Before humanity ventured to Mars, the planet was desolate. Yet, it underwent significant geological activity, with processes of accretion, melting, and cooling, creating its distinctive features like craters, canyons, and volcanoes—all occurring in silence, without witnesses. Aside from those observing from afar, only in the most recent chapters of its history has Mars witnessed consciousness.

The allure of Mars has captivated humanity throughout the ages. This planet, a prominent celestial body for prehistoric civilizations, displayed red hues and variations in brightness, hinting at a story. Its ancient names—Nirgal, Mangala, Aukak, and Harmakis—echo with a weight that transcends time, almost fossilized from an era long past. For millennia, Mars has symbolized profound forces, representing blood, conflict, and passion.

The advent of the telescope revealed a small, orange disk with polar ice caps and shifting dark markings, shaped by seasonal changes. Yet, these early observations led to fantastic tales of a dying world, enriched by the imagination of astronomer Percival Lowell, who spun stories of desperate Martians constructing canals to combat encroaching deserts.

This compelling narrative captivated the public. However, with the Mars Mariner and Viking missions, our understanding of the planet transformed dramatically. We now possess a wealth of knowledge about Mars, far surpassing any previous understanding, revealing an unexpected world full of new possibilities.

Despite the excitement, Mars appeared lifeless. Researchers sought any evidence of life, from microbial forms to ancient civilizations, but none was found. Just as in previous eras, stories proliferated to fill this void—tales of microfossils obscured by geological layers, ruins buried within sandstorms, and mythical figures that emerged from the Martian lore. These narratives help animate Mars, a cherished symbol echoing humanity’s innate curiosity and storytelling instincts.

Thus, we came to Mars. What began as an abstract concept now stands as a tangible destination.

This excerpt is from Kim Stanley Robinson’s thought-provoking book, Red Mars, featured in New Scientist Book Club’s latest recommendations. Join us and delve into the world of literature together here.