Neanderthal dentistry may have been remarkably advanced, according to a recent study led by scientists from the Russian Academy of Sciences in St. Petersburg.

This study examined a 59,000-year-old molar tooth discovered in Chagyrskaya Cave, Russia, featuring a deep central hole.

Archaeologists believe that the tooth was intentionally punctured with a sharp tool to treat an infection and alleviate pain.

This represents the oldest known dental evidence, dating back over 40,000 years and surpassing previous findings from about 14,000 years ago in Italy, which were previously considered the first examples of dental treatment by Homo sapiens.

“What surprised me was that the owner of this tooth understood exactly what was causing the pain and intuitively knew it could be alleviated,” remarked the first author, Dr. Aliza Zubova from the Peter the Great Museum of Anthropology and Ethnology, Russian Academy of Sciences.

“Neither Neanderthals nor even later modern humans have encountered anything like this before.”

To investigate the treatment of this tooth, archaeologists utilized a method known as microtomography to capture highly detailed X-rays. This analysis revealed microscopic grooves on the tooth’s surface.

Researchers performed experiments on modern human teeth, attempting to replicate similar holes and markings using techniques accessible to Neanderthals.

Senior author Dr. Kseniya Korobova from the Siberian branch of the Russian Academy stated that these experiments showcased the technical proficiency of the procedures, involving the removal of carious tissue via deep holes in the tooth.

“It’s important to remember that we couldn’t fully replicate the real-life conditions,” she noted. “The inflammation and swelling in the oral cavity would have introduced additional challenges during the procedure.”

She emphasized that the mouth is a “complex area to work,” necessitating “manual dexterity, patience, and a caregiver to keep the head still.”

Remarkably, all of this was achieved without anesthesia. Thus, while the patient likely experienced pain, archaeologists believe the method effectively alleviated tooth discomfort.

Second author Dr. Lydia Zotkina remarked, “What astonishes me is the incredible willpower this Neanderthal must have possessed.”

“This finding is a striking illustration of how archaeological evidence allows us to gain insights into past lives, revealing the strength and resilience of these individuals. Every visit to the dentist now reminds me of that Neanderthal.”

For Zubova, this research contributes to a growing body of evidence indicating that Neanderthals provided care for one another regularly.

“Historically, Neanderthals have been viewed as more primitive than modern humans, making their care for Middle Paleolithic community members an exception,” she explains.

“As evidence accumulates, it increasingly suggests that Neanderthals cared for the sick and infirm just like modern humans.”

Read more: