If you’re passionate about cheese but concerned about its significant environmental effects, there’s promising news. The key milk proteins used in cheese and yogurt production can be synthesized directly from non-animal sources, beginning with bacteria and utilizing plant-based materials.

“This will considerably lower the carbon footprint,” says Suvasini Balasbramanian from the Institute of Technology Denmark.

While dairy products consist of intricate chemical combinations, the primary component in cheese is casein, a protein that forms micelles, enclosed in calcium structures.

Initially produced in mammary cells, casein undergoes phosphorylation, adding phosphate to its base, which interacts with calcium and is crucial for micelle formation.

Creating casein proteins without genetic alteration in bacteria is straightforward; however, achieving effective phosphorylation has been a challenge. “We have not yet succeeded in adapting cow enzymes for bacteria,” Balasbramanian indicates. “It has been a longstanding challenge among startups and businesses.”

Her team has now successfully produced a specific type of phosphorylated casein using E. coli bacteria and bacterial enzymes. Although this variant has additional phosphates, Balasbramanian believes the phosphorylation process might differ by cow species. “I don’t think it will hinder protein function,” she assures.

Researchers are extending their work to develop cheese and other dairy alternatives from protein sources. As Balasbramanian points out, there’s potential for success; however, other types of casein may also be required. Notably, kappacasein can be modified through sugar addition rather than phosphate.

Currently, they are in the process of producing several kilograms of cheese. Approximately 24 kilograms of carbon dioxide emissions are associated with traditional production, a stark contrast to under 2 kilograms from most plant-based foods. The vision is to significantly diminish emissions and environmental effects through techniques like precision fermentation or cellular agriculture, addressing both ecological and animal welfare concerns.

The carbon footprint of cellular agriculture varies based on the feedstock for the microorganisms and the energy consumed in production. Balasbramanian mentions that her team is experimenting with ingredients derived from alfalfa grass.