Batteries and solar energy technologies have been evolving for centuries, but they reached a pivotal moment in 2016. This year marked the launch of the first Gigafactory in Nevada, which produces cutting-edge battery technologies, electric motors, and solar cells on a large scale. The term ‘Gigafactory’ implies vast production capabilities.

The renewable energy potential—including solar, wind, and hydropower—is staggering. In merely a few days, the sun provides more energy to Earth than we can harvest from all fossil fuel reserves combined.

Efficiently harnessing this power remains a challenge. The photovoltaic effect, discovered by Edmond Becquerel in 1839, allows light to generate electric current. Although the first functional solar panels emerged in the 1950s, only in the 2010s did solar technology advance enough to rival fossil fuels. Simultaneously, lithium-ion batteries invented in the 1980s have created reliable energy storage solutions.

The Gigafactory has been instrumental in advancing these solar and battery technologies—not through new inventions but by integrating all components of electric vehicle production. This approach reflects Henry Ford’s legacy, populating the world with Teslas instead of fossil fuel-burning vehicles. “Batteries have made it possible to utilize solar power efficiently, and electric vehicles are now a reality,” says Dave Jones from Ember, a British energy think tank.

The economies of scale introduced by gigafactories have extended their impact beyond electric vehicles. “These batteries will enable a host of innovations: smartphones, laptops, and the capacity to transport energy efficiently at lower costs,” remarks Sarah Hastings-Simon from the University of Calgary, Canada.

Due to recent advancements, the costs associated with these technologies have plummeted. Many experts believe that the electrification of energy systems is now inevitable. In states like California and countries such as Australia, the abundance of solar energy has led grid operators to offer electricity at no cost. Battery technology is rapidly improving, enabling the development of solar-powered planes, ships, and long-haul trucks, effectively breaking our reliance on fossil fuels that have dominated energy systems for centuries.