Discover NASA’s Artemis II Moon Mission Astronauts: Meet the Team Leading Our Lunar Exploration

Posted on January 31, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Three highly skilled NASA astronauts are embarking on an exciting mission into space. Reed Wiseman, a former Navy officer who transitioned to astronaut status in 2009, brings significant experience, having spent six months aboard the International Space Station (ISS) in 2014.

Reed Wiseman and daughters.
Provided by Reid Wiseman

Since the passing of his wife in 2020, Wiseman has taken on the challenging role of raising two children as a single parent. He acknowledges the stress that comes with being an astronaut, noting that the thrill of the mission is often tempered by the sacrifices it demands from their families.

“I’m a dedicated single father to two daughters,” he shared with NBC’s “TODAY” during a candid interview with fellow crew members. “While it might be easier to relax on the couch with a football game, the reality is that we have four individuals ready to undertake extraordinary and groundbreaking explorations in our civilization.”

Wiseman expressed hope that the outcomes of this monumental mission will validate the sacrifices made by the families of the crew.

“We often look toward the moon and proudly state, ‘We’ve been there.’ However, for this generation—both current and future, known as the Artemis generation—they will look at the moon and proudly declare, ‘We are there,'” he emphasized.

A pendant featuring Jeremy Hansen’s family birthstones accompanied by the engraving “Moon and Back”.
Provided by Jeremy Hansen

Each astronaut will carry personal tokens on their historic flights around the moon. Wiseman and Koch will carry letters from their families, while Grover plans to bring a Bible, wedding ring, and a cherished heirloom for his daughters. Hansen will carry a moon pendant featuring his family’s birthstone and the phrase “Moon and Back.” These items serve as meaningful mementos and ways for the astronauts to connect their families to the journey.

Koch, a veteran of profound space missions, holds the record for the longest single spaceflight by a woman, having spent a remarkable 328 days on the ISS in 2019. Alongside fellow astronaut Jessica Meir, she made history with NASA’s first all-female spacewalk.

Christina Koch with her husband and dog.
Provided by: Christina Koch

Koch expressed her contentment about not participating in another significant milestone, stating her excitement for her colleagues who are set to leave footprints on the lunar surface.

“I’m genuinely thrilled to see familiar faces taking steps toward walking on the moon. However, if that is not my destiny, I am completely at peace with it,” Koch mentioned, noting NASA has yet to assign a crew for the Artemis III mission.

Victor Glover with his family.
Provided by: Victor Glover

In a similar vein, Grover previously participated in a historic flight, flying the SpaceX Crew Dragon capsule to the ISS in 2020. Glover, a former U.S. Navy captain and test pilot, was transitioned from his position in the U.S. Senate when he was selected for NASA’s astronaut program in 2013. Grover and his wife are parents to four children.

Hansen, marking his spaceflight debut, is set to become the first Canadian to explore lunar terrain. A graduate of the Canadian Space Agency’s astronaut program in 2009, he previously served as a fighter pilot and colonel in the Canadian Armed Forces.

With three children, Hansen highlighted the camaraderie that has developed among the crew, remarking that they’ve formed a familial bond through years of intense training together.

Jeremy Hansen with his family.
Provided by Jeremy Hansen

The upcoming Artemis II launch will be only the second deployment of NASA’s Space Launch System (SLS) rocket paired with the Orion capsule. The inaugural launch, Artemis I, conducted an unmanned mission that circled the moon over three years ago.

Wiseman, Koch, Grover, and Hansen view this mission as a crucial stepping stone towards the Artemis III ambition, which aims to land four astronauts near the moon’s polar regions in 2027. Throughout their mission, the crew will practice docking procedures in Earth orbit, conduct scientific experiments, and evaluate various systems inside the Orion capsule, serving as a trial run for a forthcoming lunar landing.

“To us, achieving success is synonymous with landing on the moon during Artemis III,” Koch stated. “Success is always Artemis 100. Everything we do is centered around that.”

Source: www.nbcnews.com

How Human Activity is Impacting Sex Change in Animals

Posted on January 31, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Approximately 2% of the world’s fish species, or about 500 species, are known to change sex at some point during their adult life.

Some species, like the black-spotted fish (as shown above), switch from female to male periodically. Others, such as clownfish, can change from male to female, while species like coral-dwelling gobies switch genders based on environmental conditions.

This phenomenon is distinct in fish because, unlike mammals and birds, many fish species do not have their sex determined by sex chromosomes.

Environmental cues trigger changes in gene activity, influencing the production of essential hormones and enzymes. A key enzyme, aromatase, plays a critical role by converting male hormones into female ones and changing gonads into ovaries.

Social dynamics can also act as environmental signals. Clark clownfish, for instance, live among sea anemones in small groups during the breeding season. If a breeding female passes away, the largest subordinate male is known to change sex and assume her role.

Changes in water quality can signal a shift in gender as well.

Research indicates that pollutants entering rivers can induce male fish to exhibit female traits, such as spawning behaviors.

Furthermore, a 2008 study found that a mere 1 to 2 degrees Celsius increase in water temperature could skew the sex ratio of certain fish towards a higher male count.

Some sex changes are advantageous; for example, clownfish evolve to switch genders as a survival strategy to enhance reproduction. However, human activities are disrupting natural sex change processes.

Polluting rivers or warming oceans presents severe risks to future aquatic species.

This article addresses the question posed by Alex Jackson via email: “How can animals switch gender?”

For inquiries, feel free to email us at: questions@sciencefocus.com or connect with us Facebook, Twitter, or Instagram and include your name and location.

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First-Time Detection of Ammonia-Containing Compounds in Europe: Key Findings and Implications

Posted on January 31, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

A recent analysis of archival data from NASA’s Galileo spacecraft’s Near Infrared Mapping Spectrometer (NIMS) has uncovered the first evidence of ammonia-containing compounds on Jupiter’s icy moon Europa. This groundbreaking discovery provides vital clues about Europa’s subsurface ocean and recent geological activity.

This composite image highlights red pixels indicating sites on Europa where ammonia compounds were detected; purple indicates areas without detection. Image credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech.

“The detection of ammonia (NH₃) is significant for understanding not only the geology of icy bodies in our solar system but also their potential habitability and astrobiological relevance,” stated Dr. Al Emran, a researcher at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory.

“On Europa, the identification of ammonia or ammoniated species is crucial for revealing ocean chemistry, assessing habitability, and reconstructing the moon’s early atmosphere.”

Ammonia functions as an antifreeze agent, reducing the freezing point of liquid water by up to 100 K, which may help preserve underground oceans in icy celestial bodies.

Though it’s unclear if Europa’s underground ocean is directly linked to the surface, detecting ammonia compounds could imply such a connection, given that these materials are unstable under cosmic radiation.

In a new study published in Planetary Science Journal, Dr. Emran reported detecting a distinct ammonia absorption feature at 2.20 microns in Europa’s near-infrared spectrum.

This signal was confirmed through observations from Galileo’s NIMS instrument, which examined Europa during a flyby in the 1990s.

Ammonia hydrate and ammonium chloride are likely responsible for the detected spectral features.

The instability of ammonia under strong cosmic radiation highlights the importance of its presence on Europa’s surface.

The discovery of ammonia-containing materials suggests they may have originated from Europa’s subsurface ocean or shallow subsurface during the moon’s geologically recent past, possibly through cryovolcanism or similar processes.

This analysis also hints at significant implications for Europa’s internal structure.

The presence of ammoniated compounds aligns with a subsurface ocean characterized by a thinner, chemically reduced ice shell with a higher pH.

Ammonia’s antifreeze properties are essential, as they lower the freezing point of water ice, allowing for the maintenance of a liquid ocean beneath Europa’s icy shell.

“Faint signals of ammonia have been detected near fractures in the moon’s frozen surface, where liquid water, rich in dissolved ammonia compounds, is expected to ascend,” Emran noted.

“These compounds might have traversed the surface due to recent geologically active cryovolcanic events.”

Ammonia’s presence, which significantly lowers the freezing point of water, acts as a natural antifreeze.

Similar ammonia-bearing species have been identified on other icy objects in the outer solar system, including Pluto, Charon, certain moons of Uranus, and Saturn’s moon Enceladus. However, earlier attempts to confirm ammonia’s presence on Europa produced inconclusive results.

“The identification of ammonia-containing compounds in this research marks the first evidence of nitrogen-based species on Europa, a finding of considerable astrobiological importance due to nitrogen’s fundamental role in life’s molecular structure,” Emran concluded.

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A. Emran. 2026. NH₃ detection at Europa’s 2.2 μm absorption band. Planetary Science Journal 6,255; doi: 10.3847/PSJ/ae1291

Source: www.sci.news

How Young Sauropod Dinosaurs Shaped the Food Chain in the Morrison Formation

Posted on January 31, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

A recent research study by palaeontologists at University College London reveals that the long-necked giant hatchlings of the past frequently became prey to various carnivores, including the iconic tyrannosaurus rex.

A reconstruction of the Late Jurassic ecosystem at the Dry Mesa Dinosaur Quarry, approximately 150 million years ago in Colorado, USA. Image credit: Sergey Krasovskiy / Pedro Salas.

“Adult sauropods, such as diplodocus and Brachiosaurus, were larger than modern blue whales,” Dr. Cassius Morrison from University College London explains.

“The ground trembled when they moved. Yet, their eggs were merely a foot in diameter, taking years for the hatchlings to mature.”

“Given their immense size, it was challenging for adult sauropods to tend to their eggs without causing damage, suggesting that, like today’s baby turtles, young sauropods did not receive parental care.”

In this groundbreaking study, Dr. Morrison and his team examined fossils from the Morrison Formation dating back 150 million years and developed a detailed map of the ecosystem’s food web.

The fossils were sourced from a single site, the Dry Mesa Dinosaur Quarry, renowned for its rich assortment of dinosaur remains over a span of up to 10,000 years, including at least six sauropod species: diplodocus, Brachiosaurus, and Apatosaurus.

To analyze the dietary habits of these prehistoric creatures, paleontologists utilized various data, including dinosaur size, tooth wear, isotopic composition of remains, and, in some cases, fossilized stomach contents revealing their last meals.

With advanced software typically used in modern-day ecosystems, they visualized the intricate food web, mapping the interconnected relationships between dinosaurs, other fauna, and flora with unprecedented detail.

The findings underscored the significant ecological roles sauropods played, highlighting their closer associations with plants and animals compared to other major herbivorous dinosaur groups, such as the ornithischians (like the armored stegosaurus), which presented more formidable predation risks.

“Sauropods had a transformative influence on their ecosystems,” noted Dr. Morrison.

“This research provides a quantifiable measure of their ecological impact.”

“By reconstructing the food web, we can more effectively compare dinosaur ecosystems across different geological periods.”

Scientists suggest that the eventual decline of sauropods, which acted as readily available prey, may have influenced evolutionary adaptations in predators like tyrannosaurus rex, such as increased bite force, size, and enhanced vision. Moreover, larger and more dangerous creatures like triceratops evolved, possessing formidable defenses with their three large horns.

During the late Jurassic period, apex predators like Allosaurus or torvosaurus might have had easier access to food compared to their contemporaries like tyrannosaurus rex, according to Dr. William Hart, a paleontologist at Hofstra University.

“Fossils of Allosaurus display severe scars from encounters, including those inflicted by the spiky tail of a stegosaurus. Some injuries healed, while others did not,” he elaborates.

“However, an injured Allosaurus may have been able to survive due to the abundance of vulnerable young sauropods as easy prey.”

The team’s research findings will be published in the Bulletin of the New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science.

_____

Cassius Morrison et al. 2026. “Size is No Accident Here”: A Novel Food Web Analysis of the Dry Mesa Dinosaur Quarry and Ecological Implications for Sauropod Fauna of the Morrison Formation. Bulletin of the New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science

Source: www.sci.news

Exciting Discovery: Earth-Sized Exoplanet Found Orbiting Nearby Star

Posted on January 31, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Astronomers have recently identified a new exoplanet, HD 137010b, orbiting the nearby K dwarf star HD 137010, following the detection of a single shallow transit in archived data from NASA’s Kepler Expansion K2 mission.

HD 137010b is estimated to be 6% larger than Earth, with surface temperatures akin to those of Mars, possibly dipping below -70 degrees Celsius. Image credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/Keith Miller, California Institute of Technology and IPAC.

HD 137010 is classified as a K3.5V dwarf star located approximately 146 light-years away in the constellation Libra.

This star’s age ranges between 4.8 billion and 10 billion years, and its low magnetic activity reflects its status as an old, relatively calm star.

Commonly referenced as BD-19 4097, HIC 75398, 2MASS J15242123-1944215, or TYC 6179-1111-1, HD 137010 has an apparent magnitude of 10.1 and is recognized as one of the brightest stars hosting an Earth-sized planet in temperate orbits.

The new exoplanet, designated HD 137010b, was observed during K2 Campaign 15 when NASA’s Kepler Space Telescope monitored its parent star for about three months in 2017.

“Most Earth-sized planets discovered in the habitable zone orbit red dwarfs, which are smaller and dimmer than the Sun,” explains lead author Astronomer Alexander Venner from the University of Southern Queensland.

“Concerns arise regarding these planets losing their atmospheres due to intense radiation from their host stars, rendering them uninhabitable for known life forms.”

“However, HD 137010b’s star shares characteristics more closely aligned with the Sun, increasing the likelihood that a stable atmosphere could be retained, according to current theoretical models.”

In their study, Venner and colleagues analyzed K2 data, light curves from nearby stars, archival images, and radial velocity measurements to clarify the nature of the transit signal, which lasted roughly 10 hours.

These evaluations strongly suggest that the observed transit is astrophysical and not a result of background interference, eclipsing binaries, or solar-system debris.

Astronomers have determined that the planet’s radius is approximately 1.06 times that of Earth based on the transit depth.

Considering the transit’s duration and the star’s properties, the orbital period of HD 137010b is estimated to be around 355 days.

At its distance from the host star, HD 137010b is estimated to receive about 29% of the stellar flux that Earth obtains from the Sun, placing it near the outskirts of the star’s habitable zone.

“If HD 137010b has an atmosphere similar to that of Earth or Mars, it could experience temperatures colder than Antarctica,” noted Dr. Venner.

“However, if the atmosphere thickens, conditions could warm up sufficiently for liquid water to exist, creating a potentially viable environment for life.”

“Current astronomical instruments are unable to fully characterize this newly discovered planet, but it stands out as a primary candidate for future radial velocity tools aimed at detecting Earth-like analogs.”

“Upcoming space missions, like NASA’s Habitable World Observatory, could also provide images of HD 137010b.”

This discovery is detailed in the following article: paper published in Astrophysics Journal Letters.

_____

Alexander Venner and others. 2026. A cool Earth-sized planet candidate orbiting a K2 magnitude K-dwarf star. APJL 997, L38; doi: 10.3847/2041-8213/adf06f

Source: www.sci.news

New Scientist Spotlights Innovative Art by Pioneering Artist Ryoji Ikeda

Posted on January 31, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Ryoji Ikeda’s Data Cosmo [n°1]
Photography: Alice Lubbock

Ryoji Ikeda's Data Cosmo [n°1] - 180 Studios, 2025. Photography by Alice Lubbock. — Ryoji Ikeda’s Data Cosmo [n°1]
Photography: Alice Lubbock

Thomas Luton
Features Editor, London

Since the mid-2000s, renowned electronic musician and visual artist Ryoji Ikeda has been reimagining vast datasets into immersive art installations that invite viewers into the hidden realms of science.

During my visit to his latest project, Data Cosm [n°1], I found myself surrounded by an array of sprawling LED screens pulsating with strobe lights. This exhibition, intent on “charting the myriad data of nature,” created an atmosphere that felt both familiar and exhilarating as I navigated through visuals of our planet, our minds, and the cosmos, all synchronized with glitchy soundscapes.

Ikeda’s innovative approach offers an exhilarating experience, reminiscent of virtually traversing a DNA strand at hyper-speed, serving as a visceral reminder of the vastness of the human genome. However, amidst the sensory overload, one can feel detached, raising important questions about our connection to the overwhelming data presented.

Don’t miss this captivating exhibition at 180 Studios in London, running until February 1st.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Tim Winton Explores Dystopia: Is the Term Becoming an Opiate for Society?

Posted on January 30, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

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Tim Winton: “Some areas on our planet may overlook the reality of a world on fire, but Australia is not one of them.”

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New Scientist: Explore Science News, Technology, Health, and Environmental Developments. — Tim Winton: “Some areas on our planet may overlook the reality of a world on fire, but Australia is not one of them.”

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<p>My grandparents were born at the close of the 19th century, during the age of horse-drawn carriages, while my parents experienced the rise of mass-produced machines, and I grew up in the space age.</p>

<p>Despite the challenges posed by world wars and the looming threat of nuclear annihilation, this period was marked by a steady increase in prosperity, security, and mobility—a liberating experience that reinforced our belief in human progress. With each generation, the prospects seemed to improve, making life better for my family.</p>

<p>However, that trajectory of improvement seems to have halted with my children, signifying not just the end of a dream, but the reality of a shared illusion collapsing.</p>

<p>The world I was born into is starkly different from the one I will leave for my grandchildren. They will not inherit the same sense of security that I had. This is a deeply troubling fact for me.</p>

<p>The reasons behind this decline in prospects are well-documented. The world suffers due to the energy practices we adopted to fuel prosperity. The advancement we once praised came with the cost of exploitation and environmental degradation, with progress often built on a bed of destruction.</p>

<p>Currently, our planet is already 1.5 degrees warmer since my grandparents’ time. If we continue on our current path, we risk doubling that temperature increase. A world as hot as ours is already chaotic, threatening ecosystems and the myriad species that depend on them. We must prevent the catastrophic scenario of the planet heating another 1.5 degrees, as this will render many regions nearly uninhabitable, resulting in the tragic loss of millions of lives and dire conditions for billions.</p>

<p>Among the many affected will be my descendants, which deeply resonates with me—the thought that the comfort and freedom I enjoyed were attained at the expense of their suffering is unbearable. <em>Juice</em> This is a nightmare for my family.</p>

<p>While there may be parts of our world where the reality of climate change can be evaded, Australia is not one of those places.</p>

<p>In my home in northwestern Australia, the climate is intensifying. Just yesterday, temperatures reached 50℃, and due to growing storm severity, many homes lack insurance.</p>

<p>When queried about why I chose to publish a dystopian novel at this point in my career, my irritation is tempered. They wonder why I shifted genres; in truth, I haven't changed directions—rather, the world around me has. The real question is, why should I not write about this moment in history? What kind of artist would I be if I ignored the pressing issues of our times?</p>

<p>A dystopian narrative? You may call it that, but it suggests something fantastical or exaggerated, which I do not perceive. The millions already enduring dystopian realities would disagree—across the globe, individuals face hunger and displacement due to conflict and extreme weather. The horrors they encounter are often remnants of fossil fuel capitalism. Sometimes, the term ‘dystopia’ serves as an opiate, a term that buffers us and distances us from reality. I believe we can no longer afford such distance.</p>

<p>The story unfolds in northwest Australia, generations into the future. The collective efforts made to circumvent the worst impacts of climate change seem futile, leaving us trapped in a cycle of increasing temperatures by 3°C or more. The nation-state structure has eroded, and communities have retreated from equatorial zones, with those remaining in this climate often forced to seek refuge underground for extended periods annually. Thus, the adaptation has become a daunting yet necessary skill.</p>

<p>Much like my previous works, this narrative revolves around family—exploring themes of loyalty, freedom, geography, and history. It's an examination of what it means to endure in an increasingly hostile environment. Although speculative, its nature is not solely scientific or climatic; it is also moral and profoundly personal. I felt compelled to envision the future my grandchildren's children might face, set in a landscape I cherish and have defended throughout my life.</p>

<p>For me, this narrative extends logically, emotionally, and imaginatively from the world I inhabit. Enhanced by scientific insights and climate modeling, it mirrors my experiences in a region historically known for its climatic extremes, now facing the brink of uninhabitability.</p>

<p><em>Juice</em> presents a stark reality—a resilient populace grappling with harsh conditions. Out of tradition and determination, they cling to what remains inhabitably viable. However, as conditions worsen, families are compelled to migrate to safer, cooler regions.</p>

<p>This is not mere speculation; it is already occurring in northern Australia. The most vulnerable citizens, much like the Oakies from Steinbeck's narratives, make these transitions. The dial merely needs to shift slightly.</p>

<p>Yet, the foremost struggle my characters encounter is not purely one of climate but of humanity. As the protagonist learns, the most precious resource is not shelter, food, or water, but civility. This is the essence of the narrative.</p>

<p>What sustains life is a shared commitment to the common good. The forces of fossil capitalism thrive on the dispensation of that ethic. To survive, my character must revive and cherish it. We must embrace that ethos as well. Ultimately, whether this is feasible lies in the realm of speculation.</p>

<p><em>© Tim Winton</em></p>
<p><strong>Tim Winton is the author of <em>Juice</em> (Picador), featured as the New Scientist Book Club's selection for February 2026. You can purchase a copy </strong><a href="https://www.panmacmillan.com/authors/tim-winton/juice/9781035050826"><strong>here</strong></a><strong>. Join the reading community </strong><strong>here</strong>.</p>

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Can Humans Be Genetically Enhanced Using George Church’s Renowned Genetic Improvement List?

Posted on January 30, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Biologist George Church Curates Beneficial Genetic Variants

Don Emmert/AFP via Getty Images

“Why should only tall people have access to tall genes? And why should only intelligent people have access to smart genes? Instead of accepting genetic inequality, we aim to provide everyone the opportunity to select beneficial genes for themselves and their future offspring. Genetics should not be a game of chance.”

This is the vision of Bootstrap Bio, a startup striving to empower future parents by enhancing genetic qualities for their children. While it seems that affluent families might already have genetic advantages, the pressing question remains: Can we genuinely enhance our children’s genetics if we choose to?

To understand the possibilities, I began with the List of Protective and Enhanced Gene Variants, curated by Harvard biologist George Church. When I inquired about the list’s purpose, Church explained that it addresses common questions from his lectures—such as whether all rare genetic variants are detrimental and what types of enhancements might be feasible. This list is particularly popular among transhumanists interested in genetic engineering for superhuman traits.

Let’s delve into its details.

Are You Sure You Want Extra Fingers?

The list is intricate, containing over 100 items, yet only about half represent specific genetic mutations linked to concrete effects, with the rest stemming from animal research or medical trials. Church identified mutations that may yield significant “positive effects,” from disease resistance to lower aggression levels in men.

Some traits on this list, however, may not be universally desirable. For instance, a mutation could theoretically lead to six fingers on each hand, enhancing “manipulative capabilities.” But is that really an improvement? Imagine trying to find gloves that fit!

Additionally, two genetic deletions that cause pain insensitivity are also featured, yet lacking the ability to feel pain is not an enhancement—children who are pain-insensitive can suffer severe injuries.

Many remaining traits appear to fall into the “nice to have” category but may not warrant genetic modification. For instance, “low odor production” seems unnecessary in an era of deodorants. While I would appreciate being able to hold my breath longer or endure high altitudes, I doubt my descendants will value these traits as much.

Only a limited number of mutations confer highly desirable characteristics, like extended lifespans or enhanced intelligence—traits for which wealthier prospective parents might be willing to pay. Still, we lack sufficient confidence that incorporating these mutations into children will actually lead to increased intelligence or longevity.

Less Sleep, But at What Consequence?

It is crucial to note that some associations may be misleading, and certain genetic variations might not produce the anticipated effects. Moreover, achieving the desired outcome may depend on combinations of other specific mutations.

Trade-offs are often present too. For example, high-intelligence mutations may increase the risk of future blindness, and resistance to norovirus might predispose individuals to Crohn’s disease, as noted in Church’s list. Personally, I would prefer to be a bit less intelligent and tolerate occasional bouts of norovirus rather than risk potential consequences for my children.

Most variants do not explicitly list drawbacks, but that does not imply they are without consequences. Consider mutations associated with sleep deprivation; the essential role of sleep in maintaining brain health suggests that trade-offs likely exist.

Moreover, many people fail to realize that our understanding of these genetic variations is still developing. In many instances, it is uncertain whether a specific change is genuinely beneficial. This is because biologists must study vast populations—tens of thousands or more—carrying a particular genetic mutation to ascertain both its positive and negative effects.

Creating a Fair Genetic Lottery

To maximize the likelihood that an individual will benefit from genetic engineering, multiple genetic modifications may be necessary simultaneously. This is especially true concerning traits promoted by Bootstrap Bio, as height and intelligence rely on hundreds of mutations, each contributing marginally. The challenge is that we currently lack the technology to safely implement multiple changes in human embryos, much less hundreds at once, as discussed in my previous article on preventing genetic illnesses.

I support the idea of genetic enhancement for children—it’s preferable to leaving a child’s destiny to a random genetic lottery. However, I remain skeptical about the immediate feasibility of heritable genome editing. Expanding studies like the UK Biobank, which tracks large populations over the years to clarify genetic variant effects, is essential.

Finally, the notion that companies offering genetic enhancements can create a fairer world deserves scrutiny. Currently, a fifth of all children worldwide are born shorter than their potential due to inadequate nutrition, and many lack access to quality education. Those genuinely interested in enhancing children’s life chances should prioritize ensuring that all children meet their existing genetic potential rather than focusing narrowly on selective gene enhancements.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Exclusive Excerpt from ‘Juice’ by Tim Winton: Discover the Story Now!

Posted on January 30, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

“Hour after hour we pass over a country as black as the night sky, across a fallen heaven adorning the stars with jets of white ash and smears of milky soot.” Tim Winton’s Juice

Shutterstock / Denis Tolkhov

Explore the latest in science, technology, health, and the environment through expert journalism on New Scientist. — “Hour after hour we pass over a country as black as the night sky, across a fallen heaven adorning the stars with jets of white ash and smears of milky soot.” Tim Winton’s Juice

Shutterstock / Denis Tolkhov

As dawn breaks, I drive relentlessly, halting only when the plains turn black, with nothing but clinker and ash stretching to the horizon.

I stop, lower the side screen, and breathe in the calm southerly air—a fleeting stroke of luck in recent days. I know firsthand the danger wind poses to old fireplaces. In strong gusts, ash can suffocate in moments, and I’ve watched comrades succumb.

Wrap your scarf around your mouth and nose. Hang your glasses around your neck. Break the door. Please step out. Test the surface gently—ankle deep, or worse, to the shins. Silence looms, except for the hum of the rig’s motor.

Stay there; I’m calling.

I know she’s awake, but the child remains slumped in the cab, unmoving. I cautiously check the trailer—everything is secure: manufacturer, water, pods, equipment—but my greens lie disheveled from long, hard days. Some leaves have been windburned, but the overall damage appears manageable. I tap the reservoir to fill the flask, then don my glasses and scan the western approach—clear, with no smoke or movement.

I attempt to wipe the dust off the panels, but it’s futile; they’ll be covered with ash again within minutes. The turbine must release enough fluid to cross.

Back in the cab, I slam my boot heel on the step and climb in. She still doesn’t move. I can’t quite decide if this is a relief or an annoyance.

We’re okay, I reassure her. I’ll handle this.

She gazes out at the scorched earth.

This land, I reminisce, was once all woods. I flew over it when I was younger.

She blinks, her expression perplexed.

Trees stretched endlessly beneath us. The air was ripe, almost tangible.

She stays silent.

Have you ever flown?

No response.

I know your experiences at sea. I wondered if my status changed.

She shifts, resting her head against the side screen.

That’s quite something.

No sign of interest from her. After sitting, sun stains remain on the glass.

Yet, for once, I wish my flight had been for the sake of adventure, not heading to a dangerous place.

The sun rises, molten, tilting before us like a soaring airship before it vanishes. Break free from all comparisons and become your true self. A comforting yet terrifying thought.

I talk excessively, I admit. You too? You never utter a word. For once, I feel I’ve said too little.

She offers nothing in response.

I know you hear me—you’re following my words.

She scrapes the glass, spreading more grease than she removes.

Listen, I say. Those we lost—none will come for us. We must cross through these ashes. It’s crucial. There’s a fresh land waiting for us on the other side. We’ll move and set camp, understood? I hope it’s out there. It’ll be fine.

The child shifts away, and I tear a piece from my scarf, catching her attention. Pull the remaining fabric over your face and wrap it around your hat’s brim. She flinches but doesn’t resist. Dried blood from her forehead incident glints in her pale blue eyes, which appear even brighter now.

So, I say, the smell might lessen a bit. I’ll clean this rig later. You’re not merely looking, trust me. So, are you ready? Water’s here. We’ll eat on the other side.

Lift the side screen and move the rig. Walk swiftly to get through, but slowly enough to avoid an ash blizzard.

For hours, we cross a land as dark as the night, over fallen heavens adorned with jets of ash and milky soot.

The vehicle jolts but perseveres until my energy wanes. As midday sunlight pierces through, I witness colors emerge—tans, silvers, khakis, and bone hues—and the relief I feel is almost overwhelming.

Upon touching solid ground, I let the child out into the secret space. She appears invigorated by newfound freedom, yet hesitates to return to the rig. I won’t pamper her, but I must guide her firmly. My fatigue is palpable, and we need distance from that fireplace. When we finally start moving again, the atmosphere in the cab dims, disappointing—but soon we have reason to celebrate. As the bat finally flexes its power, a mighty gust from the south shakes the entire rig.

I will descend steadily. The child goes outside. I point to a dirty column rising into the sky in the distance behind us.

Look, I say. We could have been enveloped. But we are positioned upwind, right? It’s not mere luck. That’s our cleverness.

I close the shade and set the array.

She observes the ash cloud swirling north. As winds intensify, they intertwine. She follows me to the trailer, where I distribute the mash—she accepts Dixie and Spoon. With her back turned from the wind, she devours her meal eagerly.

Luck alone won’t suffice, I explain. You and I must remain composed.

She’s already licking the dirty container clean. I take it, hand her mine, and while she eats, I pull out the swag and roll it to the car’s side. Then, I lower the makeshift nightgown I crafted for her. Spread it beside me—close enough to keep watch, but not too close for comfort.

We’re all exhausted. Machines and living beings alike. Let’s sleep.

She finishes the last of her mash, licking my clean spoon as well. I rise, stow them in the trailer, then settle cross-legged on my swag again. She gazes east, her hat’s tail swaying in the breeze.

Be yourself, I urge.

And then I step outside.

——-

Later in the afternoon, I awaken to a slight ache. For a moment, I mistake it for home. A sick chicken downstairs threatens the whole flock. A disaster at my property. I know I should rise and head to the grow house, but as I open my eyes, the swaying shade above me grounds me to the dirt, far from my home. The child’s tear-stained face reminds me I’m not alone. I yearn to reach out, but she recoils. I leave her be and drift back to sleep.

When I wake again, shadows of the car and trailer stretch long, like lifelines. The rig stirs awake. I gingerly climb out, feeling sore and stiff, and attempt to resume our journey.

© Tim Winton

This is an excerpt from Juice by Tim Winton (Picador), part of the New Scientist Book Club’s February 2026 reading. You can purchase a copy here. Sign up to join the reading community here.

Topics:

Source: www.newscientist.com

Understanding Why Alzheimer’s Disease-Related Brain Damage Doesn’t Immediately Trigger Symptoms

Posted on January 30, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Examining Resilience to Alzheimer’s Disease: Why Some Individuals Remain Symptom-Free

Associated Press/Alamy

Recent studies reveal that some individuals exhibit brain changes tied to Alzheimer’s disease yet show no symptoms like memory loss. Though the reasons remain unclear, innovative research is uncovering protective factors that may prevent cognitive decline.

Alzheimer’s disease is marked by amyloid plaques and tau tangles accumulating in the brain, widely believed to contribute to cognitive decline. However, some individuals, known for their resilience, defy this notion. In 2022, Henne Holstege and her team at the University Medical Center in Amsterdam discovered that certain centenarians retain good cognitive function despite these pathological changes.

Expanding on this research, the team conducted a new study involving 190 deceased individuals. Among them, 88 had Alzheimer’s diagnoses, while 53 showed no signs of the disease at death. Their ages ranged from 50 to 99, and 49 were centenarians with no dementia, though 18 exhibited cognitive impairment previously.

The focus was on the middle temporal gyrus—an early site of amyloid plaques and tau tangles in Alzheimer’s. Interestingly, centenarians with elevated amyloid levels had tau levels akin to those without Alzheimer’s, suggesting that limiting tau accumulation is critical for resilience, according to Holstege.

While amyloid plaques are linked to cognitive decline, Holstege posits that tau accumulation may activate a cascade of symptoms. Notably, amyloid plaques alone may not cause significant tau tangling. “Without amyloid, tau can’t spread,” she explains.

Further analysis of approximately 3,500 brain proteins revealed only five were significantly associated with high amyloid plaques, while nearly 670 correlated with tau tangles. Many of these proteins are involved in crucial metabolic processes like cell growth and waste clearance. Holstege emphasizes, “With amyloid, everything changes; with tau, it’s a different story.”

In the cohort of 18 centenarians with high amyloid levels, 13 showed significant tau spread throughout the middle temporal gyrus, a pattern similar to Alzheimer’s, but the overall tau presence remained low.

This distinction is vital, as diagnosis hinges on tau spread, indicating that accumulation, not just proliferation, triggers cognitive decline. “We must understand that proliferation doesn’t mean abundance,” Holstege clarifies.

In a second study, Katherine Prater and her team at the University of Washington examined 33 deceased individuals—10 diagnosed with Alzheimer’s, 10 showing no signs, and 13 deemed resilient. Most subjects were over 80 and underwent cognitive assessments within a year before death.

In line with previous findings, the research indicated that tau was present but not accumulated in resilient brains. Though the mechanisms remain elusive, Prater theorizes that microglia—immune cells regulating brain inflammation—might play a crucial role in maintaining cognitive function in resilience.

Previous research has shown that microglia often become dysfunctional in Alzheimer’s disease, contributing to degenerative processes. While the researchers could not analyze microglia extensively, Holstege noted their significance.

The team also conducted genetic studies on microglia from the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, essential for managing complex tasks. They discovered that resilient individuals’ microglia exhibited heightened activity in messenger RNA transport genes compared to those with Alzheimer’s. This suggests effective gene transport, vital for protein synthesis, is preserved in resilient brains.

“Disruptions in this process can severely impact cell function,” Dr. Prater remarked at the Neuroscience Society meeting in San Diego. However, its direct relationship to Alzheimer’s resilience remains to be elucidated.

Moreover, resilient microglia demonstrated reduced activity in metabolic energy genes compared to those in Alzheimer’s patients, mirroring patterns in healthy individuals. This suggests heightened energy expenditure in Alzheimer’s due to inflammatory states that disrupt neuronal connections and lead to cell death.

“Both studies indicate that the human brain possesses mechanisms to mitigate tau burdens,” Prater concludes. Insights gained from this research could pave the way for new interventions to delay or even prevent Alzheimer’s disease. “While we aren’t close to a cure, the biology offers hope,” she stated.

Topics:

Brain/
Alzheimer’s Disease

Source: www.newscientist.com

How Denmark’s 1800s Vaccine Campaign Eradicated Smallpox in Just 7 Years

Posted on January 30, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Edward Jenner Administering the First Smallpox Vaccination in 1796

Ernest Board/Wellcome Collection/De Agostini via Getty Images

Recent insights into one of history’s most effective vaccination campaigns highlight critical lessons for expediting vaccine adoption today. This successful effort eradicated smallpox in Copenhagen during the early 1800s.

Smallpox, a devastating infectious disease, resulted in a mortality rate of 30% and left survivors with disfigurement and blindness, leading to an estimated 500 million deaths before its global eradication in 1980 through vaccination.

Copenhagen saw one of the earliest local triumphs over smallpox, achieving eradication in 1808 after claiming over 12,000 lives over fifty years.

The world’s first vaccine, developed by British physician Edward Jenner in 1796, quickly gained traction among Denmark’s medical and social elite, sparking “excited attention and anticipation,” as documented by leading physician Henrik Kalissen.

Doctors in Copenhagen swiftly sought smallpox vaccine supplies from Jenner in England. The inaugural recipient was a Danish judge’s child, followed by a bishop’s child. The vaccine proved remarkably effective, preventing transmission even among close contacts of infected individuals, including breastfeeding mothers, according to Calisen’s observations.

In response, the King of Denmark founded a Vaccine Commission in 1801, tasked with broadening the vaccine’s reach and meticulously tracking vaccination rates and smallpox outbreaks.

Researchers from Roskilde University analyzed these records, revealing that by 1810, 90% of Copenhagen’s children had been vaccinated, leading Denmark to rank as the highest in Europe for vaccination rates per capita.

Due to the rapid dissemination of the smallpox vaccine, the disease was eliminated from Copenhagen just seven years after the campaign’s initiation. “We will be free from one of the most destructive diseases known to us,” Calisen expressed in 1809.

Eilersen and his team identified key factors behind the high vaccination rates. Vaccines were offered free of charge to families in need, and many church leaders and school teachers actively promoted and administered the vaccines. The Vaccine Commission commended clergy who traversed the nation to disseminate knowledge about vaccinations, with one priest vaccinating nearly 2,000 children in just one year.

As smallpox cases dwindled, concerns arose about public apathy towards vaccination. To sustain high rates, the committee mandated that vaccination be a prerequisite for a child’s enrollment in church activities as of 1810.

While some resisted vaccinating their children, citing “ignorance and prejudice,” the broader public largely supported vaccination, Calisen noted. He acknowledged initial fears about vaccines but ultimately recognized their tremendous impact on public health and population growth.

Eilersen believes that the collaboration among Danish leaders fostered public trust and encouraged widespread vaccine acceptance. “Unified authorities, including government, medical institutions, and religious leaders, contributed to convincing a diverse population to embrace vaccination,” he stated.

Denmark continues to enjoy robust confidence in its governmental and health institutions, currently ranked first in public trust by Transparency International. In turn, this commitment has contributed to high childhood vaccination rates, with approximately 96% of Danish children vaccinated against diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis, contrasting with only 80% in the United States, which ranks 28th in public trust levels.

Topics:

Vaccine/
Infectious Disease

Source: www.newscientist.com

Elon Musk’s Bold Vision for the Future: Will His Big Bets Pay Off?

Posted on January 30, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Billionaire Elon Musk at the World Economic Forum

Krisztian Bocsi/Bloomberg via Getty Images

Elon Musk at World Economic Forum — Billionaire Elon Musk at the World Economic Forum

Krisztian Bocsi/Bloomberg via Getty Images

Elon Musk, known for his leadership in several multibillion-dollar companies, continues to capture headlines. While his polarizing views draw attention, his flagship companies—Tesla and SpaceX—are undeniably pioneering advancements in electric vehicles and space exploration. Recent corporate maneuvers indicate that Musk may have an ambitious plan to integrate these ventures.

In a strategic development, Tesla has announced plans to halt production of its Model S and Model X. This shift does not signify an end to vehicle manufacturing; rather, the production facilities are to be reconfigured to advance Tesla’s humanoid robot, Optimus. Concurrently, Tesla is set to invest $2 billion into xAI, another of Musk’s enterprises, which oversees the social media platform X and its controversial chatbot, Grok.

This collective shift suggests Tesla is prioritizing AI-driven initiatives. In a recent report, both Bloomberg and Reuters revealed Musk’s intentions to merge SpaceX with either Tesla or xAI—or potentially both—in light of his plans to take SpaceX public this year.

What is Musk aiming to achieve with this consolidation? “By integrating xAI and SpaceX, he may be seeking to enhance resource efficiency across data, energy, and computing,” explains Marbe Hickok from the University of Michigan. “He also suggested a merger with Tesla to leverage their technologies for distributed computing.”

Projected plans for humanoid robots, with Musk expressing a goal to manufacture 1 million third-generation Optimus robots annually, require substantial computing resources for AI. Interacting with humans and the surrounding environment necessitates sophisticated AI systems capable of managing extensive data.

Nevertheless, the rise of generative AI is already straining energy resources. Musk’s xAI recently faced scrutiny at the Colossus Data Center in Memphis, which came under fire from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency for exceeding legal power generation limits. Musk has previously advocated for establishing data centers in space, positing that a rollout could occur within two to three years. However, many experts caution that various technical challenges—including cooling and radiation protection—must be resolved first.

Despite these challenges, launching a data center into orbit presents an opportunity, and SpaceX stands as a leading provider of reliable launches for both private and public sectors. Their extensive experience, particularly with their Starlink satellite internet division, supports this ambition.

“SpaceX is actively deploying a satellite grid in orbit—currently over 9,000 satellites—focused on internet distribution,” states Robert Scoble, a technology analyst at Unaligned. “While xAI works on internet distribution and news, its primary focus is developing innovative AI models that empower our vehicles, humanoid robots, and daily lives,” he says, “the convergence of these endeavors makes strategic sense.”

Ultimately, Musk envisions that the collaboration of SpaceX, Tesla, and xAI could position them at the forefront of the AI landscape, competing against major players like OpenAI, Google, and Microsoft. However, all three companies have not publicly commented on these developments, and Musk himself remains silent.

Contrarily, some experts challenge Musk’s strategic direction. “Currently, only Tesla possesses financial capabilities, but its trajectory is concerning for funding future growth,” asserts Edward Niedermayer, author of Ridiculous: The True Story of the Tesla Motor. He suggests these moves are “defensive,” aimed at bolstering the companies for future prospects and attracting broader retail investor interest.

Niedermayer emphasizes the necessity of public investment due to mounting operational costs: “Running out of cash is a significant concern,” he notes. “The expenses associated with training and operating AI models are considerable.” His belief is that by consolidating resources, Musk aims to present an attractive investment opportunity. However, if his vision doesn’t materialize, it could result in significant repercussions.

Topics:

Source: www.newscientist.com

Anniebot Review: Exploring the Controversial Novel on Sex Robots

Posted on January 30, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

“Annie Bott” by Sierra Greer was the Book Club’s January pick

Dittmeyer

Explore New Scientist's website and magazine for the latest science news, expert insights on technology, health, and environmental developments. — “Annie Bott” by Sierra Greer was the Book Club’s January pick

Dittmeyer

The New Scientist Book Club transitioned from classic science fiction reads to a contemporary choice in January with Sierra Greer’s award-winning novel, Anniebot, the recipient of the 2025 Arthur C. Clarke Award.

I felt a mixture of apprehension and excitement when announcing this book to our community. Anniebot explores the haunting tale of a sex robot entangled in a toxic, abusive relationship. With its darker themes and explicit scenes, I aimed to prepare readers for its intense narrative. Some found the scene in the cupboard particularly disturbing.

As anticipated, reactions varied. While a few opted out early due to the heavy content, many engaged deeply with the story, which sparked significant discussion (and disagreements) among members.

Let’s highlight some positive perspectives. I personally appreciated how Greer navigated the fine line between explicitness and narrative depth, steering clear of simply becoming “roboporn.” During my interview with her, she affirmed her intention to avoid categorizing the book as erotica. To me, she succeeded. Each scene, while uncomfortable, provoked thought about humanity and freedom. Annie’s existence raises questions: is she less human than primitive robots like Delta? What future awaits her? The marking of a truly impactful read is its lingering questions in your mind.

Laura Akers echoed this sentiment: “Hearing people discuss Annie as though you had no emotional investment was intriguing.” She likened it to pre-feminist exploitation, noting how Annie’s perception of sexual abuse highlighted deeper societal issues.

Annie Arnott shared her initial struggles with the portrayal of sex in Greer’s writing. “Things started off well,” she explained. “But I now carry a profound respect, recognizing the important narrative work being done—perhaps reminiscent of The Yellow Wallpaper. Greer showcases the nuanced experience of many women, culminating in an ending steeped in bitter hope.”

Before delving into the conclusion debate, let’s hear from our insightful reader, Alan Perret. He found Anniebot challenging to complete. “Annie’s plight was so harrowing that while I was relieved to finish, it was a tough journey,” he remarked.

Alan’s critique included insights into Doug’s extreme brutality, stating, “While Doug isn’t questioned about his humanity, it’s evident he lacks the vital traits that define it. Interestingly, Annie, despite not being human, displays more empathy than he does. Does that imply that humanity is merely about biological composition?”

Though Alan pointed out some plot inconsistencies—like Annie’s need for exercise—he and I both left with many profound questions after finishing the book. “I’m glad to have read it, as it pushed boundaries many would shy away from,” he concluded.

In contrast, Jennifer Bertrand struggled to connect with Annie. “The narrative reminded me constantly of her artificial nature, hindering any empathy,” she noted, wondering if Doug treated real humans poorly too.

Niall Leighton, while recognizing Greer’s strong character study, felt it lacked a nuanced exploration of AI autonomy. “I wanted deeper analysis on male behaviors within the existing patriarchal context,” he expressed. “While the book is disturbing, it didn’t offer the groundbreaking feminist perspective I hoped for.”

Jacqueline Farrand additionally criticized the absence of distinct science fiction elements in Anniebot, echoing sentiments shared by Phil Gursky, who viewed it as a raw tale of abuse.

Annie’s resolution brought a divided response. Many, including Pauline Moncrief, expressed relief that it concluded positively. In contrast, Karen Sears found the ending unsatisfactory, feeling it lacked depth. Ken Lynch too expressed disappointment, viewing Annie’s freedom as diminishing her agency. Nonetheless, he recognized the book’s ambition in tackling difficult themes.

Amid the discussions, Octavia Butler’s name frequently resurfaced, with many praising her ability to address similar themes with greater depth.

“After immersing myself in Butler’s works, I found her talent for weaving themes of slavery and oppression far more compelling,” Jennifer noted.

Members also discussed Greer’s depiction of race and recommended other books touching on similar themes, including Sarah Gary’s Echo Wife and Joanna Sinisalo’s chilling commentary on patriarchy in The Core of the Sun.

These suggestions are excellent, but I encourage our readers to finish the upcoming February books first. This novel stands as a monumental literary piece that will continue to resonate. Next in the New Scientist Book Club is Tim Winton’s Juice, depicting a future Australia plagued by devastation, questioning what led to this reality. Our science fiction critic, Emily H. Wilson, found it profoundly impactful upon its hardcover release. Prepare to explore the complexities of our world through this engaging read, and don’t forget to join the discussion in our book club or Facebook group here.

For immediate help, reach out to the UK Domestic Abuse Helpline at 0808 2000 247. using safe equipment. Click here for helplines in 46 countries.

Topics:

Source: www.newscientist.com

Uncovering the Surprising Effects of Yawning on Brain Fluid Levels

Posted on January 30, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

There’s more to yawning than meets the eye.

Vivek Prakash/AFP via Getty Images

Yawning judge in robe and wig — There’s more to yawning than meets the eye.

Vivek Prakash/AFP via Getty Images

Recent MRI studies reveal that yawning is not simply a sign of fatigue or boredom; it reorganizes fluid flow in the brain, indicating that yawning is unique for each individual.

Yawning is observed in most vertebrates, yet its precise purpose remains largely unclear. Theories suggest that yawning enhances oxygen intake, regulates body temperature, boosts fluid circulation in the brain, and modulates cortisol hormone levels.

“Crocodilians yawn, and even dinosaurs likely did too. This behavior has evolutionary significance, but why does it persist today?” queries Adam Martinac from Neuroscience Research Australia, a non-profit medical organization.

To understand yawning’s mechanisms and its impact on the body, Martinac and his team involved 22 healthy participants, evenly divided by gender, in their study.

Participants underwent MRI scans while performing four distinct breathing actions: regular breathing, yawning, voluntarily suppressing yawns, and deep breathing.

The data analysis revealed surprising findings. The initial hypothesis was that yawning and deep breathing would similarly facilitate the movement of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) out of the brain.

“However, yawning caused CSF to flow in the opposite direction compared to deep breathing,” states Martinac. “We were genuinely surprised by this outcome.”

Specifically, the study discovered a strong directional coupling between CSF and venous blood flow during yawning, both moving away from the brain toward the spine. This stands in contrast to deep breathing, where CSF and venous blood typically travel in opposing directions—CSF flows in while venous blood flows out.

The specific mechanisms governing CSF movement during yawning, including the volume expelled, remain unclear. Current estimates suggest a mere few milliliters of CSF are moved per yawn. Future research aims to quantify this further.

“It’s likely that neck, tongue, and throat muscles collaborate to facilitate this fluid movement,” he adds.

Another noteworthy finding is that yawning augmented carotid artery inflow by over one-third compared to deep breathing. This is presumably because yawning clears CSF and venous blood from the cranial cavity, allowing for increased arterial inflow.

Each participant exhibited a distinct “yawn signature,” showcasing variability even in tongue movements. “It seems that everyone has a unique pattern to their yawns,” says Martinac.

One intriguing area for future research is the physiological benefits arising from CSF movement during yawning.

Theories suggest that this could relate to thermoregulation, waste removal, or potentially other unexplored functions. “It is possible to live without yawning, but there are several subtle effects that likely assist in waste management, temperature control, and even the social dynamics of yawning,” he explains.

The contagious nature of yawning adds another layer of mystery and proved essential for this study, as video footage of yawns was shown to participants while they were inside the MRI scanner.

“In our lab meetings, I always have to speak last because my discussion of this research triggers yawning in everyone else,” Martinac shares.

Researchers like Andrew Gallup from Johns Hopkins University highlight the significant findings of the study, emphasizing its contributions to our understanding of yawning. He also noted that some of the findings have been understated, particularly those affirming yawning’s role in temperature regulation.

“The observed 34% increase in internal carotid artery flow during yawning is a critical finding that deserves more attention,” Gallup asserts.

He further noted that the study focused on contagious yawns versus spontaneous yawns, indicating that spontaneous yawns may induce even greater changes in CSF and blood flow.

“The video suggests contagious yawns are shorter than the average spontaneous yawn, which lasts about six seconds,” he notes.

Professor Yossi Rathner from the University of Melbourne agrees the team may have underestimated certain findings but opposes some claims concerning thermoregulation.

“Increased sleep pressure can elevate levels of a compound called adenosine that accumulates in the brain stem. Yawning seems to facilitate fluid movement in the brain stem, helping to flush out adenosine, temporarily alleviating sleep pressure and boosting alertness,” Rathner explains. “While this isn’t a direct conclusion from the study, the data strongly implies this relationship.”

Topic:

Source: www.newscientist.com

Exploring the Impact of Illness on Our Lives: A Captivating Yet Imperfect Read

Posted on January 30, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Healthcare professionals stand near a COVID-19 triage tent in Lisbon, Portugal, April 2020.

Patricia de Melo Moreira/AFP via Getty Images

Healthcare professionals in protective masks stand near a triage tent for possible COVID-19 patients outside Santa María Hospital in Lisbon on April 2, 2020. Over 500 lives have been claimed by COVID-19 in Portugal, with more than 6,000 confirmed cases. (Photo by PATRICIA DE MELO MOREIRA/AFP via Getty Images) — Healthcare professionals stand near a COVID-19 triage tent in Lisbon, Portugal, April 2020.

Patricia de Melo Moreira/AFP via Getty Images

The Great Shadow
by Susan Wise Bauer, St. Martin’s Press

Publishing a book on the history of disease seems timely given the ongoing challenges with public health. As we face yet another tough winter in the Northern Hemisphere, we reflect on the previous harsh winter during the COVID-19 pandemic. Our vulnerability to illness has never been more evident.

Introducing The Great Shadow: A History of How Disease Shapes Our Actions, Thoughts, Beliefs, and Purchases, authored by Susan Wise Bauer. This work chronicles how disease influences individual lives and collective societal behaviors over centuries. From our guilty pleasures to our shopping habits, microbial influences are always at play.

However, the subject isn’t entirely new; similar works have emerged since the pandemic, such as Jonathan Kennedy’s comprehensive essays, along with updated versions of Sean Martin’s A Short History of Disease and Frederick F. Cartwright and Michael Biddis’s Disease and History. So, what sets this work apart?

The distinction lies in Bauer’s emphasis. She explores the shift from the “Hippocratic universe” to our contemporary understanding steeped in “germ theory.” The former relies on antiquated beliefs regarding bodily humors and inner balance, while the latter focuses on scientific evidence.

A key revelation of this book is the prolonged timeline for this transition; the acknowledgment that microbes cause disease took centuries to establish and only gained traction in the late Victorian era—resulting in millions of unnecessary deaths.

Yet, have we completely moved past Hippocratic medicine? The Great Shadow doubles as a discussion piece. Each chapter unveils a timeline, navigating through urbanization, the Black Death, and the trenches of World War I, before linking historical events to current beliefs surrounding disease.

At its best, this research provokes contemplation. Are we surprised that 19th-century anti-vaccination advocates resemble today’s skeptics? At its worst, some discussions may prove perplexing. For instance, Bauer confesses that following COVID-19, she avoided checkups out of fear of being criticized for her weight gain—a worrying reflection on the pressures surrounding health discussions.

Nevertheless, glimmers of insight are present in The Great Shadow. Despite moments of verbose writing, Bauer efficiently crafts narratives from historical archives. Her account of early germ theory proponents like Alexander Gordon and Ignace Semmelweis, often marginalized for their views, merits cinematic adaptation.

The final, memorable aspect of this book discusses our shift from superstition to science, presenting the current crisis termed the Third Epidemiological Transition. Bauer notes that we face not only epidemic failures with antibiotics but also the rapid emergence of novel diseases for which vaccines and treatments are yet unavailable, facilitated by modern global travel.

Peter Hoskin is the Books and Culture Editor at Prospect magazine.

Topic:

Source: www.newscientist.com

Doctor Seeks Individuals with Exceptional Stool Quality for Health Study

Posted on January 30, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Elizabeth Homan with her valuable stool donor, Mr. Dmitri

Elizabeth Homan

Infectious disease expert Elizabeth Homan with stool donor Dmitri — Elizabeth Homan with her valuable stool donor, Mr. Dmitri

Elizabeth Homan

Fecal transplants have become a vital treatment for Clostridioides difficile relapses. However, sourcing high-quality stool donors remains a significant challenge.

“This process can be quite frustrating; only about 1 percent of those who respond to donor ads are in optimal health,” states Elizabeth Homan, an infectious disease specialist at Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston. “Finding qualified donors is tough, so we really appreciate their generosity.” Over the years, some donors have contributed their stools over 100 times.

Homan has overseen the fecal transplant program at her hospital for 15 years. Her responsibilities include collecting donations, processing them into oral capsules, and administering them to patients suffering from challenging intestinal conditions, particularly recurrent C. difficile infections that are resistant to antibiotics. The beneficial gut bacteria in the donor’s stool help to eliminate harmful bacteria in the recipient’s gut, alleviating symptoms.

To recruit donors, Homan advertises online, offering $1,200 for a month’s worth of stool donations.

Potential donors undergo a rigorous screening process. Many do not advance past the initial phone interview due to health criteria, such as being a healthcare worker or recent travel to Southeast Asia, both of which heighten the risk of transmitting drug-resistant bacteria. Furthermore, donors need to be within a healthy weight range, as past experiences showed that stools from obese donors could cause adverse reactions in recipients.

Individuals who pass the initial screening undergo comprehensive testing, including blood tests to evaluate their overall health, screenings for infectious diseases like HIV and COVID-19, and rectal examinations to detect any intestinal abnormalities.

Homan’s most successful donors are often fitness enthusiasts with balanced diets. One notable donor is a “semi-professional athlete, personal trainer, and gym owner.” Generally, superior stools result from diets rich in natural foods while minimizing ultra-processed options. “We’ve considered using only vegan donors, but in reality, my best donors have been omnivores,” she notes.

Donation periods typically last from 2 to 4 weeks. During this time, donors are encouraged to make frequent visits to the hospital for donations. “They often have regular bowel movements, coming in around the same time daily after a coffee boost,” Homan explains. Each stool sample is collected in a plastic container and processed in the lab.

Fresh stool is quickly converted into capsules. “I blend it with saline and strain it through a graduated mesh filter,” Homan explains. After additional processing, the liquid is encapsulated. “It’s not pleasant, but you adapt,” she adds.

After each donation period, donors are screened again for any infections, making sure they are not exposed to pathogens like Salmonella. If they test positive, the capsules are discarded, and new donor sourcing begins.

Despite these hurdles, Homan expresses her passion for the job, highlighting the life-changing effects fecal transplants can have on patients. Recently, a patient who was unable to work has returned to a 30-hour work week thanks to the transplant capsules. “I continue this work because it makes a meaningful difference in people’s lives,” she remarks.

Sadly, Elizabeth Homan is nearing retirement and is struggling to find a replacement. “I keep asking my department, ‘Who’s willing to help?’ The response has been silence. It seems they’re overwhelmed with the basics and hesitant to take on this responsibility.”

Topics:

Source: www.newscientist.com

Discover the Evolution of All Bird Species with Our New Online Tool

Posted on January 30, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Ornithologists at the Cornell Lab of Ornithology have unveiled the most comprehensive evolutionary tree of birds to date. This groundbreaking research reveals unexpected relationships and serves as a fascinating illustration for bird enthusiasts. Explore the World Bird Lineage Explorer, where you can track lineage and evolutionary milestones.

European bee-eater (Merops apiaster). Image credit: Rashuli / CC BY 2.0.

Understanding the phylogeny of birds is crucial for advancing bird research.

With over 11,000 bird species worldwide, consolidating phylogenetic trees into a singular, updated resource has posed significant challenges for ornithologists.

The Birds of the World Phylogeny Explorer directly addresses these challenges, remaining current with the latest scientific discoveries.

“This tool combines centuries of avian research with advanced computational tools, creating a captivating interactive resource that narrates the story of bird evolution,” stated Dr. Elliott Miller, a researcher with the American Bird Conservancy.

“New evolutionary relationships are constantly being discovered. We release annual updates to our phylogenetic tools, ensuring our datasets align with the latest taxonomy,” he added.

“This tool holds immense value for the scientific community,” remarked Dr. Pam Rasmussen from the Cornell Lab of Ornithology.

“The complete tree of bird life, built on cutting-edge phylogenetic research, is now a downloadable, interactive dataset from Birds of the World, encouraging further inquiry and exploration.”

“This evolutionary tree provides crucial insights into how evolutionary history has shaped traits such as beak shape, wing length, foraging behaviors, and habitat preferences in birds.”

“Bird lovers will appreciate the personalized features of the Birds of the World Phylogeny Explorer,” Dr. Marshall Iliff noted, also from the Cornell Lab of Ornithology.

“By logging into the platform, birders can visualize the diversity of their eBird species list, diving deep into bird history across orders, families, and genera, thus revealing noteworthy evolutionary patterns.”

“For birdwatchers, their lifetime list transforms into a personal journey through evolutionary history, highlighting how each species fits into the broader narrative of avian evolution.”

“Users are sure to encounter surprising revelations. For instance, why does the North American woodpecker closely resemble other woodpeckers yet belong to a different lineage?”

“Or why are peregrine falcons fierce hunters like hawks and eagles, even though they originate from a separate branch of the family tree?”

“Solving these taxonomic enigmas can become a lifelong pursuit for anyone deeply passionate about birds.”

Source: www.sci.news

TESS Discovers Interstellar Comet 3I/ATLAS: A Breakthrough in Astronomy

Posted on January 30, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Earlier this month, NASA’s TESS space telescope successfully captured the faint glow and tail of an interstellar comet, further enriching its archive with observations that may provide critical insights into this unique celestial visitor from beyond our solar system.

This 3I/ATLAS image was captured by NASA’s TESS satellite on January 15, 2026. Image credit: NASA/Daniel Muthukrishna, MIT.

The interstellar comet 3I/ATLAS was discovered on July 1, 2025, by the NASA-funded ATLAS survey telescope in Rio Hurtado, Chile.

Known as C/2025 N1 (ATLAS) and A11pl3Z, this comet originated from the Sagittarius constellation.

3I/ATLAS holds the record for the most dynamically extreme orbit of any object tracked in our solar system.

It reached its closest approach to the Sun, or perihelion, on October 30, 2025.

The comet passed within 1.4 astronomical units (approximately 210 million km) of our Sun, just crossing Mars’ orbit.

After its brief obscuration behind the Sun, it reemerged near the triple star system Zania, located in the Virgo constellation.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GoaRKhbAUms" title="Video about 3I/ATLAS Comet Observation

According to MIT astronomer Daniel Muthukrishna and his team, “The TESS spacecraft systematically scans vast areas of the sky for about a month, looking for variations in light from distant stars to identify orbiting exoplanets and new worlds beyond our solar system.”

“Additionally, this technology enables TESS to detect and monitor remote comets and asteroids,” they added.

Notably, 3I/ATLAS had been observed prior to its official discovery in May 2025. For more details, you can read the findings.

From January 15 to 22, 2026, TESS re-observed the interstellar comet during a dedicated observation period.

The comet’s brightness measured approximately 11.5 times the apparent magnitude, making it about 100 times dimmer than what the human eye can perceive.

All TESS observation data is publicly accessible at the Space Telescope Mikulski Archive.

By revisiting the TESS data, astronomers successfully identified this faint comet by stacking multiple observations to track its motion, showcasing the extraordinary capabilities of the TESS mission.

Source: www.sci.news

AI-Enhanced Mammograms Lower Risk of Malignant Breast Cancer

Posted on January 30, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

AI Simplifies Cancer Detection in Mammograms

AMELIE-BENOIST/BSIP/Universal Images Group via Getty

Radiology Center — AI Simplifies Cancer Detection in Mammograms

AMELIE-BENOIST/BSIP/Universal Images Group via Getty

Recent studies indicate that women screened for breast cancer with AI-assisted radiology experience a significant reduction in the development of advanced cancer by their next screening compared to those assessed by a traditional radiologist alone, sparking hopes that AI technology could enhance patient outcomes.

“This is the first randomized controlled trial examining AI’s effectiveness in mammography screening,” states Christina Lång from Lund University, Sweden.

The AI-assisted method utilizes advanced software trained on over 200,000 mammography scans from 10 countries to evaluate the likelihood of cancer on a 1 to 10 scale based on distinctive visual patterns in the scans. Scans rated 1 to 9 are reviewed by a single experienced radiologist, while those with a score of 10, indicating a high likelihood of cancer, are assessed by two radiologists for a more thorough evaluation.

Previous research has shown that the AI approach can identify 29% more cancers compared to standard evaluations, where two radiologists review each mammogram without increasing the false-positive rates. “That’s truly impressive,” notes Fiona Gilbert, a doctor at Cambridge University who was not involved in the study.

Furthermore, Lång and her team have discovered that the AI approach significantly lowers the incidence of interval cancers—tumors that develop rapidly between regular screenings, making them particularly aggressive and prone to metastasis.

The study involved over 100,000 Swedish women aged 55 and older, with roughly half receiving standard breast cancer screening reviewed by two radiologists, while the other half were screened using an AI model developed by ScreenPoint Medical, with results evaluated by an experienced radiologist in Nijmegen, Netherlands.

Women who benefited from AI-assisted screening were, on average, 12% less likely to develop interval cancers compared to their counterparts undergoing standard screening. “We were thrilled when the results arrived,” Lang stated.

This improved outcome could be attributed to AI’s superior ability to detect cancer at its nascent stage compared to traditional methods, ensuring that even minor tumors that could escalate into interval cancers are identified promptly.

However, Lång emphasizes that this study primarily aimed to assess whether AI performs comparably to standard screenings, not necessarily to determine if it is superior, indicating that additional research is essential to validate AI’s efficacy.

The research did not assess performance across various ethnic groups, an area that current clinical trials in the UK aim to explore, according to Gilbert.

Moreover, further studies should investigate whether less experienced radiologists achieve similar benefits using AI-assisted technology, although Gilbert does not anticipate significant differences.

Following these promising results, there are plans to implement the AI approach in southwestern Sweden within a few months, while similar trials across other nations may take up to five years to assess the approach’s adaptability to diverse populations and screening frequencies, Gilbert noted.

Establishing the cost-effectiveness of the AI model is also critical. Current estimates suggest that if AI impacts screening positively, it may justify the investment, potentially reducing interval cancer incidences by at least 5%. Radiologists will require training; however, Lång believes that the simplicity of the software will facilitate this process.

It is vital to understand that even with advancements in AI technology, radiologist involvement remains essential in breast screenings. “Women participating in screenings prefer a human touch alongside AI, and I concur; it is crucial for radiologists to utilize AI as a supportive tool,” Lång emphasizes.

Topics:

Cancer /
Artificial Intelligence

Source: www.newscientist.com

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Posted on January 30, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

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For inquiries, feel free to reach out to us at: questions@sciencefocus.com or connect with us on Facebook, Twitter, Instagram (please include your name and location).

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Source: www.sciencefocus.com

Webb Telescope Uncovers Most Distant Galaxy Yet: Meet MoM-z14

Posted on January 29, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

New research led by Rohan Naidu from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology’s Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Studies reveals that the galaxy MoM-z14 existed a mere 280 million years after the Big Bang.

This image depicts MoM-z14, a galaxy that emerged shortly after the Big Bang. Image credit: NASA/ESA/CSA/STScI/Rohan Naidu, MIT/Joseph DePasquale, STScI.

“Thanks to the Webb Space Telescope, humanity can now explore deeper into the universe than ever before, challenging our previous predictions,” stated Dr. Naidu.

Using Webb’s NIRSpec instrument, Dr. Naidu and colleagues confirmed that MoM-z14 possesses a cosmological redshift of 14.44. This indicates that for approximately 13.5 billion years—out of the universe’s estimated age of 13.8 billion years—the light has been elongated and “shifted” to red wavelengths as it travels through space.

Dr. Pascal Oesch from the University of Geneva emphasized, “While we can estimate a galaxy’s distance from images, it’s crucial to follow up with detailed spectroscopy to accurately understand what we are observing.”

MoM-z14 is part of an increasing number of unexpectedly bright galaxies in the early universe, outnumbering theoretical predictions before the Webb’s launch by 100 times.

“The disparity between theoretical models and observational data regarding the early universe is expanding, prompting intriguing questions for future exploration,” said Dr. Jacob Shen, a postdoctoral researcher at MIT.

One potential avenue for research lies in the oldest stars within the Milky Way, where a small number exhibit high nitrogen levels, mirroring some of Webb’s observations of early galaxies, including MoM-z14.

“We can examine ancient stars in our galaxy like fossils from the early universe, and thanks to Webb, we have direct insights into galaxies at that epoch, revealing shared features such as unusual nitrogen enrichment,” remarked Dr. Naidu.

Interestingly, MoM-z14 emerged only 280 million years post-Big Bang, a brief time span that shouldn’t have allowed for ample nitrogen production from stellar generations.

Researchers propose that the dense early universe environment might have facilitated the formation of supermassive stars, capable of producing more nitrogen than any stars observed nearby.

Additionally, MoM-z14 appears to be clearing the surrounding universe of the dense primordial hydrogen fog characteristic of early cosmic history.

The Webb was designed to chart this cleansing period known as reionization, where early stars broke through dense hydrogen gas and emitted enough high-energy light to reach us today.

MoM-z14 serves as a key clue in mapping the reionization timeline, a task previously unattainable before Webb unveiled this epoch of the universe.

“We require further information to understand the early universe better. More detailed observations from Webb and additional galaxies will help identify common features, and NASA’s next Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope is expected to contribute significantly,” noted Yijia Li, a graduate student at Penn State.

“This is an exhilarating time as the Webb reveals the universe’s earliest epochs, showcasing the vastness of uncharted territory still to explore.”

For more details on the discovery of MoM-z14, refer to the upcoming publication in Open Astrophysics Journal.

_____

Rohan P. Naidu et al. 2026. Cosmic Miracle: Confirmed in JWST, an extremely bright galaxy with zspec=14.44. Open Astrophysics Journal in press. arXiv: 2505.11263

Source: www.sci.news

How Genetics and Environment Influence Our Lifespan: A Comprehensive Look

Posted on January 29, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Twin Studies Reveal Genetic Influence on Lifespan

Half Point/iStockphoto/Getty Images

In developed and stable nations, individuals’ lifespans are likely influenced not only by environmental factors and lifestyle choices but also by the genetic variations inherited from their parents. This conclusion arises from a recent analysis of data from a Danish-Swedish twin study.

For those residing in such countries, it’s not surprising to learn that genetics may account for half of the variation in lifespan, while environmental factors comprise the other half. However, earlier twin studies conducted decades ago suggested that genes explained only about 25% of the variation in human lifespans.

“The proportion shifts slightly, with genetics playing a more significant role while the environmental impact reduces a bit,” stated Joris Dieren from Leiden University Medical Center, Netherlands. “Nonetheless, environmental factors still constitute a crucial element, accounting for at least 50%.”

Heritability measures the extent to which variations in a specific trait arise from genetic influences as opposed to environmental factors. The research team emphasizes that the heritability of any trait isn’t a constant value applicable universally; rather, it pertains to specific populations in distinct environments.

Height in wheat serves as a classic illustration. If seeds are planted in a flat, consistent field, nearly all height variations will be a result of genetics. Conversely, in a more diverse terrain, most height variation will stem from factors like soil, light, and water conditions. The heritability of height varies significantly in these two contexts.

To estimate human trait heritability, geneticists often compare twins raised in the same environment to those raised apart. In this study, Dieren and his colleagues primarily referenced twins born in Sweden or Denmark between 1870 and 1935.

Excluding accidental deaths and infections, the heritability of longevity spiked to approximately 50%, compared to age-related diseases like heart conditions.

This aligns more with our existing knowledge about aging in animals, as Dieren noted. “I believe the figure is more realistically closer to 50% than 25%.”

“This paper evaluates the heritability of maximum lifespan under optimal conditions, assuming only age-related processes are at play. This is a much narrower focus than overall lifespan,” emphasized Peter Ellis from the University of Kent, UK. It’s unsurprising that this more specific question has a higher heritability rate, he pointed out.

Joao Pedro de Magalhães, a professor at the University of Birmingham, UK, concurs: “The findings are entirely expected.”

This research indicates the potential presence of multiple genetic mutations influencing variations in human lifespans, with the identification of such mutations possibly aiding in the development of longevity-enhancing drugs. Yet, few have been discovered to date.

“The mystery remains as to why so few genes related to human longevity have been identified,” stated de Magalhães.

A significant challenge exists due to the nature of studies like the UK Biobank; many participants are still alive, resulting in insufficient numbers for reliable statistical analysis. Dieren also believes this complexity lies within the genetic factors themselves.

For instance, Ellis pointed out that there could be trade-offs, where a genetic variant that reduces autoimmune disease risk might also impair infection-fighting abilities. This suggests that the researchers’ assumption linking infection-related deaths to lifespan may not be entirely accurate.

De Magalhães added that the role of genetics appears significantly different when contrasting species rather than individual differences within a single species. “Even with the mouse genome, you wouldn’t expect a lifespan beyond three or four years,” he noted. “In stark contrast, the bowhead whale genome can result in lifespans exceeding two centuries.”

Topic:

Source: www.newscientist.com

New Findings Reveal Europa’s Ice Shell is Significantly Thicker Than Previously Believed

Posted on January 29, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Recent microwave measurements from NASA’s Juno spacecraft indicate that Europa’s icy shell could extend nearly 29 kilometers (18 miles) deep, significantly altering planetary scientists’ understanding of how this intriguing moon facilitates the exchange of vital chemicals between its hidden ocean and surface.

Artist’s concept showing a cross-section of Europa’s icy shell. Image credit: NASA / JPL-Caltech / SwRI / Koji Kuramura / Gerald Eichstädt.

Europa has captivated planetary scientists for over 40 years.

The question of whether Jupiter’s icy moons can support life has sparked extensive debate among researchers.

Interest in Europa’s potential habitability surged when NASA’s Galileo spacecraft revealed an ocean of saline water beneath its icy crust, complemented by surface cracks.

On September 29, 2022, NASA’s Juno spacecraft flew by Europa at an altitude of 360 km (220 miles).

During this flyby, Juno’s Microwave Radiometer (MWR), which is primarily designed to analyze Jupiter’s atmosphere, gathered brightness temperature data at various depths within Europa’s icy crust.

Juno project scientist Steve Levin and his team utilized this MWR data to conclude that the icy shell averages approximately 29 kilometers in thickness.

“The estimated thickness of 29 km pertains to the cold, dense, electrically conductive outer layer of Europa’s water ice shell,” Dr. Levin stated.

“If a slightly warmer convective layer exists beneath, the total thickness could be even greater.”

“Conversely, if the ice shell contains a moderate amount of dissolved salts, as some models suggest, the thickness could decrease by around 5 km (3 miles).”

“A thicker shell implies that oxygen and nutrients have longer distances to travel to connect Europa’s surface with its subsurface ocean, as indicated by the MWR data.”

Understanding this exchange process is crucial for future studies on Europa’s habitability.

Furthermore, MWR data shed light on the composition of Europa’s subsurface ice.

This technology uncovered “scatterers,” irregularities such as cracks, pores, and voids that scatter microwaves reflected off the ice.

These scatterers, estimated to be only a few inches in diameter, are believed to extend hundreds of feet below the surface.

The small size and shallow depth of these features suggest they are unlikely to serve as significant pathways for transporting oxygen and nutrients from the surface to the salty ocean beneath.

“The thickness of the ice shell, along with the presence of cracks and pores, adds complexity to our understanding of Europa’s potential for habitability,” remarked Scott Bolton, Ph.D., Juno’s principal investigator at the Southwest Research Institute.

“These findings provide essential context for NASA’s Europa Clipper and ESA’s Juice missions, both en route to the Jupiter system.”

“The Europa Clipper is expected to arrive in 2030, followed by Juice the next year.”

The team’s new results were published in the Journal on December 17, 2025, in Nature Astronomy.

_____

S.M. Levin et al. 2026. Characterization of Europa’s ice thickness and subsurface structure using the Juno microwave radiometer. Nat Astron 10, 84-91; doi: 10.1038/s41550-025-02718-0

Source: www.sci.news

How Massive Submarine Volcanism Could Explain Triassic Extinctions

Posted on January 29, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

New Research Reveals Japanese and Australian Geologists Uncover Evidence Linking Oceanic Igneous Provinces to Low-Order Extinction Events During the Triassic Period

Early Earth. Image credit: Peter Sawyer/Smithsonian Institution.

“Mass extinctions represent profoundly catastrophic events in the history of Earth,” stated Dr. Jiang Jun Huang along with a team of geologists from Jilin University and Curtin University.

“While numerous mass extinctions have shaped Earth’s evolutionary timeline, five major events are particularly notable.”

“These pivotal extinctions radically altered the trajectory of life on our planet.”

“Besides the five major mass extinction events, numerous sub-extinctions frequently occur, such as the Norian-Rhaetian extinction of the Triassic period.”

“Although the causes of five major extinction events are well documented, the triggers of smaller, lower-order extinctions remain largely speculative.”

In this groundbreaking study, the researchers investigated remnants of oceanic islands, seamounts, and plateaus on the Tibetan Plateau, mapping the evolution of the Meso-Tethyan and Neo-Tethyan oceans.

Throughout the Triassic, three significant episodes of oceanic large igneous provinces (LIPs) materialized between 250 and 248 million years ago, 233 and 231 million years ago, and 210 and 208 million years ago.

By synthesizing the geological records of these LIP episodes with extensive Triassic geological datasets, the team established a link between marine LIPs and at least four extinctions in marine life, which were spurred by subsequent anoxic-oxic events.

“Marine LIPs account for half of the identifiable geologically induced extinctions during the Triassic,” the scientists reported.

“This suggests that oceanic LIPs were the primary initiators of the Triassic extinction events.”

“Although eruptions related to oceanic LIPs are frequent, evidence for ancient occurrences may significantly diminish due to subduction processes during the closure of ocean basins.”

“This destruction complicates the identification of such records, and even when identified, interpreting and dating them accurately poses challenges.”

“Orogenic belts, remnants of long-extinct oceanic basins, may harbor many unidentified ‘ghost’ ocean LIPs, whose eruptions likely played a critical role in other Phanerozoic extinctions, which remain under-recognized in current Earth system models.”

The team’s study is published in the journal Geology.

_____

Jian Jun Fan et al., “Large Oceanic Igneous Provinces: A Major Driver of Repeated Triassic Extinctions,” Geology, published online on January 20, 2026. doi: 10.1130/G53406.1

Source: www.sci.news

Polar Bears Increasingly Thrive in the World’s Hottest Regions: A Study on Weight Gains

Posted on January 29, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Researchers Monitor Polar Bears’ Body Condition in Svalbard

John Earls, Norsk Arctic Institute

Polar bears in Svalbard — Researchers Monitor Polar Bears’ Body Condition in Svalbard

John Earls, Norsk Arctic Institute

In the Svalbard archipelago of Norway, a region known for its climatic extremes, polar bears are surprisingly gaining weight despite the alarming reduction of sea ice. However, scientists warn this trend may not be sustainable.

The northern Barents Sea, located between Svalbard and Russia’s Novaya Zemlya, is warming disproportionately—seven times faster than the global average. Over the past two decades, sea ice around Svalbard has diminished, disappearing two months earlier each year. Currently, polar bears must swim over 200 kilometers between their hunting grounds and birthing caves.

<p>Despite this challenging environment, the overall size and weight of Svalbard’s polar bears has increased since 2000, presenting a puzzling contradiction. <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Jon-Aars-2">Jon Aars</a>, who led the research at the Norwegian Polar Institute, claims it's positive news for Svalbard. However, he cautions that areas most affected by climate change show severe decline in polar bear populations.</p>

<p>This widely dispersed solitary predator counts among its many challenges the difficulty of accurate population estimates. The numbers <a href="https://www.iucn-pbsg.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/PBSG-Status-Criteria-and-Report_Final_2024Oct7.pdf">are declining</a> in some regions while stable or even increasing in parts of Alaska, Canada, and Greenland; for nine populations, data remains insufficient.</p>

<section></section>
<span class="js-content-prompt-opportunity"/>
<p>Estimations suggest the Barents Sea bear population ranges from 1,900 to 3,600 individuals, and appears stable or potentially increasing. From 1995 onward, researchers used tranquilizers via helicopter to study 770 bears, measuring their body length and thorax circumference to approximate weight.</p>
<p>Analysis of trends demonstrated a decline in body condition until 2000, followed by a gradual increase leading up to the last assessments in 2019.</p>

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                <p class="ArticleImageCaption__Title">Crucial Role of Sea Ice in Polar Bear Survival</p>
                <p class="ArticleImageCaption__Credit">Trine Lise Sviggum Helgerud, Norsk Arctic Institute</p>
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<p>In spring, the birth of seal pups on sea ice provides a vital food source for polar bears, allowing them to build fat reserves for the warmer months. Researchers like Earls speculate that diminishing ice may actually assist bears in hunting seals more easily.</p>
<p>With the retreating ice, bears are adapting by exploring new food sources. The approximately 250 bears remaining on Svalbard may increasingly hunt bearded and harbor seals along the coast, while thriving walrus populations might offer additional sustenance.</p>
<p>These adaptable "local bears" are now raiding nesting colonies for bird eggs and chasing reindeer, showcasing a remarkable resilience. According to researchers, such flexibility may be delaying their extinction, says <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Jouke-Prop">Jouke Prop</a> of the University of Groningen.</p>
<p>"This is a desperate tribe. They're doing unique things," he notes. "While this adaptability may not apply universally, it could suffice for a while in Svalbard."</p>
<p>Although polar bears have not yet reached Svalbard's ecological limits, thanks to the prohibition of hunting since 1973, warming temperatures threaten to disrupt the delicate food chain that begins with algae on sea ice, according to Prop.</p>
<p>"Should the sea ice vanish, sustaining a significant number of polar bears will become incredibly challenging," he warns.</p>
<p>"There exists a threshold beyond which continuous sea ice loss will negatively impact polar bears in Svalbard," Aars adds.</p>

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            <h3 class="SpecialArticleUnit__Heading">Uncover the Beauty of Svalbard and Tromsø</h3>
            <div class="SpecialArticleUnit__Copy">
                <p>Embark on an adventurous journey to Norway's Arctic region. Discover the scientific marvels behind the Northern Lights, the unique Arctic ecosystem, and how humans adapt to the challenges of the Far North.</p>
            </div>
        </div>
    </section>
</p>

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    <p class="ArticleTopics__Heading">Topics:</p>
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Source: www.newscientist.com

Understanding Health Commodification: How Social Media Influences Your Wellbeing

Posted on January 29, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Money has always influenced healthcare, from pharmaceutical advertising to research agendas. However, the pace and scale of this influence have intensified. A new wave of players is reshaping our health choices, filling the gaps left by overstretched healthcare systems, and commodifying our well-being.

Traditionally, doctors held a monopoly on medical expertise, but this is rapidly changing. A parallel healthcare system is emerging, led by consumer health companies. These entities—including health tech startups, apps, diagnostic services, and influencers—are vying for authority and monetizing their influence.

Currently, there seems to be a solution for every discomfort. Fitness trackers monitor our activity, while meditation apps come with subscription fees. Our biology is increasingly quantifiable, yet these marketable indicators may not always lead to improved health outcomes. We’ll observe whether changes in biomarkers yield positive results. While genetic testing and personalized nutrition promise a “better you,” the supporting evidence often falls short.

In this landscape, our symptoms, treatments, and even the distinctions between genuine illness and everyday discomfort are commodified. This trend is evident in podcasts promoting treatments without disclosing conflicts of interest, influencers profiting from diagnoses, and clinicians presenting themselves as heroes while selling various solutions.

Much of this transformation occurs online, where health complaints and advertising lack proper regulation. Social media platforms like TikTok, YouTube, and Instagram are becoming key sources of health advice, blending entertainment with information.

The conglomerate of pharmaceutical, technology, diagnostic, and supplement brands is referred to as the Wellness Industrial Complex, fueling the rise of the “commodified self.”

This issue is not just about personal choice. Social platforms shape our discussions about disease, influencing clinical expectations and redefining what healthcare should provide. We’re essentially participating in a global public health experiment.

However, this phenomenon also reflects real-world deficits. Alternative health options thrive because people seek acknowledgment, control, and connection, especially when public health support feels insufficient. Critiquing misinformation alone won’t halt its spread and could exacerbate marginalization.

When timely testing is inaccessible, private diagnostics can offer clarity and control. Optimization culture flourishes when traditional medicine is perceived as overly cautious or reactive.

The critical question for health systems is not whether to adapt but how. They must remain evidence-based, safe, and equitable while also being attuned to real-world experiences. Failure to do so risks losing market share and moral authority—the ability to define the essence of care.

To navigate health today, one must understand the commercial mechanisms influencing it. The content we consume is curated by an industry with unprecedented access to our bodies, data, and resources, amplifying its potential to impact our self-perception.

Deborah Cohen is the author of Negative Effects: How the Internet Has Taken Over Our Health

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Exploring the Universe: Unlocking Fundamental Quantum Secrets Yet to be Discovered

Posted on January 29, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

We May Never Know the Universal Wave Function

Victor de Schwanberg/Science Photo Library/Getty Images

Conceptual diagram of quantum fluctuations — We May Never Know the Universal Wave Function

Victor de Schwanberg/Science Photo Library/Getty Images

From the perspective of quantum physics, the universe may be fundamentally agnostic in some respects.

In quantum physics, every object, such as an electron, corresponds to a mathematical entity known as a wave function. This wave function encodes all details regarding an object’s quantum state. By combining the wave function with other equations, physicists can effectively predict the behavior of objects in experiments.

If we accept that the entire universe operates on quantum principles, then even larger entities, including the cosmos itself, must possess a wave function. This perspective has been supported by iconic physicists like Stephen Hawking.

However, researchers like Eddie Kemin Chen from the University of California, San Diego and Roderich Tumulka from the University of Tübingen in Germany, have demonstrated that complete knowledge of the universal wave function may be fundamentally unattainable.

“The cosmic wave function is like a cosmic secret that physics itself conspires to protect. We can predict a lot about how the universe behaves, yet we remain fundamentally unsure of its precise quantum state,” states Chen.

Previous studies assumed specific forms for the universal wave function based on theoretical models of the universe, overlooking the implications of experimental observations. Chen and Tumulka began with a more practical inquiry: Can observations help in identifying the correct wave function among those that reasonably describe our universe?

The researchers utilized mathematical outcomes from quantum statistical mechanics, which examines the properties of collections of quantum states. A significant factor in their calculations was the realization that the universal wave function depends on numerous parameters and exists in a high-dimensional abstract state.

Remarkably, upon completing their calculations, they found that universal quantum states are essentially agnostic.

“The measurements permissible by the rules of quantum mechanics provide very limited insight into the universe’s wave function. Determining the wave function of the universe with significant precision is impossible,” explains Tumulka.

Professor JB Manchak from the University of California, Irvine states that this research enhances our understanding of the limits of our best empirical methods, noting that we essentially have an equivalent to general relativity within the framework of quantum physics. He adds that this should not come as a surprise since quantum theory was not originally designed as a comprehensive theory of the universe.

“The wave function of a small system or the entire universe is a highly theoretical construct. Wave functions are meaningful not because they are observable, but because we employ them,” remarks Sheldon Goldstein from Rutgers University. He further explains that the inability to pinpoint a unique, accurate universal wave function from a limited range of candidates may not be problematic, as any of these functions could yield similar effects in future calculations.

Chen expresses hope to connect his and Tumulka’s research with the exploration of large-scale systems smaller than the universe itself, especially through techniques like shadow tomography, which aim to determine the quantum state of such systems. However, the philosophical consequences of their work are equally crucial. Tumulka emphasizes the need for caution against over-relying on positivist views that deem non-experimental statements as meaningless or unscientific. “Some truths are real, but cannot be measured,” he asserts.

This rationale might influence ongoing debates regarding the interpretation of quantum mechanics. According to Emily Adlam from Chapman University in California, the new findings advocate for incorporating more components into the interpretation of quantum equations, such as wave functions, emphasizing the relationship between quantum objects and individual observer perspectives, moving away from the assumption of a singular objective reality dictated by a single mathematical construct.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Enhancing Cancer Treatment Efficacy with Fecal Transplants: A Promising Approach

Posted on January 29, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Harnessing Gut Bacteria: A Novel Approach in Cancer Treatment

Lewis Houghton/Science Photo Library

For individuals unresponsive to conventional cancer therapies, fecal transplants from patients who have successfully undergone treatment could significantly enhance recovery odds. Modifying the gut microbiome impacts the immune response and has shown potential in stabilizing tumors during initial studies involving kidney cancer patients.

Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) is a safe procedure where a stool sample from one individual is transferred into another’s intestine to improve microbiome diversity. Initially approved to tackle recurring antibiotic-resistant Clostridioides difficile infections, FMT is on the rise in both the UK and US, and it has shown promise in conditions like irritable bowel syndrome.

While immunotherapy drugs, such as checkpoint inhibitors, enhance immune system functions to combat cancer cells, they may not be universally effective. Previous studies suggest that FMT from responding individuals could provide benefits for non-responders. “The microbiome significantly influences host immunity; thus, modifying it may enhance immune responses and facilitate cancer cell destruction,” states Gianluca Ianilo from the Catholic University of the Sacred Heart in Rome, Italy.

Prior research predominantly examined melanoma, a specific skin cancer, without comparing FMT effects to a placebo. To mitigate these gaps, Ianilo and colleagues enlisted 45 adults with kidney cancer who had commenced dual therapy with the checkpoint inhibitor pembrolizumab and axitinib—a medication obstructing tumor blood supply—within the last two months.

Participants were randomly split into two groups: one receiving FMT from a male donor whose cancer remitted post-checkpoint inhibitors, and the other receiving saline, both administered through a small tube rectally.

Following the initial transplant, most participants were given two additional doses (FMT or saline) three and six months later, but this time in oral pill form.

In the FMT cohort, participants maintained stable cancer status for an average of two years following the first transplant, contrasting with just nine months in the placebo group. Moreover, over half of those in the FMT group experienced tumor reduction, compared to approximately one-third in the placebo group.

“This provides robust evidence indicating that gut microbiome manipulation can significantly affect immunotherapy outcomes,” claims Hassan Zaroor from the University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

While the exact mechanism of FMT’s efficacy remains unclear, stool sample analyses taken before and after FMT indicate that FMT may introduce beneficial gut bacteria like Blautia wechslerae, which produce short-chain fatty acids that promote anti-cancer immune responses.

Additionally, FMT appeared to adjust the bacterial composition in recipients’ guts. For instance, it diminished levels of harmful strains like Escherichia coli, which trigger inflammation, while boosting beneficial bacteria like Ruminococcus bromii, known for enhancing growth of other beneficial bacteria that produce short-chain fatty acids.

This finding aligns with another recent study indicating that FMT can significantly enhance the effectiveness of checkpoint inhibitors in patients with non-small cell lung cancer compared to immunotherapy alone.

These trials suggest that FMT may also prove effective against additional tumor types responsive to checkpoint inhibitors, including those affecting the bladder and head and neck, although larger randomized controlled trials are necessary to validate these findings, according to Elkrief.

Future research must determine which specific bacterial strains confer benefits, potentially enabling the development of synthetic microbial preparations for widespread cancer treatments, Ianilo emphasizes.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Experts Warn of Rising Vitamin B6 Toxicity in Electrolyte Drinks and Supplements: Essential Insights You Need

Posted on January 29, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Awareness is increasing about the rare but serious side effects associated with high doses of vitamin B6, a nutrient commonly found in various dietary supplements, electrolyte drinks, and fortified foods.

Vitamin B6, also known as pyridoxine, plays a crucial role in multiple bodily functions, such as nerve health, protein metabolism, and blood sugar regulation. This nutrient is vital for brain development, making it especially important during pregnancy and infancy. It is often marketed for its energy-boosting and stress-reducing properties.

Vitamin B6 is naturally present in many foods and is frequently added to instant products, particularly cereals. As indicated by the Office of Dietary Supplements, most multivitamins are formulated with B6.

Jamie Allan, an associate professor of pharmacology and toxicology at Michigan State University, noted that some energy drinks utilize B6 as a caffeine substitute.

“People may be surprised at how prevalent B vitamins are in their diets,” she explains.

This widespread availability contributes to the issue.

Dr. Norman Latoff, a neurologist and director of the Peripheral Neuropathy Clinical Research Center at Weill Cornell Medicine in New York, cautioned that excessive B6 can accumulate in body tissues and lead to nerve damage.

In November, concerns about vitamin B6 poisoning led the Australian Government to impose restrictions on supplements with high levels of this nutrient. By mid-2027, over-the-counter products will be limited to a daily dose of 50 milligrams, with anything above 200mg requiring a prescription.

Despite growing concerns, the popularity of vitamin B6 continues to rise. According to research firm IndustrieArk, the market for this vitamin is projected to surpass $712 million globally by 2030, reflecting a compound annual growth rate of 5.8% from 2024 to 2030.

While cases of poisoning remain rare, the number is on the rise. In 2024 alone, 439 cases of vitamin B6 exposure were reported, compared to 369 in 2023, according to the National Toxic Substance Data System.

Joanne Slavin, a registered dietitian and professor of food science and nutrition at the University of Minnesota, expressed that many individuals assume water-soluble vitamins like B6 to be harmless. Unlike fat-soluble vitamins, which are stored in the liver and fatty tissues, water-soluble vitamins are released through urine and need to be consumed regularly.

“It’s essential to understand that vitamins are not inert; they are chemicals,” explains Slavin. “There’s no need to overload your system.”

B6 toxicity might go underreported since symptoms develop gradually, with many consumers unaware of their excessive intake. “It sneaks up on you,” said Latoff, who estimates that 5% to 10% of neuropathy patients at Weill Cornell Center present with elevated B6 levels.

Early symptoms can include occasional numbness in the toes, which might be dismissed, followed by sensations of heat, cold, stinging, or tingling that begin in the feet and may extend upward.

Additional symptoms of B6 toxicity include nerve pain, numbness, imbalance, muscle weakness, fluctuations in blood pressure, fatigue, heartburn, and nausea.

A simple blood test can confirm if your B6 levels exceed safe limits.

“B6 has a wide margin of safety, allowing for significant amounts above the recommended dose,” remarked Allan. “However, excessive consumption of even water can lead to adverse effects.”

Colorado Woman Shares Her ‘Horrifying’ Vitamin B6 Poisoning Experience

Blair Huddy relocated to Colorado from California in 2024 and began using electrolyte drink mixes on advice from others to combat altitude sickness.

Hadi, now 36, took the drink daily, following the instructions to mix one sachet with 16 ounces of water. Each packet contained 1.93 mg of vitamin B6, which is about 110% of the recommended daily value.

She soon began experiencing bewildering symptoms like dizziness, heart palpitations, and adrenaline rushes while continuing her electrolyte routine, clueless about the correlation. By January 2025, she also suffered from allergy-like symptoms and sleep disturbances. It wasn’t until March, after consuming chicken liver for the first time (which is rich in vitamin B6), that she was hospitalized with anaphylaxis and suspected heart complications.

Without prior allergic reactions, the situation baffled doctors.

“It was terrifying. I didn’t understand what was happening to me,” she recounted. “I continued taking the drink mix thinking I was just staying hydrated.”

Following her hospital discharge, Hadi developed peripheral neuropathy and tinnitus.

“I visited the doctor repeatedly, convinced something was seriously wrong,” Hadi explained, expressing feelings of exhaustion and anxiety triggered by these health issues. “I lost jobs and faced challenges at work.”

In May, she urged her doctor to conduct a blood test.

The clinic nurse informed her, “Your vitamin B6 levels are over twice the upper limit. You need to stop all B6 intake immediately.”

What is a Safe Amount of Vitamin B6?

The recommended daily intake for vitamin B6 is 1.3 mg for young adults, 1.5 mg for women over 50, and 1.7 mg for older men.

Foods rich in vitamin B6 include poultry, fish, beef liver, starchy vegetables, and non-citrus fruits. Most individuals receive sufficient B6 from their diet.

In the U.S., the established upper limit for adults is 100 mg. In contrast, the European Food Safety Authority caps it at 12 mg, while Australia sets the limit at 50 mg.

The Council for Responsible Nutrition, which represents supplement manufacturers, regards 100 mg per day as a safe limit for the average healthy individual. However, specific health conditions may necessitate adjusted intake levels.

“The individual’s metabolism and ability to process vitamins influences their needs,” says Wong. “Various other factors can also contribute to the effects you’re experiencing.”

A 2020 study published in Pharmaceutical Nutrition noted that factors such as diet, genetics, and medication use can affect vitamin B6 toxicity, even at recommended levels.

Vitamin B6 may appear on labels as pyridoxine, pyridoxal, or pyridoxamine, indicating its various chemical forms.

“Be sure to monitor the cumulative intake from all sources to ensure you meet your personal needs,” advises Wong.

Vitamin B6 remains in the body for 30 to 40 days. Latoff noted that symptoms should improve once B6 intake ceases, though complete nerve regeneration may not be possible based on the extent of damage.

Hadi attributes her symptoms to the electrolyte drink mix she consumed daily for six months, suspecting her diet also contributed, as she did not take other supplements.

While she is recovering, Hadi still experiences some ringing in her ears and is undergoing physical therapy. She has resumed work and is providing support for individuals dealing with vitamin B6 toxicity.

“I wish I had someone to share that suffering with, and now I can support others experiencing it,” Hadi expressed.

Source: www.nbcnews.com

Understanding Friction: How This Essential Force Keeps Our World Moving

Posted on January 29, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Athletes wearing friction-reducing swimsuits triumphed at the 2008 Beijing Olympics

Adam Pretty/Getty Images

Men's 4x100m freestyle relay final at the Beijing 2008 Olympics — Athletes wearing friction-reducing swimsuits triumphed at the 2008 Beijing Olympics

Adam Pretty/Getty Images

Friction: Biography
Jennifer R. Vail, Harvard University Press

In 2009, the World Swimming governing body prohibited specific swimsuits from international competitions, citing unfair advantages. High-tech equipment from NASA was instrumental in designing these swimsuits, which featured ultrasonically welded seams instead of traditional stitching.

Swimmers donning these suits shattered 23 of the 25 world records during the 2008 Beijing Olympics. What made this swimwear so revolutionary? The answer lies in its remarkable ability to minimize friction between the swimmer and the water, enhancing speed and performance.

This instance illustrates the critical influence of friction in our world, a theme thoroughly investigated by Jennifer R. Vail in her book, Friction: Biography.

Bale is a tribologist, focusing on friction, wear, and lubrication as materials interact. She emphasizes, “The forces that resist movement drive us forward.” This concept forms the foundation of her work, which, while technical, delves into friction’s impact on science, technology, and civilization—a necessity as we confront future technological hurdles.

“We study friction because it is omnipresent,” Vail remarks. How did ancient Egyptians transport heavy materials for monumental projects? How do anoles and geckos scale vertical surfaces? Why was Teflon included in the Manhattan Project? What aerodynamic principles govern airplane wings? These queries all converge on friction.

From desert sands controlled by hair-like structures on animal legs to synthetic substances optimizing fluid interactions, friction plays a pivotal role, shaping everything from quantum activities to cosmic phenomena. Bale provides a detailed, passionate narrative on friction’s ubiquitous presence, showcasing its significance.

“
Friction has been central to civilization ever since humans began rubbing objects together to create fire.
“

While discussing friction, Bale emphasizes the potential risks associated with harnessing this force. Our ability to manipulate friction has been integral to civilization, from the earliest fire-starting methods to modern innovations in engines, turbines, and contact lenses.

However, it is Bale’s outlook on the future that captivates readers. Alarmingly, friction consumes approximately 40% of energy in manufacturing processes, impacting both production and friction mitigation efforts. A study highlighted that an average car’s fuel consumption was over a third burnt solely to counteract friction. In a world increasingly challenged by energy conservation, optimizing friction is vital for sustainable practices.

Vail noted that innovations in tribology could potentially save energy equivalent to 34 million barrels of gasoline annually—180 times the daily gasoline consumption in the U.S. Bale’s urgent call for more tribologists in energy certification and greater emphasis on this field in educational curriculums is vital for our energy future.

This book is essential reading. Yet, despite Bale’s engaging tone and clear enthusiasm, the complexity may overwhelm some casual readers. Nevertheless, the effort is rewarding; gaining insight into friction enriches our understanding of the world, highlighting how countless interactions shape our experiences.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Exploring the Science Behind Card Selection: Any Card, Any Insights

Posted on January 29, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Explore groundbreaking insights on science, technology, health, and the environment with New Scientist’s latest updates.

Feedback on New Scientist is welcomed! If you have insights or articles that would interest our readers, please contact us at feedback@newscientist.com.

Online Psychic Insights

When exploring pseudoscience, providing feedback on press releases can be tricky. It’s advisable to approach this with care, especially since those engaged in pseudoscience often lack self-awareness about their practices. This ongoing conversation inevitably leads to fascinating insights.

We are thrilled to present groundbreaking research on telepathy. If you haven’t encountered the concept of telepathy, this “crowd-scale ESP test” aims to showcase extrasensory perception globally.

According to TrueESP.com, “This innovative study utilizes the free True ESP app to synchronize participants’ brainwaves worldwide through multisensory stimulation during interactive telepathy tests.” Once the app is downloaded, you can participate in a 4-minute telepathy challenge.

Participants will alternately transmit and receive images from a selection of nine cards. “A new test initiates every 10 minutes, allowing users to engage repeatedly,” the website reports, brimming with enthusiasm.

Previous research by Joseph Rhine in the 20th century laid the foundation for telepathy studies using Zener cards, which featured five unique images for transmission. Mr. Rhine proposed that results often surpass random chance, though continued testing frequently reverts to randomness. The latest global telepathy research effectively replicates Rhine’s experiment using a modern application.

The study is led by Mark Freeman, an advertising innovator, along with a team of scientists, including Dean Radin, who was part of the CIA’s covert Stargate program, training para-spy operatives in the 1980s and 1990s. It’s important to note that the Stargate project did indeed exist, as recently revealed by Popular Mechanics.

For those curious about the role of “quantum” in this context, fret not. A section on the website discusses quantum psychic research, stating that “Recent experiments suggest brain neurons generate consciousness through quantum entanglement.”

We will keep you updated on this research until there is a decisive conclusion or until Freeman determines it’s time to cease communications—whichever comes first.

Political Health Insights

Reader Peter Slessenger recently encountered an article discussing President Donald Trump’s health on HuffPost: You can read it here.

CNN health analyst Jonathan Reiner noted that President Trump has frequently dozed off during important meetings and has requested a medical reassessment.

To affirm Mr. Reiner’s credentials, the article referenced his past role as the cardiologist for the late Vice President Cheney. It appears that referring to “Dick” has become taboo in some circles.

Interestingly, HuffPost didn’t shy away from using the name “Dick Cheney,” suggesting that Yahoo News may avoid it for reasons unknown.

Honorary Recognition in Academia

Universities seem to hand out honorary degrees to almost anyone with notable acclaim on social media. Recently, feedback noted a truly surprising announcement from Griffith University, Australia: “Griffith University is thrilled to offer a professorship to Dr. Bandit Healer, a renowned archaeologist and 2019 Father of the Year.”

This announcement surprised many since Bandit is a fictional animated dog from children’s TV show Bluey. The university described him as “a Brisbane-based blue heeler of international renown,” citing numerous fictional achievements, including groundbreaking anthropological discoveries. This raises questions about how a cartoon dog can garner such acclaim while engaging in child’s play with Bluey and Bingo.

Digging further reveals that a genuine honorary doctorate was conferred. Bluey‘s parent, Joe Blum, happens to be a university paleoanthropologist. This oversight leaves us wondering if we’re doing enough in our family.

Trends in Cultured Meat

Recently, several cultured meat companies have folded, including Believer Meats.

Reader Hugh White speculated that the CEO’s decisions may have contributed to Believer Meats’ downfall. “They should have seen the signs in his name, Gustavo Berger,” Hugh suggested, highlighting the significance of management in startups.

Do you have a story for Feedback?

Send your articles to Feedback at feedback@newscientist.com. Make sure to include your home address. You can find this week’s and past feedback on our website.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Western US Sees Record Low Snowfall: What This Means for Winter Weather Trends

Posted on January 29, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Last weekend’s winter storm may have covered much of the country with significant snow and ice, but winter has yet to fully arrive in the Western United States. Several states are grappling with snow-induced drought.

According to Peter Goble, the assistant state climatologist, Colorado is experiencing its lowest snowfall amounts on record for this time of year. “All of our mountain ranges are well below normal,” he reported.

Utah is facing a similar predicament.

“We’re in uncharted territory right now, heading toward our lowest snowfall ever by February 1,” stated Kevin Perry, an atmospheric scientist at the University of Utah.

Scientists are increasingly alarmed about the implications for water supplies and wildfire risks later this year. Mountain snowpack in Western states serves as a crucial water source in spring and summer, directly impacting agricultural irrigation, wildfire dangers, and hydroelectric power generation.

Western snowpack data is sourced from the National Resource Conservation Service, which monitors more than 800 high-elevation monitoring stations across several mountain basins. Their measurements show that nearly all basins in the continental U.S. West are trending below average.

Only a few basins in the western United States are near average snow levels.
Natural Resource Conservation Services

While it’s not uncommon for some basins to fall below historical averages, it’s rare for nearly all Western regions to be facing snowfall deficits.

In Washington state, a recent climb to Mount St. Helens in mid-January revealed conditions resembling June rather than mid-winter, exposing large areas of volcanic rock near the crater’s rim.

The causes of the snow drought differ by region; however, unusually warm winter temperatures have resulted in more precipitation falling as rain rather than snow. Such was the case during a December atmospheric river storm in the Pacific Northwest.

“Washington, Oregon, California, and many Western states recorded their warmest December on record, leading to torrential rains and flooding not limited to mountainous areas,” mentioned Philip Mort, a professor at Oregon State University’s College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences.

Currently, moisture flow has significantly diminished in the northwest.

In Utah, early seasonal rains during November and December melted lower-elevation snow, leaving the Wasatch Mountains looking heavily peak-laden, Perry noted.

“The high-elevation snowpack is relatively good,” said Perry, “but there’s a significant lack of low and mid-elevation snow.”

Colorado continues to experience hot and dry conditions.

“December 2025 was 9 degrees warmer than the statewide average and the warmest recorded since 1895,” Goble noted.

California’s snowpack, known for its boom-bust cycles, is looking better, especially in the southern Sierra Nevada, where several basins report above-average snowpack levels.

December 29th at Lake Tahoe in Glenbrook, Nevada.
Al Drago/Getty Images

However, immediate relief for the remaining areas thirsting for snow is unlikely.

The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s Climate Prediction Center forecasts: Dry weather across much of the West for the next two weeks along with temperatures above average in the coming month.

Mort suggests that regions west of the Cascade Mountains might recover with a few significant storms later this winter or spring.

However, in most parts of eastern Washington and Idaho, “the story seems already written, making change unlikely,” he explains.

Scientists are grappling with measuring climate change impacts on snowpack, as rising temperatures alter precipitation patterns. Snowfall trends are also swayed by natural fluctuations. A 2024 study in *Nature* indicated that climate change is responsible for the snowpack decline across the Northern Hemisphere.

Mort’s data on the western United States indicates a dramatic decrease.

“The narrative becomes clearer and more somber,” he stated.

If low snow conditions persist, it will exacerbate already tense negotiations among seven Western states over the distribution of the Colorado River’s water, crucial for 40 million residents. River flows are diminishing due to prolonged drought and the fact that users are allowed to withdraw more water annually than is available.

Earlier this month, the Bureau of Reclamation released draft water management strategies supporting 5.5 million acres of agricultural and hydropower operations across California, Arizona, Nevada, Colorado, New Mexico, Utah, and Wyoming.

States are actively negotiating long-term strategies for managing the river’s water to prevent Lake Mead and Lake Powell dams from experiencing “dead pool” conditions that would halt downstream river flows. However, reports indicate that these negotiations have stalled.

“In the short term, a low snow year could heighten the urgency to finalize these agreements,” said Goble.

Source: www.nbcnews.com

Massive Fossil Discovery Unearths 512-Million-Year-Old Ecosystem Treasures

Posted on January 28, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Artist’s Impression of the Huayuan Biota Ecosystem

Dinghua Yang

A remarkable fossil find has emerged in southern China, unveiling an ecosystem that dates back 512 million years, immediately postdating Earth’s first mass extinction event.

The fossils belong to the Cambrian period, initiated 541 million years ago, a time characterized by a significant increase in animal diversity which led to the emergence of most major animal groups.

This evolutionary flourishing faced a dramatic setback with the Shinsk event around 513.5 million years ago, when oceanic oxygen levels plummeted, resulting in the extinction of various animal groups.

Han Zeng and his team at China’s Nanjing Institute of Geology and Paleontology began unearthing these fossils in 2021 at a quarry in Huayuan County, Hunan Province.

So far, researchers have documented 8,681 fossils from 153 distinct species, approximately 60 percent of which are previously unknown to science. This ancient ecosystem has been dubbed the “Flower Garden Biota,” potentially surpassing Canada’s renowned Burgess Shale in significance.

This ecosystem comprises 16 major animal groups believed to have thrived in deep-sea environments, largely unaffected by the Shinsk event.

“Our understanding of the Shinsk extinction event was limited to skeletal fossils of certain animals, such as archaeal sponge reefs, trilobites, and small shelled fossils,” Zeng explains.

The Flower Garden Biota also includes various mollusks. Zeng noted, “The extinction predominantly affected shallow-sea habitats, while the deep-sea environments, where the Huazono biota thrived, remained largely stable.”

Arthropods of the Hanazono Biota Family

Han Zeng

The majority of fossils unearthed belong to arthropods akin to modern-day insects, spiders, and crustaceans. Other fossil types include mollusks, brachiopods, and cnidarians, relatives of jellyfish.

One notable specimen is Guangshancharis Kunmingensis, an 80 cm long arthropod recognized as the largest animal discovered at the site, likely a predatory species within the Huayuan ecosystem.

Another arthropod, Hermetia, was previously known only from Canada’s Burgess Shale but is now found in the Flower Garden Biota, indicating that these early animals were capable of long-distance dispersal via ocean currents, according to Zeng.

Zeng emphasized that the exceptional preservation of the fossils is due to rapid burial under fine sediment, capturing intricate details of soft anatomy including limbs, antennae, tentacles, gills, and even nervous tissues.

*Aronia*: A Cambrian Sea Creature Similar to Sponges

Han Zeng

Joe Moishuk from Canada’s Manitoba Museum reflects that the site ranks among top Cambrian fossil locations, celebrated for its biodiversity and preservation quality.

While some groups like sponges and trilobites are known to have declined significantly during the mid-Cambrian Shinsk event, many animal groups’ fates remain unclear.

“Findings like the Hanazono biota offer invaluable insights into the biodiversity of this period, helping to illuminate gaps in our understanding of Earth’s history,” notes Moisiuk.

Tetsuto Miyashita of the Canadian Museum of Nature mentions that two key Cambrian fossil sites are the 520-million-year-old Chengjiang Biota in China and the 508-million-year-old Burgess Shale in Canada.

“Comparing these sites is akin to contrasting Bach’s ensemble with The Beatles; understanding the variances is crucial before grasping the overarching narrative of these ecosystems,” Miyashita states. “New biota discoveries assist paleontologists in unraveling the influence of geographical features, mass extinctions, and oceanic conditions.”

A conspicuous absence in the Flower Garden Biota is any evidence of fish. “Where are the fish?” queries Miyashita. “Are they scarce, which is globally uncommon, or are other ecological factors at play?”

Zeng mentions that not all fossils have been thoroughly scrutinized yet, suggesting the possibility of undiscovered species, including fish, as further exploration continues.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Why Only Some People Get Seriously Ill from Epstein-Barr Virus: Understanding the Infection’s Impact

Posted on January 28, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Epstein-Barr Virus: A Common Infection with Serious Implications

Science History Images/Alamy

Approximately 10% of individuals carry genetic mutations that heighten their susceptibility to the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), a common pathogen linked to diseases like multiple sclerosis and lupus. Insights from a study involving over 700,000 participants may clarify why EBV results in severe illness for some, yet remains relatively harmless for the majority.

“Nearly everyone has encountered EBV,” explains Chris Whincup from King’s College London, who did not partake in the research. “How is it that, despite widespread exposure, only a fraction of the population develops autoimmune conditions?” This research offers plausible answers.

The Epstein-Barr virus was initially identified in 1964 when scientists detected its particles in Burkitt’s lymphoma, a type of cancer. Today, over 90% of the population has been infected with EBV, evidenced by the presence of antibodies against the virus.

Initially, EBV is responsible for infectious mononucleosis, often referred to as monofever or glandular fever, which typically resolves in a few weeks. However, it is also linked to chronic autoimmune disorders, as evidenced by a 2022 study demonstrating its role in the onset of multiple sclerosis, leading to nerve damage.

“Why do individuals exhibit such varied responses to the same viral infection?” questions Caleb Lareau at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center.

To investigate, Lareau and her research team analyzed health data from over 735,000 individuals participating in the British Biobank study and a U.S. cohort called All of Us. Their genomes were sequenced using blood samples. “When EBV infects certain cells, it leaves behind copies in the blood,” shares Lareau, indicating that the human genome in their sample includes EBV genome copies.

The research highlights substantial variability in EBV DNA levels among subjects. Of the participants, 47,452 (9.7%) exhibited over 1.2 complete EBV genomes per 10,000 cells, indicating that while many cleared the virus post-infection, this subset did not.

To comprehend the heightened vulnerability of these individuals, the research team sought specific genomic differences that correlated with high EBV levels. As noted by Ryan Dhindsa from Baylor College of Medicine, they identified 22 genomic regions linked to elevated EBV levels, many of which are previously associated with immune-mediated diseases.

The strongest correlation was found in genes related to the major histocompatibility complex, essential immune proteins in distinguishing between self and foreign cells. “Certain individuals possess mutations in their major histocompatibility complex,” Dhindsa explains. Further studies indicated that these variants may impede the immune system’s capacity to detect EBV infections.

“This virus profoundly impacts our immune system, having lasting effects on certain individuals,” comments Ruth Dobson at Queen Mary University of London. Persistent EBV DNA can subtly stimulate the immune system, potentially leading to autoimmune attacks on the body.

Moreover, the genetic variants linked to high EBV levels were associated with various traits and symptoms, notably an elevated risk for autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and lupus, reinforcing the hypothesis of the virus’s involvement in these conditions.

The research team also identified a connection between these mutations and chronic fatigue, intriguing given that some studies have posited EBV as a contributing factor to myalgic encephalomyelitis, commonly known as chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS). Due to the large sample size, “we can assert that this signal exists,” Dhindsa remarked, although the precise relationship remains unclear.

For Wincup, the primary takeaway is the identification of immune system components damaged by continuous EBV presence. Targeting these components could lead to more effective treatments for EBV-related conditions.

Additionally, vaccination against EBV is a potential avenue. Currently, only experimental vaccines exist. Wincup emphasizes that developing a vaccine would be a significant advancement, arguing that despite its common perception as benign, EBV causes considerable suffering for many. “How benign is it really?”

Topics:

Source: www.newscientist.com

Advancements in Lab-Grown Brain Research: Exploring the Future of Cerebral Development

Posted on January 28, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Revitalizing Brain Organoids: A Breakthrough in Vascular Integration

Imago/Alamy

Developing brain organoid with vascular system — Revitalizing Brain Organoids: A Breakthrough in Vascular Integration

Imago/Alamy

A pioneering advancement has been made in growing a miniaturized version of the developing cerebral cortex, crucial for cognitive functions like thinking, memory, and problem-solving, complete with a realistic vascular system. This advancement in brain organoids offers unprecedented insights into brain biology and pathology.

Brain organoids, often referred to as “mini-brains,” are produced by exposing stem cells to specific biochemical signals in a laboratory setting, encouraging them to form self-organizing cellular spheres. Since their inception in 2013, these organoids have significantly contributed to research on conditions such as autism, schizophrenia, and dementia.

However, these organoids have a significant limitation: they typically start to deteriorate after only a few months. This degradation occurs because a full-sized brain has an intricate network of blood vessels that supply essential oxygen and nutrients, while organoids can only absorb these elements from their growth medium, leading to nutrient deprivation for the innermost cells. “This is a critical issue,” remarks Lois Kistemaker from Utrecht University Medical Center in the Netherlands.

To mitigate this issue, Ethan Winkler and researchers at the University of California, San Francisco, devised a method to cultivate human stem cells for two months, resulting in “cortical organoids” that closely resemble the developing cerebral cortex. They then introduced organoids composed of vascular cells, strategically placing them at either end of each cortical organoid, facilitating the formation of a vascular network throughout the mini-brain.

Crucially, imaging studies revealed that the blood vessels in these mini-brains possess hollow centers, or lumens, akin to those found in natural blood vessels. “The establishment of a vascular network featuring lumens similar to authentic blood vessels is impressive,” states Madeline Lancaster, a pioneer in organoid research at the University of Cambridge. “This represents a significant progression.”

Past attempts to incorporate blood vessels within brain organoids have failed to achieve this crucial detail; previous studies typically resulted in unevenly distributed vessels throughout the organoids. In contrast, the blood vessels formed in this new experiment exhibit properties and genetic activities more closely aligned with those in actual developing brains, thereby establishing a more effective “blood-brain barrier.” This barrier protects the brain from harmful pathogens while permitting the passage of nutrients and waste, according to Kistemaker.

The implications of these findings indicate that blood vessels are crucial for delivering nutrient-rich fluids necessary for sustaining organoids. Professor Lancaster emphasizes, “To function properly, blood vessels, similar to the heart, require a mechanism for continuous blood flow, ensuring that deoxygenated blood is replaced with fresh, oxygen-rich blood or a suitable substitute.”

Topics:

Source: www.newscientist.com

Breakthrough: The Most Complex Time Crystal Created Inside a Quantum Computer

Posted on January 28, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

IBM Quantum System Two: The Machine Behind the New Time Crystal Discovery

Credit: IBM Research

IBM Quantum System 2 — IBM Quantum System Two: The Machine Behind the New Time Crystal Discovery

Credit: IBM Research

Recent advancements in quantum computing have led to the creation of a highly complex time crystal, marking a significant breakthrough in the field. This innovative discovery demonstrates that quantum computers excel in facilitating scientific exploration and novel discoveries.

Unlike conventional crystals, which feature atoms arranged in repeating spatial patterns, time crystals possess configurations that repeat over time. These unique structures maintain their cyclic behavior indefinitely, barring any environmental influences.

Initially perceived as a challenge to established physics, time crystals have been successfully synthesized in laboratory settings over the past decade. Recently, Nicholas Lorente and his team from the Donostia International Physics Center in Spain utilized an IBM superconducting quantum computer to fabricate a time crystal exhibiting unprecedented complexity.

While previous work predominantly focused on one-dimensional time crystals, this research aimed to develop a two-dimensional variant. The team employed 144 superconducting qubits configured in an interlocking, honeycomb-like arrangement, enabling precise control over qubit interactions.

By manipulating these interactions over time, the researchers not only created complex time crystals but also programmed the interactions to exhibit advanced intensity patterns, surpassing the complexity of prior quantum computing experiments.

This new level of complexity allowed the researchers to map the entire qubit system, resulting in the creation of its “state diagram,” analogous to a phase diagram for water that indicates whether it exists as a liquid, solid, or gas at varying temperatures and pressures.

According to Jamie Garcia from IBM, which did not participate in the study, this experiment could pave the way for future quantum computers capable of designing new materials based on a holistic understanding of quantum system properties, including extraordinary phenomena like time crystals.

The model emulated in this research represents such complexity that traditional computers can only simulate it with approximations. Since all current quantum computers are vulnerable to errors, researchers will need to alternate between classical estimation methods and precise quantum techniques to enhance their understanding of complex quantum models. Garcia emphasizes that “large-scale quantum simulations, involving more than 100 qubits, will be crucial for future inquiries, given the practical challenges of simulating two-dimensional systems.”

Biao Huang from the University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences notes that this research signifies an exciting advancement across multiple quantum materials fields, potentially connecting time crystals, which can be simulated with quantum computers, with other states achievable through certain quantum sensors.

Topics:

Quantum Computing/
Quantum Physics

Source: www.newscientist.com

Webb Telescope Unveils Most Detailed Dark Matter Map to Date

Posted on January 28, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Utilizing the ultra-sharp images from the NASA/ESA/CSA James Webb Space Telescope, astronomers have successfully crafted a highly detailed, wide-area mass map of the Universe. This groundbreaking map reveals the intricate interweaving of dark matter and ordinary matter, stretching from the filaments of galaxies to the dense clusters. Developed as part of the COSMOS-Web survey, this new map boasts more than double the resolution of previous efforts and delves deeper into the early universe’s evolution.

This web image shows about 800,000 galaxies, overlaid with a dark matter map in blue. Image credit: NASA / STScI / J. DePasquale / A. Pagan.

Dark matter constitutes roughly 85% of the universe’s total matter, yet it’s challenging to detect since it neither emits nor absorbs light, rendering it invisible to standard telescopes.

However, its gravitational influence alters the trajectory of light from far-off galaxies.

By examining subtle distortions in the shapes of numerous distant galaxies, scientists can ascertain how this unseen mass is distributed, irrespective of its nature.

When compared with known luminous structures, researchers can pinpoint the locations of dark matter.

Previous mass maps generated using the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope and other observatories suffered from limited resolution, sensitivity, and area coverage, restricting their views to only the largest cosmic structures.

Dr. Diana Scognamiglio from NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory and her team harnessed Webb’s imaging capabilities to analyze the shapes of approximately 250,000 galaxies, reconstructing the most detailed mass map of a contiguous universe region to date.

“This is the most extensive dark matter map produced in conjunction with Webb, boasting clarity unmatched by any prior dark matter maps from other observatories,” stated Dr. Scognamiglio.

“Previously, we only glimpsed blurred images of dark matter.”

“With Webb’s extraordinary resolution, we can now observe the universe’s invisible framework in unprecedented detail.”

This new map uncovers substantial galaxy clusters along with intricate networks of dark filamentary bridges and low-mass galaxies, too faint or too distant to be spotted by conventional telescopes.

These formations align with major cosmological models, suggesting that galaxies emerge at dense points between the dark matter filaments spreading throughout the universe.

Dr. Gavin Leroy, an astronomer at Durham University, remarked: “By illustrating dark matter with unparalleled precision, our map demonstrates how the unseen elements of the universe shaped visible matter, facilitating the creation of galaxies, stars, and ultimately, life itself.”

“This map highlights the crucial role of dark matter, the universe’s true architect, which gradually organizes the structures we observe through our telescopes.”

Professor Richard Massey of Durham University added, “Wherever normal matter exists in the universe today, dark matter is also present.”

“Every second, billions of dark matter particles pass through your body. They are harmless and continue on their paths unnoticed.”

“However, the entire cloud of dark matter surrounding the Milky Way possesses enough gravity to keep our galaxy intact. Without dark matter, the Milky Way would disintegrate.”

For more information, refer to the published results in this week’s edition of Nature Astronomy.

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D. Scognamiglio et al. Ultra-high resolution map of (dark) matter. Nat Astron published online on January 26, 2026. doi: 10.1038/s41550-025-02763-9

Source: www.sci.news

Ancient Discovery: Earliest Wooden Hand Tool Found, Dating Back 430,000 Years

Posted on January 28, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Archaeologists have made a groundbreaking discovery, unearthing the “oldest known hand-held wooden tool” at a Middle Pleistocene site in Marathusa 1, Greece.

Impression of a Marathusa 1 female artist crafting a digging stick using small stone tools from an alder trunk. Image credit: G. Prieto / K. Harvati.

According to Professor Katerina Herberty from the University of Tübingen, “The Middle Pleistocene was crucial for human evolution, marking a period when complex behaviors emerged.”

“This era also showcases the earliest reliable evidence of the targeted use of plants for technological purposes.”

The 430,000-year-old wooden tools discovered at the Marathusa 1 site, led by Professor Harbati and his team, consist of worked alder trunks and small willow/poplar artifacts.

The primary tool is made from alder wood (Alnus sp.) and features engraving marks along with associated stop and chop marks, indicating intentional shaping.

This approximately 81 cm long artifact displays signs of usage consistent with a multifunctional rod likely employed for paleolakeshore excavation.

The second tool, a small piece of willow/poplar (Salix sp./Populus sp.), measures 5.7 cm and exhibits signs of rounding.

This object shows two signs of potential processing, suggesting that growth rings have been removed from one end.

Researchers hypothesize that this small wooden tool’s function remains uncertain but may have been utilized for modifying stone tools.

Alongside these wooden tools, scientists uncovered butchered remains of an elephant with straight tusks (Paleoloxodon Antique), as well as stone artifacts and processed bones.

Dr. Annemieke Milks, a researcher at the University of Reading, states, “Unlike stone artifacts, wooden objects need special conditions to survive over long durations.”

“We meticulously examined all tree remains, analyzing the surfaces under a microscope.”

“Our findings revealed clear evidence of cutting and carving on these two objects, strongly indicating that early humans intentionally shaped them.”

A multifunctional digging stick (top) and small wooden tools (bottom) from the Marathusa 1 site in Greece. Image credit: D. Michailidis / N. Thompson / K. Harvati.

Additionally, researchers found a large fragment of an alder trunk exhibiting deep carved stripes, interpreted as fossilized claw marks from a large carnivore. This suggests potential competition between early humans and carnivores at this site.

Evidence of cuts and damage on the elephant remains indicate that early hominins had access to the carcass, while gnawing marks reveal subsequent carnivorous activity.

Dr. Milks added, “Previous discoveries of ancient wooden tools have occurred in countries such as Britain, Zambia, Germany, and China, comprising weapons, digging sticks, and tool handles.” However, she noted that these finds date newer than the Marathusa 1 artifacts.

“The only evidence of ancient wood used by humans, dating to around 476,000 years ago, comes from the Kalambo Falls site in Zambia, where the wood served as structural material rather than tools.”

“We have now identified the oldest known wooden tools and the first of their kind from southeastern Europe,” emphasized Professor Herberty.

“This discovery highlights the exceptional conservation conditions at the Marathusa 1 site.”

“The concurrent evidence of human activity and large carnivores in the vicinity of the butchered elephant indicates a competitive dynamic between them.”

Details of these findings are published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

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A. Chemilux et al. 2026. The earliest evidence of human use of wooden hand tools, discovered at Marathusa 1 (Greece). PNAS 123 (6): e2515479123; doi: 10.1073/pnas.25154791

Source: www.sci.news

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