Explore the Rare Space Lineup: A Deep Dive into Hubble 3I/ATLAS Insights

On January 22, 2026, the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope captured stunning images of interstellar comet 3I/ATLAS, showing it in near-perfect alignment with the Sun-Earth axis. This observation unveiled an unprecedented jet structure and an elongated tail.



This image of interstellar comet 3I/ATLAS was captured by Hubble’s WFC3 instrument on January 22, 2026, at 13:10 UTC. Image credit: NASA / ESA / Hubble / Man Tu Hui, Shanghai Observatory.

According to researchers Professor Abraham Loeb from Harvard University and Dr. Mauro Barbieri from the INAF Padua Observatory, interstellar objects like 3I/ATLAS provide a rare opportunity to study materials from distant star systems. They detailed their findings in recent papers published in American Astronomical Society Research Notes.

Previous interstellar visitors such as 1I/Oumuamua lacked evidence of gas or dust, while 2I/Borisov was only observed at angles greater than 16 degrees from the Sun-Earth alignment, missing the chance for detailed study.

On January 22, 2026, comet 3I/ATLAS was positioned at an astonishingly small angle of just 0.69 degrees relative to the Earth-Sun axis, allowing for an optimal view as our planet passed nearly directly between the Sun and the comet.

This rare alignment caused a significant brightness spike, influenced by the composition and structure of the particles emitted from the 3I/ATLAS jet, as noted by Professor Loeb in the statement.



This image of interstellar comet 3I/ATLAS was taken by Hubble’s WFC3 instrument on January 22, 2026, at 13:40 UTC. Image credit: NASA / ESA / Hubble / Man Tu Hui, Shanghai Observatory.

Astrophysicist Mang To Hui from the Shanghai Observatory utilized Hubble’s capabilities to observe 3I/ATLAS during conditions that may not occur again for decades.

The interstellar object images were gathered using Hubble’s Wide Field Camera 3 (WFC3) instrument, providing valuable data for ongoing research.

Professor Loeb elaborated on the findings, stating, “When the Hubble images from the January 22, 2026, alignment were processed by my collaborator Toni Scarmato, they revealed a system of four jets, including a prominent tail directed toward the Sun and Earth, along with three smaller ‘minijets.’”

“These minijets are spaced evenly apart at 120-degree angles, with one possibly hidden from view due to its unfavorable orientation relative to Earth, rendering it dark.”

Source: www.sci.news

Explore Tanzania’s Remote Regions: Stunning Images Showcasing Rich Biodiversity

A yellow baboon is standing guard.

Photo by Frederic Noy/Panos

Observe a young yellow baboon (above) surveying Tanzania’s Udzungwa Mountains National Park. Despite being shrouded in lush rainforests, this remote area has only recently been explored by biologists, revealing its unique biodiversity.

The park is a sanctuary for six primate species, including the Udzungwa red colobus and the Sanje crested mangabey, marking it as their last refuge. The Kipunji monkey, recognized as a new species in 2003, represents the first new monkey species discovery in Africa since the 1980s with the Sanje crested mangabey.

“It felt magical,” reflects photographer Frédéric Noy, who has documented the wildlife and landscapes of this rich area. “The ongoing discoveries of new fish in the deep sea and tiny insects on land aren’t surprising. But mammals are truly remarkable!”

In 2021, the Kipunji was assigned a new genus, Rungwesevas, marking the first significant monkey genus discovery since 1923. Current estimates suggest that only about 2,000 Kipunji monkeys survive, with a population residing in Udzungwa and sparse groups scattered across Tanzania.

Other fascinating findings in Uzungwa include the giant tree species, Tesmania Princeps, capable of reaching heights of 40 meters. This species was described as new just last year.

A local initiative, the Uzungwa Corridor, is actively restoring deforested areas by planting native trees, effectively connecting Udzungwa Mountains National Park with adjacent protected zones.

Cultivating seedlings for reforestation efforts at the Udzungwa Corridor Project.

Photo by Frederic Noy/Panos

This project utilizes carbon credits to provide local residents with financial incentives for planting trees on their land. The photo above depicts a nursery where trees and other vegetation are cultivated for these essential environmental initiatives.

Many community members in the Uzungwa region also maintain beehives (see below), primarily as an additional source of income. This beekeeping practice is promoted to offset the reduced access to resources in Udzungwa Mountains National Park. Moreover, beehives are believed to discourage elephants from entering the area, as elephants sometimes migrate from nearby regions, even though they do not inhabit the park itself.

Beehives strategically placed along a fence to deter elephants.

Photo by Frederic Noy/Panos

Sugarcane stands as a primary agricultural crop in this vibrant region. The image below showcases a truck transporting freshly harvested sugarcane amidst the picturesque backdrop of the Uzungwa Mountains, with part of Mitsui Falls visible as well.

Trucks transporting sugarcane against the backdrop of the Uzungwa Mountains.

Photo by Frederic Noy/Panos

This rewrite focuses on enhancing SEO by integrating keywords associated with the Udzungwa Mountains National Park, biodiversity, conservation efforts, and local agricultural practices while maintaining the original structure and HTML tags.

Source: www.newscientist.com

Here are three SEO-optimized title variations for your article: 1. “Discover 3 Unique Techniques to Calm Your Mind in the New Year” 2. “New Year, New You: 3 Unconventional Ways to Achieve Inner Peace” 3. “Explore 3 Surprising Methods to Calm Your Mind This New Year”

Stress Management Tips

Borut Trdina/Getty Images

If you’re considering running a marathon or starting an intense exercise program this January, why not opt for a simpler goal to enhance your well-being in 2026?

Setting an objective to calm your mind may not sound ambitious, but it offers significant health benefits. A growing body of research highlights the negative impact of stress on overall health, particularly on heart health. Techniques to achieve a calm state can elevate self-reported happiness, enhance emotional regulation, and improve sleep quality research suggests.

This calmness counteracts “allostatic load,” a term used by Sula Windgassen, a health psychologist and author of the upcoming book Everything is Inside Your Body. Chronic stress contributes to wear and tear on the body, overburdening key regulatory systems like metabolic, neuroendocrine, cardiovascular, and immune functions, which can eventually lead to disease.

When discussing stress relief, you’ve likely come across traditional advice such as exercise and deep breathing techniques. While these methods are scientifically validated, there’s emerging evidence pointing to additional calming strategies beyond a digital detox or time spent in nature.

Develop a Sense of Control

Research shows that enhancing your perception of control over stressors can aid in managing them. For example, in a study, participants who completed daily questionnaires about their stressors reported that feeling in control correlated with resolving stress more effectively.

“It’s not that the stressor goes away; rather, individuals feel empowered to address it, letting it go or resolving it,” says David M. Almeida from Pennsylvania State University, a key researcher in the study.

Achieving this sense of control involves small, manageable changes. “Feeling in control doesn’t imply you have everything figured out; it means being aware of factors you can influence during stressful situations.” This might look like deciding your response, determining when to engage, or finding a resolution path.

Interestingly, your age may influence how easily you feel in control. “Longitudinal studies indicate that while older adults may feel less control over work demands and family matters, they often maintain a strong sense of control in interpersonal conflicts,” Almeida explains. “This allows individuals to focus on what truly matters.”

Practice Self-Compassion

Research increasingly supports the idea that self-kindness can mitigate stress’s adverse effects on mental health, as indicated in a 2024 study. This research assessed self-compassion levels and participants rated statements such as, “I strive to understand and be patient with parts of my personality I dislike.” Researchers later investigated how these feelings affected coping mechanisms.

Data revealed that increased self-compassion fostered healthier coping strategies, enhancing psychological well-being while reducing anxiety, depression, and stress during a six-week study period.

Using Various Self-Care Techniques for Inner Calm

Drew Angerer/Getty Images

These findings support earlier research, which suggests that self-compassion can buffer against the harsh realities of stress. Psychologist Kristin Neff, a pioneer in self-compassion research, emphasizes three components: self-kindness, recognizing our shared humanity, and mindfulness, which allows us to separate ourselves from painful emotions.

Self-compassion works by reducing self-criticism and rumination, according to William Van Gordon, a Chartered Psychologist and Associate Professor of Contemplative Psychology at the University of Derby. However, he advises moderation to avoid self-obsession, which can lead to heightened stress levels.

A balanced approach includes practicing compassion for both yourself and others. Van Gordon recommends active listening when someone shares their struggles with you, making eye contact, putting away your phone, and fully engaging with them (“That sounds really challenging, I’m sorry to hear that.”). Additionally, loving-kindness meditation can be beneficial; spend 10-15 minutes daily sending well wishes to others using phrases like “May you be happy” and “May you be peaceful.”

Revamp Your Self-Care Practices

Self-care strategies play a significant role in stress management, as extensively documented in the literature. Recent studies indicate that integrating diverse self-care methods into your routine yields the best results. For instance, a study published in August explored how individuals coped with stresses during the coronavirus pandemic, analyzing participants’ journaling about their anxiety levels and the coping techniques employed.

I’ve discovered that a blend of strategies such as journaling, exercise, social interaction, and cognitive reframing—like focusing on the positive aspects of not receiving a promotion—has proven most effective.

“Different combinations of tools worked for different individuals on different days,” explains Ethan Cross, an experimental psychologist from the University of Michigan involved in the research. “Those adept at managing emotions benefited from having a wide array of emotional regulation strategies.”

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Explore Stunning Photos of the Most Amazing and Outlandish Robots of 2025

Robbie Ant's R1 humanoid robot

Robby Ant’s R1 Cooks Up a Storm

Artur Widak/NurPhoto (via Getty Images)

The remarkable R1 humanoid robot, developed by Robbie Ant, a subsidiary of Ant Group, showcases the versatility of humanoid robots. With the ability to mimic human actions due to their similar appendages, R1 opens up possibilities across various job sectors.

Unlike traditional wheeled robots, the R1 achieves balance on two legs, thanks to its stable wheelbase and humanoid design from the waist up.

The R1 made a striking appearance at IFA 2025 in Berlin, demonstrating its cooking skills by preparing shrimp, albeit at a leisurely pace. Its creators envision potential applications for the R1 as a caregiver, nurse, or tour guide.

Tiangong Robot Takes a Tumble

Zhang Xiangyi/China News Service/VCG via Getty Images

The bipedal Tiangong robot, built by a government-backed AI robotics innovation center, aimed high but faced challenges—tripping and falling during a 100-meter race at the World Humanoid Robot Games in Beijing.

Various events, including soccer and dance, took place, with Tiangong not the only robot to sustain injuries; another competitor withdrew from the 1500m race. As one robot lamented, “My head came off.”

Robot Jockey Racing on a Camel

Karim Jafar/AFP via Getty Images

In response to a ban on child jockeys in camel races, the Qatari government shifted to using robot jockeys in 2005. Initially, these robots were rudimentary, functioning with simple tools, but they have since evolved into more sophisticated devices.

The image shows a robot jockey at a race organized by the Qatar Camel Racing Organizing Committee in Al Shahaniya, just outside of Doha.

Ready, Set, Go!

Kevin Frayer/Getty Images

In April, an impressive 12,000 humans and 21 robots participated in the Beijing E-Town Humanoid Robot Half Marathon, marking the first event allowing both humans and robots to race together.

Six robots finished the race, with the Tiangong Ultra completing it in a remarkable 2 hours and 40 minutes, boasting the advantage of multiple battery sets, an opportunity not available to human competitors.

Robots in the Ring

Lintao Zhang/Getty Images

At the World Humanoid Robot Games, the first-ever kickboxing match between robots featured Unitree G1 robots. Though their movements were slow, their attempts at punches were more akin to gentle nudges than knockout blows. Despite frequently losing balance, these robots displayed agility and determination by promptly getting back up post-fall.

Cyborg Tadpole

Hao Shen et al. 2025, Jia Liu Lab/Harvard University SEAS

These tadpoles are actually cyborgs, implanted with electronic devices to monitor their neural development as they mature into frogs.

Research conducted by Jia Liu at Harvard University utilized a flexible material known as perfluoropolymer to create a soft mesh around an ultrathin conductor, which was applied to the brain precursor of Xenopus frogs (African clawed frog). As they matured, this mesh integrated seamlessly into the developing brain, enabling researchers to capture brain activity data.

Topics:

  • Robotics/
  • 2025 News Review

Source: www.newscientist.com

Explore a Passage from The Player of Games by Iain M. Banks

“That man is a game player called ‘Gurgeh’…”

Diuno/iStockphoto/Getty Images

This narrative follows a man who journeyed far and wide solely for the purpose of playing games. Known as “Gurgeh,” his story begins with a conflict that isn’t truly a battle and culminates in a game that transcends a mere game.

As for myself? I’ll share more about my story later. Let’s delve into the beginning.

Dust kicked up with every step he took. He limped across the desert, trailing the figure ahead, clad in a suit. His gun remained silent in his grasp. They would arrive soon. The sound of distant waves resonated through his helmet. Approaching a tall dune, he would soon catch a glimpse of the coast. Somehow, he had survived, which was unexpected.

Outside, it was bright, hot, and dry, but within the suit, he found solace from the sun and the searing air. It was a comfortable respite. One edge of the helmet’s visor was charred from impact; his right leg was awkwardly bent, injured and limp. Yet, other than that, he considered himself fortunate. The last attack had come up short, just a kilometer away, and now was nearly out of range.

The missile soared in a shimmering arc over the nearest ridge. His broken visor delayed his discovery of them; he mistakenly thought the missile had already launched, when it was merely sunlight reflecting off its sleek surface. The aircraft dove like a flock of birds and trembled simultaneously.

When firing commenced, it was marked by a pulsing red light. He lifted his weapon in defense. Others in the group clad in suits had already begun firing; some dove to the sandy ground, while others dropped to one knee. He remained the only one standing.

The missiles altered course yet again, veering off and splitting into different paths. Dust swirled around his feet as projectiles closed in. He attempted to target one of the small machines, but they darted surprisingly quickly, and the gun felt cumbersome in his grip. Echoes of gunfire and the cries of others surrounded him. A light blinked within his helmet, indicating damage. His suit trembled violently, and soon his right leg was numb.

“Wake up, Gurgeh!” Yay laughed beside him. As two small missiles suddenly veered towards their section, she knelt, anticipating it as a vulnerability. Gurgeh noticed the approaching machine, but the gun seemed to thud in his hand, struggling to aim where the missile had been launched. Two machines rushed between him and Yay. One missile exploded with a flash, drawing Yay’s joyful exclamation. The second missile swung dangerously close. She tried to kick out but Gurgeh awkwardly turned to shoot, inadvertently spraying fire onto Yay’s suit. He heard her yell and swear, and as she stumbled back, she raised her gun. Just as the second missile circled again, dust erupted around it, its red pulse reflecting on his suit and drowning his visor in darkness. He felt paralyzed from the neck down and crouched on the ground, plunging into darkness and eerie silence.

“You are dead,” a crisp, small voice informed him.

Lying concealed on the desert floor, he picked up muffled sounds in the distance, along with vibrations from the ground. His heartbeat thudded in his ears as he struggled to control his breath.

His nose itched, yet it was unreachable. What am I doing here? he mused.

Gradually, his senses returned. Voices flickered around him, and he gazed through his visor at the flattened desert beneath him. Before he could react, someone yanked him up by an arm.

He unclipped his helmet. Melistinu stood nearby, her head bare, observing him while shaking her head. Hands on her hips, she swung her gun from one wrist. “You were terrible,” she remarked, yet not unkindly. Despite her youthful beauty, her deep, deliberate voice carried an understanding far beyond her years.

Others sat among the rocks and dust, chatting as some players returned to the clubhouse. Yei retrieved Gurgeh’s weapon and offered it to him. He scratched his nose then shook his head, declining to reclaim his gun.

“Well, this is meant for children,” he stated.

She paused, slinging her gun over one shoulder, its muzzle shimmering in the sunlight as it caught his attention. Dazed, he witnessed the line of missiles heading their way again.

“So?” she questioned. “It’s not dull. You called it tedious, but I thought you might find filming enjoyable.”

He brushed off the dust, making his way back towards the clubhouse. Yay ambled beside him, a recovery drone whirling past to collect debris from the destroyed machine.

“This is childish, Yay. Why waste your time on such nonsense?”

They paused atop the dune. The low clubhouse lay a hundred meters ahead, nestled between them and the golden sand and white waves. Under the blazing sun, the sea sparkled brightly.

“Don’t be so bossy,” she replied, her short brown hair dancing in the same breeze that curled the surf’s crest and sent sprays back into the ocean. She bent to scoop up fragments of a shattered missile, brushing sand from its glossy surface and examining the pieces in her hands. “I’m having fun,” she stated. “I enjoy games like you do, but…I also enjoy this.” Puzzled, she added, “This is a game. Don’t you understand? Are you not enjoying this?

“No. Eventually, you won’t either.”

She shrugged casually. “Until then,” she handed him the broken fragment of machinery. He observed a group of young men en route to the shooting range as they passed.

“Mr. Gurgeh?” One of the young men halted, eyes questioning. The flicker of annoyance crossed Gurgeh’s old visage but was swiftly replaced by a tolerant grin familiar to Yay. “Gernow, morat Gurgeh?” inquired the young man, still failing to grasp the name.

“Guilty,” Gurgeh replied with a graceful smile, straightening up slightly. The young man’s face lit up as he executed a hasty, formal bow. Gurgeh exchanged a glance with Yay.

“Anne honor ‘Nice to meet you, Mr. Gurgeh,’ the young man beamed. “… I follow all of your matches. I’ve collected a complete set of your theoretical studies.”

Gurgeh nodded. “What an inclusive individual you are!”

“Whenever you are here, I’d be thrilled if you would play against me… Deploy is perhaps my forte. I play three points, but—”

“Sadly, my limitation is time,” Gurgeh interrupted. “But absolutely, should the chance arise, I would be delighted to compete against you.” He offered a nod. “Pleasure to meet you.”

The young man flushed and took a step back with a beaming smile. “The pleasure is all mine, Mr. Gurgeh. … Farewell… Farewell.” Awkwardly smiling, he turned to rejoin his friends.

Gurgeh observed him depart. “You truly enjoy all that, don’t you, Gurgeh?” she smiled.

“Not at all,” he replied curtly. “It’s bothersome.”

Yay continued watching the young man until he disappeared, footsteps crunching in the sand. With a sigh, she turned to Gurgeh. “And what about you? Are you enjoying…this destruction?”

“It hardly counts as destruction,” Yay replied. “Instead of being obliterated, the missiles are disassembled explosively. One can be reassembled in under thirty minutes.”

“So that’s a lie.”

“What isn’t?”

“Intellectual achievement. Skill application. Human emotion.”

Yay rolled her eyes. “It appears we have quite a distance before mutual understanding, Gurgeh.”

“Then allow me to assist you.”

“Will I become your pupil?”

“Yes.”

Yay gazed away toward where the roller had landed on the beach, then back to him. As the wind rustled and waves crashed, she slowly pulled the helmet back over her head and clicked it into place. He remained transfixed, observing her reflection in the visor as she brushed a strand of black hair away.

With her visor raised, she said, “See you again, Gurgeh. Chumris and I will visit you the day after tomorrow, thought?”

“If you’d like.”

“I want to.” She winked at him and began down the sandy incline. She relinquished her weapon just as a recovery drone flew by, laden with metallic shards.

Gurgeh stood there momentarily, holding the remnants of the destroyed machine before letting them fall onto the barren sand.

This excerpt is from a book by Iain M. Banks. Culture novel Game Player (Orbit), New Scientist Book Club’s December 2025 reading. Join us here to read together..

Topics:

  • Science Fiction/
  • New Scientist Book Club

Source: www.newscientist.com

Doctors Explore Estrogen Therapy as a Preventive Measure for Women’s Dementia

For many years, healthcare professionals have been intrigued by the fact that women are diagnosed with Alzheimer’s disease at nearly double the rate of men.

According to estimates, approximately seven million individuals in the U.S. suffer from Alzheimer’s disease, and this number is projected to rise to nearly 13 million by 2050. Notably, around two-thirds of these cases involve women.

Emerging research indicates that estrogen, the principal female hormone, may have a significant role, particularly during the transition from perimenopause to menopause when natural hormonal levels begin to decline.

Estrogen serves various functions in the body, including enhancing cardiovascular health and sustaining bone density. Moreover, it is crucial for brain health, exhibiting neuroprotective qualities that shield brain cells from inflammation, stress, and various forms of cellular damage.

Researchers focusing on Alzheimer’s disease are turning their attention to early perimenopause, which typically occurs in a woman’s early to mid-40s, as a key period for hormone replacement therapy aimed at sustaining estrogen levels and potentially preventing dementia in certain women decades later.

“This interest stems from many years of preclinical research, animal studies, and fundamental science showing that menopause represents a critical juncture in Alzheimer’s disease,” remarked Lisa Mosconi, head of the Alzheimer’s Disease Prevention Program at Weill Cornell Medicine.

Mosconi leads a new $50 million global initiative named CARE, aimed at minimizing women’s Alzheimer’s disease risk through endocrinology research. This venture will examine biomarkers in around 100 million women, promising to be the most extensive analysis of why women face a heightened risk of Alzheimer’s disease.

The relationship between estrogen and dementia has recently attracted renewed interest following the Food and Drug Administration’s decision to lift a long-standing black box warning on hormone replacement therapy, potentially encouraging more prescriptions for women in their 40s and 50s.

Healthcare providers believe that relaxing these regulations could help destigmatize hormone therapy. The FDA’s action may also facilitate further research into whether hormone replacement therapy offers additional advantages, such as dementia prevention.

Reduction of Reproductive Hormones

Menopause is defined by a gradual decline in the production of estrogen and progesterone by the ovaries, which are essential for regulating the menstrual cycle. These sex hormones are present in women and, to a lesser extent, in men, and they play vital roles in sexual and reproductive development.

Most women experience menopause between the ages of 45 and 55, according to Dr. Monica Christmas, a gynecologist and director of the Menopause Program at the University of Chicago Medicine. The transition may commence years earlier, during perimenopause, which usually starts in a woman’s mid-40s, often accompanied by symptoms such as hot flashes, night sweats, mood swings, and sleep disruptions.

It is believed that menopausal symptoms arise from the reduced levels of estrogen and progesterone. For instance, when estrogen levels drop, the thermostat in the body, governed by the hypothalamus, fails to work correctly. The brain senses an increase in body temperature and signals sweating to cool down, leading to hot flash experiences. Hormone therapy can restore these levels, helping to regulate body temperature.

What Role Does Estrogen Play?

Rachel Buckley, an associate professor of neurology at Massachusetts General Hospital, whose research investigates gender disparities in Alzheimer’s disease, notes that receptors for this sex hormone are distributed throughout the brain.

“Estrogen is an extremely potent hormone,” she said. “It resides in a region called the hippocampus,” which is closely linked to memory and learning.

Estrogen also facilitates healthy blood flow in the brain, allowing for more efficient energy utilization, she mentioned. However, during menopause, estrogen levels begin to decrease, potentially rendering the brain more vulnerable to damage.

“When the brain loses the protective benefits of estrogen and other sex hormones, this marks a critical phase where Alzheimer’s disease can begin to accumulate in the brain,” Mosconi explains.

Can Hormone Replacement Therapy Combat Dementia?

Hormone replacement therapy is available in numerous formats, including patches, creams, and tablets, which may contain estrogen, progesterone, or both. If estrogen aids in safeguarding the brain, it stands to reason that adjusting estrogen levels through hormone therapy could offer some advantages.

Nevertheless, experts indicate that the reality is more complex, as the evidence surrounding hormone replacement therapy remains varied and ongoing.

Dr. Kellyanne Niotis, a preventive neurologist in Florida and a faculty member at Weill Cornell Medical College, noted that research suggests the perimenopausal transition is a crucial window for treatments that may help some patients prevent dementia.

“The central idea is that during the perimenopause phase, hormones fluctuate significantly, leading to rapid drops in [estrogen] which can be detrimental to brain health,” Niotis stated.

“The goal is to maintain consistent hormone levels to ease those fluctuations.”

A comprehensive analysis led by Mosconi and her team is set to be published in Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience in 2023, indicating there might be an optimal moment to commence HRT for women facing cognitive decline.

Her research evaluated over 50 studies and found that individuals undergoing estrogen therapy in midlife, within ten years following their last menstrual period, experienced a notably reduced risk of dementia.

Conversely, initiating combination hormone therapy after age 65 correlated with an increased risk of dementia.

Another large-scale review of 50 studies presented recently at the American Academy of Neurology Annual Meeting revealed that women who began HRT within five years of menopause had up to a 32% lower risk of Alzheimer’s disease compared to those receiving a placebo or no treatment. This study has yet to undergo peer review or publication in a scientific journal.

This investigation, conducted by researchers in India, also indicated that women who delayed treatment until 65 or older exhibited a 38% increased risk of Alzheimer’s disease.

However, much of the existing research is observational and does not establish a direct cause-and-effect relationship, according to Christmas. More in-depth studies, including large clinical trials, are necessary, she emphasized.

It should also be noted that prescribed hormone therapy may not function identically to the naturally produced estrogen, necessitating further investigation, she added.

Why Timing of Hormone Therapy Matters

The notion that there is a critical period for initiating hormone replacement therapy is possibly linked to estrogen receptors in the brain, according to Mosconi. Her research indicates that during the transition to menopause, the density of estrogen receptors on brain cells gradually increases, a finding supported by her studies.

This increase occurs as the brain attempts to compensate for declining estrogen levels by boosting available receptors to utilize any remaining estrogen effectively, she explained.

However, there comes a point when estrogen levels fall permanently, leading the brain to stop trying and the estrogen receptors disappear, she added.

“Once the estrogen receptors are absent, administering estrogen becomes futile as there would be nothing to bind to; that’s when the window closes,” stated Mosconi.

Numerous questions remain unanswered, such as how long women should stay on hormone replacement therapy and whether estrogen provides more protection for those with a genetic susceptibility to Alzheimer’s disease. It remains unclear how the brain responds to natural estrogen versus that received through hormone replacement therapy.

Conversely, men possess biologically different brains with significantly fewer estrogen receptors, which diminishes their need for the hormone, according to Buckley.

It is also uncertain whether testosterone replacement therapy in men might have benefits in Alzheimer’s disease prevention, as Dr. Niotis pointed out. While some research suggests a correlation between low testosterone in men and dementia, further studies are necessary before definitive assertions can be made.

Experts caution that it’s premature to advocate for hormone replacement therapy as a preventive measure for Alzheimer’s disease.

“We currently do not utilize hormone therapy for Alzheimer’s disease prevention,” remarked Mosconi. “Current clinical guidelines do not endorse hormone therapy solely for this purpose.”

Instead, HRT should be primarily prescribed to alleviate moderate to severe menopausal symptoms that impact quality of life, such as hot flashes, night sweats, sleep disturbances, and mood changes.

According to Niotis, individuals with good sleep quality tend to feel better and think more clearly, suggesting that alleviating these symptoms could enhance cognitive function.

Nonetheless, she remains hopeful that future research will yield more conclusive insights.

“The aspiration is that with the removal of the black box warning, more women will opt for treatment without reservations, and physicians will feel more confident prescribing it,” Niotis expressed.

Source: www.nbcnews.com

Researchers Explore the Structure of Bacteriophages

The researchers employed cryo-electron microscopy to examine the structure of Bas63, a bacteriophage from the Ounabilinae subfamily. Felixona virus targets the genus Escherichia coli to explore their evolutionary relationships and functional adaptations.

Composite representation of the complete Bas63 virion. Image credit: Hodgkinson Bean et al., doi: 10.1126/sciadv.adx0790.

Bacteriophages classified as Caudobilites constitute the most prevalent group of viruses on the planet.

The Caudovirites encompass 7 orders, 74 families, and 121 subfamilies.

“Bacteriophages are of significant interest to researchers seeking alternatives to antibiotics in response to the growing threat of antimicrobial resistance,” stated Dr. James Hodgkinson-Bean from the University of Otago.

“These bacteriophage viruses pose no harm to multicellular organisms and can selectively target and eliminate specific bacteria.”

“This is why there is a surge in research and application of ‘phage therapy’ for treating highly drug-resistant bacterial infections.”

“Bacteriophages are intricate viruses that infect bacteria using a large mechanical structure known as a ‘tail.’

In this study, Dr. Hodgkinson-Bean and his team examined the structure of Bas63 at the molecular level to gain insights into the tail’s role during infection.

“This research is crucial for identifying optimal bacteriophages for treatment and understanding the variations in infection behavior observed in laboratory settings,” said Dr. Hodgkinson-Bean.

“As antibiotic resistance escalates and plant pathogens threaten global food security, bacteriophages represent a promising alternative,” remarked Dr. Mifnea Bostina, also from the University of Otago.

“Our comprehensive bacteriophage blueprint advances the strategic design of medical, agricultural, and industrial uses, from treating infectious diseases to combating biofilms in food processing and water systems.”

“Beyond the realm of science, the 3D data illustrating the virus’s unique whisker and collar combinations, hexameric decorative proteins, and varied tail fibers might inspire artists, animators, and educators.”

Understanding viral structure also enhances our comprehension of their evolution.

“While DNA generally serves as the primary marker of human evolution, the three-dimensional structure of a virus offers more nuanced information about its distant evolutionary ties to other viruses,” said Dr. Hodgkinson-Bean.

The authors identified features previously observed only in distantly related viruses, uncovering previously unrecognized evolutionary connections.

“Through structural research, we have established that bacteriophages are related to herpesviruses, and this connection is believed to date back billions of years, prior to the rise of multicellular life,” remarked Dr. Hodgkinson-Bean.

“Looking at the structure of bacteriophages is akin to viewing a living fossil, an ancient primordial entity.”

“There’s something profoundly beautiful about it.”

These findings were published in the Journal on November 12, 2025, in Scientific Progress.

_____

James Hodgkinson-Bean et al. 2025. Cryo-EM structure of bacteriophage Bas63 reveals structural conservation and diversity of bacteriophage Bas63. Felixona virus Genus. Scientific Progress 11(46); doi: 10.1126/sciadv.adx0790

Source: www.sci.news

Researchers Explore Neanderthal DNA to Uncover Insights into Human Facial Development and Evolution

Scientist Hannah Long and her team at the University of Edinburgh have discovered that specific regions of Neanderthal DNA are more effective at activating genes related to jaw formation compared to human DNA, which might explain why Neanderthals had larger lower jaws.

Neanderthal. Image credit: Natural History Museum Trustees.

“The Neanderthal genome shows a 99.7% similarity to the human genome, suggesting that the differences between the species contribute to variations in appearance,” explained Dr. Hanna.

“Both the human and Neanderthal genomes comprise around 3 billion characters that code for proteins and regulate gene usage in cells. Therefore, pinpointing regions that affect appearance is akin to finding a needle in a haystack.”

Dr. Long and her collaborators had a targeted hypothesis regarding where to initiate their search. They focused on a genomic area linked to the Pierre Robin sequence, a condition characterized by a notably small jaw.

“Some individuals with Pierre Robin sequence exhibit significant deletions or rearrangements in this genomic region that disrupt facial development and impede jaw formation,” stated Dr. Hanna.

“We speculated that minor variations in DNA could subtly influence facial shape.”

Through the comparison of human and Neanderthal genomes, researchers identified that in a segment approximately 3,000 letters long, there are just three one-letter differences between the two species.

This DNA segment lacks any specific genes but regulates the timing and manner in which genes, particularly SOX9, a crucial factor in facial development processes, are activated.

To demonstrate the significance of these Neanderthal-specific differences for facial development, researchers needed to confirm that the Neanderthal region could activate genes in the correct cells at the appropriate developmental stage.

They introduced both Neanderthal and human variants of this region into zebrafish DNA concurrently and programmed the cells to emit different colors of fluorescent protein based on whether the human or Neanderthal region was active.

By monitoring zebrafish embryo development, researchers observed that the cells crucial for lower jaw formation were active in both regions, with the Neanderthal regions showing greater activity than those of humans.

“We were thrilled when we first detected the activity in a specific group of cells within the developing zebrafish face, near the jaw, and even more so when we realized that Neanderthal-specific differences could modify this activity during development,” Dr. Long noted.

“This led us to ponder the potential implications of these differences and how we may explore them experimentally.”

Recognizing that Neanderthal sequences were more adept at activating genes, the authors inquired whether this would correlate with heightened activity in target cells, influencing the shape and function of the adult jaw as governed by SOX9.

To test this hypothesis, they administered additional samples to zebrafish embryos. They found that the cells involved in jaw formation occupied a larger area.

“In our lab, we aim to investigate the effects of additional DNA sequence differences using methods that replicate aspects of facial development,” Dr. Long said.

“We aspire to enhance our understanding of sequence alterations in individuals with facial disorders and assist with diagnostic efforts.”

“This research illustrates that by examining extinct species, we can gain insights into how our own DNA contributes to facial variation, development, and evolution.”

Findings are detailed in the journal Development here.

_____

Kirsty Utley et al. 2025: Variants derived from Neanderthals enhance SOX9 enhancer activity in craniofacial progenitor cells that shape jaw development. Development 152 (21): dev204779; doi: 10.1242/dev.204779

Source: www.sci.news

New Scientist Book Club: Explore an Excerpt from Grace Chan’s Sci-Fi Novel, Every Version of You

New Year’s Eve will be celebrated in a virtual utopia as “Every Version of You” begins

Akin Bostansi/Getty

The sky this evening is utterly dismal, with vibrant blues merging into streaks resembling turbulent sea water on the horizon, the sun setting against its distorted reflections. The tide rhythmically rolls onto the shore—1, 2, 3 splashes of sand. 1, 2, 3, 4—leaving bubbles in its wake.

Tao Yi sits cross-legged, toying with a nearly empty beer bottle. Long shadows stretch from the sandstone cliffs surrounding her. In this hidden cove, shielded by crimson-hued cliffs, the others remain unseen but their laughter and chatter resonating as they gather driftwood for a bonfire.

She reluctantly allowed Navin to convince her to come here—a mix of obligation and familiarity. This routine unfolds every New Year’s Eve: Zack hosts a party, and missing it would feel wrong.

The bottle feels chillingly cold against her hand, unaffected by her warmth. She brings it to her lips, the last sip burning her throat. The sea’s surface is rippled and opaque, resembling a silken dress blowing in the wind. Awaiting a gust to tousle her hair, she finds only stillness; Gaia’s air isn’t stagnant like a subway tunnel.

The sound of grass rustling in the sand indicates Navin’s approach. He seems almost a stranger now—tall and lean in a short-sleeved shirt and khaki pants, with a messy fringe cascading across his forehead, flashing a charming smile. He extends a fresh beer bottle toward her.

“It tastes awful,” she replies, shaking her head. “Though better than last year.”

She manages a grin, recalling Zack’s experimental brew.

“Come back,” he urges, fingers brushing her hairline. “Help me with the fire.”

Tao Yi lets him assist her to stand. She follows him out of the cove and along the shoreline, carefully sidestepping the rocky formations. His shirt hangs loosely, catching on the edges of his shoulder blades. She longs to touch that downward curve, to confirm it’s real.

Others are filling shallow pits between the dunes and the ocean with driftwood. A dozen or so well-educated twenty-somethings like her and Navin, all lively and engaged in clever banter. They belong to a fortunate generation—born into movement, brimming with opportunities, navigating waves of transformation.

Zack glides effortlessly through the group, drawing others to him like moths to a flame. He appears particularly youthful in his orange shirt and sarong. Leaning over the driftwood, he holds a lit match between his long fingers, like a conductor with a baton. Joyous cries erupt as the flames ignite. If you follow the method, a second attempt won’t be necessary.

Tao Yi activates the live interface. A neon countdown in her peripheral vision reads: December 31, 2087, 9 p.m. Just 3 hours to go! A steady stream of status updates overlays the beach scene, mostly brief four-second video snippets that vanish as soon as she focuses on them. Friends dancing at an open-air concert, racing go-karts beneath digital fireworks, and the exhilarating sound of Stimshots pulsating through a heavy beat.

Evelyn approaches. Tao Yi closes the countdown and snippets. Tonight, her petite friend appears slightly transformed. Clad in a pastel dress typical of her, her dark hair woven into a braid adorned with gothic decals on her cheeks. It’s charming, like a puppy striving for attention.

Evelyn nudges her hip against Tao Yi’s waist. “Flash?” “I’m alright. Why?”

“You seem a bit distant.”

Tao Yi wraps her hand around her elbow, feeling the symmetrical dip behind the joint. “Yeah, just taking a breather. It’s been an eventful day at work.”

“Oh, right. You’re the featured authenticity consultant now,” Evelyn chuckles, elongating the syllables.

Even after six months in this role, the title still sounds peculiar to Tao Yi. She aims to transition from marketing strategies driving consumerism to organizations like True You that steer lost souls towards their genuine selves.

“People are infatuated with their avatars. They want to ensure they’re as distinctive as everyone else.”

“Come on, Tao Yi, don’t play the cynic. I know you’re kind at heart,” Evelyn teases. “Just wait a few more months, and you’ll be spreading the mantra that’ll have you feeling as good as your boss. What’s his name again? Andy? Gary?”

“Griffin. Not even close.”

“That’s it! You know what he told me at the party you took me to last month? With his wide eyes and serious expression: ‘You need to find your own path.’”

“Oh, yeah. He repeats that daily. It’s just my brain filtering him out right now.”

“I told him I was using Google Maps. He didn’t even crack a smile.”

Tao Yi chuckles. “But he’s effective at his job. Want to set up an appointment?”

“No thanks – you all should steer clear of my virtual stuff.”

Tao Yi laughs again, then turns her gaze toward the fire. Evelyn’s attention lingers on Zack. The bonfire’s glow warms his tanned skin, illuminating his sparkling dark eyes and expressive mouth.

For a moment, Tao Yi observes Evelyn fixated on him. Then she soon slips away.

every version of you Written by Grace Chan (Verve Books) is the New Scientist Book Club’s November 2025 read. Sign up to read together here.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Physicists Explore the Moments When Nature’s Strongest Forces Diminish

STAR detector of the relativistic heavy ion collider

Brookhaven National Laboratory

We are making strides toward comprehending when the powerful nuclear force weakens its influence on the most basic components of matter, causing quarks and gluons within particles to suddenly morph into a hot soup of particles.

There exist unique combinations of temperature and pressure where all three phases of water (liquid, ice, and vapor) coexist simultaneously. For years, scientists have sought similar “critical points” in matter impacted by the potent nuclear force that binds quarks and gluons into protons and neutrons.

In a particle collider, when ions collide, the strong force is disrupted, resulting in a state where quarks and gluons form a soup-like “quark-gluon plasma.” However, it remains uncertain if there is a tipping point preceding this transition. Shinto Researchers at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory in California are getting closer to unraveling this mystery.

They assessed the number and distribution of particles produced after the collision of two high-energy gold ions at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider at Brookhaven National Laboratory in New York. Dong mentioned they were essentially attempting to formulate a phase diagram for quarks and gluons, depicting what types of matter are generated by strong forces under varied conditions. Although the new experiment did not definitively locate the critical point on this diagram, it significantly narrowed the possible area for its existence.

The phase diagram indicates a region where the material gradually “melts” into plasma, akin to butter softening on a countertop, but a critical point would correspond to a more sudden transition, similar to a chunk of ice unexpectedly forming in liquid water. Agnieszka Sorensen from the Rare Isotope Beam Facility in Michigan, which was not part of the study, stated that this new experiment not only guides researchers in pinpointing this critical point but also uncovers which particle properties might best indicate its presence.

Claudia Ratti from the University of Houston in Texas emphasized that many researchers eagerly anticipated the new analysis due to its precision, which surpasses that of previous measurements, particularly in parts of phase diagrams difficult to theoretically compute. She noted that several predictions regarding the critical point’s location have recently converged, and the challenge for experimenters will now be to analyze data at even lower collision energies that align with these predictions.

Dong remarked that the clear detection of the tipping point would mark a generational milestone. This is significant as the only fundamental force suspected of possessing a critical point is the strong force, which has played a crucial role in the universe’s formation. It governs the characteristics of the hot, dense matter created shortly after the Big Bang and continues to influence the structure of neutron stars. Dong concluded that collider experiments like this one could deepen our understanding of these exotic celestial objects once the strong force phase diagram is finalized.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Explore Excerpts from “Our Award-Winning Brain: Ourselves” by Neurologist Mazood Hussain

Marcel Proust, photographed in 1905

Photo 12 / Alamy

As dawn broke, a peaceful calm enveloped the city. The shadows along the roads gradually receded, leading us into a radiant morning. It was June, and the few early risers setting up market stalls relished the serene, gentle light, even with the enemy only 50 miles away. Many who had fled the metropolitan area clung to the hope that the defense line would hold after nearly four years. Hope remained alive.

On Houseman Street, a handful of cars headed east, but otherwise, the street was quiet as most residents lingered in wakefulness. However, the inhabitants of the second-floor apartment at No. 102 had been awake for quite some time—indeed, all night. The window shutters remained tightly drawn, as they had been for months. A green bedside lamp glowed in the otherwise darkened room, amidst furniture shrouded in shadows and filled with stramonium steam for asthma, creating a stifling atmosphere. The sounds from the street, coupled with the soundproof cork-lined walls, contributed to a sense of suffocating confinement that visitors undoubtedly felt.

Sitting on a bed in a beautifully adorned Japanese courtyard, propped up by large cushions, he usually lost himself in his manuscript. But today felt different. Overwhelming fear consumed him. One side of his face seemed to sag. When addressing Celeste, his housekeeper, he worried his words lacked clarity, turning his speech into an almost incomprehensible ramble. Convinced he was on the brink of a major stroke—the same fate that plagued both his parents—he found no alternative explanation. It was a hereditary concern. And had his beloved mother, Jeanne, escaped complete frailty? Her stroke had robbed her of language, rendering her unable to communicate with her cherished sons.

In the summer of 1918, as the Germans initiated their final offensives of World War I towards Paris, the renowned novelist Marcel Proust sat on a blue satin chair, engulfed in fear of potential brain damage. Now in his late 40s, he was all too familiar with aphasia; his mother had suffered from it, and his father, Dr. Adrian Proust, had authored an entire book on the subject prior to his own stroke.

Young Marcel had also befriended many of the city’s most distinguished neurologists. At that time, Paris stood as a prominent hub for neurology, with pioneering experts making significant advancements in understanding language disorders following strokes. Without such insights, where would Proust find himself?

On that June morning in 1918, he anticipated a meeting with Joseph Babinsky, a well-known neurologist. Babinsky, unaware of the reasons behind Proust’s visit, simply inquired, “Do you have any symptoms?”

Proust’s intention was to persuade Babinsky to perform a trepanation—drilling holes in his skull—driven by his profound belief that such a drastic step was necessary to halt the looming stroke. However, Babinsky, an expert in his field, reassured Proust that there was no evidence suggesting he was experiencing a stroke and declined to proceed with the operation. It’s difficult to imagine how the trajectory of Proust’s monumental novel would have shifted had he suffered a stroke. While Marcel Proust never experienced a stroke, the shadow of that fear haunted him throughout his life, lingering long after, even when he was near death from pneumonia, it was Babinsky he called upon.

Proust’s anxieties surrounding brain-related illnesses resonate with many. While diseases can afflict anyone in various ways, our deepest fears often lie in disorders that impact our minds. Why is that? Because neurological conditions can transform individuals dramatically. Some may struggle with communication, as Proust feared, while others could experience memory loss, distorted perceptions, or hallucinations. Some might exhibit socially inappropriate behavior, a lack of empathy, or rudeness. Others could become impulsive or withdrawn, developing new addictions or suffering from pathological indifference.

Such behavioral shifts can be distressing and terrifying for both individuals and their loved ones. Yet, they reveal profound insights into our very nature. By examining the consequences of certain brain functions being impaired, we glean understanding about our own normality, how cognitive functions shape our identities—personal and social, formed through our connections with others.

For someone like Marcel Proust, losing the ability to communicate would be devastating. Not only would he lose his gift for writing, but he would also risk dismantling his carefully crafted social presence. The social identity he had labored to cultivate would effectively disintegrate. Proust had invested years nurturing relationships with key figures in French society and possessed remarkable perceptions regarding his connections with influential individuals. As a gay man from a Jewish background, He adeptly navigated the complexities of prejudice and societal expectations in Paris.

Through keen observation and emulation, he became an integral part of the circles he thought he belonged to. Some observers suggested that Proust was a master manipulator, indicating that even while isolated in his dimly lit bedroom, he was unwilling to relinquish control over those around him. However, without language, the intricate web he had worked to weave would no longer be accessible; he would no longer “belong.”

This excerpt is from Massoud Hussain’s work Our Brains, Ourselves (Canong’s publication), recipient of The Royal Society Trivedi Science Book Prize and the latest selection from the New Scientist Book Club. Join us to read together.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Transforming Education: Educators Explore AI’s Role in University Skills Development

OpenAI CEO Sam Altman recently shared on a US podcast that if he were graduating today, “I would feel like the luckiest child in history.”

Altman, who launched ChatGPT in November 2022, is convinced that the transformative power of AI will create unparalleled opportunities for the younger generation.

While there are shifts in the job market, Altman notes, “this is a common occurrence.” He adds, “Young people are great at adapting.” Exciting new jobs are increasingly emerging, offering greater possibilities.

For sixth-form students in the UK and their families contemplating university decisions—what to study and where—Altman’s insights may provide reassurance amidst the choices they face in the age of generative AI. However, in this rapidly evolving landscape, experts emphasize the importance of equipping students to maximize their university experiences and be well-prepared for future employment.

Dr. Andrew Rogoiski from the People-Centered Institute of AI at Surrey University points out that many students are already navigating the AI landscape. “The pace of change is significant, often outpacing academic institutions. Typically, academic institutions move slowly and cautiously, ensuring fair access.”

“In a very short time, we’ve accelerated from zero to 100. Naturally, the workforce is adapting as well.”

What advice does he have for future students? “Inquire. Ask questions. There are diverse career paths available. Make sure your university is keeping up with these changes.”

Students not yet familiar with AI should invest time in learning about it and integrating it into their studies, regardless of their chosen field. Rogoiski asserts that proficiency with AI tools has become as essential as literacy: “It’s critical to understand what AI can and can’t do,” and “being resourceful and adaptable is key.”

He continues:

“Then, I begin to assess how the university is addressing AI integration. Are my course and the university as a whole effectively utilizing AI?”

While there’s a wealth of information available online, Rogoiski advises students to engage with universities directly, asking academics, “What is your strategy? What is your stance? Are you preparing graduates for a sustainable future?”

Dan Hawes, co-founder of an expert recruitment consultancy, expresses optimism for the future of UK graduates, asserting that the current job market slowdown is more influenced by economic factors than AI. “Predicting available jobs three or four years from now is challenging, but I believe graduates will be highly sought after,” he states. “This is a generation that has grown up with AI, meaning employers will likely be excited to bring this new talent into their organizations.”

“Thus, when determining study options for sixth-form students, parents should consider the employment prospects connected to specific universities.”

For instance, degrees in mathematics are consistently in high demand among his clients, a trend unlikely to shift soon. “AI will not diminish the skills and knowledge gained from a mathematics degree,” he asserts.

He acknowledges that AI poses challenges for students considering higher education alongside their parents. “Yet I believe it will ultimately be beneficial, making jobs more interesting, reshaping roles, and creating new ones.”

Elena Simperl, a computer science professor at King’s College London, co-directs the King’s Institute of Artificial Intelligence and advises students to explore AI offerings across all university departments. “AI is transforming our processes. It’s not just about how we write emails, read documents, or find information,” she notes.

Students should contemplate how to shape their careers in AI. “DeepMind suggests AI could serve as co-scientists, meaning fully automated AI labs will conduct research. Therefore, universities must train students to maximize these technologies,” she remarks. “It doesn’t matter what they wish to study; they should choose universities that offer extensive AI expertise, extending beyond just computer science.”

Professor Simperl observes that evidence suggests no jobs will vanish completely. “We need to stop focusing on which roles AI may eliminate and consider how it can enhance various tasks. Those skilled in using AI will possess a significant advantage.”

In this new AI-driven landscape, is a degree in English literature or history still valuable? “Absolutely, provided it is taught well,” asserts Rogoiski. “Such studies should impart skills that endure throughout one’s lifetime—appreciation of literature, effective writing, critical thinking, and communication are invaluable abilities.”

“The application of that degree will undoubtedly evolve, but if taught effectively, the lessons learned will resonate throughout one’s life. If nothing else, our AI overlords may take over most work, allowing us more leisure time to read, while relying on universal basic income.”

Source: www.theguardian.com

Explore an Excerpt from the Acclaimed Science Fiction Novel “The Tossossed” by Ursula K. Le Guin

What’s confiscated takes place in the twin world of Anar and Urras

Naeblys/Alamy

A wall existed. Its significance was debatable. Constructed from unshaped stones, it stood visible to adults, while even children could scale it. Where it bisected the road, rather than a gate, it merely melded into geometric lines and borders. However, the concept of the wall was tangible. That was crucial. For seven generations, this wall had been paramount.

Like all walls, it represented duality. What lay within and what lay beyond depended entirely on which side you viewed it from.

From one perspective, the wall enclosed a desolate 60 acres known as Anarl Port. This place featured large gantry cranes, rocket pads, three warehouses, a truck garage, and a dormitory. The dorm was sturdy yet grimy, lacking in life. No garden flourished, no children played. Clearly, it was uninhabited, intended for only temporary use. In actuality, it functioned as a quarantine zone, encasing not just the landing fields but also the spacecraft, their crews, and the vast universe beyond. Anar remained outside its confines, unshackled.

Viewed from the opposite side, the walls enclosed the Anar, capturing the entire planet within. Here, significant detention facilities stood, isolated from other civilizations and populations, perpetually quarantined.

Numerous individuals traversed the road toward the landing field or lingered where the road intersected the wall.

Many hailed from the nearby city of Abenay, eager to catch a glimpse of the spacecraft or simply to behold the wall itself. After all, it was the singular boundary wall in their realm. There were no prohibitive signs to indicate trespassing. This was particularly captivating for the youth, who approached the wall, sitting atop it. There might have been gangs unloading wooden frames from trucks in the warehouse, or cargo vessels on the pads. Although the freighter only docked eight times a year, usually unannounced aside from Syngix, which operated at the port, the young ones remained. A foreman emerged from one of the warehouse crews and declared, “Today we are closing for our brothers.” Adorned with her defensive arm band, she was as rare a sighting as a spacecraft. Her tone remained composed, though it was the last moment of normalcy. As the foreman, she knew she would be supported by her Syngix if provoked. And, realistically, there was little to behold. The aliens, known as Owarders, remained concealed within their ship, revealing nothing to their spectators.

It was equally monotonous for the defense crew. Sometimes, the Foreman hoped for someone to attempt crossing the wall, or perhaps an alien crew to make an attempt to leap onto the ship. Yet, such events never transpired — nothing ever occurred. If an incident did arise, she was ill-prepared for it.

Cargo ship captain Mindful queried, “Is that crowd gathered around my ship?”

The Foreman noticed a genuine throng, over 100 individuals gathered at the gate. They stood there as people do when hunger drives them to crowd around food stalls. This reality filled the Foreman with dread.

“No. They’re just… protesting,” she confessed slowly with a constrained breath. “Protest, you know. A passenger?”

“You mean they’re protesting this jerk we’re supposed to transport? Are they trying to stop him, or us?”

To the Foreman, the captain’s insult, an untranslatable term in her language, meant nothing, yet she was unsettled by its sound and tone. “Can you manage things?” she asked curtly.

“Of course. Just ensure you expedite the rest of this cargo and get this passenger jerk aboard. We won’t face any issues,” he replied, tapping at the peculiar objects on his belt, metallic shapes resembling distorted appendages, all while exuding disdain toward the women.

She dismissed him, “The boat is operational 14 hours a day,” she affirmed. “Safeguard your crew. A 40-hour lift-off. Leave a note for ground control if you require assistance.” She strode away before the captain could retort. Her irritation intensified towards both her crew and the encroaching crowd. “Clear the way!” she instructed as she neared the wall. “The truck needs passage; someone will get hurt. Move aside!”

The men and women in the crowd exchanged apprehensive glances with her. They made tentative crossings over the road, with some pressing against the wall. However, they largely ensured a clear passage. While the Foreman had never taken charge of a mob, they had no experience of solitary decision-making. Lacking the communal emotion, members of the crowd stood immobile, disregarding the Foreman’s calls for compliance. Their naïveté spared the lives of those aboard the ship.

Some were there to exact vengeance on the traitors. Others sought to obstruct his departure, hurling shouts of indignation, or merely to get a glance at him. But these diverse intentions obstructed the singular aim of one assassin. Though the couple possessed knives, none brandished firearms. Their attack would be a physical confrontation. They aimed to take matters into their own hands. Expecting the traitor to be safeguarded within the vehicle, they watched intently. When he appeared, striding alone down the road, clashes broke out with an irate driver inspecting the cargo truck. Once they recognized him, he was already advancing across the field, pursued by five defensive synjics. The individuals intent on his demise relied on speed and accuracy. By the time he reached the ship, they barely missed their target, yet a two-pound flint struck one defense crew member on the head, killing him instantly.

The hatch of the ship sealed shut. The Defense Forces turned away, carrying their fallen comrade, making no attempt to halt the crowd, who hurried towards the ship. The Foreman stood aghast with shock and fury, cursing them as they rushed past, ducking to evade her. Once onboard, crowd leaders paused in a daze, bewildered by the ship’s silence, the sudden motion of the towering gantry, the strange fiery glow of the ground, and the dislocation from human proportions. Steam and gas erupted from the engines, adding to their apprehension as they gazed up towards the Rockets, the immense black void above. Sirens blared warnings, resonating far beyond the field. Gradually, several began to retreat towards the gate. No one detained them. Within a mere ten minutes, the area was cleared, with the throngs dispersing along the path back to Abenay. Ultimately, as it turned out, little had occurred.

This is an excerpt from Ursula K. Le Guin’s The Dispossessed, the latest selection from the New Scientist Book Club. Join us and read along here.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Uranus: Explore Its Tiny New Moon in Just Two Hours of Walking!

Introducing the Cosmic Welcome Mat, the newest addition to our solar system.

On Tuesday, astronomers discovered a new satellite approximately the size of 90 soccer fields. This new moon was found orbiting the seventh planet from the sun, Uranus, and was initially spotted by NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope on February 2nd. It joins 28 other known moons in the busy orbit of Uranus.

The observations of Uranus made by the Webb telescope provide researchers with enhanced understanding of this enigmatic planet.

“Uranus has more small inner moons than any other planet,” stated Matthew Tiscareno, a member of the research team and senior research scientist at the SETI Institute in California. He mentioned in a statement.

Tiscareno added that the “complex interaction” between Uranus’s moons and its faint ring system hints at a tumultuous evolutionary history for the planet.

Moreover, this new moon is smaller and more surprising than the smallest previously known inner satellites, indicating there may be further complexities to uncover,” he stated in a report.

Researchers note that the new satellite is situated about 35,000 miles from the center of Uranus and maintains a nearly circular orbit.

With a diameter of just 6 miles, it can be traversed in roughly two hours at an active walking pace; however, follow-up observations are necessary to verify the moon’s size and additional characteristics.

These findings are still pending peer review.

Uranus is home to five major moons known as Miranda, Ariel, Umbriel, Titania, and Oberon. The recently discovered moon orbits among these five primary satellites, according to researchers.

All moons of Uranus are named after characters from the works of Shakespeare and Alexander Pope, as per NASA’s guidelines. The new moon is yet to be named and will require approval from the International Astronomical Union for its official designation.

“While small, this moon is a notable discovery. I didn’t even catch sight of it during the Voyager 2 mission nearly 40 years ago,” he remarked in a statement.

In 1986, the Voyager 2 spacecraft made history as the first human-made object to fly by Uranus, providing humanity’s first detailed observations of this distant planet. This encounter yielded over 7,000 images and led to the discovery of two new rings and 11 new moons around Uranus.

While the latest moon’s size might have been too small for the Voyager 2 camera to detect, the advanced instruments aboard the Webb telescope are expected to reveal more about Uranus and its system.

“Looking ahead, the discovery of this moon exemplifies how modern astronomy builds upon the legacy of missions like Voyager 2,” El Moutamid stated. “Now, almost 40 years later, the James Webb Space Telescope is pushing those boundaries even further.”

Source: www.nbcnews.com

Astrophysicists Suggest Interstellar Missions to Explore Black Holes

In a new paper published in the journal Iscience, astrophysicists at the University of Fudan have explored the potential for sending nanocrafts from Earth to black holes located 20-25 light years away. This mission aims to investigate the properties of strong gravitational fields and the fundamental aspects of physics.



Black holes represent the strongest gravitational fields known in the universe and serve as ideal laboratories for testing Einstein’s general theory of relativity under extreme conditions. Professor Bambi discusses the speculative nature and challenges of launching small spacecraft to the nearest black hole, yet emphasizes that it remains a plausible endeavor. Image credit: Cosimo Bambi, doi: 10.1016/j.isci.2025.113142.

“While we lack the necessary technology today, it may be feasible in 20 or 30 years,” stated Professor Cosimo Bambi, an astrophysicist and black hole specialist at the University of Fudan.

“Two significant challenges lie ahead: identifying a nearby black hole and developing a probe that can survive the journey.”

Currently, the closest recognized black hole to Earth is Gaia BH1, which was discovered in September 2022 and is located 1,560 light-years away.

However, it is anticipated that many undiscovered black holes may exist closer to Earth.

Simple estimations suggest that, despite significant uncertainties, the closest black hole could potentially be within only 20-25 light years.

“Our understanding of stellar evolution implies that black holes might be hidden just 20 to 25 light years from Earth, but detecting them is not straightforward,” noted Professor Bambi.

“Since black holes do not emit or reflect light, they are nearly invisible to telescopes.”

“Scientists typically rely on observing nearby stars and their interactions with light to identify and study these elusive objects.”

“New methods have been developed for detecting black holes, and I believe it is reasonable to expect the discovery of something nearby within the next decade.”

Once a target is located, the subsequent challenge will be reaching it.

Traditional spacecraft powered by chemical fuels lack the efficiency needed for such long journeys.

Professor Bambi suggests nanocraft as a promising solution—tiny probes consisting of microchips and light sails.

Lasers from Earth would propel the sails using photons, accelerating the craft to one-third the speed of light.

“At that speed, a craft could arrive at a black hole 20 to 25 light years away within about 70 years,” he explained.

“The data collected would then take roughly another 20 years to return to Earth, leading to a total mission duration of approximately 80-100 years.”

“When the craft nears a black hole, researchers could conduct experiments to answer some of the most pivotal questions in physics.”

“Does a black hole truly possess an event horizon? Can light escape the gravitational pull beyond that point?”

“Do the laws of physics alter in proximity to black holes?”

“Is Einstein’s general theory of relativity upheld in the universe’s most extreme conditions?”

“The laser system alone could cost 1 trillion euros, and currently, we lack the technology to fabricate nanocrafts,” Professor Bambi stated.

“Nevertheless, in 30 years, those costs might decrease, and technological advancements could align with these ambitious concepts.”

“While it may sound quite outlandish and resembles science fiction, past disbeliefs—like the detection of weak gravitational waves or imaging black hole shadows—have been proven wrong over time.”

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Cosimo Bambi. Interstellar missions to test astrophysical black holes. Iscience. Published online on August 7th, 2025. doi:10.1016/j.isci.2025.113142

Source: www.sci.news

OpenAI Sign Engages with the UK to Explore Government Model Applications

Sam Altman, at the helm of one of the world’s leading artificial intelligence firms, has inked an agreement with the UK government to investigate the use of sophisticated AI models in various sectors, including the judiciary, safety, and education.

The CEO of OpenAI, with a valuation of $300 million (£220 billion), offers a comprehensive suite of ChatGPT language models. On Monday, he reached a memorandum understanding with the Secretary of State for Science and Technology, Peter Kyle.

This agreement closely follows a similar pact between the UK government and OpenAI’s competitor, Google, a prominent technology company from the U.S.

See the latest contracts. OpenAI and the government have committed to “collaborate in identifying avenues for the deployment of AI models throughout government,” aiming to “enhance civil servants’ efficiency” and “assist citizens in navigating public services more efficiently.”

They plan to co-develop AI solutions that address “the UK’s toughest challenges, including justice, defense, security, and educational technology,” fostering a partnership that “boosts public interaction with AI technology.”

Altman has previously asserted that AI laboratories could achieve a performance milestone referred to as artificial general intelligence this year, paralleling human-level proficiency across various tasks.

Nonetheless, public sentiment in Britain is split regarding the risks and benefits of swiftly advancing technologies. An IPSOS survey revealed that 31% of respondents felt excited about the potential, although they harbored some concerns. Meanwhile, 30% remained predominantly worried about the risks but were somewhat intrigued by the possibilities.

Kyle remarked, “AI is crucial for driving the transformation we need to see nationwide. This involves revitalizing the NHS, eliminating barriers to opportunities, and stimulating economic growth.”

He emphasized that none of this progress could be attained without collaboration with a company like OpenAI, underscoring that the partnership would “equip the UK with influence over the evolution of this groundbreaking technology.”

Altman stated: “The UK has a rich legacy of scientific innovation, and its government was among the pioneers in recognizing the potential of AI through its AI Opportunity Action Plan. It’s time to actualize the plan’s objectives by transforming ambition into action and fostering prosperity for all.”

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OpenAI plans to broaden its operations in the UK beyond its current workforce of over 100 employees.

In addition, as part of an agreement with Google disclosed earlier this month, the Ministry of Science, Innovation and Technology announced that Google DeepMind, the AI division led by Nobel laureate Demis Hassabis, will “collaborate with government tech experts to facilitate the adoption and dissemination of emerging technologies,” thus promoting advances in scientific research.

OpenAI already provides technology that powers AI chatbots, enabling small businesses to more easily obtain guidance and support from government websites. This technology is utilized in tools like the Whitehall AI assistant, designed to expedite the processes for civil servants.

Source: www.theguardian.com

Explore Your Face Age and ID: The Upcoming Transformation of Internet Use in Australia

A
as the saying goes, “On the Internet, Nobody knows you’re a dog.” Yet in Australia, various platforms—from search engines to social media and app stores—may require confirmation of your age.

The Albanese government proudly announced the introduction of a law that prohibits under-16s from using social media, set to take effect in December. However, the new industry code created in collaboration with high-tech experts and eSafety Commissioner Julie Inman Grant may significantly influence how Australians navigate online.

Online services are implementing measures such as reviewing your account history, utilizing facial recognition age verification, and verifying age via bank cards. Identification documents, including driver licenses, will also be used to ensure compliance with the industry code effective since late June, and applicable to search engine logins starting in December.

The code mandates search engines to guarantee the age of all users. If an account holder is identified as under 18, the secure search function will activate, blocking access to adult content and other unsuitable material in search results.



Additionally, six more draft codes under consideration by the eSafety Commissioner will enforce similar age verification measures across various services regularly used by Australians.

Platforms that host or facilitate access to content like pornography, self-harming material, simulated violence, or any highly inappropriate content for minors must implement restrictions to prevent child access.

Last month, Inman Grant addressed the National Press Club, emphasizing the necessity for regulations to ensure child safety in all online spaces.

“It is vital to adopt a layered safety strategy that assigns responsibility and accountability to key chokepoints within the technology stack, such as app stores and device levels.”

The eSafety Commissioner previously announced intent behind the code during its development stage. Recent news coverage has renewed focus on its critical elements.

Some individuals welcome these changes. Recent reports indicate that Elon Musk’s AI Grok has integrated pornographic chat features. While Apple’s App Store is rated for ages 12 and up, advocates urge child safety organizations to reevaluate Apple’s ratings and enhance protective measures within its platform.

Both Apple and Google have begun implementing age verification at the device level, and apps may also be utilized to assess user age.






The app store has a “giant interference” to remove porn for profit.


Justin Warren, founder of Pivotnine, a tech analysis firm, commented that the code represents a significant shift in communication regulations among Australians.

“It seems like a considerable overreaction following years of policy stagnation regarding the influence of major foreign tech companies,” he stated.

“It’s darkly amusing that more authority over Australians’ online experiences will be handed to those same foreign tech giants.”

Digi, an industry organization collaborating with eSafety Commissioners to establish the code, has opposed the idea of diminishing online anonymity, clarifying that the code targets specific platforms that handle or grant access to certain content.

“The Code introduces proportionate safeguards for accessing pornography and materials considered inappropriate for users under 18, such as highly violent content,” remarked Dr. Jenny Duxbury, Director of Digital Policy at Digi.


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“These codes offer protective measures for specific circumstances rather than blanket identity verification requirements across the Internet.”

Duxbury noted that companies could utilize inference methods like account history and usage patterns to approximate users’ ages.

“Some services might opt for reasoning methods since they are effective and unobtrusive.”

However, those who attempt to implement such changes may be caught off guard, cautioned John Payne, chairman of Australia’s Electronic Frontier.

“It seems that many Australians are aware of the discussions around social media, but that’s not the case for the average person, especially when they’ll need to authenticate to access content rated for those over 18.”

Failure to adhere to the code could result in hefty penalties, including fines up to $49.5 million or social media bans. Further consequences may entail delisting from search results for non-compliant websites.

Payne advocates for introducing AI regulations that would prompt the federal government to reform privacy laws and enforce risk assessments for certain AI functions deemed as unacceptable risks.

He stresses the importance of legislating user care obligations for all digital service platforms.

“We believe this strategy would be more effective than relying solely on regulatory mandates,” he asserted.

Warren expressed skepticism, emphasizing that age verification technologies are effective, and highlighting that search engine codes were raised prior to the outcomes of the recent government review.

“Ultimately, theoretical applications must align with practical implementations.”

In response to a recent media report concerning the code, the eSafety Commissioner’s Office defended the age verification requirements for search engines.

“The sector’s code represents a critical opportunity to establish important safeguards, as search engines are key gateways for children to potentially harmful content,” stated the office.

Source: www.theguardian.com

Researchers Explore the Potential of Ambroxol in Slowing Parkinson’s-Related Dementia

Ambroxol, a cough medication, is authorized in Europe for treating respiratory issues and boasts a long history of safety, including its use in high doses and during pregnancy, but it has not been approved in the US or Canada.

Ball and stick model of ambroxol molecules. Image credit: Marina Vladivostok/Chemspider.

Dementia in individuals with Parkinson’s disease can lead to memory loss, confusion, hallucinations, and mood changes.

About half of those diagnosed with Parkinson’s disease will develop dementia within a decade, significantly affecting patients, families, and healthcare systems.

“Our objective was to alter the trajectory of Parkinson’s dementia,” stated Dr. Steven Pasternack, a cognitive neurologist at the Parkwood Institute, St. Joseph’s Healthcare London, and the Robert Institute.

“This preliminary trial offers hope and establishes a robust basis for further research.”

The 12-month clinical trial involved 55 participants suffering from dementia related to Parkinson’s disease.

One group received daily ambroxol, while the other was administered a placebo.

They assessed memory, psychiatric symptoms, and GFAP, markers linked to brain damage in the blood.

The research team noted that ambroxol is safe, well-tolerated, and effectively penetrated the brain.

The placebo group exhibited worsening psychiatric symptoms, while those taking ambroxol remained stable.

Participants with GBA1 genetic mutations showed enhanced cognitive performance with ambroxol treatment.

GFAP levels rose in the placebo group but stayed stable in those using ambroxol, indicating potential brain protection.

“Existing treatments for Parkinson’s disease and dementia focus on symptoms without addressing the root cause,” Dr. Pasternack explained.

“These findings imply that brain function at genetic risk may be preserved, marking a promising new treatment avenue that is currently limited.”

Ambroxol aids an essential enzyme known as Glucocerebrosidase (GCase) linked to the GBA1 gene.

In patients with Parkinson’s disease, GCase levels are frequently reduced. If this enzyme malfunctions, waste builds up in brain cells, resulting in damage.

“This research is crucial as dementia in Parkinson’s disease significantly impacts patients and their families,” remarked Dr. Pasternack.

“If a medication like ambroxol proves beneficial, it can offer true hope and enhance quality of life.”

The results will be published in the journal Jama Neurology.

____

Carolina La Silveilla et al. Ambroxol as a treatment for Parkinson’s disease dementia: a randomized clinical trial. Jama Neurology Published online on June 30th, 2025. doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2025.1687

Source: www.sci.news

Prospectors Explore Hydrogen Resources along the US Continental Divide

New Scientist Explores Hydrogen Wells in Kansas

Hyterra/Adler Gray

Excavation rigs often stir curiosity in fields dotted with grazing cattle. Although we are in Kansas, these rigs proudly display both American and Australian flags, indicating the origins of their owner. Hyterra, an Australian company, has been exploring for natural hydrogen fuels lurking in deep fractures of North America.

“I believe behind us is the kitchen where hydrogen is produced,” said Avon McIntyre, the company’s executive director. The surge in activity has drawn numerous businesses to the Midwest, positioning eastern Kansas as a pivotal area in the global quest for “geological hydrogen.”

This tale began about 1.3 billion years ago when the continent that is now North America began to fragment into two parts. While the continent eventually stopped separating, the fracture left a 2,000-kilometer-long mark of iron-rich mantle rock. Presently, this cleft lies buried beneath farms and ranches in the Midwest.

In eastern Kansas, older oil and gas wells have recorded high concentrations of hydrogen as solid rocks surrounding these fractures are pushed near the surface. To explore potential harvesting, several companies have secured hydrogen drilling rights over more than 100,000 hectares in the region, according to McIntyre’s analysis of public court documents. Hyterra and its competitor Koloma are advancing their efforts by drilling deeper into the earth.

“It’s like a gold rush, with everyone eager to find it,” stated Kristen Delano from the Colorado-based company Coloma. While she refrained from disclosing their drilling locations in Kansas, she noted that public opinion has indicated their recent excavations. Additional companies, such as the Australian firm Top End Energy, are acquiring mineral rights based solely on where Koloma is active.

“There has been considerable discussion within the community,” remarked Shawn McIntyre, who has no relation to Hyterra’s executive director. As a rancher from Waterville, Kansas, he has leased thousands of acres for hydrogen drilling. “This could revitalize the industry in small towns that have suffered economically in this region.”

The global pursuit of underground hydrogen escalated following updated assessments of global reserves several years ago. Companies investigating gas deposits are hopeful that it could become an alternative to the fossil fuels currently dominating heavy industry, fertilizer production, and electricity generation. “Natural hydrogen fits seamlessly into that narrative,” stated Jay Calbus from the Kansas Geological Survey. “If we are sitting atop a substantial supply of hydrogen that can be harnessed… it could transform not only the state but also the wider region, and the nation.”

As Avon McIntyre and I traverse the muddy terrain to the drilling platform southwest of Manhattan, Kansas, he shouts above the din of the rig, “It’s crucial to understand what’s happening down there.”

The company hypothesizes that water from the underground aquifer interacts with iron-rich mantle rocks within the Middle Continent fractures, resulting in the production of hydrogen through a process known as meandering. This reaction generates hydrogen molecules in the water, which subsequently migrate to the surrounding rocks.

This year, plans include drilling five exploratory wells aimed at identifying hydrogen concentrations along subsurface rises in bedrock known as Nemahalridge. Earlier reports revealed that the first well, drilled at a prominent location on this ridge, recorded hydrogen concentrations of 96%.

Currently, the second well is deepening, surpassing 1600 meters and operating continuously. At the rig, workers sift through the mud, which contains granite scraps from the excavated hole, extracting gas from the liquid for analysis.

In the Mud Shack, a makeshift office at the site’s periphery, a team of contractors monitors and reports in real-time the gas composition from varying depths of the well. While gas levels remained low in solid rock, hydrogen concentrations began measuring over 800 parts per million.

“[The first well] had an impressive peak, but this one is continuously producing hydrogen,” noted Hyterra’s Josh Whitcom.

While these measurements alone carry limited meaning, more precise evaluations require gas samples sent from the site. Moreover, high hydrogen concentrations do not indicate how much gas can actually be extracted or the duration of flow.

Even if hydrogen ultimately flows from any of these wells, numerous questions remain, such as how it will be isolated from other gases, transported, stored, and who will be its consumers.

However, McIntyre is thrilled by the detection of hydrogen and encourages the crew to work through the night. “Our goal is to gather information,” he stated. “And now we have some.”

Topic:

Source: www.newscientist.com

Worms Unite to Create Tentacles and Explore New Areas

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7jlpeimmgyw

What should a tiny millimeter worm do when food is scarce? The solution lies in teaming up with countless companions to form tentacle-like structures that can bridge gaps to nearby objects or capture larger prey to aid in their journey.

Researchers examining nematode worms in laboratory settings have long observed their ability to construct “towers,” yet these phenomena lacked thorough exploration, states Serenadine from the Max Planck Institute for Animal Behavior in Germany. Therefore, she and her team aimed to investigate this further.

The research focused on the Caenorhabditis elegans worm species. In their experiments, when food was inadequate, and given a structure to assemble, a significant number of worms tended to create towers. For these studies, they utilized toothbrush bristles as a base.

While worms occasionally formed towers without any physical support, these structures were typically under 5 mm tall and only lasted about a minute. In contrast, when built upon the bristles, the towers reached heights of 11 mm and could endure for up to half a day.

In other nematode species, reports indicate towers can grow as tall as 50 mm. “They can expand significantly,” notes Din.

Although the base of the tower remains steady, the upper portion can extend well beyond the support and exhibit movement similar to tentacles. This allows the towers to reach out to nearby surfaces, forming bridges that enable the worms to traverse much wider gaps than individual organisms could manage.

“Tower” of nematode worms on rotten apples

Perez et al. Current Biology (2025)

The towers are capable of gripping objects that come into contact with them, such as fruit fly legs, effectively hitching a ride for the worms. This allows them to travel further without exerting their own energy.

While it’s known that individual nematodes can latch onto insects for transportation, the idea that an entire tower could do the same was previously unverified. “That’s a feature we expect to observe,” says Ding.

Utilizing a digital microscope, the researchers documented the tower’s formation on a decaying apple in an orchard adjacent to their laboratory.

Worm towers are exclusively formed by a single species, despite the presence of various species around them. They can consist of worms at any stage of their life cycle, even if the team discovers them during the process. Previously, it was believed that only “Dawer” worms, which are in their hard larval stage during stressful conditions, could create these towers.

There are other similarly crude forms of aggregation. For instance, slime molds, which are single-celled organisms like amoebas, can group together to form larger masses that move in search of nourishment.

Topic:

Source: www.newscientist.com

Explore New Measles Treatments Rather Than Mandating Vaccinations

A spokesperson from HHS stated that the U.S. is experiencing its largest measles outbreak in 25 years, marking the latest move in a series of actions by top health officials. Experts worry that this may negatively impact public confidence in vaccines, which are crucial for public health.

This announcement comes as Kennedy faces intense criticism while managing the outbreak, which has severely affected regions in the southwest with low vaccination rates. The outbreak has led to hundreds of infections and two fatalities among young girls. As of Friday, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reported over 930 cases nationwide, with most linked to the southwestern outbreaks.

Critics argue that Kennedy has emphasized unproven treatments like cod liver oil supplements and provided limited support for the measles vaccine, which has a proven 97% efficacy rate in preventing infections.

Redirecting resources towards potential treatments rather than promoting vaccination can have serious consequences at the core of the outbreak.

“We’ve seen many individuals engaging with public health schools,” noted Jennifer Nuzzo, an epidemiologist at Brown University’s Faculty of Public Health.

Researchers have extensively studied various vitamins and drug therapies as potential treatments for measles, said Michael Osterholm, an epidemiologist from the University of Minnesota.

Currently, there is no effective treatment for the measles virus, which can cause pneumonia and complicate oxygen absorption in the lungs, as well as lead to brain swelling resulting in blindness, hearing loss, and cognitive impairment.

“It’s not that there is a lack of research,” he emphasized.

Patients with measles are typically given “supportive care” to ease symptoms, which may include fever reduction, supplemental oxygen, and IV fluids.

HHS spokesman Andrew Nixon mentioned that the initiative to explore new treatments is intended to assist those who have opted not to get vaccinated. He reiterated that the CDC still endorses the measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine as the most effective preventive measure against measles.

“Our commitment is to support all families in minimizing the risks of hospitalization, severe complications, and death from measles, regardless of vaccination status,” he stated.

Kennedy mentioned the example of the Mennonite community in Western Texas, which is facing significant challenges during this outbreak.

Nixon indicated that the CDC will collaborate with universities to test new treatments for “various illnesses,” including existing drug and vitamin combinations. This initiative was initially reported by CBS News.

Public health experts expressed confusion over Kennedy’s decision to seek new treatments rather than support vaccines, which possess decades of safety and efficacy data. They remarked that this approach seems to contradict a longstanding emphasis on disease prevention rather than treatment.

“This is akin to saying, ‘Please go ahead and do something; don’t exercise or smoke excessively. We will devote all resources to heart transplants,'” remarked Dr. Jonathan Temte, former chairman of the CDC’s Vaccine Advisory Committee.

Throughout the measles outbreak, Kennedy has delivered inconsistent messages regarding MMR vaccinations. At one point, he referred to the vaccine as “the most effective way to prevent the spread of measles.”

Yet, he has also raised concerns about its safety, stating, “We don’t know the risks associated with many of these products since they lack safety testing,” during a CBS News interview last month.

Healthcare professionals in western Texas report that Kennedy’s focus on treatment over vaccinations complicates their efforts.

In the early phase of the outbreak, he claimed to have heard of “almost miraculous and instantaneous recoveries” from treatments like cod liver oil.

While doctors may manage severe measles cases with high doses of vitamin A in hospitals, experts advise against its unsupervised use.

Shortly after, doctors reported encountering a measles patient who postponed critical care to self-treat with some supplements endorsed by Kennedy. They indicated that some children with measles received dangerously high levels of vitamin A.

Dr. Osterholm noted that Kennedy’s approach assumes that people’s views on the vaccine are unchangeable.

Despite Kennedy’s assertion that the Mennonite community has “religious objections” to the vaccine due to its inclusion of “fetal fragments,” community historians report no religious doctrine prohibits vaccinations. Vaccine experts confirm that MMR vaccines do not contain fetal tissue.

Instead, local doctors attribute the reluctance of Mennonite families to vaccinate their children to misinformation regarding the vaccine’s safety perpetuated by Kennedy.

Source: www.nytimes.com

Explore Remarkable Wildlife of the Panama Canal

“Come with me,” Nando instructed. “I know its location.”

It was late morning, warm, humid, and serene. As we made our way along the path filtered through the jungle’s trellis-like hue, beams of sunlight pierced through the foliage. A colossal cargo vessel, several hundred yards away, was laden with containers lining the Panama Canal. Yet, it felt like an entirely different realm.

We strolled alongside the verdant banks of the fragrant rainforest, home to countless birds. I was on a quest for something particular.

In a vibrant clearing of woodlands, it appeared just like all the others to me. Our guide paused.

Who is, Who is, Who is,” he called softly, then listened intently.

“I can’t rely on my eyes,” he murmured. “You need to use your ears.”

When he called for the third time, I listened and responded softly. Who is, Who is, Who is.

It was incredible. Nando was communicating with birds.

A stout, small striped antpipit alighted on a branch nearby. I stood there, utterly mesmerized as the man and the bird gently exchanged calls.

“This is the same bird I’ve been calling for years,” Nando expressed with delight in his voice.

“You mean the same species?” I asked.

“No, no,” he grinned. “The very same individual. That bird has become very dear to me.”

In that brief moment, a profound connection blossomed between man and bird, creating lasting memories during our recent travels in Panama.

This past December, my family and I ventured into birdwatching in Panama. The country is rapidly developing its ecotourism sector and operates in the same time zone as Chicago, minimizing jet lag for most Americans. The Panama Canal holds a rich cosmopolitan history, serving as a habitat for both immigrant and indigenous bird species, from magnificent frigatebirds soaring through the sky to charming forest birds, skillfully highlighted by Nando.

This is also why the Panama Canal was built in the early 20th century, revolutionizing global trade and accounting for the abundance of birdlife here. It lies in the isthmus between North and South America, bordered by the world’s largest oceans, the Pacific and Atlantic. With everything from sun-soaked beaches to cool, forested mountains reaching over 10,000 feet, this area showcases dramatically varying altitudes and climates.

Before Donald Trump took office, he proposed a trip to the canal, stirring discussions about reclaiming it. This topic didn’t gain much traction among the three birdwatching sites we visited. Fellow birdwatchers were too captivated by their sightings, and the locals we met largely dismissed the issue as bold and untroubling.

And as Nando remarked, “Everyone is aware of one aspect, but there’s so much more.”

I’ve learned to appreciate the nuances.

We began our journey in Panama City, established over 500 years ago and now a bustling trading hub. The old town is undergoing a renaissance, characterized by its red-brick streets. La Compania, once a monastery, now boasts a long bar beneath slowly swirling ceiling fans, offering cocktails that evoke a warm, romantic ambiance of old tropical charm. We also enjoyed delightful jazz music at Spikey’s, while Villaana reminded me of the elegant old houses of Savannah, Georgia.

On our first morning, we connected with Nando, whose full name is Ismael Hernando Kiros Miranda. He started his own birdwatching operation a few years ago, following a recommendation from someone in the hotel industry. As we journeyed from the city to the canal zone, he shared pieces of his life story.

“I was one of those who never had many opportunities,” he reflected.

He described how he cultivated crops and cut trees in his village after someone assaulted his father on their family farm. The natural world became his domain, and he dedicated years to learning about birds, trees, habitats, climate change, and Panama’s ecological systems.

Shortly after arriving at the canal zone, he and his son Ismael, who assists him, guided us to a red-lored parrot sailing through the sky—followed by a toucan that resembled a frog. We admired a brilliant social flycatcher and a pipit with striking yellow feathers. Nando ambled with his head slightly tilted, always listening intently. When he located a bird, he would use a laser pointer to help us focus on its position in the trees. By sunrise, golden rays touched the water, and by 9 AM, we had already spotted over 55 bird species.

However, our experience transcended mere birdwatching. My family are avid bird enthusiasts, and I realized that birdwatching opens the door to witnessing a plethora of other wonders. As we trailed behind Nando, we encountered vibrant blue morpho butterflies, odd-looking agoutis, leaf-cutter ants bustling across the jungle floor, and even wriggling red carpets. Off in the distance, the loud howls of monkeys echoed, although they remained hidden behind a thick curtain of cedar, ficus, giant fig trees, and towering bamboo.

“Oh, look at that,” my wife Courtney exclaimed, as a dragonfly buzzed around like a miniature helicopter.

“Helicopter dance fly,” Nando remarked. “Probably a female.”

His knowledge astounded me.

After a successful day with Nando, we journeyed for two hours to a charming town called El Valle de Antón. Upon arrival, we noticed the homes were larger and the gardens even more enchanting. I spotted a traveler with a lovely backpack strolling along the main road, riding a few bicycles as we passed.

El Valle resembles a picturesque fairy tale, featuring a quaint hacienda with a red roof nestled among lush green mountains. At an elevation of 2,000 feet above Panama City, it boasts cooler temperatures and lower humidity, attracting travelers and affluent locals alike. New cafes with vibrant, painted tables lined the sidewalks. We indulged in delicious empanadas, and just thinking about their perfect crust and mouthwatering fillings makes me crave more. El Valle feels reminiscent of Bali Ubud two decades ago.

I spent two days at the Canopy Lodge, a cozy retreat crafted by birdwatchers for birdwatchers. On my first morning, I woke up early, grabbed my laptop, and tiptoed into the dining room.

“Hey!” a tall man exclaimed, appearing unexpectedly. “Did you spot the Rufous Motmot?”

It was 6:30 AM, and I was about to check my emails.

“It’s a stunning bird,” he remarked.

His outfit featured an impressive 3-foot-long camera rig, complete with a camouflage hood and a lens resembling a cannon.

The email waiting for me felt trivial and regretful. So, following his suggestion, I ventured through the bushes behind the kitchen and there it was: the Rufous Motmot, radiant in its deep colors—green, yellow, and blue feathers—and sporting a delicate racket tail swaying gracefully.

The Canopy Lodge forms part of a network of eco-friendly lodges initiated by Raul Arias de Para, an economist belonging to one of Panama’s notable families. “Panama,” he explained, “is a beautiful country, vastly different from the unfortunate stereotypes surrounding tax evasion and corruption.”

Raul collaborates with the Cornell Lab of Ornithology to establish a 24/7 Bird Camera behind the dining area. While dining and discussing birds, we observed tanagers, aracaris, woodpeckers, and barbets. Following this, we ventured into the nearby jungle for more birdwatching.

One highlight was visiting a banana farm, which turned a small, lush garden into a significant bird feeder. The farmer spoke little English, and my Spanish was lacking, so we quietly sat on his porch, eagerly watching colorful birds feast on bananas. My favorite was the red-legged honeycreeper, a diminutive wonder donned in vibrant blue with striking red legs.

Our final destination was Isla Palenque, a luxury resort on the Pacific coast of Panama. We returned to Panama City and caught a brief flight to the town of David. Here, with extended family, we enjoyed leisurely poolside moments, played soccer on the beach, and savored a sumptuous dinner (beef tenderloin stuffed with pasta in a delightful coffee sauce, fresh seafood, with lemon tart and coconut ice cream for dessert).

Beyond our villas, wildlife was abundant in the surrounding forest, and several resort staff members were naturalists like Nando. We continued to explore.

One evening, a young man named Francis took us on a walk where we encountered a rainbow beetle, a scorpion, a possum, and even a 3-foot-long caiman. At dawn, he led us to a palm grove, where a group of crested oropendolas were busy gathering long strands of grapes, floating gracefully, while crafting a nest that hung from trees like socks. I spent a delightful 15 minutes engrossed in their antics.

Francis mistakenly informed my 15-year-old son, Apollo, our family’s top birder, about the elusive and magnificent owls residing in the jungle. From that moment, Apollo consistently inquired of the resort staff about their sightings. On our final day, we embarked on a last-ditch effort to locate them.

Just minutes from our villa, we felt transported to a remote part of the jungle. We could hear birds but struggled to see them, as insects swarmed around us, and sweat dripped down our faces.

Francis raised his fist firmly, signaling us to stop suddenly as we seen in the military.

We halted immediately. He gestured subtly. I caught a glimpse of it.

Perched on a sunlit branch, the owl stared back at us with its large, radiant yellow eyes.

We were face to face with one of the most extraordinary creatures of the forest, led by sounds just as Nando had shown us on our first day.


Follow the New York Times Travel Above Instagram and Sign up for Travel Dispatch Newsletter for expert tips to travel smarter and inspiration for your next getaway. Dreaming of a future vacation or planning from your armchair? Discover 52 locations to explore in 2025.

Source: www.nytimes.com

Rediscovering Thetford Treasure: Archaeologists Explore 1,500-Year-Old Gold Jewelry and Silver Spoons

The treasure jewels discovered in Tetford Forest, East Anglia, indicate that Tetford maintained pagan practices until the 5th century A.D.



A ring from the Sitford storage on display at the British Museum. Image credit: Geni/CC by-sa 4.0.

The Thetford treasure was unearthed in 1979 by a metal detectorist trespassing at a construction site on Fison’s Way, Gallows Hill, Thetford.

This treasure comprised 81 items, including 22 gold rings, various gold gems, and 36 silver spoons or strainers.

Several gems were found alongside the shalebox, with additional objects nearby.

The retrieved items included coins, presenting researchers with dating challenges.

The collection is now part of the British Museum and is currently on display.

Professor Ellen Swift, an archaeologist from the University of Kent, remarked:

“The extensive evidence uncovered at this site substantiates the religious context previously indicated by inscriptions found among the spoons in the reservoir, suggesting that the dating of the Thetford reservoir extends into the fifth century.”

“The economic significance of the site—evidenced by the value and variety of its contents—indicates that it likely held considerable power and influence in the area.”

This revised chronology is bolstered by a thorough comparison of multiple artifacts (both spoons and jewelry), alongside discoveries of contextual dates from Continental Europe and objects from the 5th-century Hoxne Reservoir housed in the British Museum.

Professor Swift also found that England was less isolated than previously thought, and the treasured items were influenced by the Roman Empire.

“The Sitford gems display remarkable stylistic diversity, hinting at various artisans producing works from different regions,” Professor Swift explained.

“Some of the latest rings in the collection may have originated from Northern Italy or nearby regions, including necklaces adorned with conical beads from Balkan tribes in Europe.”

“Most of the jewelry reflects a ‘Rome of the Mediterranean’ aesthetic, suggesting a shared cultural heritage among elite circles across a broad geographic area.”

This research was published in the Journal of Roman Archaeology.

____

Ellen Swift. 2024. Rethinking the dates and interpretations of Thetford treasures: the fifth c. A storage of gold jewels and silver spoons. Journal of Roman Archaeology 37(2): 409-448; doi: 10.1017/s104759424000278

Source: www.sci.news

Creativity at its best: African content creators on YouTube and TikTok explore new avenues for monetization

VLogs by Nigerian content creators Tayo Aina feature anything from Nigeria Japan (immigration) wave and voodoo festival. Performing with Afrobeats stars in Benin david or last hunter-gatherer tribe. In Tanzania, you can get millions of views on YouTube.

Aina, 31, who started the channel in 2017 while working as an Uber driver, says it has allowed her to see parts of Nigeria that she had never had the chance to visit before. Using his iPhone, he began a mini-travel adventure, taking breaks to record the places he visited and tell stories not covered in mainstream media.


“I want to inspire the next generation of Africans to have no limits,” says Nigerian content creator Tayo Aina. Photo: Handout

Aina learned how to film and edit through YouTube tutorials, saved up to buy better equipment, and soon began traveling beyond Nigeria to countries like Kenya, Ethiopia, and Namibia, learning about the continent’s culture and social life. He created a travel video that introduces Africa through the lens of photography. African traveler.

“Most of the online media was negative, and I realized that I was trying to change the narrative about Africa by presenting it more clearly. It’s light,” says Aina, who now travels around the world.

Africa’s Creator Industry 2024 Report Research by publisher Communiqué and media technology company TM Global values ​​the sector at £2.4bn and predicts it will grow five times by 2030, reflecting trends in the global creator economy. Its growth is being driven by a wave of creators between the ages of 18 and 34, a surge in internet connectivity and social media usage across the continent, and the explosion of African culture on the world stage.

Growing interest in African culture – from Afrobeats and Amapiano Music and dance to an international fashion collection made from African textiles such as Ankara and Kikyoy. African movies – This is part of an international aspiration for authentic cultural storytelling outside the Arctic Circle, reflected in global cultural movements such as Hallyu, says David Adeleke, Founder of Communiqué.

This year, TikTok recognized More than a dozen African creators including Nigerian lifestyle creators @__iremide, a person who makes videos that satirize everyday life, and a South African Sachiko-sama. The 22-year-old is known for cosplaying characters from anime, video games, and pop culture. Nick Clegg, Meta’s president of international affairs, recently said: held a meeting Other social media platforms such as YouTube and TikTok are increasing their presence and Heva I’m getting involved.

The report says the industry is gaining momentum but is still young. Most content creators are in their third year of work, have fewer than 10,000 followers, and are faced with the challenge of turning social capital into income. The report adds that discussions about the monetization and standardization of the creator business ecosystem continue to take place primarily in Western countries.

But that is gradually changing.

As Aina’s channel grew and attracted a more international audience, he discovered what he was capable of. more and more It cost him money when his content was viewed by Western audiences rather than Africa. YouTube’s advertising model relies on ad spend, which is lower in many African markets than in North America and Europe.

“Part of the reason is economic. Generally speaking, Western creators and audiences have more resources, but that alone is not enough to justify the disparity in opportunity. ” says Adeleke.

As Aina began diversifying her content and audience to generate more income, there were other issues to worry about. He shares a video about the barriers and prejudice he faced during his travels, including being detained in Ethiopia on suspicion of drug possession, being arrested in South Africa on suspicion of being a “fraudster” and being refused entry to Dubai. I’ve posted it on my blog. The 2022 incident in Dubai was the “last straw” for Aina. Aina invested her savings in St. Kitts and Nevis and eventually secured a passport from St. Kitts and Nevis, becoming a citizen of the Caribbean nation.

He currently runs the Creator Academy on YouTube, where he has trained nearly 2,000 mostly African creators. “I want the next generation of Africans to grow their brands globally without limitations,” he says.

Chiamaka “Amaka” Amaku A 30-year-old Nigerian travel and lifestyle innovator who works as a social media manager and creates content as a personal project, believes digital infrastructure issues, including the challenges of sending and receiving international money, are a challenge for Nigerian creators. It says it can limit growth. Some global payment platforms have imposed restrictions on certain countries, including Nigeria, due to concerns about fraud and money laundering.

“Payment is one of the biggest challenges in Nigeria’s creator economy,” Amaku said, adding that payment barriers deter global brands from working with Nigerian creators.

In recent years, fintech companies such as flutter wave and salary stack While supporting international payments has reduced the barriers creators face in accepting digital payments, many restrictions remain, including local bank policies. For travel creators like Amaku, that means it’s harder to book flights or take Uber abroad.

Amaku, who charges between £250 and £500 for posts on his Instagram page, which has around 20,000 followers, says it is difficult to make a living from creating content and there is a “culture of secrecy” around fees in the industry in Nigeria. He says that many people have died because of this. Creators quickly changed.

Sharon Makira A 31-year-old Kenyan luxury travel creator who describes her audience as “Afropolitan champagne nomads” agrees. He said competition for brand sponsorships is fierce because many companies still rely on traditional advertising, so negotiating rates can become a race to the bottom.

With around 20,000 followers on Instagram and 7,000 followers on YouTube, she gets around five brand deals a year, and is paid around £600 to £1,000 per campaign. When she became a full-time content creator last year, after nearly a decade in media and PR, she realized she couldn’t make a living relying on a few unpredictable brand deals, so companies started creating content. We have opened a PR studio that allows you to tailor your business to suit your needs. Cooperate with viewers, travel agencies and other businesses nomad And luxury lodges in Rwanda Singita Kwitonda.

According to her, building a business around a social media brand can earn you several times more per project than a brand deal. “I think there’s real promise there.” [African] Creators: Leverage your social capital, network, credibility, and personal brand to launch your business,” she says.


Source: www.theguardian.com

As hurricane season wraps up, scientists explore surprising trends

overview

  • The Atlantic hurricane season officially ends Saturday.
  • The pattern of activity surprised forecasters. The season was busy early on, with strong storms occurring later in the season, but quiet during what is normally considered the peak period.
  • Climate change has most likely caused the observed storms to become more intense.

A bizarre and devastating hurricane season officially came to an end Saturday, and forecasters are looking into its many surprises.

Philip Klotzbach, a Colorado State University meteorologist who specializes in Atlantic hurricane forecasting, said, “Every year there are one or two things that bother me, but this year there were more than usual.” he said.

Most forecasters are predicting a very active hurricane season as early as April, and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration has released its best forecast ever.

In the end, there were 18 named storms, 11 hurricanes, and 5 major hurricanes. Although this was at the low end of the range most forecasters expected, it was still above normal and a “very active” season.

What surprised researchers was how strange the season unfolded. It got off to a roaring start in June when Hurricane Beryl became the first Category 5 storm to be observed in the Atlantic Ocean. But from mid-August to early September, everything went quiet. The season typically reaches its peak around September 10th. But it was the first time since 1968 that no named storm formed during those weeks.

Just when researchers thought their predictions were wrong, storm activity picked up again and Hurricanes Helen and Milton struck, causing billions of dollars in damage.

Hurricane Milton made landfall in the Gulf of Mexico on October 8th.
NOAA/NESDIS/Star

“The normal seasonal cycle has been reversed,” Klotzbach said. “What was striking to me was that it was like a switch was flipped, completely off, then completely on. For Helen, nothing happened, and for East Atlantic and Milton, The storm continued.”

Researchers are studying what causes this strange pattern to better understand the factors that cause hurricanes and improve future predictions.

Researchers predicted this spring's hurricane season would be busy and dangerous because of record-high ocean temperatures in the Atlantic Ocean and the possibility that La Niña, a pattern of natural fluctuations, could take hold. Ta. Ocean heat provides fuel for hurricanes and can intensify them faster. La Niña is associated with hurricanes because it often reduces atmospheric stability.

“Early on, we thought it was going to be our busiest season on record,” Klotzbach said.

Although ocean temperatures remained at or near record highs in the North Atlantic, La Niña events did not develop as strongly, said Matthew Rosen, chief hurricane forecaster at the NOAA Climate Prediction Center, a division of the National Weather Service. Krans said.

A combination of other factors most likely contributed to the alarming stagnation in activity.

Approximately 60% of hurricanes occur as a result of Africa's tropical monsoon season. draws moisture into an area called the Sahel. However, this year's monsoon developed elsewhere.

“The monsoon reached so far north and was so strong that it reached areas that hadn't had rain in 45 years,” Rosencrans said, adding that this change had weakened the development of tropical cyclones. Ta.

Rosencrans said another climate pattern, called the Madden-Julian Oscillation, a group of storms that pass near the equator, also likely contributed, with storm development slowing in early September and then later in the month. It is said that hurricanes are starting to occur.

Researchers will spend the winter examining which factors had the most influence through climate and weather models.

“This is an opportunity to learn, to observe systems and let the Earth teach us something new,” he said.

Despite a mid-season interruption due to a tropical storm, 2024 set several records. According to a review published by Klotzbach, five hurricanes have made landfall in the continental United States, tied for the second-highest number in history.

Destroyed and damaged buildings in the aftermath of Hurricane Helen's flooding in Batcave, North Carolina, on October 8.
Tama Mario/Getty Images File
On September 28, heavy rains from Hurricane Helen caused record flooding and damage in Asheville, North Carolina.
Melissa Sue Gerrits/Getty Images File

Helen was the most powerful hurricane to hit Big Bend, Florida. Since September 25th, seven hurricanes have formed in the Atlantic Ocean, the most on record.

Hurricane Milton set a record for tornado warnings in Florida, spawning dozens of tornadoes.

Research suggests climate change has worsened Helen and Milton's symptoms. Both hurricanes underwent a rapid intensification process, with their sustained wind speeds increasing by at least 35 miles per hour over a 24-hour period. This trend is becoming more common as global temperatures rise.

Additionally, scientists studying the effects of climate change on weather have discovered that: Rainfall amounts for single-day events like Milton are currently about 20% to 30% higher due to climate change.. Researchers, in collaboration with the World Weather Attribution project, determined that Milton's wind speeds were likely 10% stronger due to the effects of climate change. The group had similar results during Hurricane Helen.

A destroyed home in Lakewood Park, Florida, on October 10th.
Giorgio Vieira/AFP – Getty Images File

According to a report published by Climate Central, a nonprofit organization that tracks climate change, all 11 of this year's Atlantic hurricanes An additional 9 to 28 miles per hour due to human-induced global warmingmainly due to the record-breaking warmth of the ocean.

Rosenkrans said research generally does not suggest that the number of named storms (winds of 39 miles per hour or more) will change with climate change. However, a larger proportion of named storms are expected to become hurricanes, with the majority of those hurricanes reaching Category 4 or 5. That was the case this year as well.

Source: www.nbcnews.com

Scientists explore the mechanisms of DNA methylation in plants

DNA methylation is one of several epigenetic mechanisms important for controlling gene expression in eukaryotes.

Arabidopsis. Image credit: Carl Davies, CSIRO/CC BY 3.0.

DNA methylation is a normal biological process in living cells in which small chemical groups called methyl groups are added to DNA.

This activity controls which genes are turned on or off, which affects a variety of characteristics, including how the organism responds to its environment.

Part of this job involves silencing, or turning off, certain pieces of DNA moving around in an organism’s genome.

These so-called jumping genes, or transposons, can cause damage if left unregulated.

This entire process is controlled by enzymes, but mammals and plants have developed different enzymes to add methyl groups.

“Mammals only have two major enzymes that add methyl groups in one DNA context, whereas plants actually have multiple enzymes that do it in three DNA contexts.” said researcher Professor Xuehua Zhong. Washington University in St. Louis.

“This is the focus of our research. The question is: why do plants need extra methyltransferases?”

“A particular gene or combination of genes contributes to a particular characteristic or trait.”

“If we know exactly how they are regulated, we can find ways to innovate techniques for crop improvement.”

Professor Zhong and his colleagues focused on two enzymes specifically found in plants: CMT3 and CMT2.

Both enzymes are responsible for adding methyl groups to DNA, but CMT3 specializes in one part of DNA called CHG sequences, and CMT2 specializes in another part called CHH sequences.

Despite their functional differences, both enzymes are part of the same chromomethylase (CMT) family and have evolved through duplication events that provide plants with additional copies of genetic information.

We use a common model plant called Thale cress (Arabidopsis), the study authors investigated how these duplicated enzymes evolved different functions over time.

They found that somewhere along the evolutionary timeline, CMT2 lost the ability to methylate CHG sequences. This is because it lacks an important amino acid called arginine.

“Arginine is special because it has an electric charge,” says Jia Gwee, a graduate student at Washington University in St. Louis.

“Because it is positively charged inside cells, it can form hydrogen bonds and other chemical interactions with negatively charged DNA, for example.”

“However, CMT2 contains a different amino acid, valine. Valine is uncharged and therefore cannot recognize CHG contexts like CMT3. We think that is the reason for the difference between the two enzymes. Masu.”

To confirm this evolutionary change, the researchers used a mutation to move arginine back into CMT2.

As expected, CMT2 was able to methylate both CHG and CHH. This suggests that CMT2 is originally a duplicate of CMT3, a backup system to offload as DNA becomes more complex.

“But instead of just copying the original functionality, we developed something new,” Professor Zhong said.

This study also provided insight into the unique structure of CMT2.

This enzyme has a long, flexible N-terminus that controls the stability of its protein.

“This is one of the ways plants have evolved to increase genome stability and combat environmental stress,” Professor Zhong said.

“This feature may explain why CMT2 has evolved in plants growing in very diverse conditions around the world.”

of result Published in today’s diary scientific progress.

_____

Gwee Others. 2024. scientific progressin press. doi: 10.1126/sciadv.adr2222

Source: www.sci.news

Explore two historic cities along the Silk Road in Uzbekistan

These two medieval cities, named Tashbulak and Tugubulak, are among the largest cities ever recorded on the mountainous Silk Road, a vast network of ancient trade routes that connected Europe and East Asia. is.

A drone captured this image of Tugumburak in 2018. Image credit: M. Frachetti.

Tashbulac and Tugumbrac are located on rugged terrain between 2,000 and 2,200 meters above sea level (roughly comparable to Machu Picchu in Peru), making them rare examples of thriving mountain cities.

The small city of Tashbulak had an area of ​​about 12 hectares, while the larger city of Tugubulak reached 120 hectares, making it one of the largest provincial cities of the time.

“These would have been important urban centers in Central Asia, especially if they moved from lowland oases to more difficult highlands,” said archaeologist Professor Michael Frachetti of Washington University in St. Louis.

“Although typically seen as barriers to trade and movement on the Silk Road, the mountains were actually major centers of exchange.”

“Animals, minerals, and other valuable resources likely drove their prosperity.”

“The Tugumbrak site had an elaborate urban structure with a specific material culture that was very different from the sedentary culture of the lowlands,” added Dr. Farkhod Makhdov, director of the National Archaeological Center of Uzbekistan.

“It is clear that the people who lived in Tugumburak more than a thousand years ago were nomads who maintained their own independent culture and political economy.”

Combined lidar view of Tugumburak. Image credit: SAIElab / J.Berner / M. Frachetti.

Drone-based lidar scanning revealed squares, fortresses, roads and settlements in Tashbulak and Tugubulak.

“These are some of the highest resolution lidar images of the site ever published,” Dr. Frachetti said.

“They are made possible, in part, because of the unique erosion dynamics in this mountainous environment.”

“Both cities need more thorough testing,” he added.

“Preliminary excavations at one of the fortified structures in Tugumburak show that this fortification (a building protected by a three-meter-thick rammed earth wall) was constructed by a local metal smith who used the rich iron ore deposits to create steel. This suggests that it may have been a processing factory.

“Such an industry would have been an important feature of the city and its economy.”

It is already clear that Tashbulak and Tugubulak were not just remote outposts or resting places.

“The Silk Road was not just about China and its western terminus,” Dr. Frachetti said.

“Major political forces were active in Central Asia. Complex centers of networks were also drivers of innovation.”

team's result Published in this month's magazine nature.

_____

MD Frachetti others. 2024. Large-scale medieval urbanization tracked by UAV lidar in the highlands of Central Asia. nature 634, 1118-1124; doi: 10.1038/s41586-024-08086-5

Source: www.sci.news

Review: World of Warcraft: The War Within – An Invitation to Explore Azeroth Once More | Gaming

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The world of Warcraft has a persistent identity problem: Once one of the biggest games in the world, it’s now approaching its 20th anniversary, and with each passing year, developer Blizzard faces the daunting task of proving that WoW still has a place in today’s gaming world.

This goes some way to explaining why Blizzard has tried to reinvent WoW multiple times. Six years after its initial release, the developers attempted to radically remake the game world with 2010’s Cataclysm expansion, in which ancient dragons ravaged and reshaped the realm of Azeroth (an experience you can relive in the recently re-released Cataclysm Classic). Since then, Blizzard has tried a variety of gimmicks to keep WoW fresh, including the now-rather infamous mechanic that saw players increase their power level for two years before losing that power at the end of each expansion cycle.

These gimmicks, combined with an antiquated approach to gameplay updates, created a sense of unease among WoW fans, as players felt unloved and taken for granted. Two years ago, the Dragonflight expansion felt like a make-or-break moment. But what was meant to be WoW’s final installment turned out to be a much-needed breath of fresh air. Dragonflight scraped away the chaff and pared WoW’s gameplay down to a tightness that harkened back to its glory days. After a gimmick-filled experiment, it seemed Blizzard had decided on the most radical of game design approaches: making a better game.

I’ll be honest, I was skeptical that this latest expansion, The War Within, could maintain its momentum. Delving into dank, dark depths in search of adventure, treasure, and intrigue is one of fantasy’s enduring tropes, and with good reason. But after soaring through the skies in Dragonflight, “Awesome… But Underground!” felt like a thematic nosedive.

But War Within tells us something great why We’re exploring the bowels of the Earth. Historically, the quality of WoW’s writing hasn’t been a strong point, but here, a fantastic cast of voice actors and surprisingly compelling in-game cinematics tell a more compelling story than ever before. The expansion also introduces a charismatic villain who, while still a bit hackneyed, is a refreshing contrast to the beefy baritone baddies WoW tends to default to.

But while a compelling story is important, an MMORPG is only as good as how you feel when you play it every day. So far, The War Within has excelled in this regard. Over the past two years, Blizzard has been steadily experimenting with a variety of new features to make players’ lives easier. These include long-awaited improvements to WoW’s antiquated menus and on-screen information, the ability to run with an AI companion as you learn new dungeons, and the new “Warbands” feature that lets you progress towards all of the in-game objectives with any character without mindlessly repeating hours of play every time you want to try out a druid instead of a rogue. All of this is smoothly integrated into the leveling experience, resulting in the most satisfying start to a WoW expansion pack I’ve experienced.




Gorgeous…World of Warcraft: The War Within. Photo: Blizzard

The flashy new “Hero Talents” tweak WoW’s complicated talent trees by adding a little stylistic flair and class fantasy. For example, my dueling giant sword-toting Fury Warrior can be transformed into a lightning-powered stomping machine under the Mountain Thane hero tree. But sadly, these options don’t have much consistency, and I’m often forced to choose what’s most powerful in combat, rather than the flashier, more exciting options. Depending on how your particular class, spec, and hero tree perform, the choice can be either an intense delight or an intense frustration. I ended up regretting demoting my Warrior from Mountain Thane to the much less exciting but higher-damage Slayer tree.

The War Within also introduces “Deeps” – shorter dungeons scattered throughout the landscape that can be tackled alone or with a group of up to five people. The game badly needed a flexible alternative to raids, which still require you to spend one evening each week with a group of 10-25 other players. Deeps are suited to players who only have an hour of freedom every once in a while, but want to feel like they’re making progress towards their character and gear goals. If the Deeps are properly maintained over the coming months and years, I can see myself spending a lot of time there.

Sure, The War Within is only just beginning its two-year lifecycle, but this is WoW’s best achievement in years, and while Blizzard will continue to grapple with Warcraft’s place in the modern gaming landscape, especially with WoW’s 20th anniversary approaching, the game still feels relevant in a way it hasn’t felt in a long time.

Source: www.theguardian.com

Rock and Roll Bird Enthusiast Inspires You to Explore the Sky on a Nature Walk | Podcast

IIt’s not often that I get excited about the announcement of a new podcast, but in the past few weeks, that’s happened not once but twice. The first was the podcast debut of Gracie Nuttall, sister of the late cancer activist Laura Nuttall.
Dead Siblings Association
She’s teamed up with the founder of Sibling Support Charity to take an intimate look at what it’s like to lose a brother or sister.
Room to grieve
The show was created by two mothers who met after losing their children to cancer to help others cope with grief, and what it lacks in production value it more than makes up for with its altruism, courage, and honesty in its treatment of themes like getting through difficult anniversaries and how the experience of loss changes over time.

This week we also have a less inspiring historical analysis of toilets, which, alongside a quirky topical satire from the makers of Have I Got News for You and an immersive attempt to bring birdwatching to hipsters, is one of those films that’s more likely to leave you snorting with laughter than dampening your handkerchief.

Alexi Duggins
Deputy TV Editor

This week’s picks




Sissy Spacek co-stars with Owen Wilson and Schuyler Fisk in the film Tom Slick: Mystery Hunter. Photo: Rebecca Cabbage/InVision/AP

Tom Slick: Mystery Hunter

Widely available, with weekly episodes

Starring Owen Wilson, Sissy Spacek, and Schuyler Fisk, the story is about “the most interesting man you’ve never heard of.” Wilson relishes playing Slick, a legendary scientist, intrepid explorer, and sometime spy who recounts his many adventures. His granddaughter Liv (Fisk) and her mother Claire (Spacek) hunt for the Yeti and find hidden tapes detailing Slick’s exploits facing off against notorious bank robber Machine Gun Kelly.
Hannah Verdier

History Extra: Toilets Through the Ages

Widely available, with weekly episodes


A sponge on a stick, thunderbolts in the bum and a devil in the toilet bowl: delving deep into history’s U-curves can reveal fascinating facts. Dr. David Musgrove teams up with a team of historians to explore Roman, Medieval, Tudor, and Victorian toilet habits in a four-part series that reveals a lot about the past.
HV

This week’s news

Widely available, with weekly episodes


Is Donald Trump’s running mate interesting? And that Is there ever a photo more destined for history than Ed Miliband eating a bacon sandwich? Created by the team behind Have I Got News for You to fill the gap between the TV series, this show is predictably stimulating and full of jokes.
Alexi Duggins

Rock and Roll Birder


Widely available, with weekly episodes


In this immersive birdwatching series, hipster amateur ornithologist Matt Spracklen goes on weekly walks with bird experts. The first episode of Season 2 is a relaxed and fun listen as he visits Sherwood Forest with Springwatch wildlife experts. The bottom line? A common way to identify a bird is by its “sem” (the overall impression you get of the bird’s shape, movement, etc.).
advertisement

Pod Class

Widely available, with weekly episodes


Elizabeth Day knows a thing or two about writing a bestselling novel, but in this insightful how-to series she takes a backseat and hands the reins over to literary powerhouses novelist Sarah Collins, agent Nell Andrew, and publisher Charmaine Lovegrove. First, how to know if your idea is worth pursuing.
Holly Richardson

There is a podcast




Poseidon is one of the gods featured in “Let’s Talk About Myths, Baby!” Photo: Cristiano Fronteddu/Alamy

this week, Charlie Lindler 5 best podcasts Ancient HistoryFrom comedic takes on the stories they don’t teach you in school from the star of Horrible Histories, to timeless, myth-busting adventures.

Source: www.theguardian.com

Explore the inner workings of the world’s largest nuclear fusion experiment

Tokamak’s 30-metre deep assembly pit

©Enrico Sacchetti

Huge in scale and ambition, ITER is a €20 billion energy project being built in the south of France that will pave the way for nuclear fusion power similar to the sun’s energy source.

The world’s largest nuclear fusion experiment was launched in 2006 by an international effort involving the European Union, the United States, China, and Russia. The reactor’s first operation, which will create an extremely hot substance called plasma (the conditions needed for nuclear fusion), is scheduled for 2020. The plan was initially postponed to 2025, and new delays have now pushed it to 2035.

on the other hand, Enrico Sacchetti It offers a glimpse into ITER’s construction and potential.

One of the toroidal coils

©Enrico Sacchetti

The main image shows the 30-metre deep dimensions of the tokamak’s assembly pit, a device that uses magnetic fields to confine swirling plasma inside a doughnut-shaped torus: Above is a shot of one of the toroidal coils that generate these magnetic fields.

The image below shows some of the nine sectors that make up the ITER vacuum vessel, which weighs 5,200 tonnes and acts as an extremely durable “cage” for the experiments, keeping the continuously swirling plasma from touching its walls.

Vacuum vessel being transported for repairs

©Enrico Sacchetti

The top image shows part of the vacuum vessel being transported for repair, while the bottom photo shows the supports that line the back of the blanket module’s wall, which protects the structure and magnets from the heat and high-energy neutrons of the reaction.

www.newscientist.com

Review of Snufkin: Melody of Moominvalley – Explore the Enchanting World of Tove Jansson in This Game

I I have a bad cold, but I felt better after watching Snufkin: Melody of Moominvalley. This is the game’s equivalent of honey, lemon, and a hot water bottle, full of deliciousness and warmth. But it’s also strange and melancholic, an iconic mark of Moomin and part of the reason for the enduring popularity of Jansson’s work. It’s weird, sad, creepy, wholesome, and fun.

The plot follows Snufkin, a philosophical wanderer, preparing to return to Moominvalley in the spring and meet his best friend Moomintroll after the Moomins wake up from hibernation. However, he finds his way blocked by a park patrolled by police. The administrators of Hemulen Park have decided to extend their powers to build gardens throughout Moominvalley, managed according to strict signposted rules. Enraged by this unjust natural enclosure, Snufkin begins tearing up his sign. And in a tempting logic, once all the signs are gone, the cops just walk away because there are no more rules to enforce. This allows Snufkin to freely rewild the area, tearing up paving slabs and dismantling fences.

This conflict with park management forms the basis of the game, and there are several parks where Snufkin must sneak around the sights of roaming police officers while destroying signs. Snufkin uses his trusty harmonica to charm animals and solve puzzles, and then adds flutes and drums to his arsenal, but outside of this novel use of musical instruments to interact with the world, there are no innovations. There are very few. You’re given a shopping list of quests to complete, many of which involve finding specific objects or characters, and there’s also the familiar stealth section that’s been used in countless games before.




Full of kindness and warmth… Snufkin: Melody of Moominvalley. Photo: Hyper Games/Low Fury

But beyond that, this works as a tour through the characters and locations of the Moomin world. Although the story is original and only loosely based on the events of the 1954 book Moomin Summer Madness, the game still remains very faithful to Tove Jansson’s original text and uses her beautiful artwork convincingly. It presents itself as a facsimile of the events of the novel as a whole.

Early on, we’re introduced to the terrifying Groke, who can freeze fire when he sits on it, and soon certain small, unnamed creatures are tagged along with Snufkin. Toffle is also here, but he is too scared to come down from the tree. There’s also Two Ticky, Mrs. Fillyjonk, Lady Snork, and the Hatter, to name a few. Fans of Jansson’s work will rejoice at every cameo appearance, but even if these names mean nothing to you, Melody of Moominvalley does a good job of showing why these characters are so beloved. This is a children’s fairy tale world populated by deeply flawed adults, mixed with some very strange and biting satire. Mrs. Fillyonk is the original helicopter parent. Snufkin was an eco-warrior long before the word was coined.

That was also strangely sad. Most of the time, the characters seem too wrapped up in their own neuroses and obsessions to ever truly be happy, but I’m sure they can overcome their traumas and differences and somehow manage to get along. That fact is what makes this world so uplifting. In that sense, the choice of Sigur Ros for the uplifting yet melancholic soundtrack is an inspiration.

The melodies of Moominvalley are simple and non-challenging, but they are disappointingly short, so you can see almost everything in a day’s play. Still, it’s all so carefully put together that it’s hard to begrudge these shortcomings. It’s all about licensing. Tove’s short stay in his faithfully recreated version of Jansson’s strange and memorable world is worth the price of admission.

“Snufkin Moominvalley Melody” will be released on March 7th. £17.99

Source: www.theguardian.com

Explore Our Stunning Collection of This Year’s Top Aurora Photographs

Matthew Brown's entry “Goleuadau'r Gogledd”. Means “Aurora” in Welsh.

Matthew Brown

There are few sights as spectacular as the Northern Lights. The Aurora Photographer of the Year competition, run by travel photography blog Capture the Atlas, takes advantage of the dazzling effects of the Northern Lights.

The waning sun photographed on Senja Island in Norway

alex wides

This year, 25 breathtaking shots from around the world made it to the final round, and we've published a selection of them here. Each brings a special aspect to this unusual phenomenon caused by charged particles from the sun colliding with atmospheric gases.

“Circle of Life” filmed in Finland at almost -30 degrees Celsius

Freudis Dalheim

As the sun's next peak in activity (known as the solar maximum) approaches in 2024, people are already able to catch glimpses of the aurora borealis over a wider area than usual in both the north and south. Next year's exhibition will be even more spectacular.

“A moment on the ice” taken from an ice cave in Alaska, USA

marybeth kitzenski

'Lost Who I Want To Be' filmed at Moke Lake in New Zealand

Jordan McInally

Many of the photos in the 2023 competition were taken in locations where the Northern Lights are rare, such as south Wales, and are captured in Matthew Brown's photography. Goreuadau's Goggled (Main image). The name translates to 'lights of the north' in Welsh and images show local landmark Paxton's Tower lit up. “It's rare to see the aurora borealis this far south,” Brown said. “For more than an hour, the horizon beyond the clouds cast shades of green and pink. But for one brief but magical moment, the sky burst

Source: www.newscientist.com

ServiceNow to further explore task mining through recent acquisition

ServiceNow announced this morning It is said that it is acquiring a Czech task mining company. Ultimate Suite This gives companies new ways to see and understand the flow of work in their business. The companies haven’t disclosed the price, but the three-year-old startup has raised 768,000 euros (about $839,000), so it’s probably not that big of a deal.

Task mining is part of process mining, a growing global market that helps companies understand the flow of work within an organization, look for bottlenecks, and increase efficiency. please consider that selonis, one of the leading startups in this space, has raised $2.4 billion and is valued at $13 billion as of October 2022. Ultimate Suite is substantially smaller, having raised less than $1 million, but it provides another tool to ServiceNow’s task mining arsenal, says Eduardo, ServiceNow’s vice president and general manager of process mining. His manager is Mr. Chiocconi.

Before acquiring Ultimate Suite, the company had the ability to drill down into workflows, but not down to the user task level. “And when we investigated and discovered where certain inefficiencies were, we lacked the ability to inspect or understand what individual users were doing. , that’s exactly what Ultimate Suite Task Mining is here to help us with,” Chiocconi told his TechCrunch.

He says the goal is actually to build more efficient business processes, and the addition of Ultimate Suite gives them more capabilities to do that. “Insights without action are of little value, so once we find out exactly what needs to be fixed, we also have the ability to automate some of the inefficiencies for end-to-end efficiency.” The idea is to offer it on the same platform. Finish the business process.”

The plan is to integrate Ultimate Suite’s functionality with ServiceNow’s process mining capabilities. “If you look at how ServiceNow has made acquisitions in the past, we pride ourselves on organically building these capabilities into our integrated platform,” Chiocconi said. This means that it will no longer be sold as a separate product. “Our overall objective is to re-platform all of this IP and create more value for our customers by learning how it can be derived from Ultimate Suite and surface as an organic extension of process mining. to bring about.”

This is ServiceNow’s third acquisition related to AI and automation in the past few years. Get AI-powered workflow tools G2K in May This year, and at the end of 2020, Canadian startup Element AI joined us.

Source: techcrunch.com

Looking to invest in a startup? Explore 4 ways to begin as a solo GP

nathan beccord

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sometimes non-traditional The route will lead to the best results. Zack Coeliusis a managing partner at Coelius Capital and started out as an entrepreneur. Over the past 20 years, he has founded many companies and after successfully exiting one of his ventures into the world of angel investing through a syndicate.

and after a while that His connections led him to VC, but not as part of a group. Essentially, Coelius’ connections and reputation allow him to serve as the sole general partner (GP).

In this column, I’ve summarized the takeaways Coelius shared with me about his experience getting his foot in the door, how to leverage favor, and the strategies he found most useful as a solo GP.

Focus on the founders first

If you want to become a VC, you should get involved with some VCs, right? Not necessarily, Coelius says.

That’s the problem largely Entry-level investors go to VCs first. But unless you’re a close friend of the VC, they probably aren’t offering you quality deals. Investors keep the best deals to themselves, so you probably won’t have access to the best unless you start making significant changes.

Not ready to put your trust fund or wealth from a successful exit to work? Coelius has a better and cheaper proposition. It’s about making friends with the founders. Then please help them.

At the end of the day, it all comes back to relationships. The more you support VCs, founders, and the startup community at large, the more prestige you’ll gain.

This requires a lot of networking, but being able to bridge the gap between founders and VCs can be a huge boon for founders. And if you can be helpful at a critical time, you’re more likely to be rewarded and get involved in the deal.

But don’t give it away. No one likes to be bound by strict agreements. Rather, it’s a “you get what you give” situation. Founders don’t want to feel like you’re tying them down, so keep it casual.

This leads to his next big tip.

Source: techcrunch.com

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