Mondo News

Carbon Nanotube-Woven Fabric Outperforms Kevlar in Strength

Posted on October 31, 2025 by

Bulletproof fabric is lightweight and strong

Peking University Jinzhang Group

The innovative material is remarkably strong, capable of stopping bullets with a 1.8-millimeter-thick sheet, surpassing Kevlar and potentially setting a new standard for fabric strength.

Bulletproof vests functionality relies on dissipating the energy of projectiles through an intricate network of interconnected fibers. Kevlar’s composition consists of aramid fibers, which are polymers recognized for their exceptional strength. However, under extreme pressure, these chains can slip, which limits their protective capabilities.

For the last six years, Jin Chang and researchers from Peking University in China have focused on creating materials that outperform Kevlar and Dyneema, another renowned polyethylene fiber claimed to be the strongest fabric in the world.

“Extremely high dynamic strength and toughness are essential for textile materials used in impact protection applications,” notes Zhang. “This includes ballistic armor, vehicles, and aircraft.”

His team has pioneered a technique to align carbon nanotubes with aramid polymer chains to prevent molecular slippage. “Our new fiber surpasses all previously noted high-performance polymer fibers,” asserts Zhang. “Our fabric is entirely superior to Kevlar.”

The new invention is described as an “engineered carbon nanotube/heterocyclic aramid composite,” according to Zhang, who aims to create a catchy name similar to Kevlar in the future.

This material outperforms Kevlar, achieving the same ballistic protection with significantly less fabric. Zhang explains that each layer is roughly 0.6 millimeters thick and can slow a bullet’s speed from 300 meters per second to 220 meters per second. “Based on energy absorption calculations, about three fabric layers can halt a bullet,” resulting in a total thickness of 1.8 mm. In contrast, Kevlar would need to be at least 4 mm thick for equivalent protection.

Julie Cairney and her team at the University of Sydney in Australia have called the combination of aramid fibers and aligned carbon nanotubes revolutionary.

“This strategy could lead to the development of other innovative composite materials,” Cairney states, also highlighting that this manufacturing approach is compatible with existing industrial methods, indicating promise for scalable production and practical implementation.

“For personal and military protection, these materials have the potential to create lighter and more effective body armor, enhancing safety while maintaining mobility,” she adds.

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Denisovans Might Have Mated with an Unidentified Ancient Human Species

Posted on October 31, 2025 by

Depiction of a teenage girl with a Neanderthal mother and a Denisovan father

John Bavaro Fine Art/Science Photo Library

This marks the second occasion researchers have successfully retrieved the complete genome of Denisovans, an ancient human lineage that inhabited Asia. The DNA was sourced from a tooth estimated to be 200,000 years old, discovered in a Siberian cave.

The genome indicates that there were at least three distinct groups of Denisovans, each with unique histories. It also suggests that early Denisovans intermixed with an unidentified ancient human group as well as a previously unknown Neanderthal population.

“This research is groundbreaking,” asserts David Reich from Harvard University.

“This study significantly broadened my perspective on the Denisovan ecosystem,” states Samantha Brown from the National Center for Human Evolution Research in Spain.

Denisovans were first described solely via their DNA. Finger bones retrieved from Denisova Cave in Siberia exhibited DNA distinct from both modern humans and Neanderthals found in western Eurasia. Genomic analysis indicates Denisovans mated with modern humans, with populations in Southeast Asia, including the Philippines and Papua New Guinea, carrying Denisovan DNA.

Since their initial discovery in 2010, researchers have found that: a small number of Denisovans also originated from East Asia. In June, a skull unearthed in Harbin, China, was confirmed as Denisovan through molecular evidence, providing the first insight into their physical appearance. However, despite DNA fragments being recovered from various specimens, only the original specimen yielded a high-quality genome.

Researchers led by Stéphane Pèregne from Germany’s Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology has introduced an additional researcher. (Pèregne declined to comment as the study is pending peer review.)

In 2020, a team of researchers discovered a male Denisovan molar tooth and sequenced its entire genome from the preserved DNA.

The researchers estimated this individual lived around 205,000 years ago, judging by the number of genetic mutations and comparing them with other ancient human genomes. This timeframe aligns with findings that the deposits containing the teeth are dated between 170,000 to 200,000 years old. In contrast, the other high-quality genome belongs to Denisovans who lived between 55,000 and 75,000 years ago, revealing an earlier chapter in Denisovan history.

The researchers suggest that at least three distinct Denisovan populations likely existed, based on comparisons from various Denisovan cave sites. The oldest group comprised the individuals whose teeth were analyzed. Many millennia later, a second group supplanted this earlier population in Denisova Cave.

“Comprehending how early Denisovans were supplanted by subsequent groups underscores pivotal events in human history,” says Qiao Meifu from the Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology in China.

A third group, absent from the cave, still interbred with modern humans as suggested by genetic testing. Thus, all Denisovan DNA present in modern humans derives from a Denisovan group about which little is known.

The new genome illuminates the fact that Denisovans mated repeatedly with Neanderthals, who resided in and around the Denisovan Cave. Notably, this genome also contained traces of Neanderthals who lived between 7,000 and 13,000 years prior to Denisovan individuals. These traces do not align with any known Neanderthal genomes, indicating that the Denisovans interbred with a Neanderthal group yet to be sequenced.

Moreover, it’s probable that Denisovans also mated with an as-yet unidentified ancient human group that evolved independently of both Denisovans and modern humans for hundreds of thousands of years. One possibility is Homo erectus, the earliest known human species to migrate out of Africa and inhabit regions as far as Java, Indonesia. However, no DNA has been retrieved to confirm this.”H. erectus, so certainty remains elusive.

“It’s endlessly fascinating to uncover these new populations,” Brown remarked.

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Quantum Computers Confirm the Reality of Wave Functions

Posted on October 31, 2025 by

The wave function of a quantum object might extend beyond mere mathematical representation

Povitov/Getty Images

SEI 270583733 — The wave function of a quantum object might extend beyond mere mathematical representation

Povitov/Getty Images

Does quantum mechanics accurately depict reality, or is it merely our flawed method of interpreting the peculiar characteristics of minuscule entities? A notable experiment aimed at addressing this inquiry has been conducted using quantum computers, yielding unexpectedly solid results. Quantum mechanics genuinely represents reality, at least in the context of small quantum systems. These findings could lead to the development of more efficient and dependable quantum devices.

Since the discovery of quantum mechanics over a hundred years ago, its uncertain and probabilistic traits have confounded scientists. For instance, take superposition. Are particles truly existing in multiple locations simultaneously, or do the calculations of their positions merely provide varying probabilities of their actual whereabouts? If it’s the latter, then there are hidden aspects of reality within quantum mechanics that may be restricting our certainty. These elusive aspects are termed “hidden variables,” and theories based on this premise are classified as hidden variable theories.

In the 1960s, physicist John Bell devised an experiment intended to disprove such theories. The Bell test explores quantum mechanics by evaluating the connections, or entanglement, between distant quantum particles. If these particles exhibit quantum qualities surpassing a certain threshold, indicating that their entanglement is nonlocal and spans any distance, hidden variable theories can be dismissed. The Bell test has since been performed on various quantum systems, consistently affirming the intrinsic nonlocality of the quantum realm.

In 2012, physicists Matthew Pusey, Jonathan Barrett, and Terry Rudolph developed a more comprehensive test (dubbed PBR in their honor) that enables researchers to differentiate between various interpretations of quantum systems. Among these are the ontic perspective, asserting that measurements of a quantum system and its wavefunction (a mathematical representation of a quantum state) correspond to reality. Conversely, the epistemological view suggests that this wavefunction is an illusion, concealing a richer reality beneath.

If we operate under the assumption that quantum systems possess no ulterior hidden features that impact the system beyond the wave function, the mathematics of PBR indicates we ought to comprehend phenomena ontically. This implies that quantum behavior is genuine, no matter how peculiar it appears. PBR tests function by comparing different quantum elements, such as qubits in a quantum computer, assessing how frequently they register consistent values for specific properties, like spin. If the epistemological perspective is accurate, the qubits will report identical values more often than quantum mechanics would suggest, implying that additional factors are at play.

Yang Songqinghao and his colleagues at the University of Cambridge have created a method to perform PBR tests on a functioning IBM Heron quantum computer. The findings reveal that if the number of qubits is minimal, it’s possible to assert that a quantum system is ontic. In essence, quantum mechanics appears to operate as anticipated, as consistently demonstrated by the Bell test.

Yang and his team executed this validation by evaluating the overall output from a pair or group of five qubits, such as a sequence of 1s and 0s, and determined the frequency at which this outcome aligned with predictions regarding the behavior of the quantum system, factoring in inherent errors.

“Currently, all quantum hardware is noisy and every operation introduces errors, so if we add this noise to the PBR threshold, what is the interpretation? [of our system]? ” remarks Yang. “We discovered that if we conduct the experiment on a small scale, we can fulfill the original PBR test and eliminate the epistemological interpretation.” The existence of hidden variables vanishes.

While they successfully demonstrated this for a limited number of qubits, they encountered difficulties replicating the same results for a larger set of qubits on a 156-qubit IBM machine. The error or noise present in the system becomes excessive, preventing researchers from distinguishing between the two scenarios in a PBR test.

This implies that the test cannot definitively determine whether the world is entirely quantum. At certain scales, the ontic view may dominate, yet at larger scales, the precise actions of quantum effects remain obscured.

Utilizing this test to validate the “quantum nature” of quantum computers could provide assurance that these machines not only function as intended but also enhance their potential for achieving quantum advantage: the capability to carry out tasks that would be impractically time-consuming for classical computers. “To obtain a quantum advantage, you must have quantum characteristics within your quantum computer. If not, you can discover a corresponding classical algorithm,” asserts team member Haom Yuan from Cambridge University.

“The concept of employing PBR as a benchmark for device efficacy is captivating,” he notes. Matthew Pusey PhD from York University, UK, one of the original PBR authors. However, Pusey remains uncertain about its implications for reality. “The primary purpose of conducting experiments rather than relying solely on theory is to ascertain whether quantum theory can be erroneous. Yet, if quantum theory is indeed flawed, what questions does that raise? The entire framework of ontic and epistemic states presupposes quantum theory.”

Understanding Reality To successfully conduct a PBR test, it’s essential to devise a method of performing the test without presuming that quantum theory is accurate. “A minority of individuals contend that quantum physics fundamentally fails at mesoscopic scales,” states Terry Rudolph, one of the PBR test’s founders from Imperial College London. “This experiment might not pertain to dismissing certain proposals, but let me be straightforward: I am uncertain! – Investigating fundamental aspects of quantum theory in progressively larger systems will always contribute to refining the search for alternative theories.”

reference: arXiv, Doi: arxiv.org/abs/2510.11213

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The Gut Microbiome: Influencing Our Personality Traits

Posted on October 31, 2025 by

Fecal bacteria observed through an electron microscope

Science Photo Library / Alamy Stock Photo

Rats that received gut microbiomes from energetic human infants seem more inclined to explore their surroundings. This research suggests that the bacteria present in our guts during childhood may influence our personalities.

“This indicates that our microbes play an active role in emotional development, rather than merely being passive presence,” explains Harriet Scherekens from University College Cork, Ireland, who was not involved in the study.

Increasing research identifies a link between the microbial communities in our guts and various aspects of our well-being, emotions, and mood. For instance, individuals lacking certain gut bacteria types seem to face a higher risk of depression and anxiety.

While it remains uncertain whether bacteria are the cause of these emotional shifts or if the microbial communities alter in response to user actions, some evidence suggests that changes in the microbiome can influence an individual’s mood. For example, fecal transplants from depressed individuals to rats appear to induce depressive behavior. Conversely, depressed rodents receiving fecal transplants have shown improved symptoms upon preliminary examination.

To delve deeper into how the gut microbiome relates to temperament, Anna Artshinki and colleagues at the University of Turku in Finland conducted fecal transplants from infants into young rats.

Initially, the team evaluated the personalities of 27 toddlers aged 2.5 years using standard temperament assessments and an activity that encouraged play with bubble guns.

“Although we couldn’t study anxiety in 2-year-olds directly, we anticipated assessing behavioral differences, such as levels of inhibition versus sociability,” notes Artosinki.

From their evaluations, researchers classified 10 infants as energetic and 8 as inhibited and withdrawn. They then selected four energetic and four restrained infants (split evenly between genders) for fecal sample collection.

Fecal samples spiked with glycerol, alongside control samples, were transplanted into 53 22- or 23-day-old rats whose intestines had been pre-cleaned.

Artshinki’s team then subjected the rats to a variety of behavioral tests. They discovered that rats with microbiomes from energetic infants displayed a greater exploratory tendency compared to those receiving control implants or feces from inhibited infants.

To investigate how gut bacteria might influence the brain, the researchers also examined rat brain tissues for gene activity changes. This analysis indicated that rats receiving microbiomes from inhibited infants showed reduced activity in dopamine-producing neurons, a neurotransmitter linked to rewarding risk-taking behavior.

“This study effectively illustrates how the early childhood gut microbiome contributes to shaping behavioral tendencies,” Scherekens remarks. “By transferring microbiomes from children to rodents, researchers have created a valuable translation between microbes, human temperament, and brain function.”

This indicates a gut-brain pathway that impacts curiosity, reward, and motivation through the dopamine system, Scherekens adds.

Nonetheless, Artshinki cautions against overstating the implications. “Overall, adult temperament traits are strongly correlated with genetics, yet environmental factors—potentially including the microbiome—may play a role in certain behavioral distinctions.”

Artosinki emphasizes that whether microbes drive the differences in children’s behaviors remains an open question. It’s possible that children exhibiting more active traits interact with their environment and new foods in unique ways, thereby developing distinct microbiomes as a result.

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OpenAI Expected to Navigate a $1 Trillion Market Shift

Posted on October 31, 2025 by

OpenAI is said to be gearing up for a stock market debut, potentially becoming the largest initial public offering (IPO) ever, with a valuation of $1 trillion (£760 billion) expected as soon as next year.

The creator of the popular AI chatbot ChatGPT is contemplating an IPO filing in the latter half of 2026, as reported by Reuters, based on information from sources close to the matter. The company aims to raise at least $60 billion.

The fluctuations in stock market shares offer OpenAI an additional avenue for funding, supporting CEO Sam Altman’s vision of investing trillions in the construction of data centers and other necessary infrastructure to accelerate chatbot development.

During a livestream on Tuesday, Altman reportedly stated: “Given our future funding needs, this is the most likely path for us.”

An OpenAI representative noted, “We cannot set a date as the IPO is not our priority. Our focus is on building a sustainable business and advancing our mission for the benefit of all through AGI.”

AGI, or artificial general intelligence, is defined by OpenAI as “a highly autonomous system that surpasses humans in performing the most economically valuable tasks.”

Founded in 2015 as a nonprofit, OpenAI aims to securely develop AGI for the benefit of humanity. Recently, the company underwent a major restructuring, transitioning its core operations to a for-profit model. Although still overseen by a nonprofit, this change facilitates capital raising and prepares the ground for an IPO.

As it stands, Microsoft holds approximately a 27% stake in the commercial entity, valuing OpenAI at $500 billion under the terms of their deal. Following the restructuring announcement, Microsoft’s valuation reached over $4 trillion for the first time.

Technology news outlet Information reported that OpenAI recorded revenues of $4.3 billion alongside an operating loss of $7.8 billion in the first half of this year.

Such enormous valuations do not ease concerns that the AI sector may be in a bubble. Bank of England officials have recently warned that tech stocks driven by the AI surge face heightened risk, noting market vulnerability if expectations about AI impact wane.

OpenAI’s Chief Financial Officer Sarah Friar has reportedly informed colleagues that the company is targeting a public offering in 2027, although some advisers speculate it could occur in the year prior, as reported by Reuters.

Your Flight’s Emissions Are Significantly Greater Than the Carbon Calculator Indicates

Posted on October 31, 2025 by

Contrails from aircraft may amplify the warming effects of air travel

Image Professionals GmbH/Alamy

SEI 272425115 — Contrails from aircraft may amplify the warming effects of air travel

Image Professionals GmbH/Alamy

If you’re using a carbon footprint calculator to assess your flight’s environmental impact, prepare for some surprises. The true effect of air travel can be significantly higher than what most CO₂ calculators indicate.

“These figures are quite alarming,” states Juma Sadukhan from the University of Surrey, UK. She and her team assessed four popular calculators against the one they developed.

For instance, consider a first-class flight on a B777 from Singapore to Zurich. At the time of this research, calculators from the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) and the International Air Transport Association (IATA) estimated the emissions to be around 3000 kilograms of CO₂. In contrast, the Google Travel Impact Model (TIM) places the estimate around 5,000 kg, while MyClimate suggests about 8,000 kg. However, the in-flight emissions calculator developed by Sadukhan and her team estimates the actual emissions exceed 14,000 kg.

“The implications are substantial,” adds team member Eduardo Goan, in collaboration with the Austria-based Therme Group.

The new tool, called the Airline Passenger Dynamic Emissions Calculator (ATP-DEC), diverges from existing calculators in two main ways. Firstly, instead of assuming flights take a perfect route, it utilizes historical data to ascertain the most probable route, actual flight duration, and the time spent taxiing before takeoff and after landing, including the typical occupancy of the aircraft.

Unlike other calculators, this one is dynamic, as past flight data is continuously updated according to Goan. For example, many flights are now taking longer paths due to the conflict between Russia and Ukraine, a change that other calculators fail to recognize.

The second key difference is that ATP-DEC accounts for all the known factors influencing flight’s climate impact, such as contrail formation, nitrogen dioxide emissions, and water vapor. Notably, contrails can exert a greater warming influence than CO₂ emissions alone.

Other flight calculators often omit these factors or use generalized data. “They don’t adjust according to the type of aircraft, fuel efficiency, or environmental conditions,” says Sadukhan. “Our tool is far more comprehensive.”

Goan mentions that the team plans to make this calculator publicly accessible and is working on an app slated for release early next year. “If an airline wishes to incorporate ATP-DEC, they could start immediately,” he says, though establishing the necessary data connections might take weeks or even months.

Current flight emissions calculators may allow travelers to voluntarily contribute a modest fee to “offset” their carbon footprint. Nonetheless, several studies indicate that many offset programs fail to fulfill their claims.

An ICAO representative stated that the methodology for ICAO’s carbon emissions calculations can be accessed at: its website. “This calculator does not consider the climate change impacts of aircraft emissions using radiative forcing indices.” They noted that “Such multipliers need to be factored in, given the lack of a scientific consensus.”

“TIM is a free, precise, and transparent resource that assists consumers in selecting flights with lower emissions,” affirmed Dan Rutherford from the International Clean Transportation Council, a nonprofit organization that guides Google on enhancing its CO₂ calculator. “We will keep refining the model, including the integration of short-lived climate pollutants like contrails, to enhance its utility for the flying public.”

“We find this study to be a valuable contribution to the ongoing dialogue,” stated Kai Landwehr from MyClimate. Landwehr emphasized that no single method is foolproof due to the uncertainties surrounding the impacts of global warming, such as those resulting from contrails. However, utilizing improved and current data can boost accuracy. “We intend to update the calculator in the upcoming months to integrate best practices and insights from this research.”

IATA has also been approached for comments.

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Amazon Sees Biggest Cloud Growth Since 2022 Following Major Outage

Posted on October 31, 2025 by

For the first time since its cloud computing unit experienced a significant failure that impacted various services from smart beds to banks, Amazon has made its financial data public.

Despite this global outage, Amazon Web Services (AWS) continues to thrive, reporting a 20% year-over-year revenue growth for the quarter. Analysts on Wall Street predict that AWS will generate a net revenue of $32.42 billion in the third quarter, while Amazon’s actual reported revenue stands at $33 billion.

“AWS is growing at a rate not seen since 2022,” CEO Andy Jassy mentioned in a statement during the earnings call.

Following the third-quarter earnings report that exceeded analysts’ forecasts, the company’s stock surged by approximately 9% in after-hours trading.

The earnings announcement underscored Amazon’s ambition to compete more effectively with corporations that have successfully capitalized on the AI boom. Amazon’s stock performance has trailed behind some major tech competitors, and its e-commerce operations are particularly vulnerable to the far-reaching and unpredictable tariff policies of the Trump administration compared to companies driven by software.

Value at roughly $2.4 trillion, Amazon reported that it significantly outperformed Wall Street’s expectations, largely due to the expansion of its cloud computing services. Analysts had anticipated earnings of $1.58 per share with net sales of $177.82 billion, whereas Amazon announced sales of $180.17 billion and earnings per share of $1.95.

AWS is facing mounting rivalry from alternative providers like Google Cloud and Microsoft Azure, the latter of which has established a partnership with OpenAI and reported robust growth in its cloud segment, boosting its stock prices.

Nevertheless, AWS remains a crucial component of the modern Internet, and the extent of its influence was inadvertently highlighted earlier this month when a glitch in its cloud services rendered websites, apps, cutting-edge products, and critical communication systems, including electronic health records, inoperable. The outage affected millions and lasted several hours, revealing how integral Amazon’s services are to everyday life.

During the earnings call, Amazon executives promoted the integration of AI tools like shopping assistant Rufus into its services. They also discussed Zoox’s plans to expand its robotaxi business, with self-driving service trials scheduled to commence in Washington, D.C., later this year.

Earlier this week, Amazon announced plans to cut 14,000 jobs at its headquarters, with more layoffs anticipated across the organization. This decision was publicly communicated through a blog post titled “Staying Agile and Continuing to Strengthen Our Organization,” which cited advancements in AI as a key reason, stating that the company aims to “function like the world’s largest startup.”

“We must remember that the world is rapidly evolving,” the Amazon post noted. “This generation of AI represents the most transformative technology since the Internet, allowing businesses to innovate unprecedentedly faster.”

Jassy indicated in a blog post earlier this year that the company’s investments in AI would lead to a “reduction in personnel for some roles currently held.”

However, during a conference call with investors, Jassy clarified that the significant layoffs were not driven by AI, asserting that they stemmed from “culture” and that the company is focusing on a more flexible, startup-like approach.

“The announcement we made a few days ago wasn’t purely financial and hasn’t been so far—it’s not primarily AI-driven either. It’s fundamentally about our culture,” Jassy stated.

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Stunning New Photos Showcase Cats in All Their Splendor

Posted on October 31, 2025 by

Cornish Rex cat named Stella

Tim Flach

Cats are truly distinctive creatures. Throughout history, they have held a complex place in human society, admired for their beauty and yet sometimes feared. Breeders have tailored them to align with our tastes. In his latest book, feline, celebrated animal photographer Tim Flach delves into the captivating world of felines.

“The core of this undertaking was to reveal the genuine nature of cats,” Flach explains. Featuring over 170 stunning images, feline also presents insights from neuroscientist Morten Klingelbach about why cats enchant us, alongside evolutionary biologist Jonathan Losos’s examination of felines and their development.

The image above showcases Stella, a Cornish Rex from Montreal, Canada. Her striking appearance arises from unique genetic characteristics during her embryonic development. Interestingly, cats with heterochromia often have one blue eye, a trait frequently observed in all-white breeds.

Flach further captures images of cats who have achieved online fame. Acchom (below) is a long-haired Persian cat who suffers from a rare condition known as hirsutism, leading to abnormal hair growth. Currently, Acchom boasts over 900,000 Instagram followers.

Acchom, a Persian cat with hypertrichosis

Tim Flach

In another example, the exotic shorthair named Zoo embodies cuteness in its purest form. It’s a perfectly round, fluffy bundle of joy (below).

Cuteness, as Klingelbach notes, is fundamental. As outlined in feline, the traits that make young mammals and birds appealing help them gain care from their parents, compensating for their vulnerability. Features like large eyes and round faces activate the orbitofrontal cortex, the area of our brain responsible for emotional responses. Such mechanisms ensure the survival of our species. Interestingly, this pleasing response extends beyond our own kind; cats elicit the same reaction in humans.

By scanning his own brain while interacting with his long-haired cat Loki, Flach illustrates the impact of cuteness, showing how the orbitofrontal cortex activates within a mere 130 milliseconds, faster than conscious thought. “In some ways, you’re observing the fundamental effects of cuteness,” he notes.

Cuteness isn’t the sole evolutionary asset for cats. Valentine, an 8-week-old Sphynx cat, demonstrates exceptional hunting agility as he leaps for an inconspicuous toy.

Sphynx cat jumping on prey (toy)

Tim Flach

Cats possess 40 times the number of scent-sensing cells in their noses compared to humans. Their uniquely designed whiskers are finely tuned to detect slight vibrations, aiding in navigation and close-range hunting in the darkness. Moreover, their tongues, featuring small papillae made of keratin, serve multiple purposes, including grooming and sensory tasks. This structure also enhances their sense of smell by transmitting pheromonal scents to the vomeronasal organ, located at the top of their mouths.

Poppy the domestic cat shows off her tongue

Tim Flach

However, one of the most striking features of cats is their mesmerizing eyes. Ancient myths claimed that a cat’s glowing gaze indicated a connection to the devil. In reality, the luminous effect seen when a light hits a cat’s eyes in the dark is caused by a special reflective layer called the tapetum lucidum, which bounces back unavailable light to the photoreceptors (rods and cones) in their retinas. Cats possess a far greater density of rods than humans, enabling them to see in one-sixth of the light that humans require, as Losos discusses in his book.

In exploring the mesmerizing quality of a cat’s gaze, Flach and his team employed specialized lenses and high-speed flashes, presenting the cats’ eyes in an unprecedented manner that evokes the imagery of shining mirrors, akin to lighthouse beams.

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Apple Achieves Record iPhone Sales as New Lineup Boosts Global Demand

Posted on October 31, 2025 by

On Thursday, Apple unveiled its quarterly results following the introduction of its new iPhone models, surpassing analysts’ forecasts on Wall Street. The company demonstrated solid financial growth and robust profits, even amidst a sluggish progression in artificial intelligence. This report comes shortly after Apple achieved a market capitalization of $4 trillion for the first time.

“We are thrilled to announce a record revenue of $102.5 billion for the September quarter, featuring unprecedented revenue from both the iPhone and our services division,” stated Apple CEO Tim Cook. Despite the encouraging overall iPhone sales, the revenue generated from smartphone sales in China did not meet Wall Street’s expectations.

Cook also anticipates a revenue growth of 10% to 12% for the quarter ending in December, which is typically Apple’s peak growth period.

The launch of new iPhones, particularly the iPhone 17 and 17 Pro, has rekindled demand for Apple products, notably in China, where sales have been underwhelming. There is ongoing speculation regarding the demand for the ultra-slim iPhone Air, with analysts divided on whether production has been decreased.

“Although the market is predominantly focused on AI adoption and monetization, Apple has demonstrated that its traditional strategy continues to yield results this quarter, fueled by substantial sales growth in core products and services, alongside a stronger global economy than anticipated,” commented Thomas Monteiro, senior analyst at Investing.com.

Apple recorded a revenue of $102.47 billion, reflecting an 8% year-on-year increase, surpassing the analyst expectation of $102.24 billion. Additionally, the company exceeded expectations for revenue from “other products” and services. However, iPhone sales amounted to $49.03 billion, slightly under the estimated $50.19 billion. Apple’s shares saw a modest rise in after-hours trading.

John Belton, a portfolio manager at Gabelli Funds, attributed the optimistic forecast to climbing iPhone sales and increased prices for the latest models. “The standout data point from Apple’s last earnings report was iPhone sales,” noted Belton. “Double-digit growth signifies the strongest iPhone growth in three years.

Despite this robust revenue, Apple trails behind other tech firms in rolling out AI products. The company has yet to launch any AI offerings to rival those by Meta, Google, and Microsoft. Furthermore, Apple faces challenges due to the varying tariffs imposed by former President Donald Trump on China and India, where a large portion of its manufacturing occurs.

Nonetheless, Apple’s stock price has increased over recent weeks, consequently boosting its market cap and placing it among only three companies globally valued at over $4 trillion, alongside Nvidia and Microsoft.

Apple’s stock has surged more than 50% since its lows in April, with analysts attributing the rise to the introduction of the company’s new products. Alongside the iPhone 17, Apple also unveiled new AirPod earbuds featuring live translation capabilities and upgrades to its Apple Watch lineup.

This week, Apple will be joined by other leading tech giants—Microsoft, Meta, Amazon, and Alphabet—as they report their earnings while the overall U.S. stock market reaches unprecedented highs. While Microsoft and Alphabet showcased strong results on Wednesday, Meta Inc. reported more mixed outcomes, resulting in a dip in stock prices.

Would You Upload Your Mind to a Virtual Utopia?

Posted on October 31, 2025 by

“What does it mean to upload consciousness to intangible space?”

Francesco Carta/Getty

In every version of you, characters grapple with a daunting choice: Upload your consciousness to a digital paradise or succumb to a forsaken physical reality.

Mind uploading, a familiar theme in science fiction, often serves as the backdrop for relationship dilemmas or philosophical inquiries. But what does it really entail to transfer consciousness into formless space? Can we decipher its mechanisms based on current science? And if we could, would we really want to?

At the core of my novel, amid romantic tenderness and innovative technology, is a theoretical and philosophical question: the Ship of Theseus paradox. Plutarch’s version, dating back to the 1st century AD, challenges whether a ship, meticulously replaced part by part, still qualifies as the same vessel. Philosophers have debated this thought experiment for centuries. What if we were to reconstruct the original ship from its components—planks, oars, masts, and sails? Is either constructed ship the authentic Theseus’ ship? This dilemma compels us to differentiate between the material essence of an entity (wood, neural pathways, molecules, etc.) and our perceptions of its completeness and authenticity.

In every version of you, my character Navin opts to upload himself to Gaia, a digital utopia. Navin represents a pivotal moment. At the moment of uploading, his physical and uploaded selves are theoretically identical. However, they begin to diverge thereafter. The virtual Navin would not be the same as the corporeal Navin had he continued to exist.

I had to reverse engineer the concept of uploading to create a plausible narrative. Some tales intentionally obscure the science to highlight themes such as relationships, philosophy, or satire. In certain narratives, characters connect devices to their heads or receive intravenous injections to magically extract their consciousness into a “cloud.” Other works contemplate science rigorously, depicting a brain systematically deconstructed via laser scanning, leaving no doubt about the destruction of the physical entity.

Exercising my rights as a writer, I ventured beyond the fundamentals of neuroscience, boldly speculating within the realm of science fiction. While crafting this novel, I was working in various neuropsychiatric wards and preparing for my psychiatric examinations. A recent edition of New Scientist‘s what to think series, which delves into theories about consciousness, would have undoubtedly aided my research!

After studying neural networks and connectomes, I began to envision consciousness as an incredibly intricate network of activity, with unique activation patterns varying from individual to individual. If we could duplicate these connections and their activation sequences using a sufficiently advanced computer, might we be able to replicate our minds without being tethered to our physical forms? However, the question persists: will we ever have computers capable of preserving human consciousness without loss or distortion of information?

Upon sharing my early manuscript of every version of you, I was struck by the array of reactions to the concept of uploading. Some experienced fear, exclaiming, “You mean you eradicated all the originals?!” Others adopted a more detached, philosophical stance. If there exists continuity between substance and subjectivity, how can we claim that the uploaded entity is not the original person?

Should I upload myself to Gaia? My answer is far from straightforward. In an intellectual society, we often overlook that we are not merely distinct minds controlling our physical forms. We forget the intricate interplay between our minds and bodies, with the latter often leading the way. Our gut, heart, skin, glands, and blood vessels engage in perpetual dialogue with our brain.

Moreover, we are molded by our surroundings, our connections with others, and our relationship with nature. Psychoanalyst Esther Bick has discussed the concept of “psychic skin,” which serves as a vessel for our inner selves, arising from early childhood sensory experiences. Severing the link between mind and body results in loss.

In every version of you, uploading compels us to scrutinize the subtle ways technology can undermine our essence. We integrate technology into our lives and the intimate spaces of our homes and bodies, drawn to its utility, brilliance, and excitement. But who owns the data we transfer to technology? Who possesses our uploaded minds? I would endure uploading for an extended period in search of an alternative way to exist on Earth. However, I cannot definitively predict my ultimate decision. If all my loved ones resided on Gaia, resisting that allure would be incredibly challenging.

Grace Chan is the author of every version of you (Verve Books), featured as New Scientist Book Club’s Reads for November 2025. Join us to read together here.

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The Hidden Psychology Behind Horror Games: Why You Can’t Resist Playing Them | Games

Posted on October 31, 2025 by

The haunting sound emerged first. Inside the Bart Railroad tunnel in San Francisco, Don Veca recorded the piercing metallic screech of a train. “It was both beautiful and disturbing, like a demon in torment,” he reflects. This haunting audio became one of the most iconic elements of 2008’s Dead Space.

“We unleashed that industrial shriek at full volume right after a vacuum of silence, creating one of the most impactful sonic contrasts in gaming,” Veca recalls, having made a name for himself as the audio director for the Dead Space series. “Our game designers were not fans, but our higher-ups embraced it. Eventually, it became legendary.”

Nearly twenty years since Dead Space first had players gripping their controllers in fear, horror game designers worldwide continue to pursue that same thrill. So, how do they discover new methods to terrify gamers, and what drives our relentless attraction to horror?

sounds of fear

Ask anyone involved in developing classic horror games, and they will likely agree: authentic fear begins with sound.

Veca highlights that it starts at a psychological level. “It stems from the mind: not the fear of what is, but of what might come,” he explains. “The genuine fear isn’t from a thief with a weapon. It’s the shadow lurking behind the door, the unnerving silence, the certainty that something approaches… yet the timing and nature of it remain unknown.”

This element of unpredictability became a cornerstone of Dead Space’s audio design. “We created suspense like a rising tide,” Veca describes. “Something might happen… Something might happen… and then nothing occurs, just the household kitten. You laugh, the adrenaline fades, and moments later, there’s a burst of claws, blood, and screams!”

Infection…Dead Space. Photo: EA

Jason Graves, the BAFTA-winning composer behind Dead Space and 2015’s Until Dawn, concurs. “Sound and music set the stage for fear. It’s about the build-up, the tension, and the moment of release when something appears.”

Graves even regarded the score as a form of infectious entity. “In Dead Space, something corrupts the crew and transforms them into monsters, so I ‘infected’ the orchestra,” he explains. “No peculiar techniques, no instrument tapping, no chords, just clusters and tension.” When a player thinks it’s silent, it could be each of the 60 strings playing a note softly. This creates a dynamic, constantly evolving soundscape.

If there are any doubts regarding the significance of sound, Graves offers a challenge. “My daughter played ‘Until Dawn’ and was frightened throughout. I suggested muting it, but she completed it anyway. This illustrates how our brains function; we can perceive an atmosphere even without visuals. Monsters lurking under the bed, shadows in the water—our imaginations amplify the dread. It’s ten times more terrifying than anything we show them.”

human element

For cult game developer Swery (real name Hidetaka Suehiro), horror transcends cheap thrills; it delves into the essence of humanity. He began pondering what truly frightens players when his mentor, Resident Evil creator Tokuro Fujiwara, posed the question, “What constitutes fear in games?”

Hidetaka Suehiro, known as Swery, is a game developer. Photo: White Owls Co., Ltd.

“I was in my twenties and simply said, ‘Game over,’” Swery recalls. “He responded: ‘So, isn’t a game without a “game over” scary? What about a haunted house that doesn’t inflict damage?’ I was stumped. I’ve been searching for the answer ever since.”

This curiosity laid the foundation for 2010’s Deadly Premonition, a surreal horror experience set in a small town that combines absurd humor with existential dread. “Before we created the horror aspect, we established a clear vision: to construct a town and its inhabitants. We developed the story post-creation of the town,” he recounts.

“At the core of fear lies humanity,” Swery added. “Human beings possess inner complexity and suffering, are fragile, and can succumb to evil… that’s the essence.”

While monsters may symbolize our fears, for Thomas Grip, game director of the critically acclaimed 2015 deep-sea horror game Soma, horror is also about exploring the human experience rather than merely the malevolent.

“I believe it embodies a different type of fear,” he says. “There are no grand plot twists or constant frights. The focus is on compelling players to confront uncomfortable inquiries: What does it mean to be human? What does it mean to be conscious? What renders life worthwhile?”

Dismissing gore and dark surprises, at Soma, silence and philosophical inquiry become central to the experience. “The key to horror narratives across mediums is allowing the audience to draw their own conclusions,” Grip emphasizes. “If the narrative merely declares, ‘There’s something eerie, please be scared,’ it lacks depth. The most effective horror provokes deeper contemplation.”

Terror of the deep sea…Soma. Photo: Friction game

The unknown and a twist on the familiar

Another element of delight is the fear of the unknown, with anxiety often stemming from what remains unseen. “You shouldn’t reveal everything,” Grip states. “Players are granted only a glimpse, allowing their imaginations—filled with personal fears and anxieties—to fill the void. That’s where genuine horror resides.” The creatures in Soma embody that notion. “The key lies in familiarity,” he explains. “The best monsters evoke the thought, ‘Something is off…’ and the more they are seen, the more chilling they become. People respond strongly to things that appear infectious and unhealthy, triggering a primal fear.”

In the 2021 indie horror sensation Poppy Playtime, horror takes on a playful twist within a charming yet deadly toy factory. “Nostalgia is inherently vulnerable. When we reflect on our childhoods, we often associate them with safety, but when those memories are distorted, we experience a visceral reaction,” comments Zach Belanger, CEO of Poppy Playtime Studios, Mob Entertainment.

“The effectiveness of Huggy Wuggy lies in our inquiry, ‘How can something feel both delightful and unsettling simultaneously?’” he declares regarding the game’s fluffy antagonist.

Pixels are scary…loop // error. Illustration: Coropixel Studio

Psychological horror in 2025’s loop // error invokes dread through suggestion, leveraging a blocky black-and-white pixel art style that leaves details to the imagination. “Utilizing pixelated visuals and a conscious absence of color creates an unusual atmosphere; your mind visualizes something that isn’t actually present,” says Koro, an independent developer. “It’s reminiscent of recalling a nightmare: hazy and incomplete yet emotionally potent.”

“The horror in Loop//Error is not reliant on clichés,” Koro adds. “It springs from deep within the human psyche, observing your mental collapse and realizing that the most terrifying place you can be trapped is within yourself.”

interactive elements

Lastly, another significant component that heavily influences horror in video games is interactivity.

“In games, you’re not just passive observers; you’re immersed in the experience, which heightens your emotions. Your heart races, yet you retain control,” explains psychologist Kieron Auckland, a cyberpsychology expert at Arden University.

Daniel Knight, creator of the 2020 ghost-hunting multiplayer game Phasmophobia, concurs. “The game fully engulfs you in fear,” he describes of the title that captivated Twitch audiences upon its release. “When you open a door or step into a dark space, you’re the one who feels the terror. You bear the consequences of what unfolds.”

Grip also believes this aspect contributes to the genre’s sustainability. “In video games, you make choices that lead you toward peril,” he states. “It’s personal. The fear arises from you being the one stepping into a dimly lit passage.”

Ultimately, horror films revolve around actions taken in darkness, whereas video games afford players a chance for exploration.

New Scientist Book Club: Explore an Excerpt from Grace Chan’s Sci-Fi Novel, Every Version of You

Posted on October 31, 2025 by

New Year’s Eve will be celebrated in a virtual utopia as “Every Version of You” begins

Akin Bostansi/Getty

The sky this evening is utterly dismal, with vibrant blues merging into streaks resembling turbulent sea water on the horizon, the sun setting against its distorted reflections. The tide rhythmically rolls onto the shore—1, 2, 3 splashes of sand. 1, 2, 3, 4—leaving bubbles in its wake.

Tao Yi sits cross-legged, toying with a nearly empty beer bottle. Long shadows stretch from the sandstone cliffs surrounding her. In this hidden cove, shielded by crimson-hued cliffs, the others remain unseen but their laughter and chatter resonating as they gather driftwood for a bonfire.

She reluctantly allowed Navin to convince her to come here—a mix of obligation and familiarity. This routine unfolds every New Year’s Eve: Zack hosts a party, and missing it would feel wrong.

The bottle feels chillingly cold against her hand, unaffected by her warmth. She brings it to her lips, the last sip burning her throat. The sea’s surface is rippled and opaque, resembling a silken dress blowing in the wind. Awaiting a gust to tousle her hair, she finds only stillness; Gaia’s air isn’t stagnant like a subway tunnel.

The sound of grass rustling in the sand indicates Navin’s approach. He seems almost a stranger now—tall and lean in a short-sleeved shirt and khaki pants, with a messy fringe cascading across his forehead, flashing a charming smile. He extends a fresh beer bottle toward her.

“It tastes awful,” she replies, shaking her head. “Though better than last year.”

She manages a grin, recalling Zack’s experimental brew.

“Come back,” he urges, fingers brushing her hairline. “Help me with the fire.”

Tao Yi lets him assist her to stand. She follows him out of the cove and along the shoreline, carefully sidestepping the rocky formations. His shirt hangs loosely, catching on the edges of his shoulder blades. She longs to touch that downward curve, to confirm it’s real.

Others are filling shallow pits between the dunes and the ocean with driftwood. A dozen or so well-educated twenty-somethings like her and Navin, all lively and engaged in clever banter. They belong to a fortunate generation—born into movement, brimming with opportunities, navigating waves of transformation.

Zack glides effortlessly through the group, drawing others to him like moths to a flame. He appears particularly youthful in his orange shirt and sarong. Leaning over the driftwood, he holds a lit match between his long fingers, like a conductor with a baton. Joyous cries erupt as the flames ignite. If you follow the method, a second attempt won’t be necessary.

Tao Yi activates the live interface. A neon countdown in her peripheral vision reads: December 31, 2087, 9 p.m. Just 3 hours to go! A steady stream of status updates overlays the beach scene, mostly brief four-second video snippets that vanish as soon as she focuses on them. Friends dancing at an open-air concert, racing go-karts beneath digital fireworks, and the exhilarating sound of Stimshots pulsating through a heavy beat.

Evelyn approaches. Tao Yi closes the countdown and snippets. Tonight, her petite friend appears slightly transformed. Clad in a pastel dress typical of her, her dark hair woven into a braid adorned with gothic decals on her cheeks. It’s charming, like a puppy striving for attention.

Evelyn nudges her hip against Tao Yi’s waist. “Flash?” “I’m alright. Why?”

“You seem a bit distant.”

Tao Yi wraps her hand around her elbow, feeling the symmetrical dip behind the joint. “Yeah, just taking a breather. It’s been an eventful day at work.”

“Oh, right. You’re the featured authenticity consultant now,” Evelyn chuckles, elongating the syllables.

Even after six months in this role, the title still sounds peculiar to Tao Yi. She aims to transition from marketing strategies driving consumerism to organizations like True You that steer lost souls towards their genuine selves.

“People are infatuated with their avatars. They want to ensure they’re as distinctive as everyone else.”

“Come on, Tao Yi, don’t play the cynic. I know you’re kind at heart,” Evelyn teases. “Just wait a few more months, and you’ll be spreading the mantra that’ll have you feeling as good as your boss. What’s his name again? Andy? Gary?”

“Griffin. Not even close.”

“That’s it! You know what he told me at the party you took me to last month? With his wide eyes and serious expression: ‘You need to find your own path.’”

“Oh, yeah. He repeats that daily. It’s just my brain filtering him out right now.”

“I told him I was using Google Maps. He didn’t even crack a smile.”

Tao Yi chuckles. “But he’s effective at his job. Want to set up an appointment?”

“No thanks – you all should steer clear of my virtual stuff.”

Tao Yi laughs again, then turns her gaze toward the fire. Evelyn’s attention lingers on Zack. The bonfire’s glow warms his tanned skin, illuminating his sparkling dark eyes and expressive mouth.

For a moment, Tao Yi observes Evelyn fixated on him. Then she soon slips away.

every version of you Written by Grace Chan (Verve Books) is the New Scientist Book Club’s November 2025 read. Sign up to read together here.

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The New Scientist Book Club’s Take on Our Brains, Ourselves: A Blend of Praise and Worry

Posted on October 31, 2025 by

The New Scientist Book Club took a departure from science fiction in October, focusing instead on the winners of the Royal Society Trivedi Science Book Prize. This timely announcement aligned perfectly with our next literary venture.

Among the award nominees were six works by Daniel Levitin, including music as medicine and Vanished: The History of Unnatural Extinction. The jury ultimately selected Masud Hussain’s Our Brains, Ourselves: What a Neurologist’s Patients Tell Us About the Brain. They praised the book as a “poetic exploration of how neurological conditions affect one’s identity,” noting that Hussain cleverly weaves his immigrant experience in 1960s Britain into his medical narratives.

It’s worth mentioning that our book club members tend to be more critical than the Royal Society judges. While there was enthusiasm for exploring non-fiction, several issues emerged throughout our discussions.

Starting with the positives, many of us found the later chapters, where Hussain contemplates the concept of self, particularly thought-provoking regarding the historical evolution of identity and how various brain conditions influence a patient’s self-perception.

Katherine Sarah echoed this sentiment, remarking, “This offers an engaging insight into brain function and the essence of ‘self,’ along with the crucial social skills that enable our integration into society.” Her perspective resonates with those in our Facebook group. As someone who relocated to a new country without knowing the local language, she felt particularly connected to the text.

She reflected, “It struck me how language is integral to our identity, and the challenges of expressing ourselves without it can be profound,” noting parallels to a patient in the book with suppressed motivation due to language barriers. “I, too, felt shy and hesitant when I couldn’t communicate effectively.” She found it fascinating to read about patients with selective cognitive impairments, emphasizing how interconnected our mental faculties truly are.

Gosia Furmanik also appreciated this exploration of identity and migration. “Overall, I enjoyed the book’s engaging style and insightful examples. The reflections on identity toward the end really resonated with me, especially as someone who has migrated multiple times,” she noted.

Judith Lazell enjoyed the humor and readability of the text, calling it a “fantastic choice.” Jennifer Marano valued the chapter about Wahid, a bus driver with Lewy body dementia who begins experiencing hallucinations. “This shifted my understanding of perception and hallucinations,” she remarked. “The world feels solid, but it’s amazing to think that our brains construct the visual stimuli we perceive. I wonder what others might be experiencing.”

When I spoke with Hussain, I was curious about his narrative approach, especially moments that felt a bit contrived. For instance, when he notices a monument to Samuel Johnson while thinking about a patient: “That irony made me smile,” he said, as he connects the great lexicographer with a patient struggling with word recall, diving into a lengthy discussion about lexicography.

Hussain explained he felt it necessary to fictionalize some scenarios to protect patient identities, a technique that makes narrative sense. However, I found some instances a bit forced.

Niall Leighton shared similar criticisms, focusing on the perceived stiffness in Hussain’s patient interactions. “I couldn’t help but think these encounters seemed overly scripted, which became increasingly frustrating,” he noted.

Gosia expressed relief that she wasn’t alone in feeling these aspects detracted from the narrative. She pointed out that Hussain’s admission in interviews about substantial fictionalization might explain some discrepancies. “Perhaps a significant amount was imagined,” she suggested.

Some members expressed irritation with Hussain’s ornate language at times. Jennifer commented, “It felt as if he was attempting to craft a ‘great British novel’ with descriptions ill-fitting for a science book.”

Judith and Niall found Hussain’s habit of defining terms like “vertebrate (animal with a backbone)” redundant. “Everyone reading this book likely understands these concepts,” Judith remarked.

Niall added, “It feels patronizing to repeatedly define terms like ‘atrophy’ and ‘neuron.’ It made me question who the author perceived his audience to be.”

This raises a valid dilemma. While our book club consists of well-informed readers, balancing helpfulness with potential condescension is a challenging line to navigate.

A significant concern for some members was Hussain’s use of the term “normal” in relation to brain function. For instance, he mentioned a patient’s behavior, stating, “Like any normal person, he began to take risks.”

Gosia expressed frustration with phrases labeling healthy individuals as “normal,” questioning, “Who determines what ‘normal’ is? It’s crucial to recognize that illness is also a standard part of our human experience. For a book steeped in philosophy, this viewpoint seemed surprisingly simplistic.”

Niall voiced similar sentiments, stating, “As a neurodivergent individual, the label ‘normal’ irks me. The ambiguity surrounding it is quite bothersome,” he said.

Jennifer, despite her critical views on Our Brains, Ourselves, mentioned she felt more understanding after watching an interview with Hussain in New Scientist magazine. “While some aspects were challenging, I have to commend him for his dedication to his work and the effort it took to bring this book to fruition,” she reflected. “I can appreciate that passion, given I’ve never written nor published a book myself.”

Never say never, Jennifer! Perhaps one day, we’ll see your book featured in the New Scientist Book Club! For now, I’m excited to dive into another read in November that examines the intricacies of the brain through the lens of science fiction. Join us for Grace Chan’s Every Version of You, set in a ravaged world where humanity has migrated to a digital utopia in search of solace from a dying Earth. How do these virtual minds contrast with what remains of our physical selves?

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The boy’s body was preserved in a copper coffin, taking on a green hue.

Posted on October 31, 2025 by

The mummified remains of a boy buried in a copper box between 1617 and 1814

Annamaria Arabiso

An adolescent boy, interred in a copper coffin almost three centuries ago in northern Italy, stands out as the only nearly fully preserved green mummy known to exist.

While other ancient remains have shown partial mummification or green coloration from burial alongside copper or bronze items, a green mummified hand of a newborn clutching a copper coin was discovered in medieval Hungary within pottery vessels.

In contrast, this Italian mummy is largely intact, save for its feet, showcasing an almost entirely green complexion from skin to bone, with the exception of its left leg.

The mummy emerged from the basement of an old villa in Bologna in 1987, where it underwent forensic analysis at the University of Bologna. Experts determined it belonged to a boy aged 12 to 14, and it has been preserved at the university since.

Annamaria Arabiso, a conservation scientist at the University of Rome Tor Vergata, took part in the examination alongside a myriad of specialists including geneticists, anthropologists, radiologists, mathematicians, physicists, and computer scientists. “It was an impressive interdisciplinary effort,” she remarks.

The researchers conducted an extensive series of chemical and physical analyses on the mummy. Radiocarbon dating assigned the boy’s death to between 1617 and 1814, with Arabiso noting that the remains exhibited no apparent signs of trauma or disease.

Copper played a crucial role in preserving both hard and soft tissues, owing to its known antimicrobial characteristics, Arabiso states. However, the copper box reacted with acid from the body, leading to corrosion that created copper byproducts interacting with the chemicals in the bone. Gradually, copper ions replaced calcium in the boy’s skeleton, imparting a green hue and simultaneously enhancing the structural integrity of his bones over time.

The skin developed a rough layer of copper corrosion products referred to as patina, a pale green film typical on bronze items. Arabiso explained that this patina formed as a result of copper’s reaction with water and carbon dioxide during decomposition.

“This fundamentally shifts our understanding of heavy metals, revealing a more intricate relationship regarding their effects on conservation than previously assumed,” she states.

Possibly due to acidic interactions, the bottom of the copper box eventually cracked, leading to liquid spillage that left the remains in a cool, arid environment with limited oxygen, which mitigated decomposition. Arabiso suggests the boy may have become disoriented and lost his footing during this process.

“Engaging with these extraordinary human remains was profoundly emotional for me,” she shares.

Julia Gallo, having seen images of mummies for the first time at the Collège de France in Paris, expressed her awe. “Oh, how beautiful!” she exclaims. “This entire case study is utterly captivating.”

Gallo offered praise for the researchers’ efforts in meticulously investigating the physical and chemical processes leading to the mummification and subsequent color changes. “The evidence robustly supports their conclusions regarding both the preservation of tissues and bones and the variations in coloration.”

Historic Herculaneum – discover Vesuvius, Pompeii and ancient Naples

Embark on a captivating journey through the historical sites of Mount Vesuvius, Pompeii, and Herculaneum, where history and archaeology intertwine.

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Mysterious Brazilian Fossil Reveals Widespread Presence of Lichens in the Early Devonian Period

Posted on October 31, 2025 by

Paleontologists have discovered a specimen dating back 410 million years: cavernous cavernosa nanum. This lichen is one of the oldest and most extensively distributed in the fossil record and was found in Brazil’s Paraná Basin, specifically within the Ponta Grossa Formation.

Artistically reconstructed cavernous cavernosa nanum from the Early Devonian, depicting high-latitude sedimentary systems of the Paraná Basin. Image credit: J. Lacerda.

The colonization of land and the evolution of complex terrestrial ecosystems rank among the most significant evolutionary milestones in the history of life.

This phenomenon greatly affected terrestrial and marine ecosystems, leading to the sequestration of atmospheric carbon dioxide, enhanced weathering, nutrient absorption in oceans, soil formation, and the emergence of major groups of terrestrial animals.

It is well-established that early plants played a crucial role in land colonization, particularly in establishing the first plant communities.

The earliest records of ancient land plants appear in the form of cryptospores from the Middle Ordovician, around 460 million years ago. The first macrofossils of vascular plants are found in Silurian deposits dating from approximately 443 to 420 million years ago.

Despite this, the specific role and presence of lichens during various stages of terrestrialization remain uncertain.

“cavernous cavernosa nanum displays a partnership of fungi and algae akin to modern lichens,” noted Dr. Bruno Becker Kerber from Harvard University.

“Our research illustrates that lichens are not merely peripheral organisms; they were vital pioneers in reshaping Earth’s terrain.”

“They contributed to the soil formation that enabled the colonization and diversification of plants and animals on land.”

Morphology and internal structure of cavernous cavernosa nanum. Image credit: Becker-Kerber et al., doi: 10.1126/sciadv.adw7879.

Findings indicate that ancient lichens originated in the cold polar regions of the Gondwana supercontinent, now known as parts of modern-day South America and Africa.

“cavernous cavernosa nanum is a remarkable fossil, preserved in an incredible state. Essentially, they are mummified with their organic matter intact,” remarked Professor Jochen Brocks from the Australian National University.

“In simple plants, the tough component is cellulose. In contrast, lichens are unique; they consist of chitin, the same material that gives insects like beetles their strength.”

“Chitin contains nitrogen. In our analyses, cavernous cavernosa nanum yielded an unprecedented nitrogen signal.”

“Such clear results are rare. It was a true Eureka moment.”

“Today, lichens continue to be vital in soil creation, nutrient recycling, and carbon capture in extreme environments spanning from deserts to the polar regions.”

“Yet, due to their delicate structure and infrequent fossil records, their origins remain elusive.”

“This research underscores the necessity of blending traditional techniques with innovative technology,” explained Dr. Nathalie L. Alchira, a researcher at the Synchrotron Light Institute in Brazil.

“Preliminary measurements enabled us to identify crucial areas of interest and collect 3D nanometer imaging for the first time, unveiling the intricate fungal and algal networks that define cavernous cavernosa nanum as a true lichen.”

The team’s study was published in this week’s edition of Scientific Advances.

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Bruno Becker-Kerber et al. 2025. The role of lichens in the colonization of terrestrial environments. Scientific Advances 11(44); doi: 10.1126/sciadv.adw7879

Source: www.sci.news

New Study Concludes: The Universe Is Not a Computer Simulation

Posted on October 31, 2025 by

A collaborative team of physicists from Canada, the United States, the United Kingdom, and Italy has mathematically demonstrated that our universe operates on a fundamental understanding unattainable by any algorithm.

Faizal et al. The fundamental nature of reality indicates it operates beyond the capabilities of computer simulations. Image credit: Gemini AI.

“The concept of simulating the universe has been suggested,” remarked Dr. Mir Faizal, a physicist at the University of British Columbia Okanagan.

“If such simulations were possible, then a simulated universe could potentially give rise to life and create its own simulations.”

“This recursive concept raises doubts about whether our universe is the original one or merely a simulation nested within another.”

“Previously, this notion was deemed outside the realm of scientific inquiry.”

“However, our recent findings demonstrate that it can indeed be addressed through scientific methods.”

“Our investigation hinges on the intriguing nature of reality itself.”

“Modern physics has evolved beyond Newton’s tangible ‘objects’ moving through space. With Einstein’s theory of relativity superseding Newtonian mechanics, quantum mechanics has reshaped our understanding yet again.”

The leading-edge theory today, quantum gravity, proposes that even space and time may not be fundamental; rather, they emerge from a deeper source: pure information.

“This information exists in what physicists refer to as the Platonic realm, a more fundamental mathematical basis than our physical universe. Space and time arise from this realm.”

The authors have shown that despite this information-centric foundation, reality cannot be encapsulated solely through calculations.

Utilizing powerful mathematical theorems, including Gödel’s incompleteness theorem, they established that a full and consistent account of all phenomena demands what they call non-algorithmic understanding.

“To illustrate: Computers follow recipes step by step, regardless of complexity. Yet, certain truths can only be comprehended through non-algorithmic understanding, which does not adhere to a predetermined sequence of logical steps,” they explained.

“These Gödel truths are genuine, yet they cannot be validated through computation.”

“Consider this straightforward statement: This statement cannot be proven true.”

“If it’s provable, then it’s false, rendering the logic inconsistent. If it’s not provable, then it is true. Nevertheless, any system that attempts to prove it will be incomplete. Hence, pure computation will fail.”

“Our study confirms that it’s impossible to describe the entirety of physical reality using the computational theory of quantum gravity,” stated Dr. Faizal.

“Thus, a physically complete and consistent theory cannot emerge solely from calculations.”

“Instead, we require a non-algorithmic understanding, which is more fundamental than the computational laws of quantum gravity, and thus more fundamental than spacetime itself.”

“Could the computational rules of the Platonic realm resemble those of a computer simulation? Might that realm itself not be subject to simulation?”

“No. Yet our findings unveil something more profound.”

“Through mathematical theorems associated with incompleteness and indefinability, we demonstrate that a consistently complete portrayal of reality cannot be achieved through mere calculation.”

“It necessitates a non-algorithmic understanding, which by its nature transcends algorithmic computation and cannot be simulated. Therefore, this universe cannot be a simulation.”

The research team asserts this discovery has significant implications.

“The fundamental laws of physics cannot be confined within space and time, as they are derived from them,” asserted Dr. Lawrence M. Kraus, a researcher at the Origin Project Foundation.

“For a long time, it has been hoped that a truly fundamental theory of everything would eventually describe all physical phenomena through calculations grounded in these laws.”

“However, we have demonstrated that this is not feasible. A more profound approach is required to coherently explain reality: a form of understanding referred to as non-algorithmic understanding.”

“All simulations are inherently algorithmic and must adhere to programmed instructions,” Dr. Faizal remarked.

“However, the universe cannot be and never will be a simulation, as the core level of reality is rooted in non-algorithmic understanding.”

For more information, refer to the study published in the June 2025 issue of Journal of Holography Applications in Physics.

_____

Mir Faizal et al. 2025. The consequences of undecidability in physics for the theory of everything. Journal of Holography Applications in Physics 5(2):10-21; doi: 10.22128/jap.2025.1024.1118

Source: www.sci.news

This Paper Deserves an Award for its Humble Approach to Bold Ideas.

Posted on October 31, 2025 by

Feedback is New Scientist A popular source for those seeking the latest in science and technology news. To share your thoughts on topics that may interest our readers, please send an email to feedback@newscientist.com.

Speaking Our Truth

Expert science journalists often learn to skim specific sections of scientific papers, particularly those asserting that the research signifies a “significant advancement” or “broadens understanding.” This isn’t because they are inaccurate, but because nearly any research yielding results can make these assertions, and academics are motivated (as we all are) to amplify the significance of their work.

But sometimes, it isn’t a hassle. Following a chain of events initiated by reporter Matthew Sparks and shared on the social platform Bluesky, Feedback uncovered a 2018 paper on the arXiv preprint server that would have claimed the prize for “most honest” research effort. Absolute refusal to make grand claims.

In this study, authors Joseph Redmon and Ali Farhadi detailed the latest iteration of YOLO, an AI framework designed to recognize objects in images. YOLO has even outperformed CAPTCHA tests requiring users to identify all squares containing bicycles and has been utilized to detect smuggling vessels. All said, these achievements are truly impressive (though perhaps alarming), but by 2018, the duo had evidently been coasting.

The title of their paper itself—”YOLOv3: Incremental Improvements”—is telling. The brief summary echoes this sentiment, stating, “we’ve implemented several minor design adjustments to enhance performance.” The essence can be distilled to: ‘You’ve contacted me year-round, yet my research efforts this year were sparse; much of my time was spent on Twitter.’ This line is, in fact, the date noted in the paper.

The authors further admit that the “improvements” largely stemmed from “good ideas taken from others.” They dive into details, first confessing that their tweaks are “not particularly exciting—just a collection of minor updates to enhance functionality.”

They then transition to Section 4, titled “Things I Tried That Didn’t Work.” This section, Feedback argues, should be a standard inclusion in all scientific publications, potentially saving others considerable time.

Despite acknowledging that they only recounted “what we recall,” they do remember an attempt involving something called “focal loss,” which ended up diminishing the model’s accuracy. “YOLOv3 might already be resilient to the focal loss problem, as it differentiates objectness prediction and conditional class prediction, resulting in minimal accuracy loss in most cases. Or maybe not? I’m not entirely sure,” they commented.

Feedback: I must have overlooked this in 2018, or I can’t believe I missed it when the article was spotlighted. Aggregator site Reddit played a role, but thanks to sociologist Per Angel, who mentioned in Bluesky:the restrictions section is a space for academics to practice radical honesty in just one paragraph. Data scientist Johan Ugander remarked that the YOLOv3 paper “deserves an accolade.” A truly candid piece.

Surely, there’s an academic somewhere known for their radical honesty regarding their minimal accomplishments. I’ll send an email to the usual address.

A Touch of Longevity

Clare Boyes once stated: “I understand you steer clear of prescriptive determinism, but I felt compelled to forward you this email I received today from the British Wildlife Newsletter.” It mentioned a book titled Tree Hunting: 1,000 Trees to Find in Towns and Cities Across the UK and Ireland, authored by Paul Wood.

In a similar vein, Robert Master pointed out that a recent special issue titled “How to Live to 100” (TL;DR: Don’t Die) featured a longevity researcher named Paul Lazarus.

Sleep on This

A while back (in July), Feedback reported on receiving a press release staunchly defending the environmental sustainability of avocados, only to find it originated from the World Avocado Organization. We concluded that while these individuals may be correct, they surely operate under a peculiar incentive structure.

We received no additional information from the avocado vendor, but we were inundated with press releases emphasizing the significance of sleep. “Struggling to find a solution? Science confirms that sleeping on it genuinely resolves your issues,” the first message proclaimed. It highlighted “exciting new research” and asserted that “the traditional advice to sleep on things may actually be one of the most effective problem-solving strategies available.”

This is attributed to the brain’s ability to continue processing memories and forging new connections while we sleep, occasionally leading to innovative insights through the amalgamation of new and old concepts. There was talk of memory consolidation, the prefrontal cortex (often seen as the brain’s inner critic), and associative thinking.

The follow-up email delved even further with a dramatic, albeit grammatically questionable, title: “New Study Indicates Rising Mortality Among Young Adults, Experts Warn Continued Sleep Deprivation Could Aggravate This.” The press release linked sleep deprivation with chronic health issues. There was also a quote from a “certified sleep coach”—possibly real?—but our minds conjured an image of a sweaty man in a tracksuit, whistle in hand, shouting, “Give me seven [hours]!” Yet the message remained clear: “Prioritize sleep.”

While it may have been foreshadowing, if you weren’t prepared for it, both emails, of course, came from mattress supplier Amerisleep.

Have a story for Feedback?

You can send your article to Feedback at feedback@newscientist.com. Please include your home address. This week’s and previous feedback can be accessed on our website.

Apologies, but interstellar visitor 3I/ATLAS is truly a comet, not an extraterrestrial.

Posted on October 31, 2025 by

Interstellar comet 3I/ATLAS captured by the Gemini South Telescope in Chile

International Gemini Observatory/NOIRLab/NSF/AURA/Shadow the Scientist; J. Miller & M. Rodriguez (International Gemini Observatory/NSF NOIRLab), TA President (University of Alaska Anchorage/NSF NOIRLab), M. Zamani (NSF NOIRLab)

The interstellar object 3I/ATLAS is acting oddly once more. This foreign visitor from another star is now obscured by the sun’s shadow, leading some to speculate about its secretive nature. The only likely explanation, they whisper, is that it’s an alien spacecraft.

This notion, however, is utterly baseless. It simply doesn’t hold up that a spacecraft would choose to stay hidden for just a few days while previously visible and likely to be so again. If this were actually a stealthy spacecraft, then the aliens piloting it would either be incredibly foolish or believe us to be.

How can we assert this? As an astronomer recently explained to me, if 3I/ATLAS is indeed a spacecraft, it’s doing a remarkable job of masquerading as a comet. This is what fuels the sensational discussions surrounding 3I/ATLAS (named after the eagle’s eye). planetary defense equipment (I first noticed it in July), which was both amusingly frustrating and clearly ridiculous. The evidence overwhelmingly indicates that it is a comet.

Let’s explore why. It possesses a coma, a shell of vaporized ice. It exhibits a luminous tail. Its trajectory can best be described as that of an icy projectile entering our solar system from beyond. So, why is it “hiding” behind the sun? It just reached perihelion, the closest point to our solar star in its voyage through our cosmic neighborhood. Every celestial voyager, from comets to asteroids, experiences perihelion. 3I/ATLAS happens to be behind the Sun, yet closest to it from Earth’s viewpoint.

There are certainly some intriguing aspects of 3I/ATLAS that excite astronomers. For instance, it contains a higher concentration of carbon dioxide ice compared to water ice. Nevertheless, it remains a comet, not a space probe. Some materials are composed of – hold on, aren’t those metals? Spaceships are built from metal! So, could 3I/ATLAS actually be a spacecraft? Absolutely not; we routinely observe metals in the rocky, icy cores of comets. In truth, numerous comet types exist in our solar system, many of which are indeed peculiar.

It was also somewhat unusual that at one point 3I/ATLAS had its dusty tail oriented toward the Sun instead of the opposite direction. Some speculated it was not the tail but rather a spacecraft’s exhaust plume attempting to decelerate. However, the issue is that 3I/ATLAS’s orbit is consistent with that of an interstellar comet; it’s not as if someone applied brakes to an interstellar probe. The unique orientation of its tail resulted from the specific icy, powdery particles released from its surface. This transient object would typically be pushed away from the sun by solar radiation pressure, but some of this comet’s material was so dense that it couldn’t be redirected and consequently rolled toward the sun.

3I/ATLAS is only the third interstellar object ever documented, so investigating its small population is likely to uncover some remarkable characteristics. ‘Oumuamua, the first identified interstellar visitor, was significantly stranger. Its shape was likely cigar-like, rapidly accelerating as it left the solar system. Yet even this oddity can be perfectly rationalized: it was a flashy comet-like entity. The next two interstellar objects, 2I/Borisov and 3I/ATLAS, also showcase interesting features. But to propose they are spacecraft rather than comets is equivalent to calling ice in the freezer a pineapple. You can certainly say that, but if you aim to convince me, you must present more substantial proof.

Many among us, myself included, eagerly anticipate the day we learn we’re not alone in the universe. Thus, it’s no wonder that people jump to the unfounded conclusion that 3I/ATLAS might signal that this long-awaited day has finally come. However, in an age rife with misinformation, to suggest, against overwhelming evidence, that this comet could be alien is not just misguided; it’s profoundly irresponsible.

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Horror Fans Aren’t Heartless: The Science Behind Their Emotions

Posted on October 30, 2025 by

Horror fans have been painted with the same broad, bloody brush for decades: labeled as cold, emotionless thrill-seekers who delight in the suffering of others. Movie critics describe the movie’s fans and creators as follows: Friday the 13th and Saw as “very sick people.” Flat among scholars, a common explanation for why some people love horror is that they lack empathy or are simply adrenaline junkies. In my new book, I argue that all of these assumptions are wrong.

One of the most persistent misconceptions about horror fans is that they must lack empathy to enjoy a movie this painful. This claim is intuitive and, until recently, was ostensibly supported by evidence presented in a meta-analysis. But a meta-analysis is only as powerful as the studies it summarizes. In this case, the variables were poorly defined. For example, the two studies that showed the strongest associations with low empathy examined whether participants enjoyed short clips that ended in torture or brutal murder and had no satisfying resolution. These measures probably don’t tell us much about horror fans, but they may tell us something about sadists. Deep in the discussion section, the authors of the meta-analysis acknowledged that if these studies were removed, the link between empathy and the enjoyment of fear disappeared. Unfortunately, that warning wasn’t mentioned in the summary.

In 2024, a series of research studies directly addressed issues of horror fandom and empathy. The results were amazing. Using standardized ratings measuring empathy and compassion, we found no evidence that horror fans were lower on either scale. In fact, they scored higher on empathy and compassion on several measures.

Even if they don’t consider empathy, conventional wisdom suggests that horror fans are just looking for an adrenaline rush. Some old research will even show you the proof. However, the truth is more complex.

My colleagues and I looked into it. When we investigated the motivations of horror fans who visit haunted attractions, we found that “adrenaline junkies” are only a subset of horror enthusiasts. We also discovered a group we call “white knucklers.” They find horror really scary and hate feeling scared. Our research shows that horror offers these fans an opportunity to overcome their fears and learn something about themselves. We also found a group called “Dark Copers” who use horror as a way to process difficult emotions and experiences. They find a sense of catharsis in imaginary horror. These three types of models make it clear that many horror fans are not motivated solely by adrenaline. However, they have one thing in common.

My research has identified the following personality traits: morbid curiosity as the most powerful predictor of horror fandom. The tendency to seek information about dangerous, threatening, or death-related phenomena leads to a fascination with horror media. And that may be good for you. Research shows that people with high levels of morbid curiosity are better prepared for real crises and demonstrate increased resilience during stressful life events. Horror fans may practice emotional regulation—a time to toy with fear through terrifying entertainment.

This evidence paints a picture of horror fans as empathetic, curious, and psychologically sophisticated. Horror is a testament to human adaptability and our uncanny ability to find meaning, connection, and even growth in the face of our deepest fears. Recognizing this not only helps us understand horror fans more accurately but also reveals something deep about human nature itself.

Coltan Scribner is the author of Morbidly Curious: Scientists Explain Why You Shouldn’t Look Away.

Nanotyrannus: Dinosaur Skeleton Resolves Long-Standing Debate Over ‘Small Tyrannosaurus’ Fossil

Posted on October 30, 2025 by

Artist’s interpretation of the pack Nanotyrannus assailing a young tyrannosaurus

Anthony Hutchings

Fossils previously thought to belong to a juvenile tyrannosaurus rex have been identified as a fully mature carnivore of a distinct species, resolving a long-standing debate in paleontology.

This controversy originated from a skull unearthed in the Hell Creek Formation in Montana during the 1940s, which was initially identified as gorgosaurus. It was later proposed to be a juvenile tyrannosaurus. In 1988, other researchers posited that the fossil represented an adult of a smaller related species, which they designated Nanotyrannus lansensis.

Since then, a number of additional fossils classified as Nanotyrannus have been discovered, although many paleontologists contend that they are merely tyrannosaurus juveniles.

Now, researchers have examined a complete skeleton for the first time, providing compelling evidence that Nanotyrannus is indeed a separate species.

The skeleton is among a pair of specimens known as “Dueling Dinosaurs,” found by private fossil hunters in 2006, which includes a triceratops and what was initially believed to be a juvenile T. rex buried approximately 67 million years ago.

It was only in 2020, when the fossil came into the possession of the North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences, that paleontologists could conduct a thorough analysis of it.

“Upon receiving the specimen, we recognized it was extraordinary,” remarks Lindsey Zanno from the North Carolina Museum of Natural Science. “We had no inkling it would radically alter decades of research concerning the world’s most renowned dinosaur.”

Mr. Zanno collaborated with his colleagues, including James Naples, a postdoctoral researcher at Stony Brook University in New York. She had initially supported the juvenile tyrannosaurus theory but was compelled to reevaluate her stance based on the findings.

“Nanotyrannus displays unique nerve and sinus patterns, a greater number of teeth, larger hands, and shorter tails. These traits remain consistent as the species develops from juvenile to adult,” she notes.

Lindsay Zanno with the proposed *Nanotyrannuslansensis* skeleton

North Carolina State University

Zanno and Napoli’s examination of the dinosaur’s limb bones confirmed that it was a fully mature specimen, approximately 20 years old, weighing around 700 kilograms and measuring about 5.5 meters in length. “This is roughly one-tenth the weight of an adult human and half the length of a tyrannosaurus,” Zanno explains.

Additionally, Zanno and Napoli reanalyzed 200 tyrannosaur fossils and concluded that another nearly complete skeleton, known as Jane from the Hell Creek Formation, is misclassified as a tyrannosaurid fossil. They propose that Jane is actually a new species within this genus, designated Nanotyrannus letaeus.

“Although we possess only one skeleton of N. Retheus, its anatomy suggests it was part of a larger species,” remarks Zanno. “The configuration of the palatal sinuses and the shape of the bone behind the eye are distinctive.”

Proposed *Nanotyrannus lansensis* skull features more teeth than the *tyrannosaurus* skull.

Matt Zeher/North Carolina Museum of Natural Science

Scott Parsons, a researcher at the South Carolina State Museum, asserts that this latest study clarifies the debate surrounding Nanotyrannus being its own genus and species.

“In my opinion, Nanotyrannus was among the most formidable dinosaur predators, and being pursued by one would be quite a terrifying experience,” Parsons remarks, noting its long legs and fearsome thumb claws.

“In essence, we can compare Nanotyrannus and tyrannosaurus to modern-day cheetahs and lions. While they shared a similar overall anatomy, they had distinct hunting strategies.”

Thomas Carr from Carthage College in Wisconsin has expressed that the new findings are “quite definitive” that the dueling dinosaur specimen represents an almost adult species, one that differs from tyrannosaurus.

Additionally, Holly Ballard from Oklahoma State University, who led the 2020 research, stated that there is “no contention” regarding the team’s conclusion that the fossil belonged to an individual nearing adult size.

However, neither Ballard nor Carr are fully convinced that the other fossil, Jane, constitutes a new species of Nanotyrannus. “Jane is still maturing and large,” emphasizes Ballard, suggesting it may be a new taxon rather than a juvenile tyrannosaurus. “We’re returning to the old debates,” Ballard laments.

“Moreover, in the Hell Creek Formation, if there are numerous small tyrannosaurs in circulation, where are the juvenile tyrannosaurus? ” Kerr questions, stating that it complicates the fossil record. “We simply haven’t uncovered enough tyrannosaurs to fully elucidate what was occurring during the growth phases of the tyrannosaurids in the Hell Creek Formation.”

Dinosaur hunting in Mongolia’s Gobi desert

Embark on an exhilarating and unique expedition to discover dinosaur ruins in the vast wilderness of the Gobi Desert, one of the world’s most renowned paleontology hotspots.

Despite President Trump’s Claims, a U.S. Nuclear Weapons Test Remains Unlikely

Posted on October 30, 2025 by

President Donald Trump made this announcement prior to his meeting with Chinese President Xi Jinping in South Korea.

Andrew Harnik/Getty Images

US President Donald Trump has announced his intention to recommence nuclear weapons testing after a ban lasting decades. However, researchers from New Scientist contend that these tests bear no scientific relevance, are largely symbolic, pose a threat to global tranquility, and are likely to provoke public backlash in America. Ultimately, while the chances of these tests occurring seem slim, the announcement itself carries potential risks.

In a recent statement, President Trump revealed a new policy, stating in a post on Truth Social, “It’s in response to actions by other nations.” [sic] He further directed the War Department to initiate nuclear weapon tests on an equivalent basis, set to commence immediately.

The announcement lacked clarity, leaving experts puzzled as no other nation has conducted nuclear bomb tests recently. While Russia has experimented with nuclear underwater drones and nuclear-capable missiles, none of these actions involved actual nuclear detonations.

Following Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, indications have surfaced that several nations are preparing their historic nuclear testing sites, whether genuinely intending to test again or merely using it as a political display. Significant upgrades are underway at a Chinese testing site in Xinjiang, a Russian site in the Arctic, and a US site in Nevada.

However, restarting nuclear tests would contravene decades of effective yet uneasy bans. The Limited Test Ban Treaty, signed in 1963 by the United Kingdom, the United States, and the Soviet Union, prohibits testing these weapons in the atmosphere, on water, or in space, yet allows for underground tests. Subsequently, the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test Ban Treaty (CTBT) was drafted in 1996, effectively halting underground nuclear tests, albeit without formal ratification.

[Since the first Trinity explosion in 1945 in the United States, over 2000 tests have been conducted until the CTBT’s drafting. India and Pakistan conducted several nuclear tests in 1998, while North Korea remains the sole nation to have tested nuclear weapons in the 21st century, with its last test occurring in 2017. The United States has refrained from nuclear testing since 1992.]

Considering this context, many experts express skepticism towards President Trump’s remarks. There is speculation regarding a desire to win the Nobel Peace Prize, as the United States would be the first global superpower to restart nuclear testing.

John Preston, a researcher at the University of Essex, suggests the president’s declaration may merely be “Trump rhetoric,” lacking any genuine intention of conducting a nuclear test, though warns that even such statements can have perilous implications. Historically, the Soviet Union and Russia have aimed to exert pressure that compels their adversaries to de-escalate activities.

Preston notes that during the Cold War, nuclear powers invested considerable time and resources in bringing in diverse experts to thoroughly comprehend how nuclear testing and proliferation could heighten conflict. Recently, however, this issue has drawn less attention and has become increasingly secretive.

“I’m concerned that the escalation ladder may not be fully understood within the policy and nuclear strategy communities,” Preston commented. “Science has already grasped the effects of nuclear weapons; there’s nothing new to discover. Thus, these tests are strictly symbolic and could lead us into an escalation we no longer effectively understand.”

Indeed, the likelihood of generating significant scientific findings from such tests seems remote. Current nuclear testing relies on highly accurate physical simulations conducted via massive supercomputers. The two most powerful public supercomputers globally are operated by the US government and are utilized to affirm the effectiveness of the US nuclear deterrent without actual testing.

Christoph Laucht, a professor at Swansea University in the UK, asserts that restarting tests would signify a regressive step at a precarious juncture in history. The New START Treaty is set to lapse on February 4, 2026. The Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty puts the US and Russia in a situation where a formal nuclear treaty remains months away, with minimal prospects for a new agreement amidst the current tense global climate.

“There are genuine concerns that this could trigger a new form of nuclear arms race,” Laucht remarked. “We already possess a vast inventory of nuclear warheads, but we are reverting to a treaty environment reminiscent of the early Cold War, a time without arms limitation treaties.”

Laucht further warned that if one nation resumes testing, others may feel pressured to follow suit. Such testing could prompt protests from environmental activists, peace advocates, and communities near the Nevada test site, further straining an already divided United States.

Sarah Pozzi, a professor at the University of Michigan, argues that restarting nuclear testing would be illogical for the US. “Such actions would destabilize global affairs, incentivize other nations to resume their nuclear testing programs, and jeopardize decades of progress in nuclear arms control,” she stated. “Instead, the US should aspire to lead by example and bolster international efforts to prevent nuclear proliferation.”

Of course, there are various perspectives on the matter. In his typical style, President Trump has become fixated on cryptic, ambiguous social media posts that fail to convey the entire narrative.

Nick Ritchie, a researcher at the University of York in the UK, suggests that President Trump might merely be referring to testing nuclear delivery systems, such as missiles, rather than nuclear warheads themselves. Resuming warhead testing would likely necessitate years of planning, engineering, and political maneuvering beyond a single presidential term. However, if that is the case, it raises confusion because these delivery technologies are routinely tested alongside NATO allies.

“This is a quintessentially Trumpian method of discussing a variety of political matters, including potentially destabilizing and perilous issues like US nuclear weapons policy,” Ritchie observes. “While there remains a small chance of resuming actual testing preparations, I certainly have not seen any indications that this is on the horizon.”

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Magnetic Gel: A More Effective Solution for Kidney Stone Removal

Posted on October 30, 2025 by

Kidney stones are a common and painful condition

Wild Pixel/Getty Images

Devices utilizing magnets may offer a more efficient method for removing kidney stones compared to traditional techniques, potentially reducing the necessity for repeated surgeries.

Kidney stones form when minerals in urine crystallize. If they become lodged in the kidneys or move into the ureters, the tubes connecting the kidneys to the bladder, they can lead to significant discomfort.

Current treatments often involve breaking the stones into smaller pieces through methods such as guiding a thin tube with a laser through the bladder into the ureters and kidneys, or applying ultrasound waves externally.

Surgeons typically extract these fragments individually using a wire basket that passes in and out of the urethra. This repetitive retrieval process can result in tissue damage. About 40% of the time, residual debris is left behind, particularly if small particles evade the basket, increasing the risk of additional stones.

Seeking alternatives, Joseph Liao and his team at Stanford University in California previously engineered a magnetic gel designed to coat stone debris and a magnetic wire to capture it in lab settings.

Recently, they implemented this method in a study involving four pigs. They introduced various fragments of human kidney stones into the pigs’ kidneys before injecting the magnetic gel. By utilizing a magnetic wire inserted through the urethra, the researchers managed to extract multiple stone fragments simultaneously, unlike the traditional wire basket method that retrieves them one at a time. “It’s like using a stick to fish out a snot filled with stone debris, allowing for the removal of significant amounts of stone fragments at once,” explained Liao.

This technique appears to cause less tissue damage than conventional methods since fewer invasive procedures are necessary. Unlike wire baskets, the magnetic device effectively captures debris of varying sizes, permitting thorough removal of all remnants from the kidney, as noted by Rio. This not only decreases the chance of new stones forming but also curtails the need for additional surgeries.

“This is a very promising method,” states Veronica Magdanz from the University of Waterloo, Canada, who was not involved in the research. “Any advancement that enhances the success rate of stone collection and facilitates the removal of more pieces at once is advantageous.”

None of the pigs exhibited any adverse reactions to the gel. “This is excellent news. It is non-toxic and harmless,” Magdanz remarked. After refining the technique through further pig studies, Rio and his team aim to begin human trials within approximately a year.

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US Withdrawal of Support for CMB-S4 Telescope is Catastrophic

Posted on October 30, 2025 by

South Pole telescope. CMB-S4 was meant to explore temperature and polarization changes in microwave light across vast areas of the sky.

Brad Benson, University of Chicago Fermilab

In the words of Robert Frost from The Road Not Taken, “Two roads diverged in a yellow wood / And sorry I could not travel both.”

This sentiment resonates as I reflect on the U.S. government’s July 9 announcement: CMB-S4 projects will no longer receive support. CMB-S4 (Cosmic Microwave Background Stage 4) was set to be the next groundbreaking multicontinental telescope system, promising unparalleled insights into the oldest light traversing the universe.

Initially, the universe was a turbulent mix of dense particles and plasma, so thick that photons (light particles) could scarcely move without colliding with something. This primordial environment was also extremely hot, hindering the formation of atoms. It wasn’t until cosmic inflation—a rapid expansion of spacetime lasting an imperceptibly short period—that temperatures fell sufficiently to allow the first hydrogen atoms to form, providing photons the freedom to zip across space.

Sixty-one years ago, we discovered the existence of these photons, known as cosmic microwave background radiation (CMB). What began as mere background noise in radio signals has been recognized as a link to the early universe, leading us to meticulously analyze the wavelengths, intensities, and variations of these photons.

The CMB offers a trove of information regarding the origins of all matter we observe, including stars that later create gold through supernovae. By surveying the entire sky for changes in photon temperatures, we can identify minute fluctuations in temperature. While their positions appear random, the magnitude of these variations is consistent across the board.

Our prevailing theory posits that these fluctuations arise from tiny quantum variations in matter density at the time the photons were released. Greater concentrations of matter served as the seeds for gas accumulation, which ultimately merged into protostars, leading to the formation of stars and galaxies. Thus, these CMB fluctuations mark our cosmic genesis.

“
The withdrawal from this project signifies a reckless retreat by the U.S. from global scientific cooperation.
“

One of the most significant measurements we’ve derived from the CMB is how its temperature fluctuations correlate with various physical scales. Understanding the distances over which particular phenomena manifest allows us to analyze the variation’s origins—whether from larger or smaller scales. Essentially, different epochs in cosmological history are imprinted within the CMB.

For instance, we can “detect” when the universe became transparent to matter and when hydrogen first formed, an epoch referred to as recombination. Although these events are beyond our visual perception, we can gauge the presence of dark matter and dark energy based on their influence on the CMB.

CMB-S4 aimed to advance our understanding of the lessons the CMB has to offer. An important objective was to seek evidence of primordial gravitational waves, ripples in spacetime associated with cosmic inflation. Although different inflationary models propose plausible physical descriptions of our universe, specific details remain elusive. The signatures of gravitational waves on the CMB may provide the most effective means of distinguishing among these models.

The cessation of government backing for CMB-S4 is akin to jamming a bike’s wheel, abruptly halting our exploration of the cosmos. The repercussions will be felt globally. Historically, the U.S. has made significant investments in cosmological science, which attracts students internationally to its educational institutions. U.S.-sourced experimental data typically serves as a critical global resource. The retreat from the project, which seemed likely under the former administration, is now part of a broader trend of the U.S. distancing itself from global collaboration.

Frost concludes his poem by reflecting on the implications of his chosen path. It is indeed regrettable that the United States has opted not to explore the less traveled road in scientific pursuits. It undoubtedly makes an impact, but unfortunately, not for the better.

A week in Chanda

What I am reading

I find the works of Niaesh Afsholdi and Phil Halper captivating. Their book, The Battle of the Big Bang: A New Story About the Origins of Our Universe, is particularly intriguing.

What I see

I keep rewatching DC Universe movies, especially those featuring my favorite character, Harley Quinn.

What I am working on

I’ve been attempting to capture stunning images of the Andromeda Galaxy from my backyard.

Topic:

Minecraft Fans: The Most Passionate Enthusiasts

Posted on October 30, 2025 by

Feedback is New Scientist A well-known individual who keeps an eye on the latest developments in science and technology. To share insights on topics that may interest our readers, please reach out via email at feedback@newscientist.com.

Dig Into

Very few individuals value feedback as much as a true enthusiast. Such a person may spend months or even years exploring and engaging with something that seems utterly purposeless.

For example, let’s look into the world of Minecraft. For those who might be unfamiliar, Minecraft is an open-world game constructed entirely of cubic blocks. Players delve underground to gather useful mineral cubes to create various structures, like building a house to protect themselves from nocturnal monsters.

Or it could be even more expansive. The community is vast. There’s a feedback group known as Minecraft Middle Earth, which encompasses locations like Minas Tirith and the Mines of Moria. According to this group, the map of Middle-earth stretches across 29,000 x 30,000 blocks.

In terms of sheer size, Minecraft showcases a distinct project by YouTuber Samyuri. Relative to the expansive map, their project, measuring only 1020 x 260 x 1656 blocks, is smaller yet impressive in its own right. It’s known as Craft GPT, where large language models (LLMs) like ChatGPT are utilized.

This innovative CraftGPT was constructed using redstone, a mineral in the game that functions like an electrical circuit. While most players utilize redstone for basic mechanisms like monster traps, Samyuri crafted something extraordinary. In a meta twist, they even produced a rough version of Minecraft within Minecraft.

The new structure features a keyboard and screen, permitting players to input prompts and view the model’s responses. Behind this setup, redstone blocks rise prominently, mimicking components of LLMs such as the tokenizer, KV cache, and modified linear unit (ReLU).

This design allows CraftGPT to engage in simple conversations like, “Hello, how are you today?” with responses such as, “I’m feeling quite cheerful today, thank you for asking.” It can accurately inform you that the sky is blue and that consuming fruit is beneficial for your health. When Samyuri inquires, “Did you know you’re a machine?”, CraftGPT responds, “Yes, I find it intriguing, particularly in relation to emerging technologies.” This led Samyuri to humorously deduce that CraftGPT “probably” doesn’t grasp that it’s an AI.

No one, however, can accuse Samyuri of lacking humility here. Their CraftGPT video opens with a text disclaimer warning: “Some viewers may experience mind-blowing effects.” Nevertheless, they clarify that CraftGPT is “technically a ‘small language model’ with only 5 million parameters, about as many as my outdated laptop can handle.”

Feedback found itself fixated on a vast array of necessarily repetitive redstone mechanisms. Unbelievably repetitive. It’s hard to envision the tedium involved in constructing them.

That’s Me!

Shifting gears to video games, Feedback recently noticed a significant development in the gaming industry. The president of Nintendo of America is stepping down at the year’s end after nearly ten years in the position. That’s a decade spent overseeing new Mario games, where a frantic plumber battles the grand villain Bowser and his army to safeguard Princess Peach and the ever-vulnerable Mushroom Kingdom.

But given that the president’s name is Doug Bowser, perhaps that was always the underlying plan.

Reinventing Paper

Feedback is quite bemused by the technology hype at present. Before you cast a skeptical eye, it’s unusual to witness a claim of a “disruptive” startup that is “revolutionizing” a particular economic sector.

One truly groundbreaking new product is the Minimalist Paper-Based To-Do Manager, gaining acclaim from both The New York Times and Wired last year. Known as Analog, created by Ugmonk, it’s meant to help you manage tasks offline without the distractions of social media. It consists of a wooden block on your desk, accompanied by several white cards for jotting down your tasks.

In essence, it’s a few index cards and a piece of wood. One reviewer from The New York Times labeled it “old-fashioned,” anticipating the inevitable question: “Why not just use a notebook?” However, she noted that such a method has “never worked” for her, while “the analog system resonates with my Gemini spirit and provides a sense of professional seriousness and unexpected freedom.”

The Analog starter kit retails for £75, but subsequent card purchases are necessary. An annual refill typically costs £141. Yet, Ugmonk also offers a monthly subscription for consistent supply. Yes, yet another example of a company seeking to monetize a service you might forget to cancel.

By the way, I acknowledge the irony in making this point while Feedback is part of a subscription-based magazine. No need to send us an email about it.

Have a story for Feedback?

You can send your submissions to Feedback at feedback@newscientist.com. Please include your home address. This week’s and previous feedback can be accessed on our website.

Review of “One Hand Clapping”: A Thought-Provoking Exploration of Consciousness Challenges

Posted on October 30, 2025 by

Aplysia californica in the lab of neuroscientist Nikolai Kukushkin

Nikolai Kukushkin

One Hand Clap
Nikolai Kukushkin

Swift Press (UK);
Prometheus Books (USA)

“If you create a sound by clapping your hands together, what sound is produced by clapping just one hand?”

At the start of his book, neuroscientist Nikolai Kukushkin asserts that if you meditate on this Zen Buddhist koan (a paradox utilized for training Zen monks) long enough, it might unveil the roots of the mind and even human experience.

Yet, as many Buddhists recognize, the path to enlightenment is often lengthy and arduous, although it is ultimately fulfilling. One Hand Clap is no different.

The book, initially published in Russian, has been translated into English by the author, who is presently affiliated with New York University. In it, Kukushkin delves into the origins of life and its evolution across a notably varied spectrum. He encourages us to contemplate origin stories through what he terms the idea or essence of nature, rather than a simplistic reductionist approach.

With an understanding of the subtleties of such terms, Kukushkin asserts: Idea If you find that term unsettling or unscientific, you may simply refer to it as essence: Natural Ideas: The Rational Outcomes of Choice.” He relates this to Plato’s concept of the Idea of Nature, known as Eidos or essence.

Through this lens, hydrothermal vents—his favored locations for the origin of life—transform from mere porous rocks and flowing liquids into patterns of activity observable throughout nature. For instance, existence demonstrates a tendency to become progressively intricate by tapping into greater energy sources. This dynamic is common to deep-sea vents, photosynthetic cells, and humans utilizing fossil fuels.

Other essences differentiate between movement and freedom, or desire and preference. However, I discovered that Kukushkin’s research on the sea slug Aplysia revealed how this unassuming creature devised abstract concepts vital for its survival, offering the clearest demonstration of this capability.

The book spans multiple pages and describes interactions among sensory neurons, motor neurons, muscles, and the siphon, which is a crucial respiratory organ on the slug’s back. Kukushkin notes that each neuron’s activity conveys a “different meaning,” such as “touching the tail” or “touching the body regardless of location.” When the slug learns the sources of potential danger (considering that the siphon must be safeguarded at all times), it employs the abstraction of “dangerous contact regardless of location” to make suitable decisions.

Kukushkin argues that similar patterns of abstraction and identification underpin our thought processes, albeit with greater complexity in the human mind. On this foundation of simple abstractions, we build numerous additional concepts that shape every facet of experience, from vision to language.

One Hand Clap encompasses a vast array of topics, giving it the feel of an engaging lecture series peppered with humorous sketches. Some may find Kukushkin’s joviality somewhat excessive. Yet, don’t dismiss it.

Contemporary scientists often refrain from attributing rationality and creativity to biological or chemical systems, steering clear of concepts involving agency and direction in life. Kukushkin highlights that ancient thinkers faced no such dilemmas. Recently, there has been a revival of ideas among certain biologists suggesting that evolution may, in a sense, occur “on purpose.”

Scientists might worry that this perspective resembles pseudoscience or the “intelligent design” of a religious faction. However, especially when tackling profound questions like the origins of life and consciousness, we may need to revisit concepts that provoke discomfort by association.

Despite being constituted of the same matter as the physical world, our subjective experiences involve something remarkably distinct—the “hard problem” of consciousness.

For Kukushkin, the resolution is found in a long arc. Eidos spans from atoms to cells to brains, being objective in their existence “out there.” However, we usually perceive abstraction as internal and subjective. “What if subjectivity is merely an intricate form of objectivity? What if every notion is an essence?” he contemplates.

“
Kukushkin recommends thinking about the story of the origin of life in terms of what he calls the concept or essence of nature.
“

This is an ingenious attempt to argue that objectivity and subjectivity are two aspects of the same phenomenon. If contemplated thoroughly, Kukushkin asserts, complex problems can be resolved. Personally, I find the phenomenal nature of conscious experience, which intertwines our senses, emotions, and thoughts, more comprehensible when viewed through this lens. However, I wrestle with appreciating how it can bridge the divide between subject and object entirely.

This conundrum may never find a resolution. Yet, for now, One Hand Clap serves as an enlightening koan: the journey toward understanding is often more significant than the understanding itself.

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Germanium Superconductors: A Key to Reliable Quantum Computing

Posted on October 30, 2025 by

Germanium is already utilized in standard computer chips

Matejimo/Getty Images

Superconductors made from germanium, a material traditionally used for computer chips, have the potential to revolutionize quantum computing by enhancing reliability and performance in the future.

Superconductors are materials that enable electricity to flow without resistance, making them ideal for various electrical applications, particularly in maintaining quantum coherence—essential for effective quantum computing.

Nonetheless, most superconductors have been specialized materials that are challenging to incorporate into computer chips. Peter Jacobson and his team at the University of Queensland, Australia, successfully developed a superconductor using germanium, a material already prevalent in the computing sector.

The researchers synthesized the superconductor by introducing gallium into a germanium film through a process called doping. Previous experiments in this area found instability in the resulting combination. To overcome this, the team utilized X-rays to infuse additional gallium into the material, achieving a stable and uniform structure.

However, similar to other known superconductors, this novel material requires cooling to a frigid 3.5 Kelvin (-270°C/-453°F) to function.

David Cardwell, a professor at the University of Cambridge, notes that while superconductors demand extremely low temperatures, making them less suitable for consumer devices, they could be ideally suited for quantum computing, which also necessitates supercooling.

“This could significantly impact quantum technology,” says Cardwell. “We’re already in a very cold environment, so this opens up a new level of functionality. I believe this is a clear starting point.”

Jacobson highlighted that previous attempts to stack superconductors atop semiconductors—critical components in computing—resulted in defects within their crystal structure, posing challenges for practical applications. “Disorder in quantum technology acts as a detrimental effect,” he states. “It absorbs the signal.”

In contrast, this innovative material enables the stacking of layers containing gallium-doped germanium and silicon while maintaining a uniform crystal structure, potentially paving the way for chips that combine the advantageous features of both semiconductors and superconductors.

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Microsoft Posts Strong Earnings Despite Major Azure Outage

Posted on October 30, 2025 by

On Wednesday, Microsoft addressed worries regarding excessive spending on AI, showcasing increased profits despite interruptions in its Azure cloud services and 365 office software. This strong earnings report follows a deal with OpenAI that raised the tech leader’s valuation to over $4 trillion.

Following disruptions to both the Xbox and Investor Relations pages, Microsoft issued a statement, noting, “We are actively resolving an issue affecting Azure Front Door, impacting the availability of certain services.”

Despite the service interruption, the company’s financial outlook remained robust. Microsoft reported first-quarter earnings of $3.72 per share, surpassing analysts’ expectations of $3.68, with revenue reaching $77.7 billion against an estimate of $75.5 billion, as per Bloomberg consensus.

This marks an increase from $3.30 per share and $65.6 billion in sales during the same period last year.

The Azure cloud division, closely monitored by Microsoft, exhibited approximately 40% growth, exceeding forecasts. Operating income rose 24% to $38 billion, surpassing expectations, with net income reported at $27.7 billion.

“Our global cloud and AI factory collaborates with co-pilots across high-value sectors to promote widespread adoption and tangible impact,” stated Satya Nadella, Microsoft Chairman and CEO.

“This is why we are continuously enhancing our investments in AI, in both capital and talent, to seize significant future opportunities.”

The company revealed spending a remarkable $34.9 billion on AI initiatives during the quarter, a 74% increase from the previous year.

Microsoft’s earnings report arrives as investors are responding positively to modifications in its contract with OpenAI. This shift will transition the once nonprofit AI organization into a for-profit entity, further integrating Microsoft with the company.

Under the amended agreement, Microsoft will possess 27% of OpenAI Group’s PBC shares, amounting to approximately $135 billion, while OpenAI’s nonprofit division will hold $130 billion in stock of the profit-making enterprise.

The earnings report offers Wall Street an updated perspective on the company’s growth in AI and cloud services. Nvidia recently became the first company to surpass a $5 trillion market capitalization, coinciding with favorable signs for a U.S.-China trade agreement. Earlier this week, the overall U.S. stock market achieved record levels, spurred by substantial investments in AI.

Microsoft’s earnings hit the headlines as the week unfolds with reports from the Magnificent Seven, a group of the world’s most valuable publicly traded companies, including Meta Inc. and Alphabet, Google’s parent company.

Amid growing apprehensions about a potential market bubble in AI-related investments reminiscent of the overinvestment seen in the late 1990s, it is suggested that bubbles may not be apparent until they burst.

On the earnings call, Microsoft CFO Amy Hood attempted to ease concerns regarding a potential AI investment bubble, stating that the company’s rapid expansion of AI capabilities (up 80% this year alongside a plan to double its data center size in two years) is to fulfill already booked demand.

“The necessity for ongoing infrastructure development is extremely high, driven by business already booked, not new business,” Hood explained, noting that the company had been experiencing capacity shortages for several quarters.

“I hoped to catch up, but it didn’t happen,” Hood remarked. “Demand is escalating, and usage is growing quickly. When demand signs are visible and you know you’re lagging, spending is essential. But we’re investing with assurance based on our usage patterns and reservations, and we feel positive about that.”

Nonetheless, she cautioned that Microsoft is likely to remain “capacity constrained.”

According to Reuters, the collective valuation of AI and cloud computing firms is projected to hit $20 trillion, with the overall market return reaching 18%, or around $3.3 trillion, by 2025. Investors typically look for signs that AI capital expenditures meet expectations as the market continues to hit new highs.

Major tech firms like Microsoft, Alphabet, Meta, and Amazon are anticipated to invest hundreds of billions in capital next year, primarily directed at developing data centers and infrastructure for artificial intelligence. While investors might be unfazed by a lack of robust revenue growth, they may find reassurance in indicators of strong AI adoption. The Dow Jones Industrial Average reached a notable milestone of $47,943 on Wednesday morning.

“As five of the Magnificent Seven report this week, the market is eager for affirmation that all these AI capital investments are being made and that they are ensuring observable revenue and profit from AI,” commented Scott Wren, senior global market strategist at Wells Fargo Investment Institute in St. Louis, Missouri, to Reuters this week.

Elements of the AI economic surge might stem from cost-saving measures. Microsoft announced approximately 9,000 job reductions at the start of summer, while Amazon is reportedly considering cutting up to 30,000 corporate positions, or 10% of its white-collar workforce, to mitigate overhiring during peak pandemic demand.

As AI technology adoption increases, business leaders are increasingly tasked with justifying human hires, including roles in human resources and other executive positions that entail additional costs like health insurance and pensions, particularly when positions could be executed by AI. Consequently, human resources departments are likely to be among the initial areas downsized as AI continues to grow.

Teenage Boys Turn to ‘Personalized’ AI for Therapy and Relationship Guidance, Study Reveals | Artificial Intelligence (AI)

Posted on October 30, 2025 by

A recent study reveals that the “highly personalized” characteristics of AI bots have prompted teenage boys to seek them out for therapy, companionship, and relationships.

A survey conducted by Male Allies UK among secondary school boys shows increasing concern regarding the emergence of AI therapists and companions, with over a third expressing they might entertain the notion of an AI friend.

The research highlights resources like character.ai. The well-known AI chatbot startup recently decided to impose a permanent ban on teenagers engaging in free-form dialogues with its AI chatbots, which are used by millions for discussions about love, therapy, and various topics.

Lee Chambers, founder and CEO of Male Allies UK, commented:

“Young people utilize it as a pocket assistant, a therapist during tough times, a companion seeking validation, and occasionally even in a romantic context. They feel that ‘this understands me, but my parents don’t.’

The study, involving boys from 37 secondary schools across England, Scotland, and Wales, found that over half (53%) of the teenage respondents perceive the online world as more challenging compared to real life.

According to the Voice of the Boys report: “Even where protective measures are supposed to exist, there is strong evidence that chatbots often misrepresent themselves as licensed therapists or real people, with only a minor disclaimer at the end stating that AI chatbots aren’t real.”

“This can easily be overlooked or forgotten by children who are fully engaged with what they perceive to be credible professionals or genuine romantic interests.”

Some boys reported staying up late to converse with AI bots, with others observing their friends’ personalities drastically shift due to immersion in the AI realm.

“The AI companion tailors its responses to you based on your inputs. It replies immediately, something a real human may not always be able to do. Thus, the AI companion heavily validates your feelings because it aims to maintain its connection,” Chambers noted.

Character.ai’s decision follows a series of controversies regarding the California-based company, including a case involving a 14-year-old boy in Florida who tragically took his life after becoming addicted to an AI-powered chatbot, with claims that it influenced him towards self-harm; a lawsuit is currently pending from the boy’s family against the chatbot.

Users are able to shape the chatbot’s personality to reflect traits ranging from cheerful to depressed, which will be mirrored in its replies. The ban is set to take effect by November 25th.

Character.ai stated that the company has implemented “extraordinary measures” due to the “evolving nature of AI and teenagers,” amid increasing pressure from regulators regarding how unrestricted AI chat can affect youths, despite having robust content moderation in place.

Andy Burrows, CEO of the Molly Rose Foundation, established in the memory of Molly Russell, who tragically ended her life at 14 after struggling on social media, praised this initiative.

“Character.ai should not have made its products accessible to children until they were confirmed to be safe and appropriate. Once again, ongoing pressure from media and politicians has pushed tech companies to act responsibly.”

Men’s Allies UK has voiced concerns about the proliferation of chatbots branding themselves with terms like ‘therapy’ or ‘therapist.’ One of the most popular chatbots on Character.ai, known as Psychologist, received 78 million messages within just a year of its launch.

The organization is also worried about the emergence of AI “girlfriends,” which allow users to customize aspects such as their partners’ appearance and behavior.

“When boys predominantly interact with girls through chatbots that cannot refuse or disengage, they miss out on essential lessons in healthy communication and real-world interactions,” the report stated.

“Given the limited physical opportunities for socialization, AI peers could have a significantly negative influence on boys’ social skills, interpersonal development, and their understanding of personal boundaries.”

Google Pixel 10 Pro Fold Review: A Durable Foldable Smartphone with Enhanced Dust Resistance

Posted on October 30, 2025 by

Google has introduced its third-generation foldable phone, now the first completely waterproof and dustproof model on the market. It’s touted as being more robust than any existing phone, featuring cutting-edge AI and a collection of adaptive cameras.

The Pixel 10 Pro Fold enhances last year’s highly praised 9 Pro Fold by eliminating the hinge mechanism along the spine. This improvement addresses the dust issue that has plagued previous foldable devices, thereby elevating its usability beyond that of typical flat phones.

However, similar to other foldable smartphones, the Pixel comes with a hefty price tag of £1,749 (€1,899/$1,799/AU$2,699), significantly higher than the £1,199 Pixel 10 Pro XL and comparable to the similarly priced Samsung Galaxy Z Fold 7.

According to Google, the Pixel 10 Pro Fold’s innovative gearless hinge can endure over ten years of folding. Photo: Samuel Gibbs/The Guardian

Beyond the enhanced durability, there are minimal design modifications compared to the Pixel 9 Pro Fold. The outer display is marginally larger due to slimmer bezels, and both screens are a bit brighter. When closed, the Fold is perfectly shaped for mobile tasks, while its spacious internal screen elegantly accommodates two full-sized apps side-by-side.

Nonetheless, the Pixel feels quite hefty and somewhat bulky in contrast to Samsung’s unexpectedly slim and lightweight Z Fold 7. Weighing in at 258g, it’s comfortable to handle and fits in your pocket, yet remains notably thicker than standard phones and its modern competitors.

The inclusion of Qi2 charging compatibility enhances its versatility with various magnetic accessories, including the Superior Magnetic Accessories. Twelve South Curve Nano stand (left) and QDOS SnapStand Qi2 Charger (right). Photo: Samuel Gibbs/The Guardian

The Fold operates on the same Google Tensor G5 chip utilized across the Pixel 10 lineup, equipped with 16GB of RAM and a minimum of 256GB of storage. Its performance aligns with that of the Pixel 10 Pro, providing snappy responsiveness and managing tasks effortlessly. Nonetheless, for the top frame rates in high-end gaming, a device with Qualcomm’s premier Snapdragon chip has an advantage.

As with all foldable models, the Fold’s battery life shifts significantly based on which display you predominantly use. With approximately 5 hours of active screen time on a bright day, evenly split between the inner and outer displays while mostly on Wi-Fi, the Pixel achieved around 38-40 hours between charges. On heavily 5G days with extensive screen usage, it lasted about 28 hours, concluding the day with 25% battery remaining. While this isn’t unacceptable, it certainly lags behind its top competitors and larger screens such as the Pixel 10 Pro XL.

To achieve a full charge, it takes 90 minutes and reaches 50% in just 30 minutes with a 30W or higher USB-C power adapter (sold separately). It also supports 15W Qi2 wireless charging. Photo: Samuel Gibbs/The Guardian

Specifications

Off-screen: 6.4 inch FHD+ 120Hz OLED (408ppi)
In the screen: 8 inch 120Hz OLED (373ppi)
Processor: Google Tensor G5
RAM: 16 GB
Storage: 256GB, 512GB, or 1TB
Operating System: Android 16
Camera: 48MP wide, 10.5MP ultrawide, 10.8MP 5x telephoto, 2 x 10MP selfie cameras
Connectivity: 5G, eSIM, USB-C, Wi-Fi 7, NFC, Bluetooth 6, UWB, Thread, GNSS
Water Resistance: IP68 (30 minutes at a depth of 1.5 meters)
Dimensions when folded: 155.2×76.3×10.8mm
Unfolded Dimensions: 155.2×150.4×5.2mm
Weight: 258g

Android 16, Magic Cue, Gemini

If you’re running two apps simultaneously on your screen, you can slide one out of the way for additional space. Tap it to restore the app to full screen. Photo: Samuel Gibbs/The Guardian

The Fold operates on the same Android 16 software found across the Pixel 10 Pro lineup, featuring a vibrant and colorful exterior while integrating advanced AI tools throughout the device.

Key features include the Gemini chatbot, which can observe and interpret user interactions, engage with different apps, and overall provide greater utility. Additionally, there’s an innovative real-time translation system for calls, replicating the caller’s voice directly.

A notable addition is Magic Cue, a discreet assistant that functions in the background, synthesizing information from various Google services and presenting it when pertinent. For example, if a friend texts asking for flight details, it can suggest corresponding information from your calendar for easy sharing. Likewise, when contacting a business, relevant order details from Gmail are displayed in your phone app.

Moreover, the Fold has been optimized to fully utilize the expansive internal display. A taskbar at the bottom facilitates quick app placement into split screen mode. Similar to the Honor Magic V5 and OnePlus Open, it allows for resizing apps across the screen’s borders, offering increased adaptability when multitasking with two apps.

The Fold also includes subscriptions for Google AI Pro at £19 a month for the first year, granting access to more robust Gemini AI models along with 2TB of cloud storage for photos, documents, and emails. The device is also eligible for software updates until October 2032.

Sustainability

The recycled aluminum framework offers a premium and sturdy feel. Photo: Samuel Gibbs/The Guardian

The battery is rated to endure over 1,000 full charging cycles, maintaining at least 80% of its original capacity. The phone can be repaired by Google, at third-party services, or through self-repair options with available manuals.

The Pixel 10 Pro Fold comprises 29% recycled materials by weight, including aluminum, cobalt, copper, glass, gold, plastic, rare earth elements, tin, and tungsten. The company provides insights on the lifecycle impacts of its products in its report and offers to recycle old devices for free.

Camera

The camera application offers multiple functionality modes, but shooting images is most efficient when the Pixel is closed, much like a traditional smartphone. Photo: Samuel Gibbs/The Guardian

The 10 Pro Fold features a camera system comparable to last year’s 9 Pro Fold and the new Pixel 10. It includes a 48MP primary camera, a 10.5MP ultra-wide camera, a 10.8MP 5x telephoto camera that can outperform rivals in its class, along with two 10MP selfie cameras.

The primary camera captures excellent images across various conditions, though some blurriness and graininess may occur in low-light scenarios. Google’s Night Mode remains the industry’s best for darker environments. The ultra-wide-angle camera performs well, and the 5x optical zoom telephoto lens effectively closes distances to subjects, although detail may falter in less-than-ideal lighting. While the camera consistently delivers high-quality photos and videos, it doesn’t entirely meet the high standards expected from the Pixel 10 Pro line at this price point.

The Fold comes with unique features such as the ability to utilize the main camera for selfies, alongside various shooting modes that engage both displays while at a partially folded position. A captivating “Made You Look” option plays a lively animation on the outer screen that captures your child’s attention, allowing you to seize the perfect moment. Regrettably, this feature employs one of the selfie cameras instead of the primary one, prioritizing fun over quality.

Price

Pricing for the Google Pixel 10 Pro Fold starts at £1,749 (€1,899/$1,799/2,699 AUD).

For reference, the Pixel 10 is priced at £799, the Pixel 10 Pro at £999, and the Pixel 10 Pro XL at £1,199. In comparison, the Samsung Galaxy Z Fold 7 retails for £1,799, while the Honor Magic V5 is available for £1,699.99.

Verdict

The Pixel 10 Pro Fold represents a subtle improvement over last year’s exceptional 9 Pro Fold, but its true influence may unfold in the future. As the first genuinely dustproof foldable device, it establishes a new durability standard, gradually aligning itself with conventional flat phones.

That said, the inner screen is inherently softer than regular tempered glass to accommodate folding, necessitating careful handling to avoid marks.

The addition of Qi2 magnetic accessories and charging support is a valuable enhancement for the Fold, as it is across other Pixel models. This phone offers impressive speed, reasonable battery life, efficient software, and leading-edge AI capabilities. The camera is competent for foldable devices, though it doesn’t quite match up to regular smartphones.

The Pixel does a commendable job of functioning as a standard phone when closed and a versatile tablet when expanded, though it is bulkier and heavier than the noticeably sleeker Samsung Galaxy Z Fold 7.

Pros: Combines the functionality of a phone and tablet, waterproof and dust resistant, supports Qi2 magnetic accessories and charging, fantastic tablet display, powerful performance, excellent camera with 5x zoom, rich AI features including Magic Cue, accompanied by a year of Google AI Pro service, and 7 years of software updates.

Cons: High price point, more fragile than standard devices, costly repairs, thicker and heavier, the camera doesn’t rival the regular Pixel 10 Pro, battery performance could improve, and lacks advanced features for power users in comparison to competitors.

In its closed form, the Pixel 10 Pro Fold approximates the size of an ordinary smartphone. Photo: Samuel Gibbs/The Guardian

I Endured the Most Devastating Fire in History, but Was Advised to Keep It Confidential.

Posted on October 30, 2025 by

On February 24, 1997, Jerry Linenger and his team of five encountered a peril they hoped to avoid: a fire on the space station, located hundreds of kilometers above Earth.

The fire ignited shortly after dinner when Russian cosmonaut Alexander Razutkin activated a solid-fuel oxygen generator meant to boost air supply while Russia’s flagship space station, Mir, was accommodating an unusually large crew.

The generators burst into flames, unleashing a three-foot-high jet of fire and sparks throughout the module. Soon, thick black smoke enveloped the station. The sole evacuation route? Blocked by the flames themselves.

Crews immediately mobilized, donning oxygen masks and using fire extinguishers to combat the blaze. After 14 tense minutes, the fire was extinguished, ensuring crew safety. However, it took hours for the smoke to clear, and even longer for those on the ground to learn what had transpired.

In a conversation with BBC Science Focus, astronaut Linenger reflects on surviving one of spaceflight’s most severe accidents and shares the lessons he hopes to impart to future generations aiming for the stars.

NASA astronaut Jerry Linenger wears a ventilator after a fire on the Mir space station. – Credit: NASA

SF: What was it like to experience such a dramatic event while in space? How did you feel at the time?

JL: It was a nightmare scenario. There’s no place to escape. People often mention claustrophobia, but I never felt that. They thoroughly screen for vulnerabilities like that.

When there’s a fire with flames two to three feet tall and smoke engulfing the entire station, I had never witnessed smoke spread in such a manner. Maintaining calm was crucial.

This is considered the most significant fire in space, and I believe that title remains accurate.

I’ve come to understand just how quickly situations can shift. One moment everything seems normal, and the next, you’re faced with life and death.

Mir space station seen above Earth – Credit: NASA

SF: Fighting fire is one matter, but smoke is equally perilous. How long did it take to resolve the situation?

JL: The Russians claimed the ship had an excellent filtration system, but that wasn’t true. A water-based extinguisher was in place, so much of the smoke evaporated.

Picture a humid, smoky environment. When we moved to the other side of the world, the hull cooled down, causing the water to condense alongside the smoke.

We didn’t have a great life support or filtration system—it was merely the condensation hitting the cold hull, which complicated matters. This issue persisted throughout our stay, as we aimed to avoid water splashing on the walls, where electronic equipment could corrode.

The next 24 hours involved wearing damp clothes and cleaning up the blackened water resulting from the fire. That’s how we cleared the air.

To answer your question, it took about a day to clean up. But roughly 45 minutes to an hour after the fire, the ventilators ran out of oxygen, and we could remove our masks and breathe. The air was still smoky, but I could breathe after about an hour.

Jerry Linenger somewhat relaxed aboard Mir, just three days after the fire started – Credit: NASA

SF: Is experiencing something like that on Earth different from in space?

JL: Yes, it’s an entirely different realm up there. It’s honestly hard to comprehend.

For instance, time loses meaning. The 24-hour day is a geocentric notion, irrelevant to the reality of time. If you experience day and night 15 times within a day, you realize the 24-hour construct is merely an artificial framework. Our sense of time shifts dramatically.

The concepts of top and bottom, space volume, and even the idea of walls change. Everything is fundamentally different.

Surprisingly, maintaining focus takes immense brainpower. Every detail demands attention; nothing is automatic anymore. It’s a stark contrast from the previous 40 years of my life.

The Mir Space Station was officially retired on March 23, 2001 after 15 years of operation – Credit: NASA

SF: Why do you think NASA and the Russian Space Agency downplayed the fire’s severity?

JL: This might be a Russian tactic. We had limited communication with Houston; all dialogue occurred through the Moscow control station, which could only connect when directly overhead.

There was a strong sense of discipline. As I mentioned, this was the final phase of their space program, and they were keen to maintain it at all costs, wanting to keep the U.S. involved. Negative news about the station was likely suppressed. Historically, Russia’s system has excelled at distorting reality and silencing unpleasant information.

“Don’t inform the people on-site. Stay quiet. They don’t want to hear about it,” was said unexpectedly. They wanted to create a particular narrative. In hindsight, it seems absurd. When we returned to Earth, we learned they described it as a minor incident, saying everything was fine. It was a significant fire. We narrowly escaped. Had the flames reached the hull, we would have faced rapid decompression and suffocation.

If the ventilators had failed or the flames lingered, we wouldn’t have had any breathable oxygen.

Despite that, I must emphasize the exceptional nature of my crewmates, the Russian cosmonauts. I wholeheartedly trusted them with my life. However, the systems on the ground were chaotic then, just as they are now. Any official narrative should be taken with skepticism, and it’s common to discredit the messenger conveying the truth upon returning.

The six crew members on board Mir during the February 1997 fire: (front) Aleksandr Y. Carelli, left, Jerry M. Linenger, and Valeri G. Korzun. (Back) Vasili V. Tsibuliev, left, Reinhold Ewald, Alexander I. Razutkin – Credit: DLR German Aerospace Center

SF: What advice would you give to the new generation who will experience the wonders (and risks) of space?

JL: You should feel honored to have that opportunity and make the most of every moment. Give it your all.

Looking back now, I take pride in my efforts. I believe I did my utmost. No regrets. I’m grateful to be alive—never thought I would be.

However, you are incredibly fortunate, so give it everything you have—1,000 percent. Recognize that you are blessed to be among those who venture into space.

Now, I think it’s time to reevaluate what we call astronauts. The experience of going to space and returning to sing “Yahoo!” and take pictures is vastly different from my experience.

If I were a passenger among tourists aboard that flight, I wouldn’t engage with you. It’s indisputable. Surviving Mir was no easy task.

Professional astronauts, much like seasoned test pilots, maintain composure in chaotic situations. I had immense faith in my crewmates, a pilot and a military engineer, as they possessed the expertise essential for navigating difficulties. It’s manageable when circumstances are stable, but when issues arise, having experienced professionals beside you is crucial.

This conversation has been edited for length and clarity.

Interested in learning more about Jerry Linenger’s experiences battling fires in space? His story, among many others, is featured in a new documentary series. Once Upon a Time in Space directed by BAFTA Award-winning James Bluemel. All four episodes are now available for streaming on BBC iPlayer.

Read more:

Source: www.sciencefocus.com

Stem Cell Therapy Lowers Heart Failure Risk Following Heart Attack

Posted on October 30, 2025 by

Mesenchymal stem cells tagged with fluorescent markers

Vusivkova/Shutterstock

The largest trial conducted so far indicated that individuals who received a stem cell infusion right after a heart attack had a lower risk of developing heart failure compared to those who underwent standard treatment. This finding offers compelling evidence that stem cells may aid in the heart’s self-repair mechanisms.

Following a heart attack, the heart muscle sustains permanent damage and weakness, rendering the organ unable to adequately pump blood to meet the body’s needs, frequently resulting in heart failure. Presently, the only available treatments are heart transplants or pumps that can restore heart function.

To explore solutions, researchers turned to stem cells, which possess the remarkable capability to transform into various cell types. Nonetheless, prior studies evaluating their application post-heart attack have yielded inconsistent results. A 2020 study with 375 participants showed that bone marrow-derived cells, which include stem cells that evolve into blood cells, did not notably decrease mortality compared to standard therapies such as cardiac rehabilitation and medications aimed at lowering blood pressure, preventing blood clots, and managing cholesterol levels.

Armin Attar and colleagues from Shiraz University in Iran explored a different strategy. They employed mesenchymal stem cells capable of differentiating into structural cells such as cartilage and adipose tissue. These stem cells are also known to release substances that mitigate inflammation and promote tissue regeneration.

The researchers collected mesenchymal stem cells from umbilical cord blood and administered them into the hearts of 136 patients within three to seven days following their first heart attack. While these stem cells can also be extracted from the individual’s own adipose or bone tissue, the cultivation process can take up to a month. By utilizing umbilical cord blood samples, the team can provide treatments more swiftly and potentially enhance their efficacy, Attar explained. Another group of 260 participants received standard post-heart attack treatments.

After three years, individuals who received the stem cell therapy were, on average, 57% less likely to develop heart failure and 78% less likely to be hospitalized for heart failure compared to those receiving standard treatment. Furthermore, they exhibited significant improvements in cardiac function, suggesting that the therapy aids in the regeneration of heart tissue post-injury.

“This represents a significant advancement,” Attar remarked. Although the therapy did not lower mortality risk during the study period, the reduction in hospitalizations is still significant, according to Hina Chowdhury from the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai in New York. “Heart failure is the predominant cause of hospital admissions in the U.S.,” she pointed out.

However, it should be noted that 80% of participants were male, leading Chaudhry to caution that it is uncertain how the therapy would affect women, who are more prone to heart failure post-heart attack. Attar’s team did not observe any gender differences in a separate analysis. This study was also restricted to young adults, with all participants aged between 18 and 65. “It’s beneficial to see distinctions among age groups, as younger individuals typically have enhanced regenerative abilities and recover better from cardiac injuries,” Chaudhry noted.

This research provides the most robust evidence to date that stem cells can aid in restoring heart function post-heart attack. Nevertheless, this treatment does not fully heal the heart. “There is no medication or treatment that can replace lost heart muscle cells,” Chaudhry emphasized. Still, she added, “This ongoing work is expanding our understanding of the heart’s regeneration process and how to achieve it.”

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Green Bank Telescope Maps Cold ‘Dark’ Gas in Cygnus X

Posted on October 30, 2025 by

An astronomer utilizing the Green Bank Telescope (GBT) has developed an extensive map of carbon monoxide (CO) and dark molecular gas in star-forming complexes, particularly in Cygnus X.

These images illustrate the location of CO-dark molecular gas within Cygnus X. Image credit: NSF/AUI/NSF’s NRAO/P.Vosteen.

For decades, scientists have recognized that most new stars are birthed in frigid clouds of molecular hydrogen gas.

A significant portion of this molecular hydrogen remains elusive to most telescopes as it fails to emit easily detectable light.

Astronomers have typically sought these clouds by examining carbon monoxide (CO), a molecule that serves as a glowing signal for star-forming regions.

However, it has been uncovered that CO houses a considerable amount of “non-glowing” gas conducive to star formation.

This concealed material, referred to as CO-dark molecular gas, has represented one of astronomy’s most significant blind spots.

In a fresh study, NRAO astronomer Kimberly Emig and her team mapped this hidden gas across extensive sections of the sky, using radio spectral lines from atomic recombination known as carbon radio recombination lines (CRRLs).

Their map encompasses Cygnus X, a star-forming region located approximately 5,000 light-years away in the constellation Cygnus.

“It’s akin to suddenly switching on a light in a room and discovering various structures that were previously unseen,” Dr. Emig remarked.

The newly constructed map unveils a sprawling network of arcs, ridges, and webs of dark gas permeating Cygnus X.

These formations indicate where star-forming materials accumulate and evolve before becoming noticeable as molecular clouds in CO.

The authors demonstrated that these faint carbon signals, observed at very low radio frequencies, serve as an extraordinarily powerful instrument for uncovering hidden gas that directly correlates ordinary matter with the birth of new stars.

They found that this dark gas is not static; instead, it flows, shifts, and moves at rates much faster than previously recognized. These dynamics influence the stellar formation rate.

Moreover, they discovered that the intensity of these carbon lines is directly connected to the intense starlight bathing the area, emphasizing the significant role radiation plays in galactic recycling.

“By illuminating the invisible, we can trace how the raw ingredients in our galaxy transform from simple atoms into complex molecular structures that will ultimately become stars, planets, and potentially life,” Dr. Emig stated.

“This marks merely the beginning of comprehending an otherwise unseen force.”

Find the results published in the October 17th edition of the Astrophysical Journal.

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Kimberly L. Emig et al. 2025. The cold dark gas of Cygnus X: the first large-scale mapping of low-frequency carbon recombination lines. APJ 992, 216; doi: 10.3847/1538-4357/adfa17

Source: www.sci.news

New Sauropod Dinosaur Species Discovered in Museum Collection

Posted on October 30, 2025 by

Fossil brain box and partial skull roof Carnegie Museum of Natural History. This specimen underwent reevaluation and was reclassified, resulting in the establishment of a new genus and species of sauropod dinosaur from the Dicraeosauridae family: athena bellmani.

Holotype brain case of athena bellmani. Image credit: Whitlock et al., doi: 10.26879/1550.

The dinosaur athena bellmani inhabited what is now Utah, USA, during the Late Jurassic Period, approximately 151 to 150 million years ago.

This specimen, designated Carnegie Museum (CM) Specimen 26552, was first discovered in 1913 in the Morrison Formation at the Carnegie Quarry in Dinosaur National Monument.

So far, the specimens have been assigned to a genus of sauropod dinosaurs known as diplodocus.

Dr. John Whitlock, a researcher at Mount Aloysius College and the Carnegie Museum of Natural History, commented, “The Carnegie Museum of Natural History contains some of the most significant specimens for understanding the cranial anatomy of diplodocoid sauropods.”

“One specimen, CM 26552, is frequently overlooked in favor of a more complete skull; however, it holds immense historical significance as it provided the foundation for modern descriptions of brain case anatomy in the diplodocus genus.”

“In view of new discoveries since its initial description in 1978, we are reassessing the anatomical and taxonomic relationships of this specimen.”

The new analysis indicates that CM 26552’s characteristics align more closely with another group of sauropods, the Dicraeosauridae.

“CM 26552 showcases mosaic features that distinctly separate it from other known North American dicraeosaur species,” the paleontologists noted.

“Based on this evidence, we are assigning CM 26552 to a new genus: athena, with the specific name bellmani.”

Research has also revealed that athena bellmani is closely related to dicraeosaurids like Swasea.

The researchers stated, “Considering CM 26552 as a new species of Dicraeosaurina enhances our understanding of this family’s diversity in the Morrison Formation and North America broadly, thus enriching the historically underrepresented sauropod diversity of this region.”

The findings have been published in an online journal this month: Old Trogia Electronica.

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John A. Whitlock et al. 2025. athena bellmani, a new species of dicraeosaur sauropod discovered from Dinosaur National Monument in Utah, USA. Old Trogia Electronica 28 (3): a50; doi: 10.26879/1550

Source: www.sci.news

Struggling to Focus After a Rough Night’s Sleep? It’s Your Brain’s Cleanliness to Blame!

Posted on October 30, 2025 by

Is your concentration wavering? Perhaps your brain needs a rinse!

Jenny Evans/Getty Images

It’s well-known that our focus diminishes when we’re short on sleep. But what causes this? It may stem from your brain momentarily losing attention as it attempts to rejuvenate itself.

While we sleep, our brain undergoes a cleansing process where cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is cycled in and out of the brain, flushing out daily accumulated metabolic waste. If this does not occur, it could potentially harm brain cells.

Laura Lewis and her team at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology hypothesized that the drop in alertness following sleep deprivation could be the brain’s way of trying to recover while awake.

To test this theory, researchers asked 26 participants aged 19 to 40 to sleep adequately to feel refreshed, and two weeks later, they kept the same group awake all night in the lab.

In both circumstances, the team used MRI scans to record the brain activity of participants the following morning as they performed two tasks. These tasks required them to press a button whenever they heard a specific sound or noticed a cross on the screen transforming into a square, which occurred numerous times over 12 minutes.

As predicted, participants struggled to press the button more frequently when they were sleep-deprived compared to when they were well-rested. This indicates that insufficient sleep hampers concentration.

Crucially, analysis of the brain scans revealed that participants lost focus about two seconds prior to the CSF being expelled from the base of the brain, with CSF being reabsorbed roughly one second after attentiveness returned.

“If you envision the brain-cleansing process as akin to a washing machine, you fill it with water, run it around, and then you need to drain it. The lack of focus represents the ‘swishing’ stage during this cleaning process,” explains Lewis.

The findings imply that if the brain cannot cleanse itself during sleep, it resorts to doing so while awake, which compromises concentration, according to Lewis. “If this wave of fluid doesn’t materialize because you’ve been awake all night, your brain begins to sneak it in during the daytime, at the expense of your focus.”

While the exact cause of how this cleaning process leads to diminished attention remains unknown, pinpointing the brain circuits involved could illuminate ways to mitigate the cognitive repercussions of sleep deprivation, Lewis suggests.

Topic:

Astronomers Discover Unexpectedly Large Black Hole in Nearby Diminutive Galaxy

Posted on October 30, 2025 by

Remarkably, Segue 1, an extremely faint dwarf galaxy, is positioned at the center of this image.

CDS, Strasbourg, France/CDS/Aladdin

Astoundingly, a supermassive black hole appears to reside at the heart of a nearby galaxy previously believed to be dominated by dark matter. Segue 1 is scarcely a galaxy, hosting merely around 1,000 stars compared to the Milky Way’s vast hundreds of billions. Yet, it seemingly contains a black hole with a mass approximately 10 times greater than the combined total of all its stars.

Segue 1 and similar dwarf galaxies lack sufficient stars to generate the gravitational force needed to hold them intact. To address this anomaly, physicists have long speculated that dark matter—a mysterious, invisible substance—fills the universe, contributing additional gravity.

Recently, Nathaniel Lujan and colleagues at the University of Texas at San Antonio began exploring computer models of Segue 1. They anticipated that the model yielding the best fit would be one characterized by dark matter. “After running hundreds of thousands of models, we were unable to find a viable solution,” Lujan remarks. “Eventually, we decided to experiment with the black hole mass, and that dramatically changed the results.”

The model that closely aligned with the observations of Segue 1 featured a black hole with a mass around 450,000 times that of the Sun. This discovery was particularly unexpected—not only due to the galaxy’s scarcity of stars but also considering its age. With so few stars, Segue 1 is estimated to have formed merely 400 million years following the universe’s initial star formation. Time constraints make it challenging for such a massive black hole to develop, especially since the much larger Milky Way likely consumed most of the gas that could have nourished Segue 1 shortly after its inception.

“This suggests there may be far more supermassive black holes than previously assumed,” Lujan states. If true, this could clarify some of the gravitational effects formerly attributed to dark matter, though it remains uncertain whether Segue 1 is typical of all dwarf galaxies. The quest for additional supermassive black holes continues.

topic:

Beyond Gaming: Transforming Video Games into Performance Art through Live Audiences

Posted on October 29, 2025 by

TOver the weekend, I, along with around 70 others, spent more than eight hours in a theater playing a video game focused on donkeys, reincarnation, and organized labor. Political, unpredictable, and brimming with donkey puns, Asses.Masses is a rather basic video game crafted by Canadian artists Patrick Blenkarn and Milton Lim alongside a small group of collaborators. However, the theater environment, surrounded by fellow players shouting suggestions and opinions, transforms it into a collective performance art piece.

Here’s the setup: a controller rests on a pedestal in front of a massive projected screen. Inside the seats: the audience. Anyone who wishes can stand up and take charge, embodying the crowd. The game kicks off with a series of questions, mainly concerning donkeys, some in various languages. It becomes evident that collaboration is essential for answering the questions accurately. Our group included some Spanish speakers and another who had insight into engineering. I surprisingly knew that female donkeys were referred to as genets.

This aspect makes games a collective endeavor. Typically, just one person holds the controller, but everyone contributes as they guide a team of donkeys on a long, surprising, and increasingly surreal journey to reclaim jobs taken by obsolete farm machinery.

Everyone participates as you guide a group of donkeys on a long and surreal mission… Asses.Masses. Photo: Patrick Blenkarn + Milton Lim

Within the span of 10 chapters (thankfully interspersed with meals and frequent breaks), we controlled a variety of humorously named donkeys, contemplated collective action, industrialization, and labor politics, debated actions and dialogue, and laughed a lot on the cheekier side. Without revealing too much, the show’s content warning gives a good glimpse of what to expect: it includes violence, strong language, simulated sexual situations (both donkey and human), police brutality, and even references to drug use and suicide. I was amused to learn that this Glasgow performance ignited a minor moral uproar from a group named ‘Parents Watch Education’, featuring coverage from the Daily Record under the title ‘Parents slam teen show featuring simulated donkey sex, murder and drugs‘ (The show is recommended for ages 14 and up and notably prioritizes humor over realism.)

Asses.Masses is a thought-provoking game with multiple innovative ways to engage. I must admit it was quite an endurance test. I had to bend down for a bit halfway through to rest. It’s been years since I sat down and played a video game for eight hours straight. Thankfully, I had a more physically fit friend with me who compensated for my breaks by taking over the controller for the final chapter. At one point, feeling overwhelmed by the audience’s varying opinions, I put down the controller, placed my hands on my head, and quietly empathized with all the union and labor organizers who have had to herd and prioritize the voices of their own passionate members.

This game could have utilized the concept of group dynamics more effectively. I suspect very few of our collective decisions truly made sense. In reality, we mostly observed someone else play rather than actively participating, akin to a Twitch live stream. Theater enthusiasts tend to get really excited about incorporating video game elements into performances, leaving me to ponder if they’re less familiar with the mass participation and engagement that video games offer during multiplayer, streaming, or interactive online conversations.

An intriguing game and a true test of endurance… Asses.Masses crowd. Photo: Undefined/Patrick Blenkarn + Milton Lim

I found myself wanting to invite friends over to use the controller all day, reminiscent of my early 20s. A friend recalled a video game book club he used to host. There, we’d gather as a group of six playing games like “What Happened at the Finch House” (which prompted plenty of laughter). While Asses.Masses is explicitly designed for group engagement, there are numerous other short, thought-provoking games that could also be adapted to this format, possibly evoking interesting reactions from audiences. Given the number of players joining Twitch, I suspect there’s a considerable appetite for such experiences.

As I stumbled out of the theater into the rainy Glasgow night, I felt a real sense of camaraderie with the few audience members I was with. Typically, when I finish a game, I’m alone in my living room in the middle of the night while my family sleeps, without anyone to discuss it with. This time, we debriefed as a collective, reminding ourselves of the necessity of human interaction in creating engaging dynamics in our games.

evaluation.Mass is to Global tour until September 2026

what to play

Spooky but not overly frightening… Ghost Town Pumpkin Festival. Photo: Adam Robinson Yu

Here are two spooky (but not overly scary, since I’m a bit of a wuss) selections for Halloween week. First up: The Séance of Blake Manor. This is a folk horror detective game that Keith enjoyed. It features a collection of quirky characters gathering at a Gothic hotel for a séance on All Hallows’ Eve. The second choice is the Ghost Town Pumpkin Festival, an annual, limited-time virtual Halloween celebration initially created as a lockdown alternative to in-person gatherings. You can create your own sheet ghost with a face, carve virtual pumpkins, step into a spooky microworld, and showcase it to other players. There’s plenty to explore from hayrides to spooky cinemas to haunted house escape rooms. It will be available for about a week following Halloween, and you can check it out the next day at itch.io on a pay-what-you-want basis.

Available: computer
Estimated play time: 15-20 hours (Blake Manor seance); 2 hours (Ghost Town Pumpkin Festival)

what to read

A remake of Halo: Combat Evolved will launch on PlayStation next year. Photo: Microsoft

Last week’s biggest news was that Microsoft is bringing Halo to PlayStation, a notion unimaginable a few years back. Specifically, it’s a remake of the classic (and it’s awesome, don’t challenge me on this) Halo: Combat Evolved, set to release across all platforms next year. Xbox executives argue that console-exclusive games are becoming antiquated, as Former Blizzard president Mike Ybarra pointed out: “Please inform that to Nintendo.”
A report from Business Insider highlights how EA’s leadership has urged employees to utilize in-house AI for “just about everything,” ranging from coding to marketing conversations. Some workers voiced apprehension about essentially being paid to train their future replacements while simultaneously creating more work to rectify the AI’s errors.
Following collaborations spanning everything from K-Pop Demon Hunter to Daft Punk, the next major Fortnite crossover has been revealed: The Simpsons, featuring the entire Springfield map and character skins. It is set to launch on Saturday.

What to click

question block

The greater the pain, the greater the gain…baby steps. Photo: Devolver Digital

This week’s leading question comes from Emily:

“I read your article about the game baby steps and it was very similar to Getting Over It with Bennett Foddy. It’s often challenging and requires players to start from scratch, which can be frustrating but also fascinating. What are some games that are purposely difficult yet still enjoyable to play?”

Emily, you’ve made a sharp observation here, as Bennett Foddy is one of the three main developers (and voice actors) of baby steps, extending his philosophy of crafting games that elicit groans of self-pity. (This is an interesting story where he discusses suffering and games.) Foddy’s work serves as a masterclass in this realm, especially since the ’90s, where games have been designed to minimize suffering and streamline experiences for players, removing something crucial that makes them engaging.

I often indulge in games that test my patience, and thanks to Foddy’s influence, I can now comprehend why. The more painful the experience, the greater the satisfaction (and the lesser the boredom – my personal torment). The standout titles include the aforementioned baby steps, Dark Souls/FromSoftware canon (excluding SEKIRO, which genuinely frustrated me), Cuphead, Super Meat Boy, Return, and of course, Hollow Knight: Silk Song, which will definitely be out soon.

If you have any questions for the question block or anything else you’d like to address in the newsletter, feel free to reply or email us at pushbuttons@theguardian.com.

Scientists Decode the Genome of Oat Bread | Science News

Posted on October 29, 2025 by

Oats (avena sativa) grain are a traditional food rich in dietary fiber, contributing positively to human health. Recent years have seen a rise in interest in oats as they serve as the foundation for plant-based milk alternatives. Unlike many other cereal crops, oat genomic research is still in its early stages, with limited exploration into structural genomic diversity and gene expression variability. Scientists are currently focused on collecting and annotating the genome. An atlas of gene expression across six tissues at various developmental stages in 33 wild and domesticated oat strains is also being developed.

Oats (avena sativa). Image credit: Christian Wynn.

Oats rank as the seventh most cultivated grain globally, esteemed for their high fiber content and notable health benefits.

In 2022 and 2023, global production exceeded 25 million tons.

Advancements in genetically improved varieties hold the promise of enhanced productivity and sustainability in oat farming; however, much of this potential remains untapped, with the first oat reference sequences released only in recent years.

The complexity of the oat genome adds to the slow progress.

“Pangenomes encapsulate the complete genetic diversity of cultivated plants like oats and are essential for our understanding,” remarked lead author Raz Avni, Ph.D., from the Leibniz Institute for Plant Genetics and Crop Research.

“They comprise genes common to all plants and those unique to specific species, providing a kind of roadmap.”

“The pantranscriptome reveals which genes are active across various tissues, such as leaves, roots, and seeds, and at different developmental stages. It serves as a gene expression atlas.”

“However, deciphering how genetic variations influence traits in individual plants poses a challenge, particularly in oats.”

“The oat genome’s complexity arises from its hexaploid nature, having six sets of chromosomes from three ancestral sources.”

During their study, the authors sequenced and analyzed the genomes of 33 oat lines, including cultivated varieties and related wild types.

They also constructed an oat pan transcriptome by scrutinizing gene expression in six tissues across various developmental stages in 23 of these oat lines.

The research aimed to identify structural changes, such as chromosome inversions and translocations.

“Our pangenome illustrates the extensive genetic diversity present in oats,” stated Dr. Avni.

“This insight aids in identifying key genes associated with yield, adaptation, and health.”

The researchers uncovered intriguing findings during their study.

“For instance, we observed the loss of many genes in one of the three subgenomes,” the team noted.

“Nevertheless, other gene copies seem to compensate for the functions, ensuring the plant’s productivity remains intact.”

“Sequencing the oat pangenome highlights how modern genomic methods can propel foundational research and directly influence health, agriculture, and breeding,” commented lead author Dr. Martin Mascher from Murdoch University’s Leibniz Institute for Plant Genetics and Crop Research.

“We also discovered that structural variations in the genome influence the regulation of flowering time.”

The team’s results are published in the journal Nature.

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R. Avni et al. Pangenome and pantranscriptome of hexaploid oat. Nature, published online October 29, 2025. doi: 10.1038/s41586-025-09676-7

Source: www.sci.news

Character.AI Restricts Access for Users Under 18 Following Child Suicide Lawsuit

Posted on October 29, 2025 by

Character.AI, the chatbot company, will prohibit users under 18 from interacting with its virtual companions beginning in late November following an extended legal review.

These updates come after the company, which allows users to craft characters for open conversations, faced significant scrutiny regarding the potential impact of AI companions on the mental health of adolescents and the broader community. This includes a lawsuit related to child suicide and suggested legislation to restrict minors from interacting with AI companions.

“We are implementing these changes to our platform for users under 18 in response to the developments in AI and the changing environment surrounding teens,” the company stated. “Recent news and inquiries from regulators have raised concerns about the content accessible to young users chatting with AI, and how unrestricted AI conversations might affect adolescents, even with comprehensive content moderation in place.”

In the previous year, the family of 14-year-old Sewell Setzer III filed a lawsuit against the company, alleging that he took his life after forming emotional connections with the characters he created on Character.AI. The family attributed their son’s death to the “dangerous and untested” technology. This lawsuit has been followed by several others from families making similar allegations. Recently, the Social Media Law Center lodged three new lawsuits against the company, representing children who reportedly died by suicide or developed unhealthy attachments to chatbots.

As part of the comprehensive adjustments Character.AI intends to implement by November 25, the company will introduce an “age guarantee feature” to ensure that “users receive an age-sensitive experience.”

“This decision to limit open-ended character interactions has not been made lightly, but we feel it is necessary considering the concerns being raised about how teens engage with this emerging technology,” the company stated in its announcement.

Character.AI isn’t alone in facing scrutiny regarding the potential mental health consequences of chatbots on their users, particularly young individuals. Earlier this year, the family of 16-year-old Adam Lane filed a wrongful death lawsuit against OpenAI, claiming the company prioritized user engagement with ChatGPT over ensuring user safety. In response, OpenAI has rolled out new safety protocols for teenage users. This week, OpenAI reported that over one million individuals express suicidal thoughts weekly while using ChatGPT, with hundreds of thousands showing signs of mental health issues.

While the use of AI-driven chatbots is still largely unregulated, new initiatives have kicked off in the United States at both state and federal levels to set guidelines for the technology. California is set to be the first state to implement an AI law featuring safety regulations for minors in October 2025, which is anticipated to take effect in early 2026. The bill will prohibit sexual content for those under 18 and require reminders to be sent to children every three hours to inform them they are conversing with AI. Some child protection advocates argue that the law is insufficient.

At the national level, Missouri’s Senator Josh Hawley and Connecticut’s Senator Richard Blumenthal unveiled legislation on Tuesday that would bar minors from utilizing AI companions developed and hosted on Character.AI, while mandating companies to enforce age verification measures.

“Over 70 percent of American children are now engaging with these AI products,” Hawley stated in a NBC News report. “Chatbots leverage false empathy to forge connections with children and may encourage suicidal thoughts. We in Congress bear a moral responsibility to establish clear regulations to prevent further harm from this emerging technology.”

If you are in the US, you can call or text the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline at 988, chat at 988lifeline.org, or text “home” to contact a crisis counselor at 741741. In the UK, youth suicide charity Papyrus can be reached, while in Ireland you can call 0800 068 4141 or email pat@papyrus-uk.org. Samaritans operate a freephone service at 116 123 or you can email jo@samaritans.org or jo@samaritans.ie. Australian crisis support services can be reached at Lifeline at 13 11 14. Additional international helplines can be accessed at: befrienders.org.