games that are not only playable but engaging, where participants leverage new game mechanics for strategic advantages.

The challenge often lies in creating engaging gameplay using quantum features, depending less on the complexity of quantum mechanics and more on the allure of smart mechanics. “Creating a game is easy; making one popular is where the real challenge lies,” Togelius points out, along with skepticism about quantum computing becoming the next gaming revolution.

This dilemma resonates with broader quantum computing challenges, focusing on applying unique quantum operations to achieve previously unattainable outcomes. While daunting, the intersection of gaming and quantum innovation offers promising avenues for exploration.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Will We See a Practical, Error-Free Quantum Computer in Just Two Years?

Posted on June 16, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Libra Quantum Computer Prototype

Cuella

Libra Quantum Computer Prototype

Cuella

Is a revolutionary, error-free quantum computer on the horizon? Researchers at the renowned quantum computing firm QuEra assert that a breakthrough could be achieved as early as 2025.

Quantum computing technology is advancing rapidly, and the industry’s growth is staggering. One major barrier hindering its application in fields like chemistry, materials science, and drug development is the high error rates of quantum computers, limiting their calculation capacities. QuEra’s Yuval Boger and his team are confident they have strategies to overcome this challenge.

QuEra’s upcoming quantum computer, named Libra, is designed to be fault-tolerant, meaning it has the ability to identify and correct its own errors. Scheduled for cloud deployment in collaboration with Amazon Web Services (AWS), Libra is projected to be operational by 2028. Currently, no fully functional, fault-tolerant quantum computers exist; Boger likens this milestone to “breaking the sound barrier.”

The qubits in Libra are crafted from electrically neutral atoms at subzero temperatures and managed using laser technology. The system is expected to operate with 10,000 to 15,000 qubits, arranged into 256 logical qubit clusters. Remarkably, even if the individual qubits are unreliable, they will only falter once in a million instances.

QuEra anticipates that Libra will facilitate “mega-quops,” or one million operations. In 2025, quantum expert John Preskill at the California Institute of Technology noted that this mega-quop machine could herald a new chapter in quantum computing. However, achieving this vision will require significant advancements: the largest neutral atom qubit array today contains just 6,100 qubits and hasn’t been applied to calculations, while the record for error-correction among logical qubits stands at 48. Major players like IBM predict the introduction of fault-tolerant quantum computers by 2029.

Jonathan King from Atom Computing, which develops its own neutral atom quantum computer, suggests that achieving a fully functional system will necessitate integrating various scientific and technological breakthroughs beyond laboratory prototypes. QuEra operates five experimental machines to refine Libra’s components, including the replacement of defective atoms due to increased temperatures, optimizing laser power management, and system integration.

“The balance is shifting from 90% science to 10% engineering, leaning more towards engineering,” Boger explains. The team is also improving the interaction between traditional computing systems used to monitor and control qubits, collaborating with AWS to incorporate Libra into the substantial cloud infrastructure.

“There’s still much work ahead,” reflects Thomas Wong from Creighton University, who adds, “We might reach this goal by 2028, but it could also take several more years.” Joe Fitzsimmons from Horizon Quantum Computing notes that although Libra’s ambitions are significant, QuEra has a strong history of making progress in error correction for quantum systems. While various techniques exist to develop qubits, the neutral atom method has an edge when it comes to converting between qubits and logical qubits.

Assuming everything unfolds smoothly, one major question remains: What capabilities will the MegaQuop machine offer? According to Boger, it is particularly suited for simulating intricate systems in physics and materials science that remain beyond the reach of conventional or existing quantum computers. He hopes researchers will leverage it to create new quantum computing algorithms for future fault-tolerant systems. “I wouldn’t be surprised if most of the truly impactful algorithms have yet to be discovered,” he asserts.

Wong envisions Libra as a potential “discovery machine” that could spur a multitude of innovative applications. “I believe QuEra aims to shape the future of research so the community can determine how to best utilize 256 logical qubits,” he concludes.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Inside a Startup Revolutionizing Robot Intelligence for a Quantum Leap in Technology

Posted on June 16, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

AI-Powered Laundry Folding Robot by Physical Intelligence

Credit: Physical Intelligence

AI-Powered Laundry Folding Robot by Physical Intelligence

Credit: Physical Intelligence

In San Francisco, freshly brewed coffee is being crafted by robots in a state-of-the-art facility, showcasing the rising integration of robotic technology in our everyday lives. Although robots have been serving coffee for years, the advanced AI behind this process offers a broad skill set beyond just brewing. These robots are capable of performing various tasks, such as folding laundry, peeling vegetables, and even kitchen cleaning, which is remarkable for technologies still in their infancy.

Founded in 2024, Physical Intelligence is leading the charge towards a future where robots seamlessly integrate into daily routines. The startup focuses on creating versatile control systems that enhance productivity across multiple tasks and different machines, similar to the humanoid robots developed by Tesla and Boston Dynamics, as well as Amazon’s industrial robots.

The concept of general robotic intelligence has long been an aspiration within the robotics community. Yet just as large language models (LLMs) revolutionized AI chatbots in the early 2020s through advanced computing techniques, breakthrough innovations in physical intelligence promise to elevate robotics to new heights.

Sergei Levin from the University of California, Berkeley, a co-founder of Physical Intelligence, remarked, “In many fields, having more data complicates matters. However, in AI, it facilitates learning from a diverse array of information, making the development process smoother.”

The evolution of LLMs has given rise to the Vision-Language-Action (VLA) model, significantly influencing Physical Intelligence’s research direction. Instead of learning tasks individually, VLA capitalizes on LLMs to convert general commands into actionable steps, empowering robots to execute a multitude of tasks. According to Ingmar Posner from Oxford University, “[VLAs] represent an exciting frontier in robotic learning, as they predict necessary movements instead of simply anticipating the next word in a conversation.

One of the critical obstacles in programming robots lies in the vast array of real-world scenarios that require adaptability. Conventional methods often struggle to amass sufficient data for learning effectively. Levine notes that while automating learning seems ideal, developers commonly avoid it due to the substantial data-gathering efforts required: “In theory, automation could simplify the process, but in practice, obtaining enough application-specific data often outweighs the manual work needed.”

By leveraging VLA capabilities, Levine and his team aim to minimize the data required for robots to thrive. In a boardroom setting, staff members were instructing robots on mundane tasks like folding shirts and organizing gifts. Adjacent to their main lab are two extensive warehouses designed like a faux supermarket and living spaces, facilitating real-world training scenarios for the robots. Additionally, they have begun introducing robots to actual homes to evaluate their capabilities in unpredictable environments.

Physical Intelligence’s Headquarters in San Francisco

Credit: Alex Wilkins

This immersive training environment is crucial for progress, with robots learning generalization techniques that allow them to tackle tasks they’ve never encountered before. For instance, a recent AI model named π0.7 successfully prepared sweet potatoes using an air fryer, simply by following step-by-step verbal directions—including methods the AI had never been explicitly trained on.

Levine expressed astonishment at the rapid advancements made in just two years since launching Physical Intelligence. “The progress has exceeded our expectations,” he noted.

Interest from other companies is growing, with many well-funded startups and industry giants like Amazon and Google DeepMind working on their own general-purpose robotic solutions.

Although the field is advancing quickly, predicting the speed of future developments remains challenging. While AI entities such as OpenAI and Anthropic are notably progressing, robotics innovation typically occurs at a more gradual pace. This is exemplified by Moravec’s paradox: while robots can excel at strategizing in games or IQ tests, they often struggle to acquire fundamental perceptual and motor skills akin to those of a toddler.

Posner remains cautious, suggesting that the amount of data needed for practical robot deployment in real-world settings is still an open question. “We see early signs indicating potential breakthroughs, but whether this will yield viable applications in the near future is uncertain.”

Prominent researchers like Posner acknowledge the intrinsic challenges posed by human interaction with robots. “Humans tend to push robots to their limits, largely for entertainment,” he stated. “Is a scalable business model for such technology feasible? At this stage, it seems highly improbable.”

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Source: www.newscientist.com

How Quantum Computers Efficiently Mine Cryptocurrencies with Reduced Energy Use

Posted on June 12, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Advantage2 Quantum Processing Unit

D-Wave

A groundbreaking development in quantum computing has emerged, as researchers announce the first successful experiment of a quantum computer mining cryptocurrencies, achieving remarkable energy efficiency.

The intersection of cryptocurrency and quantum computing presents significant implications. On one hand, a sufficiently advanced quantum computer poses a threat to encryption algorithms safeguarding cryptocurrencies. Conversely, research indicates that quantum computing could potentially mitigate the immense energy demands associated with cryptocurrency mining.

To explore these possibilities, Colton Dillion from Postquant Labs and his team have created an experimental blockchain network called Quip, operational since April. This blockchain operates like a public ledger where participants add records by competing to solve complex calculations known as “proof of work.” Traditionally, successful participants earn coins while ensuring transactions are permanently logged.

In Quip, the proof-of-work tasks involve optimization problems, such as determining the ideal schedule for food delivery or constructing an investment portfolio. The network predominantly employs standard computers, but it also integrates D-Wave’s Advantage2 quantum computers, which demonstrate superior performance compared to conventional systems.

“This challenge presents real difficulty for classical devices, yet remains solvable for both classical and quantum technologies—indicating the substantial potential of quantum advancements,” stated Carlos Perez Delgado from the University of Kent, UK, who is not affiliated with Quip.

The computational capabilities of D-Wave quantum computers have historically sparked debate. Noteworthy is the 2024 claim by the company that its quantum system addressed a problem surpassing the capabilities of traditional supercomputers, only for another research team a year later to replicate similar results on a regular laptop.

Dillion posits that Quip is structured to circumvent such disputes due to its decentralized framework. “Blockchain facilitates transparency: anyone skeptical of our findings can join and verify for themselves,” he remarks.

D-Wave’s CEO, Alan Baratz, noted in a June 1 presentation that the Advantage2 is accessible on Quip for a mere 5 minutes daily, competing on roughly a third of the blocks added and winning 92% of them. This statistic suggests a significant edge for quantum machines within Quip’s proof-of-work environment.

Moreover, Baratz highlighted that the Advantage2 operates with much reduced energy consumption compared to competitors, although detailed benchmarks remain unpublished. “For me, quantum computing signifies energy-efficient solutions for complex computational challenges,” Baratz asserts.

Preliminary findings from Quip lend support to this claim. Dillion asserts that, on average, the Advantage2 consumes approximately 100 times less energy (12.5 watts) to secure a block compared to 1334 watts for traditional systems. He estimates that standard computers would require 300 times more power to compete effectively against the Advantage2. Additionally, Quip’s architecture is fortifying against potential attacks from malevolent quantum machines, a feature lacking in many existing blockchains requiring updates to achieve quantum security.

Can networks like Quip pave the way for a more secure and sustainable blockchain future? The answer is nuanced, according to Olivier Ezraty of the Quantum Energy Initiative. While quantum computers may lower energy costs per transaction, the substantial investment required for developing and maintaining quantum hardware complicates the economic feasibility for large-scale operations. He comments, “They show promise for reducing total energy expenses, yet entail significant capital costs, including the energy input for manufacturing D-Wave quantum computers.”

On the other hand, Perez Delgado expresses optimism. “Given the economic drive for faster, eco-friendlier crypto mining, I firmly believe this technology will gain traction in the future,” he anticipates. Other enterprises, such as BTQ Technologies and Quandela, are also developing quantum proof-of-work projects, utilizing light-based computing instead of D-Wave’s superconducting circuit design.

Ultimately, Quip aims for an even greater vision. Dillion envisions a global network interconnecting various quantum computers, enabling widespread access to these innovative systems that currently remain scarce and expensive. This could democratize access to quantum technology, he asserts. The team is preparing to introduce additional proof-of-work problems and connect quantum systems from manufacturers beyond D-Wave.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Exploring the Toy Universe: Is Time Just a Quantum Illusion?

Posted on June 11, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Does time actually exist?

Bruce Rolfe/StockTrek Images/Getty Images

Does time exist? — Does time actually exist?

Bruce Rolfe/StockTrek Images/Getty Images

The nature of time may be nothing more than an illusion generated through quantum interactions within the universe. This intriguing concept arises from innovative space toy models, potentially offering insights into the true essence of time in our cosmos.

Giovanni Barontini, while studying at the University of Birmingham in England, contemplated the nature of time as he observed his six-year-old son’s imaginative play. “He was constructing his own microcosms; it struck me that this mirrors our work in the lab with ultracold atomic systems,” he reflects. “However, I began to ponder that this universe could be perceived as rather dull, as inactivity implies no passage of time.”

To delve into whether time is genuinely an illusion within these systems, Barontini employed lasers and electromagnetic forces to cool approximately 20,000 rubidium atoms to temperatures near absolute zero. He divided these atoms into two sectors, likening one to ‘dark matter’, labeling one region as “bright” and the other as “dark”.

Despite this initial state of timelessness, Barontini directed lasers to facilitate atomic exchanges and interactions at a quantum level, thereby modifying the entropy or disorder of this universe—asserting that the flow of time correlates with increasing entropy. He successfully defined an internal concept of time for this toy universe, employing the Schrödinger equation to calculate the quantum state of atoms, which aligned with the experimental findings.

This idea that time is not an inherent feature but results from quantum correlations was initially proposed by physicist Neville Mott in the 1930s, and it has since been the subject of theoretical exploration. It wasn’t until 2013 that Dr. Marco Genovese and his team at the Italian National Institute of Metrology first demonstrated its feasibility through experiments involving entangled light particles, further establishing the concept that the essence of time emerges from quantum correlations.

“This study builds on previous concepts and brings notable advancements,” comments Genovese. Notably, the cold-atom universe exhibits greater complexity than previous light-based models. Barontini innovatively applied the Schrödinger equation within the internal framework of this system, a feat previously unachievable.

Klaus Kiefer from the University of Cologne suggests that this experimental paradigm links to broader questions surrounding the unification of gravitational and quantum theories into a comprehensive framework applicable across all scales of the universe. While this inquiry persists, some physicists propose that such a comprehensive theory might fundamentally lack a predetermined notion of time. Kiefer notes substantial differences—such as the limited interactions between ultracold atoms transitioning between sectors compared to complexities in the actual universe.

In contrast, Carlo Rovelli from the University of Aix-Marseille cautions that such experiments may not unveil new insights about time, as they largely rely on established physics. Nevertheless, approaching them as analogs to significant unsolved issues might inspire innovative treatments of uncharted physics, akin to the enduring conundrum of quantum gravity.

Barontini regards this study as empirical support for long-standing hypotheses, underscoring their acceptance within the scientific community, although he concedes that it does not elucidate the mechanisms of time across various scales.

As Barontini continues to explore this intriguing frozen miniverse, he intends to use lasers to create a confined area, echoing the gravitational dynamics of a black hole—raising further questions about the nature of time and space.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Revolutionary Quantum Breakthrough: Physicists Unveil Unprecedented Schrödinger’s Cat Experiment

Posted on June 11, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Researchers at the University of Oxford have developed a groundbreaking class of “cat states”—quantum superpositions created from unique, non-classical elements instead of traditional wave packets. This advancement paves the way for more robust quantum computers.

Quantum mechanics challenges classical intuitions, most famously showcased in Schrödinger’s cat, where systems exist in a superposition of states. Superpositions are critical for advancing quantum technology. Quantum “cat” states have been previously realized in harmonic oscillators, predominantly limited to Fock, displacement, or Gottsman-Kitaev-Preskill states. A different type of macroscopic superposition, where the oscillator is squeezed along orthogonal axes, had been suggested but never achieved. Zahner et al. introduced a trapped ion hybrid spin oscillator system that enables the experimental realization of these ‘brothers’ to Schrödinger’s cat. Image credit: Saner et al., doi: 10.1103/k1xk-yt42.

“Unlike classical physics, quantum mechanics permits objects to exist in multiple states simultaneously,” stated Dr. Sebastian Zahner of the University of Oxford and his research team.

“This concept is famously embodied in Schrödinger’s cat, which is imagined to be both alive and dead until observation occurs.”

“In experimental settings, physicists can create a less dramatic but highly realistic version of this phenomenon by placing atoms, light, or motion in two different quantum states simultaneously.”

“Manipulating these superpositions is vital for applications ranging from quantum computing to precise timekeeping.”

“A quintessential example is a quantum bit, or qubit, which represents a superposition of both 0 and 1. However, quantum systems can exhibit more than merely two states.”

“Quantum harmonic oscillators, which can occupy several distinct energy levels, provide even richer possibilities.”

“These quantum harmonic oscillators describe a variety of physical systems, such as light, vibrations, and confined particle motion, while creating diverse quantum superpositions.”

“A notable instance is the cat state, where an oscillator exists in a superposition of two wave packets positioned in opposite directions.”

“These wave packets, termed coherent states, closely resemble classical motion constrained by quantum mechanics.”

In their latest study, Dr. Zaner and colleagues presented a novel family of quantum superpositions.

Rather than constructing cat-like states from traditional wave packets, they devised a method to create superpositions using a broad array of components that are inherently non-classical.

For instance, in superposition of squeezed states, the quantum uncertainty is distributed differently within each component of the state.

“The experiment leveraged the motion of a single trapped ion,” the physicists reported.

“A trapped ion integrates two distinct types of quantum systems: its internal state functions like a qubit, while its motion acts as a quantum harmonic oscillator capable of inhabiting various motion states.”

“This provides a powerful platform for engineering quantum states beyond conventional qubits.”

To create these innovative states, researchers initially employed engineered interactions to entangle the ions’ internal states with different possible motion states.

Subsequent intermediate-circuit quantum measurements of internal states then projected the ion’s motion onto a particular superposition of non-classical components.

“This method equips us with the instruments to fabricate quantum superpositions in nearly any configuration,” Dr. Sanner mentioned.

This technique allows researchers to precisely control the generated states.

By modifying the experimental arrangement, they could adjust the relative sizes, rotations, and separations of the components, enabling a diverse range of exotic motion superpositions within the same trapped ion system.

The scientists also directly reconstructed the quantum states they produced.

This reconstruction revealed interference patterns and regions demonstrating Wigner negativity, confirming that the state transcends a typical classical mixture.

These characteristics affirm that the experiment achieved a genuine quantum superposition of authentically non-classical states of motion.

The authors are now collaborating with theorists to determine the precise “quantum” nature of these states.

Dr. Raghavendra Srinivas, also from the University of Oxford, expressed, “I was genuinely heartened by my colleagues’ reactions when I presented our findings.”

“We believe we are merely scratching the surface of the potential applications and the deeper understanding of these conditions.”

The team’s research paper was published in this month’s edition of Physical Review X.

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S. Zaner et al. 2026. Generation of arbitrary superpositions of non-classical quantum harmonic oscillator states. Physical Review X 16, 021049; doi: 10.1103/k1xk-yt42

Source: www.sci.news

Why Quantum Physics Matters to Us Personally: Understanding Its Impact on Everyday Life

Posted on June 9, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Embracing Quantum Physics: A New Perspective on Life

Kamil SD / Alamy

In December 2019, I faced a life-threatening ordeal caused by dental issues. A debilitating toothache escalated into a major health crisis, leading to a week in intensive care. After recovery, I needed answers: Was it personal negligence, sheer bad luck, or a flaw in the U.S. healthcare system? Confused and distressed, I turned to the field that has always offered me profound insights: quantum physics.

Physics, the oldest science, has roots in early astronomy. It provides a robust and objective framework for interpreting our universe. Through meticulous analysis and empirical evidence, physics dissects the world into components and reassembles them into a comprehensible whole. Unlike emotions, physics is impartial—no one escapes the grasp of a black hole. Yet, I’ve always perceived physics as a personal journey.

In my book Entangled States: Life Based on Quantum Physics, I invite readers to embrace this personal connection. I illustrate how viewing the objective through a subjective lens can be transformative.

Consider my dental crisis. After my hospital stay, I grappled with the causes of my condition. Was it my fault for avoiding the dentist? Or was it beyond my control due to my status as a financially strained graduate student? Juggling these contradictory narratives left me more baffled.

A discussion with a physicist specializing in quantum causality brought unexpected clarity. I learned about “quantum switches,” a concept allowing for multiple causal relationships to coexist through superposition. Despite some skepticism, experiments with light particles support this theory. Some researchers propose applying quantum switches in new technologies like quantum computers for enhanced performance.

As a physicist, I recognize that light behaves quite differently from larger, warmer entities like myself. Yet, the notion of a quantum switch, where both “A causes B” and “B causes A” unfold simultaneously, resonated deeply with my dental dilemma.

This perspective brought peace and influenced my choices. I now prioritize dental visits and advocate for improved conditions, including dental insurance, for graduate students.

In Entangled States, I delve into numerous examples that highlight how quantum physics has helped me navigate personal challenges. My experiences as a queer individual, a young immigrant, and a high school teacher intertwine with the lessons I’ve learned from quantum physics, both as an academic and a journalist.

Engaging with the cutting edge of science in the realm of quantum physics has profoundly impacted me. By merging its emotional resonance with objective scientific inquiry, I have enriched my life and grown as an individual. I encourage you to approach quantum concepts not just as abstract phenomena but as potential catalysts for personal reflection.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Atom-Based Quantum Computers: Rapidly Advancing in Practical Applications

Posted on June 4, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Key Optical Components in Quantum Computers by Atom Computing

Credit: Atom Computing

Optical components in quantum computer — Key Optical Components in Quantum Computers by Atom Computing

Credit: Atom Computing

The quest to establish the first truly efficient quantum computer has become even more thrilling. An innovative quantum computer utilizing ultra-cold atoms has achieved critical milestones, joining a select group of promising quantum technologies.

Experts agree that a powerful quantum computer could revolutionize our ability to discover new materials, develop drugs, and secure online communications. However, divergent methodologies exist regarding the optimal approach to building these systems. Tech giants like Google and IBM have invested a decade into developing quantum computers based on tiny superconducting circuits, which currently lead the market.

In contrast, a groundbreaking method employing electrically neutral, ultracold atoms is garnering renewed attention. Ben Bloom of Atom Computing and his team have successfully developed a neutral atomic quantum computer capable of continuously detecting and rectifying errors—an essential feature for practical applications.

“This achievement highlights the potential of neutral atomic systems,” he explains. “Previously, we focused on incremental advancements; now, our aim is to enhance efficiency and affordability.”

The team prioritized error correction—the ability of quantum computers to identify and rectify errors during calculations. Quantum computers, prone to errors, face significant challenges in reliability, and effective error correction is vital for their practical implementation.

Error correction requires distributing information among multiple quantum bits, called qubits. Specific qubits act as a monitoring system to identify errors, enabling corrections.

The Atom Computing team demonstrated that they could increase the number of error-correcting qubit groups from 16 to 32 without introducing additional errors. Notably, a larger grouping of qubits correlates with a lower error rate, a critical factor as enhancing qubit count in a quantum computer amplifies its capability.

In recent studies, Google researchers, alongside experts from the University of Science and Technology of China, have successfully increased the number of qubits while minimizing error rates in superconducting quantum computers. In 2025, a research team from Harvard University reported similar advancements using another neutral atomic quantum computer. Bloom emphasized that their experiment stands out as it allows the quantum system to operate and check for errors up to 90 times consecutively. “Our ultimate objective is infinite error correction,” he notes.

Addressing industrial challenges necessitates both a high volume of qubits and uninterrupted computation. Atom Computing asserts that its research lays the groundwork for achieving both. “This study marks the first demonstration of all necessary functionalities for constructing a fully operational neutral atomic quantum computer,” states Jeff Thompson of Princeton University. He highlighted the demanding experimental feats required, noting that further enhancement in error rates and computational speeds remains feasible.

Mark Saffman at the University of Wisconsin-Madison stressed that this progress represents a critical step towards a neutral atomic quantum computer capable of continuous operation akin to traditional computing systems. Nevertheless, Safman pointed out that the quantum computer, despite completing 90 error checks, accumulated additional errors over time, affecting its practicality.

Bloom and his team are actively working on error resolution strategies and are optimistic about improving quantum computing performance. He believes that their latest findings, coupled with parallel research efforts, position neutral atomic quantum computers as formidable contenders to existing solutions involving superconducting qubits.

“Our research indicates that many of the barriers preventing neutral atoms from rivaling superconducting qubits are diminishing,” Bloom asserts. Thompson shares this sentiment, predicting rapid advancements will persist throughout the industry.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

How Quantum Computers Enhance the Spookiness of Horror Video Games

Posted on May 29, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Experience the terror of being ensnared in a quantum computer with Quantum Backrooms

Credit: Moth

Quantum Backrooms Game — Experience the terror of being ensnared in a quantum computer with Quantum Backrooms

Credit: Moth

Quantum computers are being harnessed for innovative horror video games like Quantum Backrooms, available online.

The oddities of quantum objects have captivated philosophers, artists, and now game developers. James Wootton from Moth Quantum, along with his team, is creating a horror game, Quantum Backrooms, featuring labyrinthine levels generated by real quantum technology.

This game draws inspiration from the “Backroom” horror legend, originally conceived on an internet forum, where players navigate endless rooms. In Wootton’s creation, each room reflects a quantum state linked to a qubit in a quantum computer, and the pathways between qubits mirror the connections among rooms.

Wootton explains that Quantum Backrooms evokes the sensation of being confined within a quantum computer. As players focus their gaze, what remains out of sight continuously shifts, illustrating the principle that the state of a quantum object alters upon observation.

Screenshot from the video game “Quantum Backrooms”

Credit: Moth

No access to quantum computers is needed by players, as they are solely utilized in the game’s development. Wootton hopes that Quantum Backrooms will resonate with horror enthusiasts seeking a unique blend of spookiness driven by qubits. “A player could engage with this link without realizing it’s powered by a quantum computer,” he explains. You can play it here.

Laura Pispanen from Aalto University in Finland states there are hundreds of quantum games available, including titles like Quantum Backrooms that feature content generated on quantum hardware, as well as those simulating quantum states on classical systems. Despite the current limited availability of quantum hardware, interest in quantum gaming continues to rise.

While Quantum Backrooms may not revolutionize quantum computing, it could represent the most advanced and accessible iteration of a quantum game thus far, according to Michael Cook of King’s College London. Game developers often lead the charge in leveraging new computing technologies, making access to quantum hardware transformative even if impractical for the general public. “Their unique requests and ideas can drive genuine advancements in research,” remarks Cook.

Moth Quantum aims for Quantum Backrooms to pave the way for integrating quantum technology into everyday consumer products. “Just as AI recently transitioned from niche research to a mainstream consumer product, I believe quantum computing will follow a similar trajectory,” states Wootton.

Topics:

Video Games/
Quantum Computing

Source: www.newscientist.com

Revolutionary First Quantum Grandfather Clock: Unlocking the Origins of Gravity

Posted on May 27, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Pendulum Clocks: Pioneering Accuracy in Timekeeping

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Quantum Grand Clock Design — Pendulum Clocks: Pioneering Accuracy in Timekeeping

Panumas Nikhomkhai / Alamy

The pioneering design of a quantum grand clock integrates a single atom, a micro mirror, and light. This innovative architecture seeks to enhance our comprehension of timekeeping in the quantum realm and delve into avant-garde physics concepts.

At its core, time can be measured using simple methods like sand falling in an hourglass. However, the emergence of mechanical timepieces such as grand clocks and pendulum clocks in the 17th century revolutionized accuracy in timekeeping. Researchers at Collège de France have now unveiled the quantum equivalent of these timepieces.

“We questioned if pendulum clocks conform to the principles of quantum mechanics,” explains Matteo Brunelli, one of the lead researchers.

A pendulum clock comprises three essential components: the pendulum, which regulates the ticking; a weight using gravity’s pull to swing the pendulum; and an “escapement mechanism,” which transforms the pendulum’s motion into clock arm movement while also supplying energy to counteract friction-related slowdown. For consistent oscillation, the escapement must manage the vertical movement of the weight precisely.

The research team has created a mathematical model that replicates these clock characteristics within quantum systems. Their quantum clock design showcases a cavity between two mirrors—one stationary and the other oscillating. Within this cavity, atoms exist at three distinct energy levels. Minor temperature variations spark atomic transitions, some resulting in photon emissions. These photons bounce between the mirrors, triggering vibrations akin to a pendulum’s motion.

The atom in this setup functions as the escapement mechanism, cycling through energy levels to maintain a tick-tock rhythm. Brunelli comments that this represents the most minimal form of an escapement mechanism. Mathematical evaluations indicated that proper tuning would allow the quantum clock to achieve a stable and consistent ticking, paralleling a pendulum clock’s functionality.

Unlike the premier atomic clocks that require laser precision for control, this new clock is envisioned to operate autonomously as a self-sufficient thermodynamic device. While prior designs of autonomous quantum clocks existed, their precision suffered due to inadequate escapement mechanisms for maintaining uniform oscillation.

Notably, this new clock overcomes the “thermodynamic uncertainty relation,” a barrier that previously impaired many autonomous clocks. Its accuracy is now linked to the energy required for backward movement, thus demonstrating a significant advantage in timekeeping.

Sreenath Manikandan from the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research in Hyderabad emphasizes that comprehending autonomous clocks is essential for efficient time management. As these clocks do not rely on external sources for accuracy, they provide insight into fundamental processes. Enhanced knowledge of quantum clocks at a basic level could further unravel new physics phenomena, including gravitational interactions in the quantum framework. “A deeper understanding of clock mechanisms is critical, and our research marks a notable advancement in this direction,” states Manikandan.

Experiments with diminutive cavities and photons are prevalent, suggesting that the necessary materials for constructing these clocks are readily available in labs. Yet, Brunelli acknowledges that the groundbreaking escapement mechanism presents significant technical challenges. “While it is complex, it remains feasible,” he asserts.

Topics:

Source: www.newscientist.com

Essential Insights: 3 Expert Insights on Quantum Computers You Must Know

Posted on May 14, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Quantum Computers: The Future of Technology

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Picture a quantum computer. You might think of it as a traditional computer but enhanced. However, this assumption is misleading. Quantum computers operate on unique quantum phenomena occurring in qubits, setting them apart from classical computers. Their unusual nature gives rise to myths and misconceptions. Quantum computing expert Shayan Majidi, lead author at Harvard University, provides insights in Building a Quantum Computer. Here, we explore the latest developments in this field.

1. Quantum Computers Are Already Here

Recently, while flying, a fellow passenger asked, “When will we actually have quantum computers?” The reality is they already exist and are in use daily. Researchers across the globe are utilizing quantum computers, with some companies offering public access, enabling individuals to harness their power from home.

However, quantum computers don’t resemble the large-scale language models we routinely use on laptops. These machines are specialized tools, and their applications greatly differ. Scientists are continually enhancing quantum computers, using them to create foundational elements for future systems or to explore fundamental scientific inquiries.

We’re on the verge of showcasing how quantum computers can solve problems that classical systems cannot. In the next 5 to 10 years, I anticipate that students will routinely access quantum computers via the cloud for experimental purposes.

2. Quantum Computers Won’t Simplify All Calculations

A common misconception is that quantum computers will surpass classical systems in speed, rendering them obsolete. In reality, quantum computers excel in specific applications rather than offering a blanket increase in speed.

Notable examples include factoring large numbers faster than any classical algorithm, which is crucial for decryption, and rapidly searching unstructured data. Additionally, quantum systems excel in simulating quantum phenomena, conducting sampling tasks, solving specific optimization challenges, and addressing linear algebra problems under particular conditions.

The advantage of quantum systems lies not in speed but in the thoughtfully designed quantum algorithms they utilize. These algorithms take advantage of critical quantum effects, like superposition, interference, and entanglement, making them highly effective for a narrow range of applications.

For the vast majority of tasks—like web browsing, texting, or gaming—quantum computers provide no tangible benefits over conventional laptops. Problems that are deemed quantum-easy are complex for classical computers, and vice versa. Thus, utilizing quantum computers for simple tasks would be a massive inefficiency.

3. Quantum Computers Are Not Equivalent to Multiple Classical Computers Working Simultaneously

Many envision quantum computers operating by placing qubits in a superposition, enabling simultaneous calculations; however, this is a misconception. A superposition state indicates that a qubit can represent both 0 and 1 at once. For n qubits, the potential states are exponentially large, approximately 2ⁿ options. However, the idea of infinite parallelism is a myth since you cannot read this information directly. Once a qubit is measured, it collapses into a conventional classical value.

The true capabilities of quantum computers are more intricate. They can generate numerous answers and leverage algorithms to enhance correct responses while diminishing incorrect ones. A well-designed algorithm integrates these superimposed possibilities, ensuring that the accurate answer surfaces during the final measurement.

Topics:

Source: www.newscientist.com

Quantum Computer Successfully Simulates the Largest Molecule Ever Created

Posted on May 5, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

IBM Quantum Computer at Cleveland Clinic

Kincaid/IBM

Exploring the vast potential of quantum computing, one of the most exciting areas of research is simulating proteins to facilitate new drug discovery. Currently, quantum devices are hampered by errors, making them less suitable for this purpose. However, a groundbreaking collaboration involving supercomputers and two quantum systems has set a new record by accurately simulating a molecule containing 12,635 atoms.

Determining the quantum state and energy levels of drug molecules is essential for understanding how they behave, a task often only achievable through approximate methods on traditional computers. A team of researchers from Cleveland Clinic, IBM, and Japan’s Institute of Science and Technology focused on developing quantum computers that inherently utilize quantum physics principles. They innovated a hybrid model combining quantum and classical supercomputing for unprecedented simulations of large molecular structures.

“This was my dream, and here we are,” says Kenneth Mertz from Cleveland Clinic. In this study, the researchers utilized two IBM Heron quantum computers located at RIKEN and Cleveland Clinic, alongside the world’s most powerful supercomputers, Fugaku and Miyabi-G. Their approach focused on simulating a protein-ligand complex, a well-studied example pivotal for biomedical research, while also examining the molecules in a water layer that reflects laboratory conditions.

Currently, the limited size and inherent error rates of quantum computers restrict their utility. Thus, the research team divided the molecular simulation tasks among four machines. The quantum computer was tasked with calculating specific properties, and the results were transferred back and forth with the supercomputer over 100 hours. Despite the lengthy process, the team believes it was faster than traditional methodologies. Jerry Chow at IBM noted that the simulation accurately estimated the lowest energy state of the molecule, matching the precision of conventional methods, though it hasn’t yet proven markedly superior.

According to Liu Junyu from the University of Pittsburgh, this research signifies a crucial milestone towards achieving practical applications of quantum computing with real-world hardware. He expressed admiration for the scale of the experiment. Even prior to achieving error-free quantum computing, there is a necessity to explore hybrid methods further to enhance the usefulness of quantum systems.

Chow added that while their findings indicate that quantum hardware might excel in certain calculations, this simulation record is a preliminary achievement. “There is a growing push to explore the limits of what can be achieved,” Chow acknowledged. “It’s just the beginning of an exciting journey.”

Topic:

Source: www.newscientist.com

Exploring QBox Theory: Insights Beyond the Quantum Realm for a Deeper Understanding of Reality

Posted on April 24, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Exploring the Deeper Layers of Reality Beyond Quantum Theory

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Plasma expression — Exploring the Deeper Layers of Reality Beyond Quantum Theory

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Physicists are delving deeper into the realm of post-quantum theory, unveiling a reality that exists at a level even more perplexing than the already bewildering quantum theory.

In the 1920s, physicists developed vital theories that explained fundamental workings of the universe, yet they continuously encountered phenomena where these theories fell short. This spurred them to glimpse into a more profound layer of reality: the quantum realm. Today, physicists find themselves revisiting this experience. While quantum theory accurately describes many phenomena, it leaves significant gaps when it comes to large cosmic structures influenced by gravity. What kind of post-quantum reality will manifest through these gaps?

James Hefford from the National Research and Development Agency, along with Matt Wilson from the University of Paris-Saclay, has created a mathematical framework outlining a potential post-quantum world—perhaps the deepest layer of reality.

“Quantum theory does not encompass the entirety of the universe,” Hefford remarks. “A significant challenge in physics is developing a quantum gravity theory that reconciles quantum mechanics and gravity. This theory must surpass traditional quantum descriptions.”

Multiple propositions exist for developing a quantum gravity theory, but Wilson and Hefford found their inspiration in the interplay between quantum and classical physics. Everyday experiences shield us from peculiar quantum effects, attributed to a phenomenon known as decoherence, which eliminates the quantum characteristics of most objects. Decoherence brings forth our tangible, rational world from the quantum domain, where the paradoxical states of cats exist and particles can seemingly disappear through barriers. They propose that quantum theory could arise from post-quantum theory through a similar mechanism called “hyperdecoherence.”

This concept isn’t entirely new; a specific theorem established in 2018 suggests that creating a coherent hyperdecoherence process that accurately reproduces quantum theory is mathematically infeasible. However, Hefford and Wilson scrutinized the underlying assumptions of this theorem and devised an innovative approach. The outcome? They entered a remarkably unconventional post-quantum landscape defined by a theory called QBox.

A fascinating aspect of QBox is its redefined conception of causality. Traditionally, causality operates on a clear sequence (event A causes event B or vice versa), but QBox permits a blend of both where causation is ambiguous.

“This introduces causal uncertainty, a critical aspect when pursuing a quantum gravity theory,” notes Carlo Maria Scandoro from the University of Calgary, who was not a part of this project. This uncertainty arises because Einstein’s theory of general relativity enforces varying causal orders across different spacetime points.

This is evident in thought experiments where observers traveling in different spaceships witness the same events but disagree on the chronological order of occurrences.

The researchers also ensured that hyperdecoherence adequately transitions QBox back into quantum theory, stipulating that objects described roughly within the QBox don’t gain precise clarity after hyperdecoherence. Wilson describes this hyperdecoherence as a dimension accessible to entities within the QBox realm—those capable of interacting within its confines—yet obscured from us in the classical or quantum realms.

Currently, the researchers are still clarifying how to conceptualize these dimensions and the experiences of agents operating within them. Preliminary indications suggest that the inaccessible dimensions are temporal rather than spatial—hyperdecoherence selectively concealing past processes while leaving future interactions untouched.

“Previously, there had been speculative models supporting concepts like indeterminate causal order, but formulating comprehensive quantum mechanics proved challenging, with no successful conclusions,” states Ciaran Gilligan Lee, involved in Spotify’s Causal Inference Lab and a co-author of the 2018 theorem opposing hyperdecoherence. He points out that the true merit of this new research lies in its concrete theoretical foundation and its mathematical simplicity. Notably, QBox does not necessitate hypothesizing entirely new constructs like cosmic strings for quantum gravity.

Beyond demonstrating the feasibility of hyperdecoherence as a mathematical function, the subsequent step involves elucidating its physical implications, contends John Selby from the University of Gdańsk, another co-author of the 2018 theorem. “A narrative is essential to clarify why these phenomena arise in our empirical universe.” In his opinion, the mathematical exploration by Hefford and Wilson is a promising foundation, regardless of whether QBox accurately represents the post-quantum layer of reality.

Gilligan-Lee and Selby have also formulated a new theorem, not yet explored by contemporaneous physicists, which may impose stricter criteria on a theory like QBox for it to meaningfully differentiate from quantum theory.

This challenge is welcomed by Wilson, even if it means QBox evolves into a precursor for a more refined vision of post-quantum theory. Notably, this theory may have tangible implications for specific experiments involving overlapping quantum waves, potentially facilitating experimental validation of the QBox concept.

If QBox successfully navigates forthcoming mathematical and experimental hurdles, even more intriguing inquiries will arise. “Can entire frameworks of theory be similarly disentangled?” Hefford speculates. Ultimately, unearthing the deepest realities might necessitate further mathematical exploration.

Topics:

Source: www.newscientist.com

Unlocking Quantum Computing: The Key to Revolutionizing AI Development

Posted on April 20, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Quantum Computing and AI: A Future Collaboration

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Quantum computers are on the brink of revolutionizing AI applications that currently rely on extensive traditional computing resources. This groundbreaking technology could substantially accelerate advancements in machine learning and various artificial intelligence algorithms.

These advanced quantum systems promise capabilities to perform certain calculations unattainable by classical computers. However, researchers continue to explore whether these advantages extend to data-intensive tasks, like those involving machine learning—an essential component of modern AI.

Now, Fan Xinyuan of Oratomic, along with other research teams, advocates that the answer is indeed affirmative. Their innovative mathematical studies are paving the way for a future where quantum computing significantly enhances AI functionality.

“Machine learning permeates not only science and technology but also our daily lives. In an optimized quantum ecosystem, I believe this architecture will be applicable whenever large datasets are deployed,” he states.

The research from Huang and his team addresses the pivotal concern of how non-quantum data (like restaurant reviews or RNA sequencing results) can efficiently integrate with quantum systems, allowing these computers to utilize their unique properties for superior data processing and learning.

This integration necessitates the process of “overlaying” data—a mathematical combination that classical machines struggle to create. Previously, it was deemed impractical since all data in the superposition state was thought to require immense storage in dedicated memory devices. However, as Zhao Haimeng at the California Institute of Technology points out, that assumption has been challenged.

Huang’s team has explored a novel method that allows data input in smaller batches without the need for extensive memory, akin to streaming a movie rather than downloading it entirely before viewing.

This method not only demonstrates efficacy but also showcases that quantum computers can manage larger data sets with a reduced memory footprint compared to traditional systems.

Remarkably, the memory efficiency is so pronounced that a quantum computer utilizing approximately 300 error-correct qubits could outperform a classical computer constructed from every atom in the observable universe, according to Zhao.

While it may take years to build a quantum computer with 300 logical qubits, Huang anticipates that a 60-qubit model could be feasible by decade’s end. Their analysis indicates significant quantum advantages over classical computers for tasks involving large data sets already in AI applications.

“Quantum machines are indeed formidable, but they require innovative feeding methods,” notes Adrian Perez Salinas from ETH Zurich, Switzerland, emphasizing the importance of gradual data integration.

Nevertheless, challenges remain in applying this new research to tangible devices and real-world datasets. Past quantum machine learning algorithms often proved amenable to “inverse quantization,” a technique allowing algorithms to function without quantum hardware but still deliver effective outcomes. Furthermore, the importance of quantum properties in their new algorithm warrants further investigation, according to Perez-Salinas.

Researchers like Vedran Duniko from Leiden University in the Netherlands believe their findings are applicable to large-scale scientific endeavors, such as the Large Hadron Collider, where immense volumes of data are continually generated yet often discarded due to memory limitations.

While quantum computers are predicted to handle only specific AI applications and similar data-processing tasks, Duniko suggests, “This may not significantly disrupt today’s GPU-driven data centers, but its implications could still be substantial.”

The research teams continue to explore expanding the range of algorithms suitable for this methodology and devising innovative configurations for quantum computers to process data efficiently, with minimal memory, within practical time limits.

Topics:

Artificial Intelligence/
Quantum Computing

Source: www.newscientist.com

Why Quantum Computers Could Trigger a Crisis Even More Severe than Y2K

Posted on April 14, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Quantum Computers: A New Era Threatening Encryption

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Quantum Computing Threatens Cybersecurity — Quantum Computers: A New Era Threatening Encryption

dem10/Getty Images

Quantum computing poses a significant risk to global cybersecurity, potentially creating a crisis greater than the infamous Millennium Bug (Y2K). While engineers successfully mitigated the Y2K threat, the question remains: Can we tackle the looming dangers of quantum computing?

Currently, most online communications rely on cryptography that classical computers cannot crack, but robust quantum computers can. Although researchers warned about this vulnerability in the late 1990s, the expected timeline for fully functional quantum computers, referred to as Q-Day, seemed far off—until now.

Quantum computers have advanced rapidly, bringing Q-Day closer to reality.

Recent studies indicate that predominant encryption methods like RSA-2048 and ECDLP-256 are on the verge of being compromised by quantum abilities, which may emerge by the end of 2026. Experts, including a team from Google, highlight that 2029 is the critical year for preparedness against this quantum threat.

There are solutions available through algorithms known as post-quantum cryptography (PQC). However, the pressing issue is whether our highly digital landscape can implement these solutions in time.

“The timeline is shifting quicker than anticipated, which compels immediate action. Organizations that initiate preparations now will be vastly more secure than those that delay,” states Philip Intalula, of HSBC.

Ramana Compera of Cisco conveys a serious warning to businesses: “We urge all our clients to take this seriously. The time to fortify your infrastructure against these quantum threats is now—if not sooner.”

Q-Day presents a more insidious threat compared to Y2K. While Y2K posed a foreseeable risk—systems failing at the millennium—Q-Day could result in unnoticed data breaches where sensitive information is stolen without detection.

A specific worry involves “collect now, decrypt later” attacks, where hackers capture sensitive data now, planning to decrypt it using quantum computers later.

Rebecca Krauthammer from QuSecure emphasizes the gravity of this situation, particularly concerning national security, banking, healthcare, and pharmaceuticals. The risks include credit card fraud and the unauthorized access of sensitive military and medical data.

“Entities in banking, insurance, and critical infrastructure could face existential threats; even currently secured data may become exploited for extortion or espionage,” warns Brian Lenahan from the Institute for Quantum Strategy in a recent blog post.

Krauthammer notes a surge in interest for post-quantum solutions, reflecting a critical inflection point. She estimates a tenfold increase in queries from companies seeking quantum safety upgrades, suggesting that transitioning to PQC by 2029 is both ambitious and achievable.

Although some sectors, like telecommunications and banking, are beginning to adopt PQC, many others, including healthcare, are lagging. Notably, HSBC has been enhancing its quantum encryption efforts for several years, and Kompella highlights that Cisco’s products already incorporate some PQC features.

Identifying Hidden Vulnerabilities

Post-quantum cryptography is already utilized by apps like Signal for messaging and Flo for menstrual tracking. Companies including the Google Chrome web browser are also pursuing quantum safety goals by 2027.

However, Martin Charbonneau from Nokia warns that mere application upgrades won’t suffice. The challenge magnifies when entire systems need overhauling, as many organizations lack a comprehensive understanding of their technology stacks.

Every segment of a company’s network can harbor vulnerabilities. Hackers may exploit weaknesses in everyday user operations, like push notifications or credit card approvals. In other scenarios, a remote server launch or intercepted communications between devices could become targets. For many firms, particularly those reliant on outdated software, recognizing and mitigating these vulnerabilities will be an essential first step toward quantum safety, as Kompella notes.

While giants like Cisco and Nokia possess in-house quantum research teams, most companies do not. Krauthammer mentions her team is assisting three organizations that may need to invest $100 million over the next three to ten years to transition to PQC. Furthermore, by 2027, compliance with PQC will be compulsory for entities partnering with the U.S. government in national security.

Nonetheless, if all goes well, one sector may still face challenges: cryptocurrencies. A study from Google and the Ethereum Foundation warns of potential Q-Day signs, where hackers could have pilfered cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin by intercepting transactions or targeting dormant wallets. Unlike banks, cryptocurrencies are decentralized and necessitate consensus from numerous stakeholders, making migration to PQC a complex task. Bitcoin, in particular, has struggled to change its algorithms, including those improving environmental sustainability.

Cryptocurrencies have now transcended niche interests, with pension funds, charities, and corporations incorporating them into their investment portfolios. Given their deep integration into the global economy, any decline in their value stemming from security vulnerabilities will have widespread ramifications, as stated by Stefano Godioso at Oxford University. Cryptocurrencies with preemptive quantum safety measures have even seen value increases of over 50% following significant research publications.

Ultimately, while Q-Day, like Y2K, could be circumvented through swift actions by governments and businesses, the complexities of this modern threat—coupled with uncertainty surrounding its timing—make it a daunting challenge.

For these reasons, Krauthammer urges for heightened awareness: “There needs to be significant pressure from users demanding assurance that their data is secured through post-quantum cryptography.”

Topics:

Source: www.newscientist.com

Urgent Action Required: Preparing for the Era of Quantum Computing and Code Cracking

Posted on April 13, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Quantum computer illustration featuring a tower of copper devices linked by glowing wires and vacuum tubes. — Image Credit: Dragon Claw/Getty Images

In the absence of timely intervention, we are heading towards a significant crisis. Scientists have pinpointed both the cause and a possible timeline, along with strategies for mitigation. However, policymakers may lack the urgency needed to address this looming issue.

This situation is reminiscent of the climate crisis or the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. Now, it extends to the emerging field of quantum computing. Recent studies, notably one published by Google, reveal that the point at which quantum computers could jeopardize data encryption is much sooner than anticipated.

The understanding that quantum computers will eventually resolve the complex mathematical equations that secure our data isn’t new. However, it’s becoming increasingly clear that this pivotal moment, dubbed Q-Day by some experts, could arrive far sooner than we expected. If it happens without adequate preparation, the fallout could be devastating: compromised emails, drained bank accounts, and exposed confidential information.

“
If Q-Day were to arrive unbidden, it would be catastrophic: bank accounts would be emptied and secrets exposed.
“

Fortunately, there is a proactive solution. For decades, experts have been developing post-quantum cryptography (PQC), designed around mathematical challenges that even the most powerful quantum systems will find daunting. In a timely move, Google intends to transition its services to PQC by 2029, a timeline that has raised eyebrows among skeptics.

These advances should catalyze policymakers to act promptly. Various governments, including the U.S., U.K., and European Union, have set 2035 as a target for PQC implementation, but this timeline must be accelerated.

Ironically, while many of these governments have engaged in encryption battles over the years, advocating for “backdoors” to facilitate law enforcement, such initiatives have largely been resisted. If Q-Day is mishandled, these anti-encryption agendas could materialize, wreaking havoc on our interconnected world. It’s crucial that we prepare adequately before it’s too late.

Topics:

Source: www.newscientist.com

Revolutionary Quantum Batteries: Harnessing Time Reversal for Instant Charging

Posted on April 10, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Quantum Batteries: Harnessing Energy by Reversing Time

Photo by Dakuku/Getty Images

Quantum batteries harvesting energy by reversing time — Quantum Batteries: Harnessing Energy by Reversing Time

Photo by Dakuku/Getty Images

Innovative methods designed to reverse time flow in quantum systems may pave the way for the next generation of quantum batteries.

Across the cosmos, we perceive events as unfolding in a singular direction, conforming to the apparent arrow of time. However, the fundamental principles governing our universe remain effective regardless of whether time advances forward or retreats backward.

Scientists have developed various theories to explain the apparent discord between the one-way arrow of time we observe and the permitted bidirectional flow dictated by physical laws. A prominent example is the second law of thermodynamics, which posits that systems naturally progress towards greater disorder, thereby favoring a forward time direction.

In quantum mechanics, the understanding of the arrow of time diverges. Just like classical laws, quantum processes can technically unfold in either direction. However, the forward direction is determined by comparing measurements of a quantum system against theoretical predictions regarding its temporal evolution. When these measurements align with specific statistical patterns, the system is interpreted as progressing forward in time.

Recently, Luis Pedro Garcia Pintos and his team at Los Alamos National Laboratory, New Mexico, have formulated a method to replicate this statistical characteristic. By reverse-engineering measurement-induced changes in a quantum system, they create an illusion that the quantum system is retreating in time.

“We apply field and control techniques to the system that allow us to undo the effects of measurements,” explains Garcia-Pintos. “If a measurement causes the system to elevate, we can counteract this by bringing it down, effectively creating a trajectory that aligns more with a backward time process.”

The researchers suggest the potential to manipulate the arrow of time in a qubit—an essential element of quantum computing—by measuring its properties, such as spin. Yet, this depends on the ability to continually measure qubits in a non-disruptive manner, enabling the calculation of the temporal direction through microwave pulse applications.

This technology holds the promise of enabling energy extraction from quantum systems requiring measurement, according to Garcia-Pintos. Such an advancement could significantly impact quantum batteries and miniature quantum engines, as each measurement introduces energy into the system.

By carefully adjusting the quantum arrow of time, this energy can be effectively redirected and harnessed for alternative applications. “Consequently, you derive energy from this process,” states Garcia-Pintos. “These measurements can serve as thermodynamic resources.”

As noted by Mauro Paternostro, it’s important to note that the proposed design is specialized and does not universally apply to all quantum systems.

Moreover, achieving order in a system necessitates an energy expenditure, ensuring compliance with the second law of thermodynamics. “When I enter my son’s room, chaos reigns—balls roll and clothes scatter. If I take the time to clean, the room becomes tidier, but this requires energy,” he remarks. “This is precisely what their external control mechanisms demonstrate.”

Topics:

Source: www.newscientist.com

First Measurement of Quantum Entanglement in Solid Materials Achieved

Posted on April 8, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

The Behavior of Two Different Particles Linked by Quantum Entanglement

Science Photo Library / Alamy

We have a groundbreaking method to measure quantum entanglement in solids, paving the way for significant advancements in quantum technology and fundamental physics.

Researchers face limitations in quantifying quantum entanglement—the phenomenon that correlates the behavior of distant quantum particles. The Bell test is one technique that assesses whether two particles are entangled or facilitates the intentional creation of entanglements in quantum computing setups.

However, detecting entangled particles within a material is far more complex. This capability is critical in developing advanced quantum computing and communication devices that rely on entanglement.

Allen Scheie from Los Alamos National Laboratory, along with his team, has dedicated over 50 years to refining this technology, and they have now confirmed its effectiveness.

“We have verified that it works flawlessly, and we’re taking steps to extend its application across various materials,” Scheie stated.

The innovative technique involves bombarding a sample material with neutrons and capturing them with a detector. Since the 1950s, studying the properties of these neutrons has allowed researchers to unveil the arrangement and behavior of quantum particles within substances. Scheie and his colleagues utilized this approach to calculate quantum Fisher information (QFI), a metric that indicates the minimum number of entangled quantum particles necessary to influence a neutron in a detected manner.

The research team applied their method to various magnetic materials, including well-documented crystals of potassium, copper, and fluorine. Team member Pontus Laurel emphasized that their findings closely aligned with computer simulations of the quantum architectures of these crystals, affirming the reliability of their new approach. “The experimental and theoretical predictions matched surprisingly well,” he stated.

Laurel added that while previous studies explored QFI and similar metrics as potential “witnesses to entanglement,” their group has established a clear, dependable, and broadly applicable measurement technique. Much of their effort focused on perfecting the nuances, enabling experiments with diverse materials, including those suitable for future device development.

Notably, their method remains effective irrespective of whether a robust mathematical model exists for the material, even when the samples are incomplete. “That’s the remarkable aspect: you can measure quantum Fisher information under any circumstances,” Scheie remarked. The research was presented at the American Physical Society Global Physics Summit on March 17th in Denver.

Within the next month, the researchers aim to enhance their methodology by measuring QFI (quantum equivalent at the transition point from water to ice) in materials approaching a phase transition. At this juncture, theoretical models often falter or predict skyrocketing entanglement, creating a prime opportunity for groundbreaking quantum discoveries, according to Scheie.

Topics:

Material/
Quantum Physics

Source: www.newscientist.com

Quantum Computers: Unlocking Their Secrets is Closer Than You Think

Posted on April 1, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Google’s Willow Quantum Computer

Credit: Google Quantum AI

Quantum computers capable of breaking internet security codes are rapidly approaching reality. Discoveries from two research teams highlight the strides being made, indicating that current quantum machines are already over halfway to the necessary scale.

Both studies focus on cryptographic methods centered around the Elliptic Curve Discrete Logarithm Problem (ECDLP)—a mathematical challenge ideally suited for data encryption. ECDLP has been widely adopted for securing internet communications, including banking transactions and major cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin.

While classical computers struggle to breach elliptical curve-based codes, it has been understood since the 1990s that quantum computers possess the ability to do so. However, building a sufficiently powerful quantum computer seemed a far-off challenge due to engineering limits.

Recent advancements in both theory and engineering have drastically accelerated this timeline. Theoretical research has led to optimized quantum hacking algorithms, significantly lowering the required quantum computing power. For instance, in 2019, estimates indicated a need for 20 million qubits to crack a related encryption system called RSA-2048; by February, that figure plummeted to just 100,000 qubits.

Furthermore, while the most sophisticated quantum computers in 2019 barely exceeded 50 qubits, today’s leading machines have surpassed 1,000 qubits, with the largest unused qubit array containing 6,100 qubits.

Currently, Dorev Bruchstein and his team suggest that ECDLP could require machines with only 10,000 qubits. Though this decoding would still take years, Ryan Babush and his colleagues from Google’s Quantum Research division have shown that just 500,000 qubits could perform the task in as little as nine minutes.

“Today marks a significant moment for quantum computing and cryptography,” says Justin Drake of the Ethereum Foundation, which collaborates with researchers at Google. He shared this insight via social media.

Bruchstein’s estimates are based on qubits formed from ultracold atoms manipulated by lasers, providing increased connectivity that likely reduces the number of required qubits.

Bruchstein envisions a potential array of 10,000 ultracold qubits being realized within a year, yet controlling and operating them with precision will be a significant challenge. Proper interaction between qubits is critical, eliminating the possibility of merely linking multiple existing machines together.

Bruchstein anticipates that a fully operational quantum computer may not be available until the decade’s end. “We’re making substantial progress, but it’s beginning to feel feasible to build,” he explains.

Concerns Over Cryptocurrency Security

The Google team derived their conclusions based on a different type of quantum computer using superconducting circuits. These quantum systems are often viewed as more advanced, and Google prioritizes their development.

The researchers have refrained from commenting publicly about the study. However, the paper indicates that “resource estimations could be dramatically lowered with more aggressive hardware capabilities,” implying that the 500,000 qubit target might be conservative. Notably, they refrain from providing details about the decryption algorithm for security reasons.

They also indicate that such quantum computers could potentially intercept cryptocurrency transactions and reroute funds for a brief period before recording, effectively enabling theft.

Given the findings from both studies, it’s clear that Bitcoin may be more susceptible to quantum attacks sooner than previously understood, according to Scott Aaronson from the University of Texas at Austin.

Stefano Gozioso from the University of Oxford notes that both configurations of quantum computers encounter substantial engineering hurdles before practical application is achievable, particularly the ultracold atom method, which is still largely experimental. He emphasizes the growing urgency for security in the digital realm.

Some internet browsers already implement encryption impervious to quantum attacks, termed post-quantum cryptography (PQC). While traditional banking systems may adapt post-attack, a decentralized cryptocurrency framework might be far more vulnerable, according to Gozioso. Google suggests that organizations transition to PQC by 2029 as the need intensifies.

“This is precisely why we initiated the PQC standardization project over a decade ago,” states Dustin Moody from the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). “We anticipated that advancements in quantum hardware would coincide with algorithmic progress.”

NIST has identified several PQC algorithms with the potential to become future security standards as practical quantum computers emerge, with the U.S. federal government targeting a transition by 2035. However, Moody warns that organizations should act promptly. “These studies reinforce that the window for migration is limited, making immediate action imperative,” he concludes.

Topics:

Safety/
Quantum Computing

Source: www.newscientist.com

How Anthony Leggett Revolutionized Quantum Physics: Breaking New Boundaries

Posted on March 27, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Sir Anthony Leggett: A Quantum Physics Giant

Credit: University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign/L. Brian Stauffer

Quantum Physics Pioneer Sir Anthony Leggett — Sir Anthony Leggett: A Quantum Physics Giant

Credit: University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign/L. Brian Stauffer

During my first year of graduate studies, I shared an office with an older graduate student who was quietly conducting pivotal research. Upon conversing with him, I discovered he was “working with Tony on the theory of glasses.” It soon became evident to me that the physics behind glasses posed significant complexities and that I should have recognized Tony’s name sooner. My initial meeting with Anthony James Leggett was enlightening—a courteous British gentleman in his 70s, with the wisdom of a seasoned educator and an undeniable sparkle in his eye. He was a Nobel laureate, knighted by the British Empire, recipient of numerous accolades, and a pioneer in quantum theory, notably examining the enigmas of cold quantum realms. He passed away on March 8, leaving behind a legacy fueled by his integrity, curiosity, and numerous aspiring scientists, yet to many, he simply remained Tony.

Born in 1938 in South London, Leggett attended a Jesuit school where his father instructed in physics and chemistry. Originally earning a degree in classical literature, philosophy, and ancient history from Oxford University, he ultimately succumbed to the allure of physics, pursuing it further at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (UIUC) for his doctorate.

At that time, UIUC served as a hub for physicists delving into novel quantum materials. Many of these materials exhibited extraordinary characteristics only at ultra-low temperatures. Leveraging his prior expertise in cryogenics, Tony redirected his focus towards the peculiarities of helium-3. He recounted a memorable encounter with physicists John Bardeen and Leo Kadanoff, who introduced him to their groundbreaking experiments with ultracold helium. Although he attempted to encapsulate these discoveries mathematically, initial distractions led him to maintain an intricate relationship with helium-3 over the next decade.

In a serendipitous twist during a rain-soaked 1972 vacation, he met experimentalist Robert Richardson, whose discussion of helium-3 experiments significantly impacted Leggett’s research career. Following their conversation, Leggett aimed to develop a formal proof demonstrating the impossibility of observed phenomena aligning with established quantum mechanics. This moment hinted at potential discrepancies within the framework of quantum physics itself.

Leggett’s subsequent investigations revealed that while quantum principles held, helium-3 exhibited unprecedented traits rarely seen in other cryogenic systems. As researchers explored the unusual behavior of materials under extreme cold, they uncovered effects like superconductivity, where electrons cohesively pair in a unique quantum state—enabling perfect electrical conductivity. Intrigued by whether helium-3 could exhibit comparable superfluid qualities, Leggett meticulously delved into its properties.

Ultimately, Leggett crafted a comprehensive theory around ultracold helium-3, establishing that its atoms can form multiple types of superfluids and introducing a novel form of symmetry breaking, elucidating previously obscure experimental results.

Richardson had won the Nobel Prize for his 1966 helium-3 research, while Leggett received his Nobel Prize for groundbreaking theoretical contributions in 2003.

Anthony Leggett: Nobel Prize in Physics 2003

Credit: Jonas Ekströmmer/AFP via Getty Images

Reflecting on the announcement of his Nobel Prize in 2003, Leggett expressed the elation felt by many during that early morning news. His former graduate advisor, Smitha Vishveshwara, attested to his profound kindness and wisdom, which inspired countless individuals at UIUC. Tony joined the university in 1983, and I had the privilege of working with him as a postdoctoral fellow starting in 2002. He was often deep in thought, too busy at his roundtable in the Institute for Condensed Matter Physics, now bearing his name, to engage with anyone.

Beyond his groundbreaking work on superfluid helium-3, Leggett was passionate about broader questions that questioned the foundations of quantum physics. He delved into intriguing theories regarding whether the quantum realm might apply to large-scale objects—a notion he explored in an interview post-Nobel Prize celebration. Leggett noted, “If we genuinely adhere to quantum theories, I believe the perceptions we hold about the physical world will differ significantly by AD 3000.” He intriguingly speculated about a potential evolution in physical understanding, pondering new paradigms that may emerge.

Exploring Quantum Physics Frontiers

To probe the fascinating boundaries of quantum mechanics, Leggett, alongside Anupam Garg, developed a mathematical test in 1985 for assessing the quantum characteristics of large objects. This experiment, now known as the Leggett-Garg inequality, evaluates object behavior over time—offering insights into whether quantum laws govern these entities. Researchers worldwide have since executed the Leggett-Garg experiment on various systems, including photons and minuscule crystals—sparking advancements in quantum physics.

His inquiries regarding the intersection of macroscopic occurrences and quantum phenomena laid the groundwork for another Nobel Prize-winning experiment last year. John Martinis, from the quantum computing company QoLab, highlighted that collaboration on a large-scale circuit experiment stemmed from ideas Leggett initially discussed in the early ’80s. The work confirmed the manifestation of quantum effects in systems of superconducting circuits, echoing Leggett’s extensive knowledge that inspired Martinis and his team as they approached lab construction.

Underlining Leggett’s keen observational talents, David Waxman, a former student, noted, “Tony had an exceptional ability to perceive what others might overlook—he saw potential where many dismissed a mere fluctuation on a graph as trivial.”

Leggett consistently advised young physicists to advocate for their inquiries. He remarked, “If conventional wisdom mystifies you, take time to unravel it, and don’t succumb to peer pressure asserting that it is well understood.” He emphasized that “research conducted with integrity is never fruitless,” allowing for new perspectives to emerge from long-abandoned ideas.

Although I departed UIUC in spring 2020, I can still envision him—an intellectual giant—engaged in profound contemplation at his desk. I firmly believe he never ceased his quest for knowledge, perpetually inclined to uncover nature’s hidden secrets. I wish I had explored the unexplored research awaiting revelation within his desk drawers.

Topics:

Quantum Mechanics/
Quantum Physics

Source: www.newscientist.com

Revolutionizing Temperature Measurement: A Quantum Device Approach to Defining Temperature

Posted on March 26, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Key Components of a New Rubidium Atom Cooling Setup

Tomasz Kawalec CC BY-SA 4.0

Cooling and trapping rubidium atoms — Key Components of a New Rubidium Atom Cooling Setup

Tomasz Kawalec CC BY-SA 4.0

A groundbreaking quantum device utilizing giant rubidium atoms may redefine temperature measurement.

While some nations utilize Celsius or Fahrenheit to measure temperature, physicists universally rely on Kelvin. This unit signifies “absolute temperature,” where 0 Kelvin represents the lowest temperature permitted by physical laws. However, confirming the accuracy of a 1 Kelvin measurement is a meticulous endeavor.

“When making absolute temperature measurements, one typically purchases a temperature sensor calibrated against another sensor, and the chain continues. Ultimately, one of those sensors was previously sent to the American Standards Institute,” explains Noah Schlossberger from NIST in Colorado.

Schlossberger and his team have developed an innovative device leveraging quantum mechanics to directly measure Kelvin, eliminating the need for extensive sensor calibrations.

This device, a compact metal and glass structure housing trapped rubidium atoms, employs lasers to displace outer electrons far from the atomic nucleus, resulting in significantly enlarged atoms. Subsequently, the researchers cool these atoms to roughly 0.5 milliKelvin—about 600,000 times cooler than room temperature—using lasers and electromagnetic fields.

Consequently, the outer electrons of rubidium atoms exhibit heightened sensitivity to minute temperature fluctuations. When exposed to certain quantum states, these electrons “jump,” allowing the device to function effectively as a temperature sensor. Established mathematical models can accurately relate the temperature difference necessary for such jumps, facilitating a new Kelvin definition.

The International Bureau of Weights and Measures similarly defines Kelvin via various quantum constants. Yet, institutions like NIST often resort to non-quantum devices for calibration. The new quantum device aims to deliver a calibration-free definition of Kelvin.

According to Schlossberger, “Every rubidium atom behaves identically in the same conditions. You can replicate a device anywhere in the world, and it will perform the same way.” This uniformity is crucial for maintaining high-precision instruments, such as atomic clocks, which require operation at very low Kelvin temperatures.

However, the prototype still faces challenges: it struggles with accurately detecting quantum states and is currently too cumbersome for practical use. Researchers are actively refining the design for enhanced practicality and precision.

Schlossberger presented this groundbreaking research at the American Physical Society Global Physics Summit in Colorado on March 16th.

Topic:

Source: www.newscientist.com

Physicist Develops Floating Time Crystal: A Breakthrough in Quantum Physics

Posted on March 24, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

A groundbreaking team of scientists at New York University has successfully developed a unique version of an exotic phase of matter where particles are acoustically suspended and interact through sound wave exchanges.

Morel et al. observed a revolutionary type of time crystal with particles suspended on a cushion of sound while interacting through sound waves. Image credit: David Song / New York University.

Time crystals—collections of particles that “keep time”—are poised to transform fields like quantum computing and data storage.

The particles present in this innovative time crystal defy Newton’s third law of motion, which posits that every action has an equal and opposite reaction, emphasizing a balance in forces.

Unlike traditional particles, these new particles interact independently, are not strictly bound by equilibrium forces, and exhibit non-reciprocal movement.

Remarkably, these time crystals are visible to the naked eye and are housed in a compact, one-foot-tall device that can easily be held in hand.

“The speaker emits sound waves, allowing us to place small particles at the pressure nodes, effectively suspending them against gravity,” stated Leela Elliott, an undergraduate at New York University.

The time crystal is constructed using Styrofoam beads that are suspended by these sound waves, initially employed as an acoustic levitation device to maintain the beads in the air.

“We discovered that a simple system of two particles suspended within an acoustic standing wave can spontaneously oscillate and generate time crystal effects due to their unbalanced interactions,” explained Mia Morell, a graduate student at NYU.

“When these airborne particles interact, they do so by exchanging scattered sound waves.”

“Specifically, larger particles scatter more sound than smaller ones,” she added.

“Consequently, the influence of large particles on small particles is greater than the reverse.”

“This results in an asymmetry in interactions between small and large particles.”

“Imagine two ferries of different sizes approaching a pier,” she said.

“Each ferry creates waves that displace the other, but the impact varies based on size.”

This discovery broadens the scope of potential applications for these crystals, promising advancements in technology and industry.

“Time crystals exhibit a high degree of autonomy, making independent decisions and persisting on their path,” stated Professor David Greer of New York University.

“They are intriguing not only for their potential applications but also due to their visually exotic and complex structure.”

“In contrast, our system stands out because it’s surprisingly straightforward.”

The team’s key findings were published in the Physical Review Letters.

_____

Mia C. Morell et al. 2026. Non-reciprocal wave-mediated interactions power the classical time crystal. Physics Review Letters, 136, 057201; doi: 10.1103/zjzk-t81n

Source: www.sci.news

Buy Your Own DIY Quantum Computer Today!

Posted on March 21, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Two Engineers Working on Kilimanjaro’s Quantum Computers

Credit: Qilimanjaro

Two quantum engineers working on a quantum system at Kilimanjaro's Multimodal Quantum Data Center. — Two Engineers Working on Kilimanjaro’s Quantum Computers

Credit: Qilimanjaro

Quantum computers, once viewed as futuristic devices, are now becoming more accessible. With DIY kits, individuals with sufficient resources and engineering expertise can assemble their own quantum systems.

The Barcelona-based quantum computing firm, Kilimanjaro, is revolutionizing access to this technology through their EduQit initiative. Inspired by the concept of “flat-pack furniture,” Kilimanjaro supplies all necessary components, allowing users to assemble their own quantum computing kits.

Each EduQit kit features a chip crafted from tiny superconducting circuits, which is essential for quantum computation. It includes a specialized refrigerator to install the chip, alongside electronics that utilize radio and microwave signals to govern the chip and interpret its calculations—all bundled with racks, power cables, and supplementary devices to construct the entire quantum computer.

While assembling the kit may seem challenging, comprehensive instructions are provided. As Marta Estarellas from Kilimanjaro states, their team offers training and support throughout the construction process. Training may take up to three months, with the complete system ready for operation in approximately ten months.

The EduQit quantum computer boasts five qubits and occupies less than one-tenth the space of cutting-edge models, yet is available for the relatively modest price of about 1 million euros. In contrast, most existing quantum computers are produced by major tech corporations or well-funded startups and research facilities. To illustrate, Google aims to reduce component expenses by a factor of ten, as current systems can cost less than $1 billion.
See more about quantum computing costs in a recent study.

Kilimanjaro Quantum Chip

Credit: Qilimanjaro

While compact commercial machines are available, they usually don’t include complete kits. For instance, Rigetti, a California company, offers small superconducting quantum computers for research starting at around $900,000, which only encompass the main chip and a few components—akin to obtaining just a motherboard without peripherals.

Kilimanjaro aspires to furnish comprehensive kits to numerous research institutions, where access to quantum computing technology remains limited due to funding constraints. Their goal is to equip the next generation of researchers with hands-on experience in building and operating quantum systems.

Currently, students engage with quantum computers via cloud platforms or simulated models. However, EduQit aims to provide practical skills in quantum computing, potentially becoming the educational equivalent of the Raspberry Pi—small, easily customizable computers that evolved from learning tools into essential resources for hobbyists and scientists alike.

Quantum computing holds promise for performing complex calculations unattainable even by today’s top supercomputers. From breaking secure internet codes to simulating molecular behavior for drug discovery, the potential is vast. Yet, the fragility and susceptibility to errors of quantum chips pose significant challenges in realizing this technology’s full potential.

A quantum computer like EduQit would have competed with the most advanced lab systems a decade ago. Its availability as a DIY kit showcases the rapid advancements in quantum computing technology in recent years.

As Katia Moskovich notes, companies like Quantum Machines highlight the multitude of unanswered questions regarding the future of quantum computing, emphasizing that broader experimentation will enhance understanding and innovation in this field.

Topics:

Source: www.newscientist.com

Unlocking Quantum Computing: Solutions to the Industry’s Biggest Challenges

Posted on March 13, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Quantum Computers: A Step Toward Error Correction

Image Credit: Davide Bonaldo / Alamy

Quantum error correction technology — Quantum Computers: A Step Toward Error Correction

Image Credit: Davide Bonaldo / Alamy

Quantum computing is advancing, but error correction remains a significant challenge. The current limitations of this technology are its inability to operate effectively due to persistent errors, which researchers are actively working to address.

In traditional computers, errors are managed using established redundancy techniques, leveraging extra bits to recognize when data is inaccurately switched. However, in the realm of quantum computing, the principles of quantum mechanics complicate this process, as information cannot be duplicated. Instead, error correction must utilize the unique attributes of qubits, including quantum entanglement.

Logical qubits, essential for processing in quantum systems, distribute information across multiple qubits to mitigate errors. Innovative approaches to creating and managing these logical qubits are vital for overcoming existing limitations.

Experts like Robert Schoelkopf from Yale University highlight the exciting developments in this field, indicating that both theory and application are finally converging.

However, one major challenge is the substantial number of qubits required to construct a reliable logical qubit, which raises the cost and complexity of quantum machines. Research by Summer Rain Forest Peng at the International Quantum Academy in China reveals that this requirement can be minimized.

Through innovative techniques, researchers have demonstrated that merging merely two superconducting qubits with a small resonator can yield a larger qubit with a reduced error rate and enhanced error detection capabilities. Additionally, utilizing quantum entanglement allows for increased computational efficiency without introducing additional errors.

Further advancements have been made by Schorkopf’s team, showcasing operations implemented with low-error qubits occurring only once in a million operations, significantly improving reliability in tasks essential to quantum programming.

In the quest for a functional quantum computer, it’s clear that achieving thousands of logical qubits is necessary, and some errors will inevitably occur. Companies like Quantum Elements, led by Ariane Vezvai, investigate ways to bolster error protection methods, drawing parallels to using an umbrella in the rain.

Strategically, keeping qubits active is crucial in preserving their unique quantum properties. Recent findings indicate that administering an additional ‘kick’ of electromagnetic radiation to idle qubits can enhance their entanglement reliability.

The precise methodology for engineering physical qubits into effective logical qubits is imperative, especially for high-stakes calculations, as delineated by David Muñoz Ramo from Quantinuum, who identifies a pivotal experiment involving hydrogen’s lowest energy state.

Such advancements in quantum error correction are absolutely critical for the viability of future quantum computing solutions. James Wootton at Moth Quantum emphasizes that while quantum computers are not yet free from errors, the foundational engineering is beginning to take shape.

Topics:

Source: www.newscientist.com

Is Quantum Chemistry Still the ‘Killer App’ for Quantum Computers? Exploring the Future of Quantum Computing

Posted on March 12, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Quantum computers may revolutionize chemical property calculations

Credit: ETH Zurich

Quantum computer calculations — Quantum computers may revolutionize chemical property calculations

Credit: ETH Zurich

Recent analyses suggest quantum chemical calculations, which could enhance drug development and agricultural innovation, may not be the game-changer for quantum computers that many hoped.

As advancements in quantum computer technology progress rapidly, the most compelling applications for continued investment remain uncertain. One widely considered option is solving complex quantum chemistry problems, including energy level calculations for molecules critical to biomedicine and industry. This requires managing the behavior of numerous quantum particles (electrons in a molecule) simultaneously, aligning well with quantum computing’s strengths.

However, Xavier Weintal and his team at CEA Grenoble in France have demonstrated that the leading quantum algorithms for this purpose may be of limited utility.

“In my view, it’s likely doomed; it’s not definitively doomed, but it’s probably facing insurmountable challenges,” remarks Weintal on the feasibility of using quantum computers for molecular energy calculations.

The team categorized their analysis into two segments: one focused on current noisy quantum computers, and another on future fault-tolerant quantum systems.

Using error-prone quantum computers, energy levels can be computed via variational quantum eigensolver (VQE) algorithms, yet the outcome’s accuracy is heavily influenced by noise levels.

According to their findings, for VQE to match the accuracy of chemical algorithms running on classical systems, noise levels in quantum computers would need significant reduction, essentially qualifying them as fault-tolerant. Notably, no practical fault-tolerant quantum computer yet exists.

Several firms are racing to develop fault-tolerant quantum systems within the next five years. These advanced devices aim to utilize quantum phase estimation (QPE) for calculating molecular energy levels. While the error issue may be largely addressed here, the study uncovers a daunting challenge dubbed the “orthogonality catastrophe.”

Simply stated, as molecular size increases, the likelihood of QPE accurately determining the lowest energy level diminishes exponentially. Consequently, Thibault Louve, from French quantum computing enterprise Quobly, states that even with superior quantum computers, instances where QPE is practically viable are extremely limited. He argues that the ability to execute this algorithm should be viewed as a benchmark for quantum computer maturity rather than a primary tool for chemists.

“There’s a tendency to overstate quantum computers’ potential in this area; many assume the arrival of quantum capabilities will render classical methods for quantum chemistry obsolete,” asserts George Booth, a professor at King’s College London, who wasn’t involved in this research. “This study calls attention to considerable challenges in achieving accurate molecular simulations that will persist even in the fault-tolerant era, raising doubts about the immediate success of quantum chemistry within quantum computing.”

Nevertheless, quantum computers hold promise for various chemistry applications. For instance, they can simulate the alterations in a chemical system when subjected to disruptions, such as exposure to laser beams.

Topics:

Source: www.newscientist.com

How Phantom Code Can Enhance Quantum Computers by Reducing Errors

Posted on March 3, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Discover the QuEra Quantum Computer Based on Cryogenic Atoms

Credit: Cuella

An innovative algorithm called phantom code has the potential to enable quantum computers to execute complex programs error-free, addressing a critical barrier to the broader adoption of quantum technology.

Initially, many physicists were skeptical about the viability of quantum computers due to their susceptibility to errors that are challenging to rectify. Various types of quantum computers are already operational and have shown promise in facilitating scientific research and exploration. Nevertheless, the industry is still grappling with the challenge of minimizing computational mistakes.

Traditional error correction techniques permit quantum computers to store information accurately, but their computational demands can be substantial. According to Shayan Majidi of Harvard University, this creates inefficiencies.

To tackle this issue, Majidi and his research team concentrated on complex calculations that require numerous steps, often resulting in prolonged execution times and heightened error risks.

Quantum computers utilize basic units known as qubits. These computations frequently involve logical qubits: clusters of qubits cooperating to lower error rates. In order to avoid computational inaccuracies, devices manipulate these logical qubits. For instance, physical qubits are usually subjected to lasers or microwaves to connect multiple logical qubits or alter their quantum states.

The phantom code innovation allows the entanglement of multiple logical qubits without necessitating any physical manipulations, hence its moniker “phantom.” This efficiency translates to fewer actions required for calculations, thereby diminishing the likelihood of errors.

In their experiments, Majidi and his colleagues ran computer simulations to evaluate the phantom code on two distinct tasks: preparing specialized qubit states that are essential for computations, and simulating simplified models of quantum materials. Their findings indicated that this method yielded results that were up to 100 times more accurate than conventional error correction methods by minimizing the need for physical operations.

While phantom codes may not be applicable to every quantum computing task, according to Majidi, they are particularly useful in scenarios that demand extensive entanglement. This method doesn’t generate new entanglements; instead, it optimally utilizes existing ones. As Majidi puts it, “It’s not a free lunch; it’s just a lunch that was already there, and we weren’t consuming it.”

Mark Howard, researchers at the University of Galway in Ireland, liken the selection of error-correcting codes for quantum computing to choosing protective armor. While plate armor may provide superior protection at the expense of weight and versatility, phantom code offers flexibility but requires more qubits compared to traditional strategies, making it a partial solution to quantum error challenges.

Dominic Williamson and his team at the University of Sydney in Australia point out that the competitive viability of phantom codes versus other error correction methods remains uncertain and may hinge on future advancements in quantum hardware.

Majidi’s team is collaborating closely with colleagues developing quantum computers based on extremely cold atoms. He envisions that insights gained from phantom code, along with an understanding of qubit capabilities, will pave the way for new strategies tailored specifically to both tasks and hardware implementations in quantum computing.

Topics:

Source: www.newscientist.com

Exploring the Business of Quantum Entanglement: Inside a Revolutionary Company

Posted on March 2, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Qunnect’s Carina Rack for Quantum Entanglement

Knecht

Qunnect's Carina Rack for Quantum Entanglement — Qunnect’s Carina Rack for Quantum Entanglement

Knecht

Mehdi Namazi aims to revolutionize communication through quantum entanglement.

Along with his team at Qunnect, he has dedicated nearly a decade to developing a device that enables the sharing of quantum-entangled light particles (photons), making secure communication a reality.

Located at Qunnect’s headquarters in Brooklyn, New York, a state-of-the-art table is filled with lasers, lenses, special crystals, and other components essential for manipulating light. All of this technology will be elegantly packaged in striking magenta boxes and dispatched to those advancing future communication technology.

Against the backdrop of the iconic New York skyline, Namazi unveils an electronic device that may seem unremarkable at first. However, when stacked, these boxes form what the company refers to as the Carina rack, capable of performing extraordinary quantum functions.

In February, the Qunnect team used these racks for “entanglement swapping” over a 17.6-kilometre fiber-optic connection between Brooklyn and Manhattan through commercial data centers.

Entanglement exchange involves transferring entangled properties from one photon pair to another. Once photons are entangled, they demonstrate extreme sensitivity to tampering, making it exceedingly difficult to steal information without detection. This swapping technique extends the essence of unhackable communication to long-distance quantum internet applications.

Qunnect successfully exchanged quantum entanglements among 5,400 photon pairs every hour while the network operated autonomously for several days. Previously established experiments recorded significantly lower rates of entanglement exchange.

Before the Carina Rack can perform its magic, entangled photons must be generated using another device. At the heart of this “entanglement source” lies a glass and metal box containing rubidium atoms vapor, illuminated by laser light to produce photon pairs. Namazi recounts how precise adjustments to the laser beam’s angle increased the number of entangled photons produced.

Once generated, the Carina Rack transmits these photons through a fiber network to laboratories across New York City, including prestigious institutions like New York University and Columbia University.

Namazi illustrates how one might set up a personal entanglement sharing system to send super-secure messages. “With two Carina racks, we can distribute entanglements within hours,” he states.

Qunnect maintains one such rack in a Manhattan-based commercial data center managed by QTD Systems. When asked, QTD’s Peter Feldman echoed Namazi’s assurance: “You don’t need to know anything about quantum physics.” The systems that sustain photon entanglement in Qunnect’s network can be operated remotely, allowing autonomous function for weeks.

Qunnect’s Advanced Quantum Network

Knecht

The quest for an unhackable quantum internet is not confined to New York City. Numerous metropolitan quantum networks are emerging globally, including those in Hefei, China, and Chicago, Illinois. However, challenges remain, particularly in addressing the loss of photons over extensive distances.

Namazi emphasizes that quantum entanglement could have immediate applications. By integrating entangled photons into classical light streams, malicious interception attempts can be detected, serving as a quantum tripwire.

Another practical use is authenticating the identity of individuals exchanging sensitive information based on their location. Collaborating with Alexander Gaeta at Columbia University, Qunnect is actively exploring these capabilities. In a single New York borough, numerous financial institutions could significantly benefit from such advancements, as indicated by Javad Shabani at New York University. “Once the infrastructure is established, the demand will follow, probably from just across the street.”

While the quantum internet is still in its infancy, I was impressed by the extent of operational technology during my drive from Qunnect’s headquarters to QTD’s data center. As I crossed one of New York’s bridges, I pondered the multitude of entangled photons traversing the city—a bustling metropolis with endless potential.

Topic:

Internet /
Quantum Computing

Source: www.newscientist.com

New Scientist Endorses Liminals: Explore Revolutionary Quantum Soundscapes

Posted on February 27, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Artist Pierre Huyghe

Photo by Ola Lindal

Pierre Huyghe's Artwork — Artist Pierre Huyghe

Photo by Ola Lindal

A century ago, the advent of quantum mechanics left physicists gazing into the unknown. Long-held beliefs about reality were called into question. Today, we delve into the enigmatic realm of quantum probability clouds and their peculiar behaviors, even at a distance.

Liminal is a profound installation by artist Pierre Huyghe (featured above) that captures many poignant concepts. Set in Halle am Berghain—formerly an East Berlin power station and now a renowned techno club—this exhibition features immersive video projections and soundscapes that resonate deeply within the gritty remnants of the concrete structure.

Huyghe’s art emerges from the collapse of atoms transitioning between quantum states, creating soundscapes that reflect the universe’s fundamental language. Some interpretations suggest that reality is not constructed from quantum fields; instead, the quantum state only represents our knowledge, implying that the external world may not truly exist. Huyghe’s depiction of faceless figures intertwined with the landscape powerfully encapsulates this concept, transcending simplistic explanations.

Thomas Luton
Features Editor, London

Topics:

Source: www.newscientist.com

Unlocking Quantum Computing: How an 1980s Niche Technology Could Revolutionize the Future

Posted on February 27, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Sure! Here’s a rewritten version of the content, optimized for SEO while retaining the HTML tags:

Adam Weiss of SEEQC, the pioneering quantum chip manufacturing company.

SEEQC

Adam Weiss configuring a dilution refrigerator — Adam Weiss of SEEQC, the pioneering quantum chip manufacturing company.

SEEQC

<p>Explore the remarkable innovations of the 1980s, from British heavy metal to vibrant purple blush favored by makeup artists. Yet, amid the glam and flair, a neglected technological gem emerged: superconducting circuits. In 1980, IBM invested in this revolutionary technology to create highly efficient computers, showcasing a superconducting circuit on the cover of <em>Scientific American</em> during the same year.</p>

<p>However, the anticipated revolution never materialized, and superconducting chips faded into obscurity, much like perms and pegged pants. Yet, one company persevered in its research efforts—SEEQC. I recently toured SEEQC's cutting-edge quantum chip manufacturing facility in upstate New York, born from IBM's discontinued superconducting computing program. Here, I discovered SEEQC's aspirations for superconducting chips in ushering a new era in quantum computing.</p>

<p>Inside the SEEQC facility, you’re greeted by extensive machinery and technicians donned in protective gear. In cleanrooms, ultra-thin layers of niobium, a superconducting metal, are meticulously deposited onto dielectric materials, forming intricate, sandwich-like structures. Lithographic devices further refine these structures, carving out tiny trenches essential for quantum processes. The atmosphere buzzes with activity, illuminated in yellow light to minimize disruption during chip production. In a conference room, SEEQC's CEO <a href="https://seeqc.com/about/leadership/john-levy">John Levy</a> presented a superconducting chip that is surprisingly compact yet poised to transform this futuristic industry.</p>

<h2>The Challenge Ahead</h2>
<p>Superconductors excel at delivering electricity with flawless efficiency, distinguishing them from conventional electronic materials. For instance, when charging a phone, heat loss in cords and chargers often reduces effectiveness. In a 2017 study by computer scientists, they noted traditional computers often function as costly electric heaters, performing minimal calculations alongside unnecessary energy loss.</p>

<p>Comparatively, superconducting computers eliminate this efficiency problem. However, a significant limitation exists: all known superconductors require extremely low temperatures or immense pressure to function. This necessity has historically rendered superconducting computing prohibitively expensive and impractical. IBM abandoned its superconducting computing research in 1983, leading to a preference for traditional overheating computers. Ironically, energy costs have surged recently, especially due to the growing demand from AI technologies.</p>

<p>A shift occurred in the late 1990s when a team of Japanese researchers <a href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/cond-mat/9904003">created</a> the first superconducting qubit, a foundational element of quantum computing. This innovative approach diverged from prior attempts, paving the way for a new computing paradigm leveraging processes unique to quantum mechanics.</p>

<p>Since then, superconducting qubits have powered significant advancements in quantum computing. Tech giants like Google and IBM utilize this technology to tackle complex scientific challenges, achieving remarkable demonstrations of "quantum supremacy" that underline the distinct capabilities of quantum computers compared to classical counterparts.</p>

<p>However, true disruptive technologies in quantum computing remain elusive. Quantum computers have yet to realize their potential to revolutionize areas such as cryptography or industrial chemistry, with numerous technical and engineering challenges lying ahead.</p>

<p>SEEQC's Levy believes some solutions could trace back to the 1980s. His team is developing digital superconducting chips designed to enhance the power, size, and error resilience of quantum computers simultaneously. Nearby, researchers are busy testing chips in various refrigerator configurations, aiming to streamline quantum computing components, ultimately enhancing efficiency.</p>

<p>The working core of a superconducting quantum computer comprises a chip packed with qubits and a refrigerator essential for their operation. Externally, it appears as a single, elongated box comparable in height to a person. However, the components extend beyond this simple design. Control mechanisms, traditional computational inputs, and output readings from quantum calculations require elaborate setups. Moreover, qubits are delicate and susceptible to errors, necessitating sophisticated control systems for real-time monitoring and adjustments. This means non-quantum components, which consume substantial space and energy, play a crucial role in the overall functionality of quantum computers.</p>

<p>Expanding qubit numbers to enhance computational power necessitates additional cables. “Physically, you can't keep adding cables forever,” asserts <a href="https://seeqc.com/about/leadership/shu-jen-han-phd">Shu Zhen Han</a>, SEEQC's Chief Technology Officer. Each new cable introduces heat that disrupts qubits and affects their performance. While this might seem purely technical, the complexities of connecting and controlling qubits represent significant hurdles for quantum computing advancement.</p>

<p>The SEEQC chip I examined addresses many of these challenges.</p>

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                <p class="ArticleImageCaption__Credit">Carmela Padavic-Callaghan</p>
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<p>The SEEQC chip embodies the typical design of a computer chip: small, flat, with a metal rectangle atop a larger one. Levy explained that the smaller rectangle holds superconducting qubits, while the larger one is a conventional chip of superconducting material, facilitating digital control of the qubits. Since both components are superconducting, they can occupy the same refrigerator, reducing the reliance on many energy-consuming room-temperature devices.</p>

<p>This innovation not only prevents excess heat from impacting the refrigerator's performance but also significantly lowers power consumption of the control chip. SEEQC predicts that their quantum computers could achieve an energy efficiency increase by a factor of one billion. The Quantum Energy Initiative says certain designs of ultra-reliable quantum computers could, paradoxically, consume more energy than current large-scale supercomputers, much of which stems from traditional computing components.</p>

<p>Additionally, by integrating the quantum and classical chips, instruction delays to the qubits and result readings are minimized. Levy mentioned that the digital signals from the chip reduce "crosstalk" and unintended interactions, making the qubits less prone to errors.</p>

<p>In discussions I had in 2025 with David DiVincenzo, who proposed seven essential conditions for viable quantum computer creation two decades ago, it remains a blueprint guiding researchers today. He envisioned a future where powerful quantum computers, potentially comprising a million qubits, would occupy expansive spaces resembling particle colliders rather than traditional computing setups. SEEQC’s mission aims to mitigate this expansive future, striving for a compact design reminiscent of a modern Mac rather than the bulky ENIAC.</p>

<p>Currently, SEEQC is testing its chip across varied configurations, employing qubits sourced both in-house and from other quantum manufacturers. Early performance assessments are promising, indicating the chip's versatility, though initial tests have been limited to fewer than 10 qubits, considerably smaller than the envisaged powerful quantum computers.</p>

<p>Physics challenges also emerge, as superconductors can experience tiny quantum vortices when exposed to nearby magnetic fields used for tuning qubits. <a href="https://seeqc.com/about">Oleg Mukhanov</a>, SEEQC’s Chief Scientific Officer, shared insights on a novel method developed by the company to eliminate these vortices using an opposing electromagnetic field. It reminded me of my graduate studies in superconductivity physics: even pioneering technology cannot evade the fundamental quirks of quantum mechanics.</p>

<p>Will superconducting circuits make a triumphant return and push us into a quantum renaissance? It seems the '80s might be making a comeback in the quantum realm—though I hope the oversized shoulder pads don't follow suit.</p>

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Quantum Computers: Making Encryption 10x Easier to Break

Posted on February 25, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Quantum Computers: A Threat to Encryption Methods

Blackjack 3D/Getty Images

Quantum Computing and Encryption Vulnerability — Quantum Computers: A Threat to Encryption Methods

Blackjack 3D/Getty Images

Recent advancements in quantum computing have decreased the power required to breach standard encryption techniques by tenfold. With this remarkable reduction, common encryption methods face heightened vulnerability, prompting concerns about future security.

The RSA algorithm, a staple in online banking and secure communications, relies on the intricate task of factoring two large prime numbers. While the possibility of using quantum computers to bypass this challenge was theorized since the 1990s, the physical size requirements of such quantum systems previously rendered them impractical.

However, this landscape is shifting. In a groundbreaking 2019 study, Craig Gidney, from Google’s Quantum AI, outlined a method that significantly lowered this requirement from 170 million qubits to just 20 million. Furthermore, by 2025, Gidney plans to bring it down to below one million qubits. Most recently, Paul Webster and his Australian team at Iceberg Quantum cut this estimate to approximately 100,000 qubits.

Their research expands on Gidney’s algorithm improvements while incorporating a new methodology called qLDPC coding, which enhances qubit connectivity beyond immediate neighbors. This modification increases the overall information density possible in quantum systems.

Based on their findings, the team predicts that cracking a prevalent RSA encryption could become feasible within about a month using 98,000 superconducting qubits—those presently manufactured by tech giants like IBM and Google. To achieve this in just one day, a staggering 471,000 qubits would be necessary.

Some quantum computing firms aspire to develop machines with hundreds of thousands of qubits within the next decade. However, these optimistic calculations overlook material considerations and focus primarily on error rates and computational speed. What happens if the Iceberg Quantum approach is feasible? An entity controlling such a quantum computer could potentially access private emails, bank accounts, and governmental data secured via RSA encryption.

“The stringent requirements pose a significant challenge in hardware manufacturing—the toughest hurdle,” Gidney comments. Similarly, Scott Aaronson from the University of Texas at Austin expressed concerns about the practicalities of configuring connections between distant qubits on his blog here.

IBM has been an advocate for qLDPC coding recently, making strides in making its quantum hardware compatible. However, the extent of success with this methodology remains uncertain. An IBM spokesperson noted that qLDPC codes form the “foundation” of their quantum computing technology but did not elaborate on the feasibility of Iceberg’s innovations.

Facilitating connections between distant qubits is simpler when using extremely cold atoms or ions—two emerging strategies in the quantum computing arena. Yet these systems are often slower, and recent research indicates that unlocking RSA encryption may still require millions of qubits.

“It’s crucial to maintain a flexible perspective on the timeline for such breakthroughs,” states Lawrence Cohen from Iceberg Quantum. “Should RSA be compromised, the fallout could be immense. It’s better to be proactive than reactive.”

Although breaking RSA encryption is a well-researched issue, it serves as an excellent benchmark for those pursuing powerful quantum systems. Moreover, the team’s techniques might also enhance simulations of quantum materials and quantum chemistry.

Topics:

Safety/
Quantum Computing

Source: www.newscientist.com

Breakthrough Discovery: Loophole Enables Quantum Cloning Technology

Posted on February 24, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Challenges of Quantum Information Backup

Ruslanas Baranauskas/Science Photo Library/Alamy

In the realm of quantum mechanics, the principle of no duplication for quantum information is considered an unbreakable rule. However, a novel technique for backing up qubits—the fundamental units of quantum computers—may potentially challenge this foundational aspect of physics.

Initially identified in the 1980s, the no-cloning theorem asserts that a quantum state, which encapsulates all information about a quantum system, cannot be duplicated. Attempts to copy this information typically compromise the fragility of the quantum properties being assessed. This principle is crucial for advancements in quantum technologies, including cryptography, enabling secure communication protocols that effectively prevent information duplication and interception.

Researchers from the University of Waterloo in Canada have introduced an unexpected breakthrough: the ability to clone a quantum system, provided the information is encrypted and accompanied by a unique one-time decryption key.

Achim Kemp states, “This method allows for the creation of numerous copies to enhance redundancy, yet all copies must remain encrypted, and each decryption key may only be utilized once.” This compliance with the no-cloning theorem assures that only a singular, unambiguous, readable copy of a qubit exists at any point.

Through an exploration of how quantum Wi-Fi and radio stations could function, Kemp and his team stumbled upon this astonishing revelation. Traditional no-cloning principles would inhibit multiple receivers from accessing identical quantum information.

While delving into the impact of random fluctuations and noise on information copying, the team discerned that these disturbances might inadvertently undermine the no-cloning theorem, prompting the question, “Why does quantum noise seem to confuse the no-cloning theorem?”

Upon thorough investigation, they concluded that noise could inadvertently serve as an encryption mechanism, disrupting the original signal, yet remaining reversible. When utilized intentionally, this phenomenon can act as a tool for secure information dissemination.

After validating this concept theoretically, the team successfully implemented the protocol on an actual IBM Heron 156-qubit quantum computing processor.

This innovative approach exhibits a level of resilience against the errors and noise characteristic of contemporary quantum computers, enabling the production of hundreds of encrypted clones of a single qubit. “In fact, we maximized our capacity on the IBM processor. Despite housing only 156 qubits, we estimated we could produce over 1,000 clones before triggering error messages,” Kemp explains.

This advancement to the no-cloning theorem holds promise for the future of quantum cloud storage and computing services. “Similar to how Dropbox ensures a file’s safety by storing it across three distinct geographical servers, this method offers a viable solution for duplicating quantum data,” Kemp adds.

Alex Kissinger from the University of Oxford remarks, “It’s a fascinating quantum cryptographic protocol with ample potential in quantum communications, where redundancy in transmitted information can be invaluable.” However, he emphasizes that this technique should not be misconstrued as cloning. “It signifies a method of dissemination rather than replication,” Kissinger clarifies. “It’s about distributing information so that one recipient can later retrieve it.”

Kemp concurs, asserting, “This isn’t cloning; it’s encrypted cloning—merely a refinement of the no-duplication theorem.”

Topics:

Quantum Mechanics/
Quantum Computing

Source: www.newscientist.com

How Time Crystals May Revolutionize Quantum Clock Accuracy

Posted on February 20, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

New Scientist covers science, technology, health, and environment news through expert journalism. — Guy Crittenden/Getty Images

Time crystals present a remarkable concept in quantum physics. New research indicates that these intriguing materials could play a pivotal role in the development of ultra-accurate clocks.

All crystals are characterized by a repeating structure. Traditional crystals consist of atoms organized in a repeated pattern, while time crystals exhibit structures that repeat over time. Observing a time crystal reveals a consistent repetition of configurations. This cyclical behavior occurs naturally, not because the material is forced, but because it represents its lowest energy state, much like ice is the stable phase of cold water.

Ludmila Viotti and a team from Italy’s Abdus Salam International Center for Theoretical Physics have demonstrated that time crystals could serve as excellent components for precise quantum timekeeping devices.

The researchers performed a mathematical analysis of systems with up to 100 quantum mechanical particles. Each particle displayed two states defined by its quantum spin properties, akin to how a coin has two sides. The specific spin system they investigated can exist as either a time crystal or a conventional phase that lacks spontaneous time oscillation, providing potential for clock functions in either form. The study compared the accuracy of timekeeping using spins in both the time crystal and normal phases.

As Viotti explains, “In the normal phase, seeking finer temporal resolutions results in exponentially decreased accuracy. However, the time crystal phase offers significantly improved precision at the same resolution.” For instance, standard spin-based clocks tend to lose accuracy when measuring seconds over minutes, a challenge that could be mitigated with time crystal configurations.

Mark Mitchison, a researcher at King’s College London, acknowledges the promising applications of time crystals in horology but notes that rigorous evaluations of their advantages have been scarce. His research group has previously established that random sequences can function as clocks. However, systems that maintain self-sustaining oscillations inherently possess a more clock-like nature.

“While time crystals have been theorized for nearly a decade, the methods to utilize them remain unclear,” remarks Krzysztof Sasha from Jagiellonian University in Poland. “Just as regular crystals find diverse applications in both jewelry and computing, we anticipate that time crystals will pave the way for similarly innovative technologies.”

While time crystals may not surpass the accuracy of today’s leading atomic clocks, they could offer viable alternatives to satellite-based timekeeping systems like GPS, which are vulnerable to interference. Additionally, clocks based on time crystals may lay the foundation for sensitive magnetic field sensors, as minor magnetic disruptions can affect clock performance, according to Mitchison.

Despite the potential, Viotti emphasizes that extensive research is needed before practical implementation. She indicates that their spin system should undergo comparisons with other accurate clock systems and require experimental validation involving real spins.

Topic:

Source: www.newscientist.com

Revolutionary Findings: Reverse Heating Challenges Thermodynamics and Calls for Quantum Updates

Posted on February 18, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Heat normally flows from hot to cold.

Kuryakusun/Shutterstock

Heat flow in quantum systems — Heat normally flows from hot to cold.

Kuryakusun/Shutterstock

Have you ever noticed how a forgotten cup of coffee cools down as it releases heat to the surrounding air? In the fascinating world of quantum mechanics, this process can actually be reversed. This surprising finding suggests that the second law of thermodynamics—which posits that heat flows from hot to cold—might require reevaluation.

Dawei Lu, a part of a research team from Southern University of Science and Technology in China, challenges conventional physics by exploring this thermodynamic phenomenon using crotonic acid molecules, which are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. The team utilized the nuclei of four carbon atoms as qubits, the fundamental units of quantum computers that store quantum information. Unlike traditional computations that use electromagnetic radiation to control qubit states, the researchers directed heat from cooler qubits to hotter ones.

Such a reversal would be impossible in our everyday experiences, like the cooling of coffee, which needs additional energy to achieve what is termed heat regurgitation. However, in the quantum realm, fuel in the form of quantum information—specifically “coherence”—is available. As Lu explains, “By injecting and manipulating this quantum information, we can reverse the normal direction of heat flow. Exciting times indeed.”

Interestingly, the breakdown of thermodynamic laws in quantum mechanics isn’t entirely unexpected. The second law was formulated in the 19th century, long before quantum physics took its place in scientific discourse. To address this inconsistency, Lu and his colleagues derived an “apparent temperature” for each qubit, a reinterpretation of classical temperature that accommodates quantum properties like coherence. This leads to the reaffirmation that thermal energy indeed flows from a higher apparent temperature to a lower one, aligning with established thermodynamic principles.

In a related system, Roberto Serra from Brazil’s ABC Federal University emphasizes that quantum properties such as coherence act as a thermodynamic resource—akin to how heat powers a steam engine. By manipulating these quantum resources, researchers can intentionally breach the classical laws of thermodynamics. “Traditional thermodynamic laws were conceived without considering our access to such microscopic states, revealing a need for new theoretical frameworks,” Serra points out.

The team aspires to adapt their thermal inversion experiments into practical techniques for regulating heat between qubits. Lu envisions that mastering the relationship between quantum information and thermal management could significantly enhance quantum computing capabilities. This advancement holds pivotal implications for the expanding field of quantum technologies, especially since conventional computers face severe limitations due to overheating issues.

Topics:

Quantum Computing/
Quantum Physics

Source: www.newscientist.com

Revolutionary Fast-Charging Quantum Battery Integrated with Quantum Computer Technology

Posted on February 5, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

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Quantum batteries are making their debut in quantum computers, paving the way for future quantum technologies. These innovative batteries utilize quantum bits, or qubits, that change states, differing from traditional batteries that rely on electrochemical reactions.

Research indicates that harnessing quantum characteristics may enable faster charging times, yet questions about the practicality of quantum batteries remain. “Many upcoming quantum technologies will necessitate quantum versions of batteries,” states Dian Tan from Hefei National Research Institute, China. “While significant strides have been made in quantum computing and communication, the energy storage mechanisms in these quantum systems require further investigation.”

Tan and his team constructed the battery using 12 qubits formed from tiny superconducting circuits, controlled by microwaves. Each qubit functioned as a battery cell and interacted with neighboring qubits.

The researchers tested two distinct charging protocols, one mirroring conventional battery charging without quantum interactions, while the other leveraged quantum interactions. They discovered that exploiting these interactions led to an increase in power and a quicker charging capacity.

“Quantum batteries can achieve power output up to twice that of conventional charging methods,” asserts Alan Santos from the Spanish National Research Council. This compatibility with the nearest neighbor interaction of qubits is notable, as this is typical for superconducting quantum computers, making further engineering of beneficial interactions a practical challenge.

James Quach from Australia’s Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation adds that previous quantum battery experiments have utilized molecules rather than components in current quantum devices. Quach and his team have theorized that quantum batteries may enhance the efficiency and scalability of quantum computers, potentially becoming the power source for future quantum systems.

However, comparing conventional and quantum batteries remains a complex task, notes Dominik Shafranek from Charles University in the Czech Republic. In his opinion, translating the advantages of quantum batteries into practical applications is currently ambiguous.

Kaban Modi from the Singapore University of Technology and Design asserts that while benefits exist for qubits interfacing exclusively with their nearest neighbors, their research indicates these advantages can be negated by real-world factors like noise and sluggish qubit control.

Additionally, the burgeoning requirements of extensive quantum computers may necessitate researching energy transfer within quantum systems, as they might incur significantly higher energy costs compared to traditional computers, Modi emphasizes.

Tan believes that energy storage for quantum technologies, particularly in quantum computers, is a prime candidate for their innovative quantum batteries. Their next goal involves integrating these batteries with qubit-based quantum thermal engines to produce energy for storage within quantum systems.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Revolutionary Quantum Simulator Breaks Records, Paving the Way for New Materials Discovery

Posted on February 4, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Artist Representation of Qubits in the Quantum Twins Simulator

Silicon Quantum Computing

Quantum Simulation of Qubits — Artist Representation of Qubits in the Quantum Twins Simulator

Silicon Quantum Computing

A groundbreaking large-scale quantum simulator has the potential to unveil the mechanisms of exotic quantum materials and pave the way for their optimization in future applications.

Quantum computers are set to leverage unique quantum phenomena to perform calculations that are currently unmanageable for even the most advanced classical computers. Similarly, quantum simulators can aid researchers in accurately modeling materials and molecules that remain poorly understood.

This holds particularly true for superconductors, which conduct electricity with remarkable efficiency. The efficiency of superconductors arises from quantum effects, making it feasible to implement their properties directly in quantum simulators, unlike classical devices that necessitate extensive mathematical transformations.

Michelle Simmons and her team at Australia’s Silicon Quantum Computing have successfully developed the largest quantum simulator to date, known as Quantum Twin. “The scale and precision we’ve achieved with these simulators empower us to address intriguing challenges,” Simmons states. “We are pioneering new materials by crafting them atom by atom.”

The researchers designed multiple simulators by embedding phosphorus atoms into silicon chips. Each atom acts as a quantum bit (qubit), the fundamental component of quantum computers and simulators. The team meticulously configured the qubits into grids that replicate the atomic arrangement found in real materials. Each iteration of the Quantum Twin consisted of a square grid containing 15,000 qubits, surpassing any previous quantum simulator in scale. While similar configurations have been built using thousands of cryogenic atoms in the past, Quantum Twin breaks new ground.

By integrating electronic components into each chip via a precise patterning process, the researchers managed to control the electron properties within the chips. This emulates the electron behavior within simulated materials, crucial for understanding electrical flow. Researchers can manipulate the ease of adding an electron at specific grid points or the “hop” between two points.

Simmons noted that while conventional computers struggle with large two-dimensional simulations and complex electron property combinations, the Quantum Twin simulator shows significant potential for these scenarios. The team tested the chip by simulating the transition between conductive and insulating states—a critical mathematical model explaining how impurities in materials influence electrical conductivity. Additionally, they recorded the material’s “Hall coefficient” across different temperatures to assess its behavior in magnetic fields.

With its impressive size and variable control, the Quantum Twins simulator is poised to tackle unconventional superconductors. While conventional superconductors function well at low temperatures or under extreme pressure, some can operate under milder conditions. Achieving a deeper understanding of superconductors at ambient temperature and pressure is essential—knowledge that quantum simulators are expected to furnish in the future.

Moreover, Quantum Twins can also facilitate the investigation of interfaces between various metals and polyacetylene-like molecules, holding promise for advancements in drug development and artificial photosynthesis technologies, Simmons highlights.

Topic:

Source: www.newscientist.com

Unusual Temperature Rules: Exploring the Bizarre Phenomena of the Quantum Realm

Posted on February 4, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

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One of the most paradoxical aspects of science is how we can delve into the universe’s deepest enigmas, like dark matter and quantum gravity, yet trip over basic concepts. Nobel laureate Richard Feynman once candidly admitted his struggle to grasp why mirrors flip images horizontally instead of vertically. While I don’t have Feynman’s challenges, I’ve been pondering the fundamental concept of temperature.

Since time immemorial, from the earliest humans poking fires to modern scientists, our understanding of temperature has dramatically evolved. The definition continues to change as physicists explore temperature at the quantum level.

My partner once posed a thought-provoking question: “Can a single particle possess a temperature?” While paraphrased, this inquiry challenges conventional wisdom.

His instinct was astute. A single particle cannot possess a temperature. Most science enthusiasts recognize that temperature applies to systems comprising numerous particles—think gas-filled pistons, coffee pots, or stars. Temperature is essentially an average energy distribution across a system reaching equilibrium.

Visualize temperature as a ladder, each rung representing energy levels. The more rungs, the greater the energy. For a substantial number of particles, we expect them to occupy various rungs, with most clustering at lower levels and some scaling higher ones. The distribution gradually tapers off as energy increases.

But why use this definition? While averages are helpful, one could argue the average height in a room with one tall person could misleadingly imply everyone else is six feet tall. Why not apply the same logic to temperature?

Temperature serves a predictive role, not merely a descriptive one. In the 17th and 18th centuries, as researchers strove to harness the potential of fire and steam, temperature became pivotal in understanding how different systems interacted.

This insight led to the establishment of the 0th law of thermodynamics—the last yet most fundamental principle. It states that if a thermometer registers 80°C for warm water and the same for warm milk, there should be no net heat exchange when these two are mixed. Though seemingly simple, this principle forms the basis for classical temperature measurements.

This holds true due to the predictable behavior of larger systems. Minute energy variances among individual particles become negligible, allowing statistical laws to offer broad insights.

Thermodynamics operates differently than Isaac Newton’s laws of motion, which apply universally regardless of how many objects are involved. Thermodynamic laws arise only in larger systems where averages and statistical regularities emerge.

Thus, a single particle lacks temperature—case closed.

Or so I believed until physics threw another curveball my way. In many quantum systems, composed of a few particles, stable properties often evade observation.

In small systems like individual atoms, states can become trapped and resist reaching equilibrium. If temperature describes behavior after equilibrium, does this not challenge its very definition?

What exactly is temperature?

fhm/Getty Images

Researchers are actively redefining temperature from the ground up, focusing on its implications in the quantum realm.

In a manner akin to early thermodynamics pioneers, contemporary scientists are probing not just what temperature is, but rather what it does. When a quantum system interacts with another, how does heat transfer? Can it warm or cool its neighbor?

In quantum systems, both scenarios are possible. Consider the temperature ladder for particles. In classical physics, heat always moves from a system with more particles to one with fewer, following predictable rules.

Quantum systems defy these conventions. It’s common for no particles to occupy the lowest rung, with all clustered around higher energy levels. Superposition allows particles to exist in between. This shift means quantum systems often do not exhibit traditional thermal order, complicating heat flow predictions.

To tackle this, physicists propose assigning two temperatures to quantum systems. Imagine a reference ladder representing a thermal system. One temperature indicates the highest rung from which the system can absorb heat, while the other represents the lowest rung to which it can release heat. This new framework enables predictable heat flow patterns outside this range, while outcomes within depend on the quantum system’s characteristics. This new “Zero Law of thermodynamics” helps clarify how heat moves in quantum domains.

These dual temperatures reflect a system’s capacity to exchange energy, regardless of its equilibrium state. Crucially, they’re influenced by both energy levels and their structural arrangement—how quantum particles distribute across energy levels and the transitions the overall system can facilitate.

Just as early thermodynamicists sought functionality, quantum physicists are likewise focused on applicability. Picture two entangled atoms. Changes in one atom will affect the other due to their quantum link. When exposed to external conditions, as they gain or lose energy, the invisible ties connecting them create a novel flow of heat—one that can be harnessed to perform work, like driving quantum “pistons” until the entanglement ceases. By effectively assigning hot and cold temperatures to any quantum state, researchers can determine ideal conditions for heat transfer, powering tasks such as refrigeration and computation.

If you’ve followed along up to this point, here’s my confession: I initially argued that a single particle could have temperature, though my partner’s intuition was spot on. In the end, we realized both perspectives hold some truth—while a single particle can’t be assigned a traditional temperature, the concept of dual temperatures in quantum systems offers intriguing insights.

Topics:

quantum physics/
lost in space and time

Source: www.newscientist.com

Nobel Prize Winner Plans to Develop World’s Most Powerful Quantum Computer

Posted on February 3, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Ryan Wills, New Scientist. Alamy

John Martinis is a leading expert in quantum hardware, who emphasizes hands-on physics rather than abstract theories. His pivotal role in quantum computing history makes him indispensable to my book on the subject. As a visionary, he is focused on the next groundbreaking advancements in the field.

Martinis’s journey began in the 1980s with experiments that pushed the limits of quantum effects, earning him a Nobel Prize last year. During his graduate studies at the University of California, Berkeley, he tackled the question of whether quantum mechanics could apply to larger scales, beyond elementary particles.

Collaborating with colleagues, Martinis developed circuits combining superconductors and insulators, demonstrating that multiple charged particles could behave like a single quantum entity. This discovery initiated the macroscopic quantum regime, forming the backbone of modern quantum computers developed by giants like IBM and Google. His work led to the adoption of superconducting qubits, the most common quantum bits in use today.

Martinis made headlines again when he spearheaded a team at Google that built the first quantum computer to achieve quantum supremacy. For nearly five years, this machine could independently verify the outputs of random quantum circuits, though it was eventually surpassed by classical computers in performance.

Approaching seven decades of age, Martinis still believes in the potential of superconducting qubits. In 2024, he co-founded QoLab, a quantum computing startup proposing revolutionary methodologies aimed at developing a genuinely practical quantum computer.

Carmela Padavich Callahan: Early in your career, you fundamentally impacted the field. When did you realize your experiments could lead to technological advancements?

John Martinis: I questioned whether macroscopic variables could bypass quantum mechanics, and as a novice in the field, I felt it was essential to test this assumption. A fundamental quantum mechanics experiment intrigued me, even though it initially seemed daunting.

Our first attempt was a simple and rapid experiment using contemporary technology. The outcome was a failure, but I quickly pivoted. Learning about microwave engineering, we tackled numerous technical challenges before achieving subsequent successes.

Over the next decade, our work on quantum devices laid a solid foundation for quantum computing theory, including the breakthrough Scholl algorithm for factorizing large numbers, essential for cryptography.

How has funding influenced research and the evolution of technology?

Since the 1980s, the landscape has transformed dramatically. Initially, there was uncertainty about manipulating single quantum systems, but quantum computing has since blossomed into a vast field. It’s gratifying to see so many physicists employed to unravel the complexities of superconducting quantum systems.

Your involvement during quantum computing’s infancy gives you a unique perspective on its trajectory. How does that inform your current work?

Having long experience in the field, I possess a deep understanding of the fundamentals. My team at UC Santa Barbara developed early microwave electronics, and I later contributed to foundational cooling technology at Google for superconducting quantum computers. I appreciate both the challenges and opportunities in scaling these complex systems.

Cryostat for Quantum Computers

Mattia Balsamini/Contrasto/Eyeline

What changes do you believe are necessary for quantum computers to become practical? What breakthroughs do you foresee on the horizon?

After my tenure at Google, I reevaluated the core principles behind quantum computing systems, leading to the founding of QoLab, which introduces significant changes in qubit design and assembly, particularly regarding wiring.

We recognized that making quantum technology more reliable and cost-effective requires a fresh perspective on the construction of quantum computers. Despite facing skepticism, my extensive experience in physics affirms that our approach is on the right track.

It’s often stated that achieving a truly functional, error-free quantum computer requires millions of qubits. How do you envision reaching that goal?

The most significant advancements will arise from innovations in manufacturing, particularly in quantum chip fabrication, which is currently outdated. Many leading companies still use techniques reminiscent of the mid-20th century, which is puzzling.

Our mission is to revolutionize the construction of these devices. We aim to minimize the chaotic interconnections typically associated with superconducting quantum computers, focusing on integrating everything into a single chip architecture.

Do you foresee a clear leader in the quest for practical quantum computing in the next five years?

Given the diverse approaches to building quantum computers, each with its engineering hurdles, fostering various strategies is valuable for promoting innovation. However, many projects do not fully contemplate the practical challenges of scaling and cost control.

At QoLab, we adopt a collaborative business model, leveraging partnerships with hardware companies to enhance our manufacturing capabilities.

If a large-scale, error-free quantum computer were available tomorrow, what would your first experiment be?

I am keen to apply quantum computing solutions to challenges in quantum chemistry and materials science. Recent research highlights the potential for using quantum computers to optimize nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) experiments, as classical supercomputers struggle with such complex quantum issues.

While others may explore optimization or quantum AI applications, my focus centers on well-defined problems in materials science, where we can craft concrete solutions with quantum technologies.

Why have mathematically predicted quantum applications not materialized yet?

While theoretical explorations in qubit behavior are promising, real-life qubits face significant noise challenges, making practical implementations far more complex. Theoretical initiatives comprehensively grasp theory but often overlook the intricacies of hardware development.

Through my training with John Clark, I cultivated a strong focus on noise reduction in qubits, which has proven beneficial in experiments showcasing quantum supremacy. Addressing these challenges requires dedication to understanding qubit design intricacies.

As we pursue advancements, a dual emphasis on hardware improvements and application innovation remains crucial in the journey to unlock quantum computing’s full potential.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Beyond Quantum: An In-Depth Review of Must-Read Books on Quantum Mechanics and Big Ideas

Posted on February 1, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Pilot Wave Theory: Steering a Bottle at Sea

Philip Thurston/Getty Images

Plastic bottle in crashing waves — Pilot Wave Theory: Steering a Bottle at Sea

Philip Thurston/Getty Images

Beyond Quantum
Anthony Valentini, Oxford University Press

Physics is experiencing unexpected challenges. Despite extensive research, the elusive dark matter remains undetected, while the Higgs boson’s discovery hasn’t clarified our path forward. Moreover, string theory, often hailed as the ultimate theory of everything, lacks solid, testable predictions. This leaves us pondering: what’s next?

Recently, many physicists and science writers have shied away from addressing this question. While they used to eagerly anticipate groundbreaking discoveries, they now often revert to philosophical musings or reiterate known facts. However, Antony Valentini from Imperial College London stands out. In his book, Beyond Quantum: Exploring the Origins and Hidden Meanings of Quantum Mechanics, he introduces bold, innovative ideas.

The book’s focus is quantum mechanics, a pillar of physics for the last century. This field hinges on the concept of the wave function—a mathematical representation capable of detailing the complete state of any system, from fundamental particles to larger entities like us.

The enigma of wave functions is their tendency not to describe ordinary localized objects but rather a diffuse, fuzzy version of them. Upon observation, the wave function “collapses” into a random outcome with probabilities defined by Born’s law, a principle established by physicist Max Born, typically covered in academic literature. This results in objects manifesting with clear attributes in specific locations.

The debate surrounding the interpretation of the wave function has persisted, with two primary perspectives emerging. One posits that wave functions represent reality itself, suggesting that electrons, cats, and humans exist in multiple states simultaneously across time and space—a many-worlds interpretation fraught with metaphysical implications.

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Pilot wave theory has long been known to reproduce all the predictions of quantum mechanics.
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The alternative interpretation suggests that wave functions are not the entirety of reality. This is where pilot wave theory, significantly advanced by Valentini and initially proposed by Louis de Broglie in 1927, comes into play.

Louis de Broglie: Pioneer of Pilot Wave Theory

Granger – Historical Photo Archive/Alamy

Pilot wave theory posits a real yet incomplete wave function, suggesting the wave guides individual particles instead of being mere waves influencing a floating plastic bottle. In this model, particles remain specific, and their wave-like behavior originates from the pilot wave itself.

This theory has consistently validated all quantum mechanics predictions, eschewing fundamental randomness. However, Valentini underscores that this agreement rests on the assumption that particles maintain equilibrium with waves, which aligns with current experimental data but isn’t universally applicable.

Valentini’s hypothesis suggests that in the universe’s infancy, particles existed far from quantum equilibrium before settling into their current states, akin to a cup of coffee cooling down. In this scenario, the Born rule and its inherent randomness morph from core natural features into historical anomalies shaped by cosmology.

Moreover, quantum randomness also hinders the practical utilization of nonlocality, implicating direct interactions between separate objects across time and space. Valentini argues that if the Born law had not prevailed in the universe’s early stages, instantaneous communication across vast distances may have occurred, potentially leaving traces on the cosmic microwave background. If any relics from that era exist, superluminal signal transmission might still be feasible.

Though Valentini’s insights might appear speculative without concrete evidence, his rigorous examination of how conventional quantum mechanics became dominant makes his work noteworthy. While there could be gaps, especially in clearly explaining the pilot wave aspect, Valentini’s contributions illuminate what a ‘big idea’ looks like in a field rife with uncertainty.

John Cartwright – A writer based in Bristol, UK.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Exploring the Universe: Unlocking Fundamental Quantum Secrets Yet to be Discovered

Posted on January 29, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

We May Never Know the Universal Wave Function

Victor de Schwanberg/Science Photo Library/Getty Images

Conceptual diagram of quantum fluctuations — We May Never Know the Universal Wave Function

Victor de Schwanberg/Science Photo Library/Getty Images

From the perspective of quantum physics, the universe may be fundamentally agnostic in some respects.

In quantum physics, every object, such as an electron, corresponds to a mathematical entity known as a wave function. This wave function encodes all details regarding an object’s quantum state. By combining the wave function with other equations, physicists can effectively predict the behavior of objects in experiments.

If we accept that the entire universe operates on quantum principles, then even larger entities, including the cosmos itself, must possess a wave function. This perspective has been supported by iconic physicists like Stephen Hawking.

However, researchers like Eddie Kemin Chen from the University of California, San Diego and Roderich Tumulka from the University of Tübingen in Germany, have demonstrated that complete knowledge of the universal wave function may be fundamentally unattainable.

“The cosmic wave function is like a cosmic secret that physics itself conspires to protect. We can predict a lot about how the universe behaves, yet we remain fundamentally unsure of its precise quantum state,” states Chen.

Previous studies assumed specific forms for the universal wave function based on theoretical models of the universe, overlooking the implications of experimental observations. Chen and Tumulka began with a more practical inquiry: Can observations help in identifying the correct wave function among those that reasonably describe our universe?

The researchers utilized mathematical outcomes from quantum statistical mechanics, which examines the properties of collections of quantum states. A significant factor in their calculations was the realization that the universal wave function depends on numerous parameters and exists in a high-dimensional abstract state.

Remarkably, upon completing their calculations, they found that universal quantum states are essentially agnostic.

“The measurements permissible by the rules of quantum mechanics provide very limited insight into the universe’s wave function. Determining the wave function of the universe with significant precision is impossible,” explains Tumulka.

Professor JB Manchak from the University of California, Irvine states that this research enhances our understanding of the limits of our best empirical methods, noting that we essentially have an equivalent to general relativity within the framework of quantum physics. He adds that this should not come as a surprise since quantum theory was not originally designed as a comprehensive theory of the universe.

“The wave function of a small system or the entire universe is a highly theoretical construct. Wave functions are meaningful not because they are observable, but because we employ them,” remarks Sheldon Goldstein from Rutgers University. He further explains that the inability to pinpoint a unique, accurate universal wave function from a limited range of candidates may not be problematic, as any of these functions could yield similar effects in future calculations.

Chen expresses hope to connect his and Tumulka’s research with the exploration of large-scale systems smaller than the universe itself, especially through techniques like shadow tomography, which aim to determine the quantum state of such systems. However, the philosophical consequences of their work are equally crucial. Tumulka emphasizes the need for caution against over-relying on positivist views that deem non-experimental statements as meaningless or unscientific. “Some truths are real, but cannot be measured,” he asserts.

This rationale might influence ongoing debates regarding the interpretation of quantum mechanics. According to Emily Adlam from Chapman University in California, the new findings advocate for incorporating more components into the interpretation of quantum equations, such as wave functions, emphasizing the relationship between quantum objects and individual observer perspectives, moving away from the assumption of a singular objective reality dictated by a single mathematical construct.

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Source: www.newscientist.com