While the internet buzzed with diss tracks, explored high-profile jewelry heists, and followed love bus journeys, groundbreaking scientific advancements quietly transformed our world.

For better or worse, here are the top 7 game-changing events and breakthroughs of 2025. (Spoiler: Katy Perry’s space journey isn’t on this list).

1. Introducing the World’s Fastest Supercomputer

In January, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in California unveiled the world’s fastest supercomputer, El Capitan. This marvel became the third computer ever to achieve exascale computing speeds, boasting a peak performance of 2.79 exaFLOPS (equivalent to 2.79 quintillion floating-point operations per second).
El Capitan will be pivotal in organizing the United States’ nuclear arsenal and exploring advanced nuclear designs. Its construction, which began in May 2023, cost around $600 million.

2. Significant Planetary Changes

According to a recent study, 2024 marked the first year on record when global average temperatures soared to 1.6°C (2.8°F) above pre-industrial levels. This troubling statistic emerged nearly a decade after 195 nations signed the Paris Climate Agreement, committing to limit global temperature rise to 1.5 degrees Celsius.

In June, scientists reported that ocean acidification has surpassed tolerable limits for Earth, marking the seventh of nine “planetary boundaries” crossed since 2009. Exceeding all nine could result in severe environmental collapse.

3. Groundbreaking HIV Research

In May, researchers from Melbourne, Australia, made a significant breakthrough in the quest for an HIV cure by unveiling a method to extract the virus from human cells. This landmark discovery addressed a major challenge in HIV treatment, where the virus hides within white blood cells, awaiting reactivation.

Utilizing advanced mRNA technology, the researchers achieved what was once considered impossible. Approximately 40 million people globally live with HIV, requiring ongoing medication to suppress the virus and prevent infection. Researchers believe these insights may also pave the way for treatments of other diseases linked to white blood cells, including cancer.
Learn more about this breakthrough.

4. Evidence of Life on Mars

In September, NASA’s acting administrator, Sean Duffy, declared that a detailed analysis of unique “leopard spot” patterns in Martian rocks revealed compelling evidence of past life on Mars. Discovered by NASA’s Perseverance spacecraft in July 2024 in Jezero Crater, the rock is estimated to be about 3.5 billion years old.

Scientists theorize that these distinctive patterns may result from ancient Martian microbes. Perseverance has preserved the rock fragments, which will eventually be returned to Earth for in-depth examination.

5. Observable Neutrino Scattering

After 50 years of research, July brought a thrilling observation: the detection of coherent elastic neutrino-nucleus scattering (CEvNS). This phenomenon, first proposed in 1974, involves neutrinos scattering coherently against nuclei within a nuclear reactor, yielding small nuclear recoils.

Scientist describe measuring CEvNS as akin to tracking a ping-pong ball’s trajectory after bouncing it off a moving car. The Swiss detector has captured CEvNS events with unprecedented clarity, potentially heralding a new era of neutrino detectors with applications in discovering new forces and particles that interact solely with neutrinos.
Explore this groundbreaking research.

6. First Human Fetus Video

September also witnessed a historic moment as scientists successfully captured video footage of a human fetus implanting in an artificial womb for the first time. The visual documentation provides unique insights into critical stages of human development.

Since implantation failures account for 60% of miscarriages, the researchers aim for these images to enhance our understanding of the process, potentially improving natural conception and IVF outcomes.

7. The Universe’s Expansion Slows

Research published in March confirmed that while the universe is indeed expanding, its rate of acceleration appears to be gradually slowing. In June, findings from the Supernova Cosmology Project provided further evidence supporting this theory.
Explore the data and implications.

If the universe’s expansion slows, profound implications for our understanding of particle physics may arise. Scientists could be compelled to revisit established models, with potential consequences such as a dramatic “big crunch” scenario, where expansion reverses and the universe collapses back on itself.

Read more: