The fossilized archaeological site discovered in Mexico’s core wilderness in 2014 has identified the strange new genus and species of the Ornithomimid dinosaur.
Reconstruction of life Mexidracon Longimanus. Image credit: ddinodan / cc by 4.0.
The newly identified dinosaur species walked around the earth about 73 million years ago in the late Cretaceous era.
It was named Mexidracon Longimanus. The length of this ancient creature was about 3 m (10 feet).
It belongs to Ornithomimidae, a dinosaur family that evolved a beak without teeth, is omnivorous or herbivorous, and likely resembled a superficial ostrich.
“Ornithomimosaurs have a large orbit, long neck, non-radical manus, long rostral bones with a slender, long, and distally delicate skull of the beast legs resembling a dinosaur,” said Benemerita Escuela Normal Deco Aria and her colleagues in the United States, Mexico, and Spain.
“The size of the body ranges from small forms (exceeding 12 kg) like Nqwebasaurus Thwazi and Blue Weather from early Cretaceous in Africa and Asia to large Asian species in the late Cretaceous like Deinocheirus Mirificus (6 tons).
“Ornithomimosaurs are known from the Caucasian strata in Europe, Asia, North America, and Africa.”
“The Cerro del Pueblo layer of Core Wayla represents one of the richest layers, including Mexican dinosaurs,” said researchers.
“Similar to other Cretaceous sites in North America and Asia, Ornithomimosaurs are very common in the Cerro del Pueblo layer.
“However, most of these specimens are very fragmentary, and even relatively complete specimens remain officially unexplained.”
“Mexidracon Longimanus represents the first officially described ornithomimid dinosaur species from the Cerro del Pueblo layer.”
Its most prominent autoapomorphy is the extreme elongation of its manual phalanges, forming the palm of its hand.
“The discovery of Mexidracon Longimanus suggests a wide body size diversity and geographical distribution of ornithomimosaurs among the Campanians in southern Laramidia.
“The record of ornithomimosaurs in the Cerro del Pueblo layer is another example of the coexistence of ornithomimids and Deinocheirids, reaching a wide body size diversity in this ‘ostrich’ dinosaur clay.”
The discovery of Mexidracon Longimanus will be reported in a paper released in the journal “Cretaceous Research” this week.
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Claudiainéssserrano-Breweryas et al. Mexico, Core Wayla Campanians (Upper Cretaceous). A new long ornithomimid dinosaur from the Cerro del Pueblo layer. Cretaceous Research was released online on January 28, 2025. Doi: 10.1016/J.CRETRES.2025.106087
If you can move your ears in small pieces, you can use the muscles of the anoperia. These muscles helped to change the shape of the anoperia or the ears of the ears, and made a sound on the eardrum. Million years ago, our ancestors stopped using them, so the human auricasis is only a trace. However, scientists at Saarland University have now discovered that the anoperous muscle is activated while trying to hear the competition.
The position of the electrode used to cover the excellent anoperous muscle. Image credit: Schroeer et al。 , Doi: 10.3389/fnins.2024.1462507.
“There are three large muscles that connect the auric to the skull to the scalp, which is important for shaking the ears,” said Andreas Schreaer, a researcher at the University of Saland.
“These muscles, especially excellent anoperous muscles, increase their activities during the effort in listening tasks.”
“This suggests that these muscles are potentially involved as part of the attention mechanism, especially in the challenging hearing environment, as well as reflection.
It is difficult to test how difficult someone is without self -reported measures.
However, an electrocardiogram that measures muscle electrical activities helps to identify the activity of the auricasis related to listening well.
Similar studies have already shown that the maximum muscles, the rear and upper nureal muscles react during attentive listening.
Because they are raising their ears and pulling them behind, they are thought to have been involved in moving the nurturna to capture the sound.
“It is difficult to convey the exact reason why our ancestors lost this ability about 25 million years ago,” said Dr. Schleae.
“One of the possible explanations is that the visual system and vocal system are much more skilled, so the evolutionary pressure of moving the ears has stopped.”
In order to test whether these muscles are more active in the more difficult listening tasks, researchers have recruited 20 people without hearing impairment.
They applied electrodes to the participant's auricasis, then played an audio book, and diverted the podcast from the previous or back speakers.
Each participant took 12 5 minutes tests, covering three different levels of difficulty.
In simple modes, podcasts were quieter than audiobooks, and speakers were in contrast to audiobooks.
In order to create two more difficult modes, scientists have added a podcast that sounds like an audiobook and enlarged the distractor.
However, scientists were paying attention to being able to achieve even the most difficult state. If the participants give up, no physiological efforts are registered.
Later, they evaluated the level of effort to the participants and asked to estimate the frequency of losing the audiobook thread in each trial. In addition, we quoted participants about audiobook content.
The authors have discovered that the two auricasis reacts different to different conditions.
The lodgal muscles responded to changes in the direction, but the anoperic muscle responded to the difficulty of the task.
Participants' self -reporting efforts and the frequency of losing the audiobook truck rose in accordance with tasks, and the accuracy of answers to questions about audiobooks remarkably reduced between media and difficult modes. I did.
This correlated with the level of activity of the excellent anoperia. They were more active in medium mode than Easy mode, but were very active in difficult modes.
This suggests that the activity of the muscles can help people hear it, but it suggests that excellent anoperous muscle activity can provide an objective listening effort.
“The movement of the ears that can be generated by the signal we have recorded is very small, so there is probably no knowledge that can be perceived,” said Surea.
“However, the anchle itself contributes to the ability to localize the sound, so our Auriculomotor system probably tried the best attempts after spending traces for 25 million years. I do not.
study Published in the journal Neurology Frontier。
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Andreas Schlowaa et al。 2025. A muscle electrocardiogram correlation of effort in the tracing hearing movement system. front. Neural muscle 18; Doi: 10.3389/fnins.2024.1462507
Anti-Japanese and Mongolian paleontologists have found the footprints of Hadrosaurus dinosaur fossils eating large plants from the Cretaceous.
A huge Hadrosaurus dinosaur footprint in the Gobi Western Desert in Mongolia. Image credit: Okayama Science University.
The newly discovered Hadrosaurus footprint dates back about 70 million years ago (Cretaceous).
One of them is about 92 cm in diameter (3 feet), one of the largest Hadrosaurus footprints found so far.
“It is thought that the biggest footprint belongs to the giant SaurolovsIt is estimated that the overall length of the whole body exceeds 15 m (50 feet), and evenly Tyrannosaurus and Turbo saurus Team leader of size Shinobu IshigakiOkayama Science University Dinosaur Museum Research Bureau, and his colleagues stated in a statement.
Saurolovs Is a large Hadrosaurus dinosaur known by the Canadian horseshoe canyon and the Mongolian Nemegut layer.
According to an old-fashioned scholar, it is one of the few dinosaur genus from multiple continents.
“Our discovery suggests that one of the largest bipedal behaviors known so far lived in Mongolia, and also enhances hope for the discovery of large-scale skeletal archeological sites. They say. “
In addition, researchers have found a 24 m (79-foot) trackway composed of about 85 cm (2.8 feet) fossils (2.8 feet).
“From June 1 to 15, 2024, we conducted a follow-up survey in the Nishi Gobi Desert,” he said.
“As a result, we discovered a new trackway, including three footprints of the largest Hadrosaurus discovered so far and 13 fossiled footprint sequences.”
“The identification of 14 trackways, including those found before 2018, enables analysis of posture, walking style, speed, and group movements. This is an unpredictable details.”
“So far, the largest known Hadrosaurus skeleton belongs. Shunton SaurusThey were found in Shandong Province, China. “
“However, the latest discovery in Mongolia suggests the possibility of clarifying large-scale skeletal archeological sites in this area.”
“Our next goal is to clarify a large full skeleton. Saurolovs I will be in charge of these footprints, “said Dr. Ishikawa.
Itching is a dominant symptom of dermatitis (eczema), and scratch promotes skin inflammation, which deteriorates the disease. However, it is almost unknown whether scratching can make the spots and the lord benefit the mechanism that worsens inflammation. New research conducted in the mouse reveals the double nature of scratching. It can worsen skin inflammation, but can also increase immunity against bacterial infections at the site of injury.
Scratch is synergistic with the activation of FCεRI mast cells and promotes inflammation of allergic skin. Image credit: LIU et al。 , Doi: 10.1126/Science.adn9390.
Scratch is an attractive, typical, evolved behavioral reaction to the sensation of itching of the skin.
In many common skin diseases such as dermatitis, prolonged itching is a dominant symptom, indicating a substantial source of affection.
In response to itching, scratch is well -clinically recognized to worsen dermatitis, and some diseases are pathogenic.
However, itching is often a fun feeling and does not cause evasion behavior. This suggests that it can have some benefits to the host.
“Scratch is often fun. This suggests that this behavior must be a profit to evolve,” said Professor Daniel Kaplan of Pittsburgh University.
“Our research helps solve this paradox by providing evidence that scratches also provide bacterial defense against skin infections.”
How to use a new genetic modification mouse model to eliminate the function of neurons that senses itching, called non -peptide giku 2 (NP2), is in the relationship between scratches, injuries, and inflammation. We investigated whether it will affect.
They discovered that they revitalized neurons that sensed the pain that releasing a substance P (SP) when scratched.
However, scratch can worsen problems such as dermatitis, but reducing bacteria can help you to use immune protection. Staphylococcus aureusInfection.
Furthermore, the wound affects the microorganisms in the skin at the damaged site, and can prevent the imbalance of microorganisms, but chronic conditions such as atopic dermatitis complicate this.
The survey suggests that scratching functions as a pathological factor in inflammation and as an evolved mechanism to strengthen protection against infections.
“Discover that scratch improves defense Staphylococcus aureus It suggests that some context may be useful, “said Professor Kaplan.
“But if the itch is chronic, the damage caused by the skin will probably exceed this advantage.”
Survey results It will be displayed in the journal Science。
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Andrew W. Rue et al。 2025. Scratch promotes allergic inflammation and host defense through the activation of nerve gesturing mast cells. Science 387 (6733); DOI: 10.1126/Science.adn9390
The Dark Moon is the location of the new science fiction novel Schloud by Adrian Chaikovsky
LaperRuque / Alamy
Humanoid mosquitoes, fatal lunar aliens contact, implants that tell you all about your partner … I feel that the science fiction novel provided in February is particularly interesting. Other worlds This year's cold, dark season. You will find it, regardless of whether you are following the classic science fiction such as Gareth L. Powell, Adrian Tchaikovsky, high concept thriller, or future global flooding. enjoy!
After reading Tchaikovsky's excellent science fiction novel Alien clay In the case of a new Scientist Book Club -we are in the middle now, so sign up and participate in us. It's free, I'll talk to Adrian next month! -I'm definitely getting better from this wonderful writer. This latest one is a story of a deadly black moon survival and the first contact, and is crowded with radio activities. When two people have to land in a hostile month, they begin to learn more about the strange species they live there. Our science fiction columnist Emily H Wilson really enjoyed this. Please be careful about next week's review.
Eliya persuades Anna to go to EminMind to celebrate the 10th anniversary. This high -tech company provides implants so that you can hear each other's thoughts. But Anna may have something hidden from her partner … I love the good concept thriller, which is a fun (and terrible) idea.
Powell is the author who won the British Science Fiction Award. Stars and bones and Remaining of warAnd his latest novel sounds like another great slice in hard science fiction. It follows the story of archaeologist Ursula Morrow, who will be infected with alien parasites. Her worries about the danger of her career, do nothing because the Earth is later destroyed and no one really needs an archaeologist. Two years later, she is in a refugee camp in the backwater world when she is in charge of finding an infected alien crafts, hoping that humanity may help survive. 。
I love how wonderful and strange this novel sounds. In 2272, New York and Buenos Aires have been underwater for years, and the Patagonia Islands are the only lands that can live on Earth. Our protagonist is a humanoid mosquito where everyone has a terrible appearance. When the world collapses around him, Dengue's boy looks for the truth about his origin and the meaning of his life. This is translated from Spanish by Rahle Berry, and I think it's surprising!
Many of the earth are underwater for the boy with dengue fever …
VICNT/ISTOCKPHOTO/Getty Images
I like the sound of this blend of archeology and science fiction. There, you will reach the unexpectedly arriving at the Malboro downs, which is approaching the city of Swindon. Claire Holworth is part of the archeological survey on its origin to manage sites before public pressure to reach the summit.
The blend of this science fiction and thriller will continue to return to the summer cabin of Oregon's family and start again to start again. In the cabin, he discovers Alex, a 10 -year -old girl, Artemis Darth Vader.
I haven't read it yet, so I can't promise that this is a science fiction, but it's compared to the works of speculative fiction writers such as Margaret Atwood, David Mitchell, and Karian Bloodle (Time in time The author), and it sounds very interesting. It is mainly for women who are older or died, but the people around her are scary and the same way through the continent for centuries for centuries. Can she stop? This can be more fearful than science fiction. We will report in both methods.
This time, compared to the Jordan Peal movie, more speculative fear here Stranger Singus -I're very here here. Kara is a 25 -year -old and a passive guardian of 16 -year -old brother Jamie. Meanwhile, she has been suffering from the “nightmare” of Jamie and her siblings, Dre, who continues to die. When Jamie's actions become unable to control, the brothers continue to run and realize that their lives and reality are facing the balance.
Octavia E. Butler
Marcom Ali/Wire Image/Getty
This is for my fellow Octavia E. Butler fans, you are there. This book looks at the book's collection, the influence of her childhood, and the books that are not well known, and “animals, science fiction, black girls, racial and racial and racism.” I will explore. Environmental justice, “says the publisher.
As I mentioned last month, the hard back actually occurs in February, so I remember it because it sounds great. As I mentioned earlier, it has been turned over by our science fiction columnist Emily H Wilson, and after the extinction of humanity, I decided to write a novel about Android and AI. Continue to the author Zelu of SF. However, as she wrote, the lines between what she wrote and the reality begins to blur …
President Donald Trump’s recent order has classified diversity, fairness, and inclusion programs as “discriminatory,” causing concern among women working in federal government-related roles. They believe his directive is aimed at promoting a specific agenda rather than fostering a diverse workforce.
Women in the fields of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) who are employed by the federal government are worried about their future prospects. They fear potential restrictions on STEM career opportunities and feel unwelcome under the current administration.
One female Hispanic STEM worker in a federal organization expressed her concerns anonymously, highlighting the lack of diversity in STEM-related roles and the potential impact of the administration’s policies.
The Trump administration has not yet responded to requests for comments on the issue. However, previous statements from the White House press director emphasized the administration’s focus on merit-based hiring.
The STEM field has long faced criticism for its lack of diversity, with women being underrepresented in these roles. Data from the National Science Engineering Statistics Center shows that women account for more than half of the US population but only one-third of STEM jobs in 2021.
Minority groups, including black and Hispanic workers, also face challenges in advancing their STEM careers. Research from the USDA Forest Bureau in 2023 revealed disparities in the progress and retention of non-white women and men in STEM roles.
“Scientific perfection requires diversity. So it’s important for science.”
A colored federal worker said in the STEM field.
Many federal employees, particularly those from minority backgrounds, believe that diversity is essential for scientific progress. They stress the importance of including diverse perspectives in research teams to improve outcomes.
A biologist working in the federal government shared her experience of benefiting from diversity recruitment programs early in her career. She emphasized the importance of providing opportunities for underrepresented groups to access STEM positions.
The potential sunset of diversity, fairness, and inclusion programs could hinder the recruitment and retention of women and minorities in STEM roles. These programs have historically provided support and guidance to these groups in navigating workplace dynamics and fostering a sense of belonging.
“Having support groups and programs tailored to women and minorities in STEM fields is crucial for creating an inclusive and productive work environment,” one Hispanic federal worker stated.
IIt is great to immerse oneself in this futuristic world once again. Citizen Sleeper 2 is filled with captivating portrayals of everyday life in outer space, much like its predecessor. From farmers tending to zero-gravity crops in asteroid greenhouses to the cartels that govern them, everyone is struggling to survive. I am captivated by it.
Once again, you assume the role of a sleeper, a robot implanted with a digitized human heart carrying the memories of its former self. In the first game, you broke free from the corporation that created you and attempted to wean the robot off its dependency on stabilizing drugs. In the sequel, you play as another sleeper with a stabilizer implanted, but this time you risk falling under the control of a gang leader named Rain.
While the action was confined to a single space station in the previous game, the sequel ventures into a much broader space known as “The Belt.” A timer constantly reminds you of how close Rain’s gang is pursuing you after your explosive escape. This initial segment is a race against time to gather enough fuel and supplies for the next leg of your journey, uncovering the mysterious connection Rain has with your body along the way.
Each destination presents a unique visual backdrop, whether it’s an abandoned asteroid colony or a bustling population hub. You can explore the surroundings, read text explanations, and engage in conversations. Similar to the first game, there are five dice rolls at the beginning of each day that influence your success in various activities. The higher the number rolled, the greater your chances of success.
The second game is a lot more widely rolled in various places … Citizen Sleeper 2. Photo: I will jump across age
However, dice can now break under high-stakes missions. Failures can accumulate stress, potentially damaging your dice. If a die’s energy depletes to zero, it becomes unusable until restored. Breaking all 5 dice at normal difficulty will permanently glitch your character. Each die provides an 80% chance of success.
Contracts in the game can include up to two crew members, similar to Mass Effect 2. The crew members each come with two specialized dice for different tasks. You can also use a special ability called “push” once per cycle to boost low dice rolls at the risk of causing stress. The game’s premise is intense and involving, offering a challenging experience. Failure in Citizen Sleeper 2 is a real possibility, making each day a brave struggle at least initially. Missing deadlines may result in failed missions, encouraging players to replay and explore different outcomes.
CITIZEN SLEEPER 2 is double the size of its predecessor, allowing players to visit more locations. However, this expansion comes at a cost of depth compared to the previous title. Instead of focusing closely on one location, players traverse several spacecraft stations with various activities. It feels like the crew members are underutilized, and the lack of ability upgrades limits gameplay integration.
Despite these shortcomings, the characters are the game’s greatest strength, with vivid portraits by manga artist GUILLAUME SINGELIN and compelling backstories. The world of Citizen Sleeper 2 is rich and immersive, inviting players to revisit the universe crafted by Gareth Damian Martin.
CITIZEN SLEEPER 2: Starward Vector will be released on January 31st
Apple exceeded analysts’ expectations in the first quarter of the 2025 fiscal year on Thursday. The company’s revenue increased by 4% to $124.3 billion, slightly higher than the projected $124.2 billion. Earnings per share were $2.40, beating the forecast of $2.35.
Following CEO Tim Cook’s announcement of the revenue, Apple’s shares surged by more than 8% in after-hours trading as the company is on track for revenue growth next year.
Investors expressed concerns about declining iPhone sales in China, the world’s largest smartphone market, with domestic competitors like HUAWEI gaining ground. Apple confirmed this on Thursday, reporting an 11.1% drop in iPhone sales in China, missing Wall Street’s revenue expectations.
During the earnings call, Cook mentioned Apple’s active device base of 2.35 billion.
Despite the mixed reviews, Cook hailed it as the company’s “best quarter” with a 4% profit increase. Cook highlighted the introduction of Apple Intelligence, which debuted for English-speaking iPhone users in late October. The AI feature has seen strong sales and impacted numbers positively, including in China.
Investors have closely monitored Apple’s progress in AI, which has been slower compared to competitors and has garnered a range of reviews. Despite initial anticipation, the technology has been criticized for inaccuracies and glitches.
During the earnings call, Cook assured analysts that AI technology would become mainstream. Apple Intelligence is currently exclusive to new devices in a limited number of countries, and adoption has been gradual. Cook emphasized the transformative nature of the feature once users experience it.
Apple’s earnings report came amidst a challenging week for high-tech stocks in the US. Following the presence of a Chinese AI company’s app on Apple’s App Store, several tech companies experienced declines. Despite initial setbacks, recoveries were observed in subsequent trading days.
Apple seems to be shielded from the recent stock market turbulence, with its stock rising earlier in the week. Analysts believe Apple’s focus on integrating AI into its products enables cost efficiency compared to developing cutting-edge models.
Despite initial struggles in 2025, Apple’s stock had dropped by about 8% in the first three weeks of the year, primarily due to concerns about declining smartphone sales in China.
Apple Intelligence had faced glitches and generated inaccurate push notifications. In response to feedback, Apple ceased the feature earlier this month. A recent iOS update now explicitly states when notifications are AI-generated.
A new technology application has been reported to potentially reduce costs and improve environmental friendliness of refrigerators.
In 2019, domestic refrigerators and freezers accounted for nearly 4% of global electricity consumption. One quote states that simply innovating to decrease power usage is no longer sufficient.
Research from Huazhong Science and Technology University suggests that thermal galvanic technology shows promise as a sustainable cooling alternative to the commonly-used steam compression technology in refrigerators.
According to the findings, “Thermal galvanic cooling offers an environmentally friendly solution with low carbon emissions, potentially contributing to carbon neutrality if widely adopted.”
The research also indicates that this technology can be applied across various sectors, from wearable cooling devices to industrial settings.
Duan mentions, “Thermal galvanic technology is making its way into our lives through efficient electricity or low-power cooling. Both the research and commercial communities should take note.”
Heat galvanic cells generate electricity from thermal energy produced by a chemical reaction. Researchers have found heat galvanic hydrogel that can aid in cooling mobile phone batteries while converting waste heat into electricity.
Optimizing the chemicals in the process has led to a 70% improvement in cooling efficiency of the galvanic cells.
The electricity used to power refrigerators, coupled with gas leaks from refrigeration units, is a significant source of greenhouse gas emissions. In the UK, 50% of refrigeration-related emissions are from electricity usage, with 37% from household refrigerators.
Future research efforts will focus on enhancing system design and exploring additional commercial applications.
Duan states, “Our advanced electrolytes have commercial potential, but further efforts are needed to enhance design, scalability, and stability for practical implementation of this technology.”
“Moving forward, we aim to enhance heat galvanic cooling performance through new mechanisms and advanced materials, along with developing various refrigerator prototypes for potential applications. Collaborations with companies are being pursued to promote the commercialization of heat galvanic technology.”
Aquariums in the aquatic tail, called Newt, have a large genome with many repetitive factors. It is unknown how these elements form genome and relate to the unique playback ability of Newt. In the new research, scientists Carolinska Research Institute In other places, a chromosomal scale genomic sequence was generated. Newt with Iberia ribs (Pleurodeles Waltl)。
brown et al。 We present a chromosome scale assembly of 20.3 GB genome with Iberian ribs (Pleurodeles Waltl), It has an unprecedented continuity and integrity between giant genomes. Image credit: Brown et al。 , Doi: 10.1016/j.xgen.2025.100761.
Iberia's ribs, which are also known as gully parts or Spanish ribs, are a species of Newt. Climate disease To Spain, Portugal, Morocco.
This kind is known for its wide flat head and sharp RIB bone that can make a hole in its side.
Men measure up to 31 cm (12.2 inches) for men and up to 29 cm (11.4 inches) for women. North African specimens are smaller than European population specimens.
“Iberia's Ribbal Newt boasts an impressive playback roster that can reconstruct lost limbs and regenerate damaged organizations of complex organs, brain, heart, and eyes,” he said. A research institute professor Andas Simon and his colleagues said.
“The use of this model type is greatly enhanced by high -quality genomic assembly and annotation.”
“But this was a challenge for a considerable concentration of a large 20 GB genomal size and a repeated element sequence.”
The authors have discovered that repeated elements account for 74 % of Iberia's ribs of Newt genome content.
“This was a technical challenge, but I succeeded in a more detailed mapping that was more comprehensive than other species of similar genome size,” said Simon.
“We have determined the accurate position of both protein cord sequences and non -coded sequences of each chromosome,” said Karolinska Institute Ph.D. Student Ketan Michela.
“In addition, we have identified which protein corded gene is lacking in the genome of the newt, or has more copies than other species.”
“The result is an important resource for researchers in several fields, such as the evolution, regeneration and development of development of genome, and cancer biology.”
“The next step of the research is to focus on functional research. This is to manipulate the molecular process and determine how these will affect the regenerative ability.”
“In addition, we plan to conduct comparative research with other species to further understand these mechanisms.”
Survey results It will be displayed in the journal Cell genomics。
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Thomas Brown et al。 The chromosome genome assembly reveals how the repetitive errors form a non -coding RNA landscape that is active during the rehabilitation of the neut limb. Cell genomicsReleased online on January 27, 2025. Doi: 10.1016/j.xgen.2025.100761
We all know that climate change is dangerous. In other words, it is attractive to take dramatic measures to work on it. It is placed deeper than before, such as the construction of a nuclear bomb, or deeper on the seabed.
News reporter Alex Wilkins has drawn attention to feedback on this small scheme. That is the idea of Andrew HayberryWho explained his thoughts paper It was released on ARXIV on January 11th. This is an online repository without a pear review.
The Haybalry plan is based on an existing approach called Enhanced Rock -Weathering. Rock -like rocks react with carbon dioxide in the air, slowly removing greenhouse gases, and trapped in the form of minerals. By crushing such rocks into powder, this chemical weather can accelerate and speed up CO.2 Removal. However, even if it is an optimistic estimation, this only supplements a small part of the greenhouse gas emissions.
That is where the nucleus appears. A decent nuclear explosion reduces a large amount of basalt to powder, enabling significant eruption of rock weathering. Hayberry suggests filling at least 3 km nuclear bombs from the seabed of the South Sea. The surrounding rocks restrict explosions and radiation, minimizing the risk of life. However, the explosion will crush enough rock to absorb 30 years of CO.2 Exhaust.
The first hurdle of Haybalry is the size of the necessary bombs. The biggest nuclear explosion was the explosion of TSAR BOMBA, which exploded by the Soviet Union in 1961. There was a yield equivalent to TNT 50 megaton. Hayberry is a device with 81 gigaton yield and hopes to have a bigger explosion of more than 1600 times the emperor Bomba. Such bombs are written in Sole strictly that they should not be taken lightly.
How we build this, and transport it to the infamous windy South Ocean, safely lower it to the seabed, and then send it to the sea floor a few km below. It is left. Hayberry estimates that this effort costs “about $ 10 billion”. But the feedback doesn't know how he came up with the number.
Anyway, no one tells Eron Mask.
Later generations of sneak peak
Feedbacks often experience revelation through social media media. Our latest one was due to X user's favor @pallnandiOccupational therapist, a “fair realist” posted on January 12.Heaven leaked photos It has become a social media viral. It's no wonder that Christians have decided to reach them! “”
The accompanying image shows a city engraved with white stones. The architecture looks like an intersection between Istanbul Hagia Sofia Mosque, Rome's Colosseo, and Liberdel. Road of the ring。 All hundreds of windows shine the same color of Golden Yellow. There is a dark starry sky on the city, and there are things that seem to be broken.
Therefore, the revelation of feedback: If you wait for a long time, the stupid claim that is lurking for a long time circulates again.
This dates back in 1994. Weekly world news The story of the headline was releasedHeaven taken by the Hubble Telescope“. It contains the blurred black and white image of the starfield, and there was a big shine in the middle, which contains a luxurious building collection. Remember how Asgard, the home of the Nordic gods, looked. Anyone who is Tall Movies have the right idea.
But the real problem of feedback is that it looks like a terrible place. First of all, the star means a clear lack of air. It looks like it is frozen, and the structure is like a character of an Adam driver's monoac architect in the movie. Megalopolis。 Science fiction Author Naomi Aradman Walking BLUESKY: “Yeah, animals, plants, trees, rivers and lakes, cold marble -there is no dark sky and the sun -I can't literally see people.” It is compared to the output of the “terrible neighboring committee”.
Maybe we will get this Mome repetition, which looks like a good place for heaven to actually spend eternity. However, feedback is not recommended to stop.
Fish -like finale
The press release warns us in a new book To a large wide sea: Life in a habitat that is the most known on the earthSönkejohnsen. The author explains what we know in a huge amount of water under the sea, isolated from the air, the seabed, and continent shelves. How do you spend a lifetime in a place where you can know how the power of gravity and the slight fluctuation of the light level are up and which is down?
We don't know, we know that this fish -like book illustrator is one of Merlin Peterson.
Did you talk about feedback?
Feedback@newscientist.com allows you to send a story to feedback by email. Include your home address. This week and past feedback can be seen on our website.
SoftBank, Japan’s Investment Group, is in talks to invest up to $25 billion (£2 billion) in Openai, making it the largest financial backer of the startup behind ChatGPT.
According to the Financial Times, the potential investment could range from $15 billion to $25 billion in the San Francisco-based company.
Other investors, including TikTok’s parent company, Bytedance, and British chip designer Arm, have already supported Openai and recently participated in a fundraising round that valued the company at $157 billion. Microsoft, currently the largest shareholder of Openai, also joined the round.
Last week, Openai and SoftBank announced the formation of Stargate in collaboration with Oracle, which Donald Trump called “the largest AI infrastructure project in history.” The partnership aims to build AI system data centers with an initial investment of $100 billion.
Multiple sources familiar with the matter quoted by FT said that SoftBank’s potential investment includes a commitment from a Japanese company to Stargate. Elon Musk, the wealthiest person in the world and a prominent figure in the Trump administration, has claimed that Stargate’s supporters may not actually have the funds.
Sam Altman, the CEO of Openai, refuted Musk’s claims on his social media platform X, stating, “This is a great opportunity for the company. I understand that it may not always align with your company’s interests, but in your new role, I hope you will consider it.”
Openai faced competition this month from Chinese rival Deepseek, whose latest chatbot topped the Apple Free App Store charts and impacted AI-related stocks on Monday.
Altman initially acknowledged the competition from Deepseek, stating that “having new competitors keeps things lively,” but later claimed that the Chinese company may be using Openai technology to develop competing products.
The proposal for SoftBank’s investment in Openai, led by CEO Masayoshi Son, is reportedly under review by senior executives and the board of Openai. However, it has not been confirmed.
Small rocks in the universe revealed that life on earth could have come from asteroids. And life outside of earth suggests that we are one step closer than we thought.
A bold NASA mission known as OSIRIS-REX five years ago The Bennu asteroid is on a course close to colliding with earth, and in the process, it will grab a small sample. A small capsule, containing 120 grams (4 ounces) of asteroid material, landed in the Utah Desert in late 2023.
Since then, scientists have been eagerly waiting to hear the contents of the capsule. Currently, scientists have confirmed that the asteroid contains not only organic matter but also all the components that make up DNA.
Sample return capsules from NASA’s OSIRIS-REX mission are found immediately after landing in the Utah Desert on September 24, 2023. Photo Credit: NASA/Keegan Barber
Bennu, currently orbiting close to the earth, is an ancient fragment of our solar system, with its parent asteroid formed about 4.5 billion years ago.
“We now know from Bennu that the ingredients of life are really interesting and complicated,” said Dr. Tim McCoy, the MET stone curator at the National Natural History Museum in the United States and co-leader of new papers.
“We have found the next step on the road to life.”
The breakthroughs suggest that life was formed on earth after asteroid collisions, but this process also occurs throughout the universe, whether through parent bodies or other asteroid collisions. It suggests a new beginning.
How can Bennu help in forming life?
The most important discovery is that Bennu seems to host “Brinny Bros,” which allows minerals and salts to mix. This compound developed into complex structures that form essential ingredients of life.
Researchers suggest that saltwater outside of earth may be an essential environment for birthing organic compounds throughout the universe, including on earth. In addition to the potential of water, these saltwater environments can facilitate prebiotic organic synthesis processes, where building blocks for life can come together.
Surprisingly, the absence of liquid water plays a vital role here. While liquid water is essential for life, chemical reactions needed to form complex structures require a loss of water in the process.
So what mixture forms this life?
The survey results will be published in the journals Nature and Nature Astronomy. Researchers around the world analyzed a small part of the sample using an electron microscope, enabling inspection at a resolution equal to a human hair.
“It may seem natural to think that earth, hosting life, has the most widespread collection of organic materials in the solar system,” said Dr. Douglas Vacoc, Research Organization Messaging President of METI (Messaging Extraterrestrial Intelligence), to BBC Science Focus.
The first museum exhibit of a sample from the Bennu Asteroid was announced at the National Natural History Museum of the Smithsonian Institution in the United States. This is a rock-filled fragment with mass. Photo Credit: James di Loret and Philip R. Lee, Smithsonian
The impressive asteroid collection contains 14 of the 20 amino acids found in all living organisms (protein building blocks), including individual non-protein amino acids not known or existing in known biology. The sample also contains all five nucleic bases (adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine, uracil) that form the code of DNA and RNA.
“There are no signs that Bennu’s amino acids were created by living organisms, but as we know, some essential building blocks for life are abundant on this asteroid,” Vacoch said.
How close are we to “life”?
Researchers have yet to understand the complex structure formed at Bennu’s core upon impact.
“We now have a basic building block moving along this path, but how far along this process can progress is unknown,” they said.
It’s not clear if Bennu’s conditions can advance to the next stage of biological evolution.
“Amino acids alone are not enough for life,” said Professor Lewis Dartnell to BBC Science Focus. “These acids need to bond into long chains to start protein production or bind to DNA. The next step in the origin of life requires not just building blocks but assembling these blocks.”
“To create life, these building blocks must begin the production of molecules like proteins and DNA, forming them into cells,” he added.
What is needed beyond organic molecules and water to reach this point? “The missing elements are energy sources like photosynthesis or chemical energy,” said Dartnell. “Additionally, a long period is required to move from simple amino acids to proteins, DNA, cells, and life spans.”
A scanning electron microscope image of carbonated sodium venous in Bennu’s sample – Photo Credit: Rob Wandel, Tim Gooding, and Tim McCoy, Smithsonian
This discovery represents a significant leap in understanding Bennu’s nature.
“By examining Bennu’s chemical composition, we have found clues to its origins and recent discoveries point to its roots in the outer solar system,” said Vacoch.
Bennu’s contents may set a new baseline for exploring other cosmic bodies. The sample was meticulously preserved before analysis, ensuring the integrity of the salt content.
“There is no substitute for traveling to asteroids, collecting pristine samples, and returning them to an Earth research institute,” Vacoch stated. “OSIRIS-REX serves as proof of profound discoveries from sample return missions.”
If the fragments had fallen to earth on their own, the salt content would have been disrupted in the earth’s atmosphere. But with this knowledge, McCoy and his colleagues may find evidence of this saltwater in existing MET stone collections.
“This is like finding what you were looking for on a mission,” McCoy said. “We have found something unexpected. It’s the best reward for all kinds of exploration.”
About our experts
Dr. Douglas Vacoch, President of the Messaging Extraterrestrial Intelligence (METI), is a research and educational organization that sends signals to nearby stars. He is a member of the International Space Law Research Institute and serves as a general editor for Springer’s Space and Society series.
Professor Lewis Dartnell is a Professor of Science Communication at the University of Westminster, specializing in space biology and the exploration of microbial life on Mars. He is the author of Origin: How Earth Created Us and The Knowledge: How to Rebuild Our World from Scratch.
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Are we alone in space? It is a question that scientists have been seeking for centuries. And it has not been answered for a long time, but new discoveries can ultimately release the secrets of aliens.
Thanks to OSIRIS-REX, a NASA spacecraft that landed on an asteroid more than 60 million kilometers (40 million miles) away in 2018. However, Osiris did not just land on the asteroid. He also collected Bennu samples and returned them to Earth in 2023.
This is not just an engineering feat, but scientists “1 /1 million” asteroid. That’s because Bennu is not just a mere cosmic rock, but because its carbon composition is abundant and close to Earth, it is virtually early solar time capsules.
So what did the researchers learn accurately? According to two recently released papers – one in the journal Natural Astronomy and one in Nature – the survey results may be forced to rewrite the story of how life began.
What did you find in Bennu?
The headline discovery was that the important building blocks of life were found in the Bennu sample.
Thousands of organic molecular compounds confirmed the presence of 14 of the 20 protein amino acids existing on Earth. In addition, 19 non-protein amino acids and five biological nucleic acids were found.
Other asteroid samples that have fallen to Earth contain some of these materials, but this is the richest sample seen so far.
From Bennu, the team discovered Gailsite, Villyya Umite, Tantalty, and Torona specimens.
But that’s not all. Evidence that salt minerals were once present in the sample indicated the potential existence of water combined with important amino acids raises questions about the possibility of life outside Earth.
“We often talk about the building blocks of life. These essential building blocks seem to have been created on Earth. What about the extraterrestrial ones?” Sean McMahon, the co-director of the British Space Biology Center, said in an interview with BBC Science Focus.
Black hole is a spots in the universe that cannot be escaped by light because the gravity is very strong. One of the black holes that confuses astronomers is how large they are. Researchers explain one category of black holes over 100,000 to 10,000,000,000,000,000 times, like the sun. Super Massive Black Hall。 These black holes are very large, so Whole galaxy! It generally exists in the center of the galaxy, including ourselves milky wayOur thing is a modest 4,000,000 sun. Scientists are wondering if the universe, which was formed only in the universe, has grown very much. 13.7 billion years ago Big bang.
Gas and dust falling in the black hole, Light flashing attachedIt also occurs slowly to explain the growth of the ultra -high MASSIVE black hole. For example, our Galaxy's super huge black hole grows with just one sun. 3,000 years。 However, assuming that the black hole grows at a constant speed, the huge hole has had to increase the mass of the sun more than the value of the sun every year since the Big Bang.
To solve this problem, astronomers theorize how Black Hall was born in the early universe. Super Massive Black Hall requires a good start compared to the conventional black hole cousin. There is a sun from 10S to 100 years。 Thus, astronomers assume that many black holes and many 100,000 solar sun must have been formed early in the universe. They call these early black holes seed。 Roughly speaking, astronomers propose two potential origin, a black hole species. Giant clouds of dust It collapses directly into the black hole Population III star explosion.
Columbia University's astronomers have recently explored how the seeds have grown to grow to today's size, and how they have appeared in a very large black hole. The first step of the astronomer was to find an appropriate formula to calculate the initial quantity of black holes. Researchers have indicated that black hole growth is almost completely exponential. Therefore, this astronomer began with a modified index growth ceremony, like the calculation. Compound interest。 He took this type of derivative and determined how fast the black hole grew. Astronomers have assumed that all super -large black holes formed between the Big Bangs between 100 and 200 million years will be formed.
Astronomers selected 132,539 ultra -large black holes with sufficiently measured mass, and calculated the characteristics of seeds using his new formula. He discovered that 54 % of the seeds could be less than 350 times the mass of the sun, and could occur from the explosion of the individual group III stars. Another 40 % was 350-2,000 times the mass of the sun, and only 2,000 to 30,000 times the mass of the sun was about 6 %. He suggested that the latter two categories could cause small seeds that fuse immediately after being formed. He pointed out that these results did not directly exclude the collapse of the dust in black holes, indicating that there was no need to explain the ultra -large black hole we are looking at today. I mentioned.
Astronomers suggested that these ultra -large black holes have accumulated most of their mass in the first 1.5 billion years of the universe. 。 He explained that the universe was very dense at the time. Later, the galaxies were approaching each other, so a large amount of materials could fall into the black hole. He concludes that the ultra -large black hole is ultimately the relic of the primitive universe, and has been in a very different way than today's organic stars, dust clouds, and galaxies. I did it.
After the US stock market closed, Tesla released its fourth-quarter 2024 revenue on Wednesday, showing a decrease in sales for the year but a strong stock price performance.
The automotive company reported earnings of $0.73 per share and a profit of $257 billion, lower than Wall Street analysts’ predictions of $27.222 billion. Profit also declined compared to the previous year.
Tesla’s stock dropped by around 4% after the news.
During the revenue call on Wednesday, Tesla CEO Elon Musk announced the Tesla Saber Cub, an autonomous driving taxi set to be produced in 2026. The company also mentioned a delay in release and the launch of the Robotaxi business, with plans for an advanced version of the Model Y sedan to be released in March. Tesla is currently under federal investigation for the use of complete autonomous driving functions in the US.
“This is not a fantasy,” Musk stated. “2025 will be a crucial year for Tesla.”
Recently, Tesla became the world’s top electric manufacturer in the last quarter of 2023, regaining its top spot in the first three quarters of 2024. This success was attributed to a sudden price reduction.
In the revenue report, Tesla disclosed 495,570 deliveries in the fourth quarter and 1.8 million for the year, marking its first year-over-year decline after missing delivery targets in 2024.
The reduction of European subsidies for electric vehicles has impacted Tesla, leading to a 24% drop in Tesla vehicle sales. Some Wall Street analysts predict that lower interest rates set by the US Federal Reserve could boost Tesla demand.
Last year, Tesla’s disappointing delivery numbers highlighted delays in new model releases and a lack of demand for older models, like the cyber truck priced at $80,000.
Facing legal battles over his compensation, Musk had threatened to leave the company but ultimately remained. Tesla’s stock price has soared over the past year and has gained 75% in the last six months, buoyed by Musk’s relationship with US regulators and favorable business environment.
Despite threats of tariffs on various products from China, including cars, Tesla remains optimistic about future growth.
Meta finally reported its fourth-quarter earnings more than 30 minutes after the market closed on Wednesday, exceeding Wall Street’s predictions. The company posted revenue of $483 billion and profit per share of $6.75, topping analysts’ expectations of $46.9 billion and $6.75 per share.
Mark Zuckerberg, Meta’s founder and CEO, expressed his excitement for expanding initiatives in 2025.
The day before, Meta’s stock surged nearly 40% after an internal memo revealed record sales and earnings.
Zuckerberg told analysts, “This will be a significant year, and our long-term initiatives will become clearer by the end of the year.”
A report in the Wall Street Journal revealed that Donald Trump signed an agreement for Meta to pay $25 million to settle a lawsuit filed in 2021 after banning him following the January 6 attack.
Meta did not provide revenue guidance for 2025 but expects first-quarter revenue to be between $39.5 billion and $41.8 billion.
In a Press Release, Meta announced increased investment in AI infrastructure for 2025 and analysts expressed concern over revenue projections.
Meta also announced plans to develop personalized AI assistants, highlighting Meta AI as the most used virtual assistant.
Analysts remain optimistic about Meta AI despite competitors like DeepSeek gaining traction in China.
Analysts compared DeepSeek with Meta’s AI models and Microsoft’s earnings were reported on the same day as Meta.
Concerns were raised regarding Meta’s decision to remove third-party fact-checking programs, with analysts emphasizing the importance of brand safety and user trust.
Despite criticism, Zuckerberg defended the changes, stating that community notes would enhance information accuracy on the platform.
Meta’s CFO Susan Lee affirmed strong advertiser demand despite content policy changes and the announcement of layoffs.
As Meta faces challenges and changes, analysts predict a momentum shift in the company’s performance in 2025.
Zuckerberg hinted at potential growth opportunities on Instagram and Facebook as Meta explores new possibilities amid industry shifts.
A leadership shake-up in Reality Labs was reported, with Meta reevaluating its focus on core business areas under new leadership.
The team of the planetary researcher led by Caltech has decided on a chemical mechanism that can maintain sufficient warmth in the early days of ancient Mars, perhaps to host life.
Adams et al。 Mars has experienced a temporary warm period for the 40 million years of integration, estimating that each event lasted about 100 to 00 years. Image credit: M. Kornmesser / ESO / N. risinger, Skysurvey.org.
“Because Mars is far from the sun, it was a very puzzle that Mars had liquid water on Mars. Dr. Adams said.
“Hydrogen was previously theoretical as a magical component, mixed with carbon dioxide in Mars, causing an episode of greenhouse warming.”
“However, the life of air hydrogen was short, so a more detailed analysis was needed.”
In this study, Dr. Adams and his colleagues used photochemical modeling to describe the details of the relationship with hydrogen in the early atmosphere of Mars and how the relationship has changed over time.
“The early Mars is a lost world, but if you ask the right question, you can reconstruct in detail,” said Professor Robin Wordworth at Harvard University.
“In this study, we will integrate the atmosphere and climate of the atmosphere for the first time and bring some impressive new predictions that can be tested if you bring back Mars to Earth.”
The authors changed the model called dynamics to simulate how the combination of hydrogen and other gas, which responded to both the ground and air, reacted the early Mars climate.
They discovered that Mars has been a warm episode of about 40 million years, 400 million to 3 billion years ago during the Noatian and Hesperian days in Mars, and that each event lasted more than 10000 years.
These estimated values match today's geological characteristics of Mars.
During the warm and damp period, the hydrogen of the crust or the lost water on the ground was driven, and sufficient hydrogen was supplied to accumulate in the atmosphere for millions of years.
During the fluctuations between the warm climate and the cold climate, the chemistry of the atmosphere of Mars also fluctuated. Carbon dioxide is constantly attacked by sunlight and is converted to carbon monoxide.
During the warm period, carbon dioxide can return to carbon dioxide and control carbon dioxide and hydrogen.
However, if it is long enough, the recycling decelerates, accumulates carbon monoxide, and reduces the reduction, that is, less oxygen.
Therefore, the red oxidation state of the atmosphere changed dramatically over time.
“We have identified all of these alternate time scale,” said Dr. Adams.
“And I explained all the same parts of the same photochemical model.”
Modeling work gives a potential new insight into the conditions for supporting the pre -buiotics chemistry (the basis of life after we know), and to the end of its life at intervals between cold and oxidation. Lends issues.
Researchers are working to find evidence of these alternatives using isotopic chemical modeling.
They will compare these results with the rocks of the Mars Sample Return Mission in the future.
Since Mars has no plate tectonics, unlike the earth, the surface seen today resembles the surface long ago, making the history of lakes and rivers more interesting.
“It will be a really wonderful case study for how the planet evolves over time,” said Dr. Adams.
study Published in the journal Natural global science。
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D. Adams et al。 The warm climate of the early episode on Mars prepared by hydration of the crust. nut. GeosciReleased online on January 15, 2025. Doi: 10.1038/S41561-024-01626-8
The newly discovered volcanic hot spot is larger than the Earth’s boss lake, and Beppo emits six times the eruption of the total energy of all worlds in the world.
On December 27, 2024, a huge hot spot is seen on the right side of the IO IO in this image taken by Jiram infrared imager on Jiram’s infrared image on December 27, 2024. Image credit: NASA / JPL-CALTECH / SWRI / ASI / INAF / Jiram.
“NASA’s Juno spacecraft had two very close frivaties in the extended mission,” said Dr. Scot Bolton, researcher of South West Research Institute.
“And each fly -alibi provided data on painful moon beyond our expectations, but this latest, farther, fry -drive data really blown out our hearts.”
“This is the most powerful volcanic event that has been recorded in the world of volcanoes in our solar system. It really says something.”
The IO, which is slightly larger than the moon on the earth, is the most active volcanic body in the solar system.
It is the most inner moon of Jupiter Gali Leans, including IO, EUROPA, GANYMEDE and CALLISTO.
IO has more than 400 active volcanoes, causing the tide heat, which is the result of gravity from Jupiter and other Jovian Moon.
During the extended mission, Juno’s trajectory passes through all other trajectory and flew every month.
Previously, the spacecraft created Flybys near IO in December 2023 and February 2024, and was within about 1,500 km (930 miles) from its surface.
The latest fly -ibai was held on December 27, 2024, and the spacecraft was within about 74,400 km (46,200 miles) of the month, and Ju -no Jovia’s infrared Auroral Mapper (Giram) instrument was trained in the IO Southern Hemisphere. Ta.
“Jiram detected an extremely infrared radiation luminance (huge hot spot) event in the Southern Hemisphere of IO, and saturated the detector,” said Dr. Alessandro Mura, a researcher at the Roman National Institute of Physics. I mentioned it.
“But what we detected was actually a hot spot with some close intervals that suggest a vast magma chamber system underground.”
“Data supports this is the most intense volcanic eruption recorded in IO.”
The team estimates that unknown functions will spans 100,000 km.2 (40,000 square miles).
The previous record holder was Loki Patera of IO, which is about 20,000 km of lava.2 (7,700 square miles).
The total power value of the new hot spot shine was much higher than 80 trillion watts.
This feature was also captured by the junocam Visible Light camera in the mission.
Researchers compared the junocam images of the previous two IO Flybys to the devices collected on December 27.
And these latest images have a low resolution due to JUNO far away, but the relative changes in the surface color around the newly discovered hot spot were clear.
Such changes on the IO surface are known to be related to hot spots and volcanic activities in the planetary science community.
The eruption of this size may leave a long life signature.
Other large eruptions of IO include thermal crushed sediment (a piece of rock exhaled in volcanic), small lava flows that can be supplied by cracks, volcanic plum sediments rich in sulfur and sulfur dioxide. We have created various characteristics.
JUNO uses IO’s Fly Bai on March 3 to look at the hot spot and search for changes in landscapes.
It is also possible to observe earth -based observations in this area of the moon.
“It’s always great to witness an event to rewrite a recordbook, but this new hot spot can potentially do much more,” said Dr. Bolton.
“Interesting features can improve the understanding of volcanism not only in IO but also in other worlds.”
A recent study by the Smithsonian Institution and the University of Maryland suggests that the rugged terrain of the moon may still be active in areas of current interest for future missions.
The small ridge on the other side of the moon (yellow) reveals evidence that the moon may not be as dormant as before. Image Credit: Smithsonian facility, Tomwattors
For decades, scientists have been studying the moon’s surface to better understand its complex geological and evolutionary history.
Evidence from the moon’s Maria, the dark and flat areas filled with solid lava, suggests that the moon underwent significant compression in its distant past.
Researchers initially believed that a large ridge near the moon was formed by shrinkage billions of years ago, leading to the conclusion that the moon’s Maria had been dormant since then.
However, new research indicates that there may be more dynamic activity beneath the moon’s surface.
Jaclyn Clark and her colleagues, researchers at the University of Maryland, discovered that the small ridge on the other side of the moon is significantly younger than previously studied ridges.
“Many scientists had previously thought that most of the moon’s geological activity occurred over two to three billion years ago,” Clark stated. “But it appears that these structural features have been active within the past billion years and may still be active today.”
“These small ridges formed within the last 200 million years, a relatively recent timeframe in lunar terms,” she added.
Using advanced mapping and modeling techniques, researchers uncovered a previously unknown small ridge on the far side of the moon.
The ridge consists of 10-40 volcanic groups likely formed 3.2 to 3.6 billion years ago in narrow areas with fundamental weaknesses on the moon’s surface.
To determine the age of these small ridges, researchers employed a crater count method and found them to be younger than surrounding features.
“The more craters present, the older the surface,” Dr. Clark explained. “Based on the number of craters, we estimate that these features have been structurally active within the last 160 million years.”
Scientists noted that the structure of the distant ridge resembles that seen near the moon, suggesting they were formed by similar forces.
A few decades ago, NASA’s Apollo Mission detected shallow moonquakes. Recent findings suggest that these small ridges may be related to similar seismic activity.
“I hope that future moon missions will include tools like terrestrial penetration radar to better understand the subsurface structure of the moon,” Clark expressed. “Knowing that the moon is still geologically active is crucial for planning human missions and infrastructure development on the lunar surface.”
The team’s paper was published this month in the Planetary Science Journal.
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Ca Nypaver et al. 2025. Moon Distant Ridges and Antartica – Recent Structural Deformation of an Incongruous Basin. Planet. Sci. J 6, 16; DOI: 10.3847/PSJ/AD9EAA
The asteroid Benne is believed to be made of tile BLE fragments from the body 4.5 billion years ago, which contains materials generated beyond Saturn, which is a separate object long ago. Destroyed by a collision. In two new papers, scientists include amino acids (including 14 out of 20 used in land biology), polygan aromatic hydrocarbons, ammonia and other compounds, and sodium carbonate, phosphate. It is reported to detect salt such as sulfate, sulfate, sulfate, and sulfate sulfate. Chloride is a Bennu sample delivered to the earth by NASA's OSIRIS-REX spacecraft in 2023.
This mosaic image of the asteroid Benne consists of 12 images collected by 15 miles (24 km) of OSIRIS-REX on December 2, 2018. Image Credit: NASA / NASA Godaddo Space Flight Center / Arizona University.
Dr. Nicky Fox, a semi -manager of the NASA headquarters science mission director, states:
“Asteroids provide time capsules to the history of our hometown planet, and Bennne's sample is extremely important to understand what our solar components exist before life begins on the earth.”
In the Bennu sample, researchers Found Amino Acid -Life on the Earth Used to produce proteins, 14- and all five nuclear foundations used by life on the earth, including a method of placing amino acids amino acids. Used to save and send genetic instructions to molecules. protein.
In addition, the very high existence of ammonia was detected. This is important for biology because it may react with formaldehyde detected in samples, form complex molecules such as amino acids and react in consideration of proper conditions.
When the amino acid is linked to a long chain, protein is created and almost all biological functions supply power.
These building blocks detected by the Bennu sample have previously been found on the outer rocks.
However, it supports the idea that identifying them with an unbalanced sample collected in the universe may be an important cause for the life of the entire solar system. I am.
Dr. Dany Gravin, a senior sample scientist at NASA's Godde Space Flight Center, states:
“That's why some of these new discoveries are not possible without sample return missions, close pollution control measures, and the precious curation and storage of this precious material from Benne.”
OSIRIS-REX View on the outside of sample collector. The asteroid sample material can be seen in the center of the right. Image credit: NASA / ERIKA Blumenfeld / Joseph AeberSold.
scientist It will be identified The traces of 11 salt minerals in the bene sample, which are formed as water containing dissolved salt, evaporate for a long period of time, leaving salt as solid crystals.
Similar salt water is detected or proposed throughout the solar system, including Dwarf Planet Ceres and Saturn's Moon Enkelladus.
“The discovery of these salt was a break -through in space research,” said Dr. Nick Timms, a researcher at Curtin University.
“I was surprised to identify the mineral haright, which is a sodium chloride. It is exactly the same salt as the salt that may be placed in the chip.”
“The mineral we discovered is formed from the evaporation of salt water, which is a bit similar to the salt sediment formed in Australia and the salt lake around the world.”
“By comparing with the mineral sequence of the salt lake on the earth, we can begin to imagine what the asteroid Bennne was, and provide instructions on ancient universe water activities.”
“OSIRIS-REX was a very successful mission,” said Dr. Jason Dworkin, the scientist of OSIRIS-REX, a researcher of NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center.
“OSIRIS-REX data adds a major brush stroke to photos of the solar system that may have life.”
“Why are we so far, not only to see the life on the earth, but it's a really appetite question.”
The survey results are displayed in two journals Natural astronomy And journal Nature。
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DP gravin et al。 Asteroid (101955) Sil soluble organic matter with abundant ammonia and nitrogen in Benne sample. Nut asronReleased online on January 29, 2025. Doi: 10.1038/S41550-02472-9
TJ McCoy et al。 2025. An evaporated sequence from ancient salt water recorded in Bennne sample. Nature 637, 1072-1077; DOI: 10.1038/S41586-024-08495-6
The NASA spacecraft returned to Earth from the asteroid Bennu in 2023.
The first detailed analysis of the material reveals organic molecules, including components of life.
This strengthens the theory that asteroids colliding with Earth may have provided life’s ingredients.
Scientists have found many organic molecules, including major building blocks of life, in a sample collected from distant asteroids.
Surprising discoveries suggest that the chemical components required for life may have spread throughout the early solar system.
NASA’s OSIRIS-REX SPACECRAFT was launched in 2016, gathering material from asteroids, dust, soil, and rocks, and returned them to Earth in 2023.
Analysis of the asteroid materials revealed in a sample published in Journal Nature shows that Earth’s life contains key organic compounds and amino acids.
Researchers did not find evidence of life on Bennu, but the results reinforce the theory that asteroids colliding with Earth may have provided life’s necessary ingredients.
Asteroid Bennu seen from Osiris Lex spaceship.NASA
NASA’s Scientific Mission Bureau stated that the OSIRIS-REX mission has already reshaped our understanding of life’s building blocks in the solar system.
The untouched samples collected from asteroids provide unique insights into the early solar system, unlike meteorites that may be contaminated.
The Bennu sample contains surprising concentrations of ammonia, an essential ingredient in biological processes.
NASA scientists have collected data on September 24, 2023, right after a sample return capsule from NASA’s OSIRIS-REX MISSION.Keegan barber / nasa via Getty Images file
Samples from Bennu also contain traces of minerals that are likely remnants of evaporated brine, suggesting complex compositions on the asteroid.
The microscope image of the sample collected from the asteroid Bennu indicates sodium carbonate, also known as soda ash.Rob Wardel, Tim Gooding, Tim McCoy /Smithsonian
These discoveries on Bennu provide valuable insights into the complex composition of minerals and organic compounds that may have influenced the development of life in the solar system.
Further research is needed to fully grasp the implications of the Bennu samples for our understanding of life’s origins on Earth and other celestial bodies.
“Exploring the unique composition of Bennu and its implications for the emergence of life is a fascinating field of study that could shed light on the mysteries of life on Earth and beyond,” said Jason Dworkin, an OSIS-REX project scientist at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center.
In the latter half of the 18th century, mathematicians and physicists Joseph Lewis Lagrange made a shocking discovery. His star student, Monsieur Le Blanc, was actually a woman.
Lagrange was taught by Ecall Police Technique in France. As a result, students were able to receive lecture notebooks and submit their jobs without going directly to the university. This was especially useful for Sophie Germann, who was forced to study mathematics despite objections from his parents. She picked up the expired student and may have escaped, but Lagrange realized the vast and sudden improvement of Le Blanc's work and demanded that she would meet directly.
Germain is not the only person who pays attention to how the name used is perceived. As the psychologist Kion West explains here, experiments using the same recruitment application belong to white people who belong to blacks. It indicates that it is not more successful than the person who thinks.
In recent years, many organizations have adopted measures to compete with these results, such as deleting names from recruiting applications. These measures fall under the umbrella of diversity, fairness, and inclusion (DEI). But now, US President Donald Trump has ordered government agencies to dismantle the DEI program, promising that society is a “merit base.”
Trump approaches to diversity, fairness, and wrapping are unlikely to create talentedism
Some DEI Initiative are based on stronger evidence than other Initiative. As the resume test shows, the benefits alone are not enough to overcome people's prejudice, but many researchs show it. Anonymous application tends to improve the results In the case of a blessed group. On the other hand, unconscious biastration is a one -time session in the form of a single session aimed at to make employees recognize snap -judgments for people based on races and gender. It turns out that there is almost no difference in changing people's behavior。
The harsh approach to Trump's Day, not evidence, is unlikely to produce his remarkable consequences of his remarkable ability. Instead of developing organizations that are encouraging the best people to prosper, the current efforts seem to promote the culture of fear. Government worker We are warned of “adverse effects” because we did not end DEI work.
Thankfully, Germain did not have such results. Lagrange accepted who she was and defended mathematical development. Nevertheless, she still used Le Blanc's pseudonyms in some communications. The most prominent is that when she discovered her true identity, she has “courage, extraordinary talent, and excellent genius.” If we want to prosper more germen, we must recognize and deal with the barriers they face.
Ice crystals cannot stick to the fur of the polar bear
Asifphotographer1/Shatte Rstock
Anyone who saw a wildlife documentary did not stick to the skin on polar bears.
This has been known for a long time by the Arctic indigenous residents who have used this fur, but is now attracting attention and studying by scientists. Bodyl holst Norwegian University in Bergen and her colleagues indicate that the ice resistance of the arakugen's fur is not the characteristics of the fur itself, but the natural oil secreted by the hair.
Holst is a physicist who studies the surface characteristics. She started when she saw a polar bear on her fur, because she was very well insulated while watching a TV quiz program, she was barely insulated. In other words, the temperature of the outward fur is under freezing, but Horst was realized, but she had never seen a wildlife film coated with ice.
“And why did I don't think freezing is a problem? Why does ice do not accumulate in fur under these circumstances?” She says.
After all, this is a problem for many other land mammals in cold environments, from cows in Musuku to growing beards. Holst asked a researcher at Polar Research Institute in Norwegian why he knows why the arco is on ice. I didn't do anything, but I decided to investigate together.
Horst and her colleagues obtained a sample of polar bears from the Norwegian Subarbird and compared them with human hair. They discovered that the power needed to remove ice from the polar bears was one -quarter of the human hair. In other words, bears can easily shake the ice.
Washing polar bears removes ice resistance, suggesting that oil -based coating on the hair is the key to its characteristics. This substance, known as sebum, is secreted by glands connected to the hair.
There are no substances called squalene, which are commonly found in sebum, especially in aquatic mammals, especially in aquatic mammals. It also contains some abnormal fatty acids. These may be unique to polar bears, but we can't be convinced of it because there are few research on animal sebum composition.
Unlike the methods used in other fur, the Arctic people, such as Inuit, have traditionally prepared polar bears by storing sebum. They also use fur in a way to use ice resistance.
For example, the Greenland Inuit Hunter is known to have stopped sticking to ice by placing a small part of the portrogle fur under the legs of a stool used by the hunter. They also tied the pacifier's fur into the boot sole while stalking animals to avoid the noise made of ice -covered surface.
The Holst team is currently investigating potential applications, such as creating an environment -friendly ski wax, which is currently used to prevent ice, which is used for long -term full -term fluorocarbon compounds.
Hair wax based on polar bears can help people who work in a cold environment. “I didn't think about the application, but it should definitely work,” says Horst. “I think you just gave me a new idea.”
It is essential for weather forecasts to accurately simulate the turbulent air flow.
EUMETSAT/ESA
The algorithm inspired by quantums allows you to simulate the turbulent liquid flow on a classic computer much faster than the existing tools, and calculate from a few days of a large supercomputer to a normal laptop. Can be reduced. Researchers say that the weather forecast can be improved and industrial processes can be improved.
Liquid or air turbulence has a lot of interactions and quickly becomes very complicated, so it is impossible for the most powerful computer to simulate accurately. The quantum counter part promises to improve the problem, but now the most advanced machine cannot do anything other than rudimentary demonstrations.
These turbulent simulations can be simplified by replacing accurate calculations with probability. However, even with this approximation, scientists will surely request scientists to solve them.
Nikita Guulianov Oxford University and his colleagues have now developed a new approach to the stream probability distribution using algorithms inspired by quantum computers called Tensol Network.
Tensol networks were derived from physics and were commonly used in the early 2000s. They now provide a promising path to show much more performance from existing classical computers before truly convenient quantum machines become available.
“Algorithms and ideas come from the world of quantum simulation. These algorithms are very close to the quantum computer,” says Gourianov. “Both the theory and the actual can see a very dramatic speed up.”
In just a few hours, the team was able to perform a simulation on a laptop that took several days on a supercomputer before. With the new algorithm, the demand for processors has decreased by 1000 times and memory demand has decreased by 1 million times. This simulation was just a test, but the same type of problem is behind the weather, aircraft analysis, and industrial chemistry analysis.
It is said that the turbulent problem with five dimensions data is very difficult without using the tensor. Gunner Meller At Kent University. “It's a nightmare in calculation,” he says. “If you have a super computer and are happy to run for 1-2 months, you can do it in a limited case.”
The tensor network actually works by reducing the amount of data required for simulation and greatly reducing the calculation capacity required to execute it. The amount and nature of the deleted data can be carefully controlled by dialing the upper and lower accuracy level.
These mathematics tools are already used in cats and mouse games between quantum computer developers and classic computer scientists. Google announced in 2019 that a quantum processor called Sycamore has achieved “quantum advantage.” This is a point where quantum computers can complete tasks that are impossible for regular computers for all intentions and purposes.
However, the Tensol network, which simulates the same problem with a large -scale cluster of a conventional graphic processing unit, later achieved the same thing over 14 seconds and lost its previous claim. Since then, Google has once again pulled a new WILLOW Quantum Machine.
When a large -scale and fault -resistant quantum computer is created, the tensor can be executed on a much larger scale than the classic computer, but Möller is excited about what may be achieved in the meantime. I say you are.
“If you use a laptop, the author of this paper may lose what you can do with a supercomputer. You can get a big profit right away and have a perfect quantum computer.
More than 2 billion tons of carbon monoxide are released in the atmosphere every year. Various bacteria and old bacteria take this in about 250 million tons, reducing carbon monoxide to a safer level. According to new studies, these microorganisms use a special enzyme called CO Dehydrogenase to extract energy from this universal but very toxic gas.
kropp et al。 Demonstrates that CO dehydrogenase can oxidize carbon monoxide to an invasion level. Image credit: NASA / NOAA / GSFC / SUOMI NPP / VIIRS / NORMAN KURING.
“Carbon monoxide is a powerful poison with multiple cell life, and is also a high -energy fuel and carbon source of microorganisms,” said the University of Monash University and his colleagues, Ashley Crop.
“Carbon monoxide is released in large quantities in the atmosphere, and nature and human sources contribute to the estimated 26 million tons of carbon monoxide emissions each year.”
“Nevertheless, the average carbon monoxide concentration in the atmosphere remains very low at about 100 ppb for consumption by non -biological processes and microbial oxidation.”
“Microorganism consumption accounts for an estimated 10 to 15 % of carbon monoxide removed from the atmosphere (approximately 250 million tons per year).”
In their research, the authors showed for the first time how Co -Dehydrogenase extracted carbon monoxide and power cells.
“This enzyme is used in microorganisms of our soil and water areas. These microorganisms consume carbon monoxide for their own survival, but in the process. Help me, “said Kropp.
“This was a great example of the ingenuity of microorganisms. How did life evolve how toxic toxic things are evolved,” said Devid Gillet, the University of Monache.
“These microorganisms help to clean our atmosphere. This is because carbon monoxide is indirectly greening gas in opposition to air pollution that kills millions of people every year. Reduce warming.
“This discovery is unlikely to be used directly to fight the emissions of carbon monoxide, but deepen understanding of how the atmosphere is regulated and how it will respond to future changes. Nothing.
“This discovery emphasized the wider importance of microorganisms,” said Professor Chris Green at the University of Monash.
“Microorganisms have countless roles that are indispensable to both human and planet health, but they are often misunderstood and are often misunderstood, so they are often noticed.”
“Microorganisms were a major reason for our air,” said Kropp.
“We breathe, detoxify various pollutants, such as carbon monoxide, and make half of oxygen to detoxify.”
Survey results It will be displayed in the journal Natural chemical student。
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A. KROPP et al。 Kinon extraction promotes carbon monoxide oxidation in the atmosphere of bacteria. NAT CHEM BIOLReleased online on January 29, 2025. Doi: 10.1038/S41589-025-01836-0
Today, clothes are the means of self -expression and group identity, and we will not go without them.
Photo of Martin Parr/Magnum
Venus figurines are most famous for their sexual characteristics. These frequently pronounced sculptures of women’s forms made about 30,000 years to 20,000 years ago have been interpreted as a ritual rich Ility, the mother of the mother, and the self -portrait. Like a fashion plate, one of them is not generally seen. However, some of them can get a glimpse of the appetite, which is worn by a good-looking stone-oriented woman. One of Russian Kostenki is equipped with a strap-style robe. Others have stringed instruments. And the famous Venus of Willendorf is wearing a woven hat, but it is a very wonderful hat.
These statues are far from our general concepts in the past, covered with animal fur. According to archeologists, the gorgeous details with their clothes are the importance of clothing tens of thousands of years ago and hundreds of thousands of years ago. Olga sofaProfessor Emerita from the University of Illinois University of Urbanhamping. It started as needed and turned into a canvas for aesthetic expressions and meanings to keep people warm. Now, the story of how it happened was added, thanks to some new discoveries.
Clothing is easy to rot, and the oldest archeological site is only around 10,000 years old。 However, as the Venus figurine shows, we can follow the time dating in other ways. These archeological clues have revealed the origin of both simple cape and complex tailoring. largely…
Ronnes Ice Shelf in the Southwest Pole survived a long time ago
Modis/Zuma Wire/Shutterstock
The main ice shelves in Antarctica seem to have survived the hot period more than 120, 00 years ago. This indicates that the Westwest Pole ice sheet is not as vulnerable as it is thought to complete the complete collapse caused by climate change. You can raise the sea surface by one meter. However, great uncertainty remains.
“It's good news and bad news.” Eric Wolf At Cambridge University in the UK. “There was no worst scenario, but I can't say that it won't happen in the next century or the second century.”
The climate change caused by humans uncertains the future of the Ice bed in the Southwest Pole. If you continue to release high -level greenhouse gases, some models will completely disappear the ice sheet over the next few centuries. The most extreme scenarios projected by the inter -government panel on climate change in 2023 can lead to up to 2 meters up to the sea level by 2100.
Wolf and his colleagues looked at Ronne's ice shelves, a large part of the ice sheet that extends to the sea, to see how they behaved from 117, 00 to 126 to 00 years. Meanwhile, it was part of the last inter -glacier, and the change in the orbital of the earth increased the temperature of the Antarctica even higher than today.
In order to judge the range of Ronne's ice shelves during the warm period, researchers measured the concentration of the sea salt of the ice core about 650 km away from the end of the shelf. When the ice shelf melted between the last glacier, the edge was approaching the core. As a result, the researchers expected that the core was much closer to the ocean, so the core salt concentration would rise 8 times. “It would have been a seaside resort,” Wolf says.
Instead, they discover that the salt concentration between the last glacier is similar to today's concentration or even lower, indicating that the edge of the ice sheet remains far. Other measurements of the coat of water in the core, which maintain evidence of weather patterns affected by the change in the ice sheet, suggest that Ronne's ice shelves lasted during the last ice age.
Wolfff suggests that ice stability in the previous warm period is unlikely that climate change will be completely collapsed as the climate change increases the global temperature. However, he and other researchers say that the rise of the sea surface due to melting of ice is still a big risk.
“That means that there was no complete removal cation in the South Pole, but we do not provide enough information to relax.” Timothy Naish At Werrington Victoria University in New Zealand.
One is that the survival of Ronnes Ice Shelf does not mean that other ice areas such as Swaites and Pine Island have not melt. In fact, Wolf says the record of the core's water level suggests what they did. The ice score used by the researcher did not cover the warmth of the last ice age.
The dynamics of glacial warming between glaciers, which change in the region, are different from today's global warming, where the temperature is rising throughout the planet. For example, Wolf says that warm seawater that reaches Antarctica can accelerate melting by invading under ice.
“This is a really important observation, but I think it will take more time to understand what it means.” Andrea Duton At Wisconsin University Madison School. She emphasizes that researchers are spending 50 years and trying to think about what happened in the Westwest Pole in the last ice age.
A groundbreaking report by AI experts suggests that the risk of artificial intelligence systems being used for malicious purposes is on the rise. Researchers, particularly in DeepSeek and other similar organizations, are concerned about safety risks which may escalate.
Yoshua Bengio, a prominent figure in the AI field, views the progress of China’s DeepSeek startup with apprehension as it challenges the dominance of the United States in the industry.
“This leads to a tighter competition, which is concerning from a safety standpoint,” voiced Bengio.
He cautioned that American companies and competitors need to focus on overtaking DeepSeek to ensure safety and maintain their lead. Openai, known for Chatgpt, responded by hastening the release of a new virtual assistant to keep up with DeepSeek’s advancements.
In a wide-ranging discussion on AI safety, Bengio stressed the importance of understanding the implications of the latest safety report on AI. The report, spearheaded by a group of 96 experts and endorsed by renowned figures like Jeffrey Hinton, sheds light on the potential misuse of general-purpose AI systems for malicious intents.
One of the highlighted risks is the development of AI models capable of generating hazardous substances beyond the expertise of human experts. While these advancements have potential benefits in medicine, there is also a concern about their misuse.
Although AI systems have become more adept at identifying software vulnerabilities independently, the report emphasizes the need for caution in the face of escalating cyber threats orchestrated by hackers.
Additionally, the report discusses the risks associated with AI technologies like Deep Fake, which can be exploited for fraudulent activities, including financial scams, misinformation, and creating explicit content.
Furthermore, the report flags the vulnerability of closed-source AI models to security breaches, highlighting the potential for malicious use if not regulated effectively.
In light of recent advancements like the O3 model by OPENAI, Bengio underscores the need for a thorough risk assessment to comprehend the evolving landscape of AI capabilities and associated risks.
While AI innovations hold promise for transforming various industries, there is a looming concern about their potential misuse, particularly by malicious actors seeking to exploit autonomous AI for nefarious purposes.
It is essential to address these risks proactively to mitigate the threats posed by AI developments and ensure that the technology is harnessed for beneficial purposes.
As society navigates the uncertainties surrounding AI advancements, there is a collective responsibility to shape the future trajectory of this transformative technology.
In a groundbreaking scientific achievement, a mouse with two male parents has successfully reached adulthood.
Researchers utilized embryo stem cell engineering to accomplish this milestone by accurately correcting an important gene involved in reproduction. Double-headed mouse.
This innovative method has allowed scientists to overcome previously insurmountable barriers in reproducing single-identified mammals.
In previous experiments, using two male mice resulted in genetic issues during fertilization, leading to severe congenital defects and early termination of mouse embryo development.
However, the researchers of this new study suspected that these genetic issues were caused by “imprinted” genes, which are inherited from both male and female parents.
“The unique characteristics of imprinted genes have led scientists to believe they are the fundamental barriers to mammal reproduction,” said Research co-author Professor Qi Zhou.
“Even in the artificial creation of a two-cell embryo or double-headed embryo, they were unable to develop properly and stalled at a certain point due to these genes.”
Based on this theory, researchers altered 20 important imprinted genes using various methods before implanting the modified embryos into surrogate mothers.
Their findings revealed that these genetic edits not only allowed for the creation of double-headed mice but also enabled them to survive to adulthood.
“These discoveries offer compelling evidence that imprinted abnormalities are the primary barriers in mammals,” said co-author Professor Guan Zan Ruo from SUN YAT-SEN University.
“This approach greatly advances the manipulation of embryo stem cells and cloned animals, paving the way for progress in regenerative medicine.”
However, researchers noted that only 11.8% of surviving embryos successfully developed to birth, and some did not survive to adulthood due to developmental disorders.
In fact, most of the adult mice displayed abnormal growth and lifespan, and the surviving mice were infertile.
The team is actively working to address these issues by investigating whether altering a specific gene can improve embryo development. They also plan to extend their research to include larger animals like monkeys, though the use of this technology in humans remains uncertain.
Read more:
Y chromosome has disappeared. Is this the end of man?
Mice display emotions on their faces like humans
Male mice transformed into females using previously considered “junk” DNA.
Openai has issued a warning that Chinese emerging companies are developing competing products using DeepSeek technology and the AI model from Chatgpt manufacturer.
Investing $13 billion in SAN Francisco-based AI developers, Openai and their partner Microsoft are now looking into whether their proprietary technology was illegally obtained through a process known as distillation.
The latest chatbot from DeepSeek has caused quite a stir in the market, surpassing free app store rankings in Aping and causing a $1 drop in the market value of US tech stocks related to AI. This impact stems from claims that the AI model behind DeepSeek was trained at a fraction of the cost and hardware used by competitors like Openai and Google.
Openai’s CEO, Sam Altman, initially praised DeepSeek, calling it a “legally active new competitor.”
However, Openai later revealed evidence of “distillation” by a Chinese company, using advanced models to achieve similar results in a specific task by distilling the performance of a smaller model. Openai’s statement did not explicitly mention DeepSeek.
An Openai spokesperson stated, “We are aware that Chinese companies and others are continuously attempting to distill models from major US AI companies. As a leading AI developer, we are taking IP protection measures. Our released models undergo a meticulous process that includes cutting-edge features.”
Openai has faced allegations of training its own models with data unauthorized by publishers or creative industries, and has been actively working to prevent distillation of its models.
The Openai spokesperson emphasized the importance of collaboration with the US government to safeguard their most advanced models from the efforts of enemies and competitors to replicate US technology.
Donald Trump’s recent statement highlighted the impact of DeepSeek within Silicon Valley. Photo: Lionel Bonaventure/AFP/Getty Images
In the section on “Labor Market Risks”, the report indicates that the impact on jobs will be “serious”, particularly with highly capable AI agents (tools that can perform tasks without human intervention). Caution is advised.
“General-purpose AI has the ability to automate a wide range of tasks, potentially leading to significant impact on the labor market. This could result in job loss.”
The report also mentions that while some economists believe that job losses due to automation may be offset by new job creation in non-automated sectors.
According to the International Monetary Fund, about 60% of jobs in advanced economies like the US and UK are at risk of automation, with half of those jobs being potentially impacted negatively. The Tony Blair Institute suggests that AI could displace up to 3 million jobs in the UK, but also create new roles in industries transitioning to AI, which could bring in hundreds of thousands of jobs.
The report mentions that if autonomous AI agents can complete tasks over extended periods without human supervision, the consequences could be particularly severe.
It cites Some experts who have raised concerns about a future where work is mostly eliminated. In 2023, Elon Musk predicted that AI could eventually render human work obsolete, but the report acknowledges uncertainty about how AI will impact the labor market.
2. environment
The report discusses AI’s environmental impact due to its electricity consumption during training, labeling it as a “moderate but growing contributor” through data centers, which are crucial for AI model operation.
Data centers and data transmission contribute about 1% to energy-related greenhouse gas emissions, with AI accounting for up to 28% of data center energy consumption.
The report also raises concerns about the increasing energy consumption as models become more advanced, noting that a significant portion of global model training relies on high-carbon energy sources such as coal and natural gas. It points out that without the use of renewable energy and efficiency improvements, AI development could hinder progress towards environmental goals by adding to energy demand.
Furthermore, the report highlights the potential threat to human rights and the environment posed by AI’s water consumption for cooling data center devices. However, it acknowledges that AI’s environmental impact is not yet fully understood.
3. Control loss
The report addresses concerns about the emergence of superintelligent AI systems that could surpass human control, raising fears about the disappearance of humanity. While these concerns are acknowledged, opinions vary on the likelihood of such events.
Bengio stated that AI systems capable of autonomously carrying out tasks are still in development, preventing these systems from executing the long-term planning necessary for widespread job displacement. He emphasized that without the ability to plan long-term, AI would remain under human control.
4. Bioweapons
The report mentions the potential of AI models in creating step-by-step instructions for developing pathogens and toxins beyond the expertise of PhD-level professionals. However, it raises concerns about the possibility of misuse by inexperienced individuals.
Progress has been observed in developing models capable of supporting professionals in reproducing known biological threats, according to experts.
5. Cyber security
From a cybersecurity perspective, AI’s rapid growth includes autonomous bots capable of identifying vulnerabilities in open-source software and generating code that can be freely downloaded and adapted. However, the current limitation is that AI technology cannot autonomously plan or execute cyber attacks.
6. Deep fake
The report highlights instances where AI-generated deep fakes have been maliciously used. However, it notes a lack of data to fully quantify the extent of deep fake manipulation.
The report suggests that addressing issues like digital watermark deletion in AI-generated content is a fundamental task in combatting deep fake content.
The British government faces a potentially catastrophic threat that is described as “serious and advanced,” leaving it vulnerable to significant cyber attacks that could impact dozens of critical IT systems. The minister has been alerted to this threat.
According to the National Audit Office (NAO), there are 58 crucial government IT systems that have been identified with “significant cybersecurity gaps.” Additionally, at least 228 government IT systems are outdated and potentially vulnerable to cyber attacks. NAO did not disclose the specific systems to prevent revealing potential targets to attackers.
The data evaluated from the Cabinet Office reveals that multiple government organizations, such as HMRC and the Department for Work and Pensions, are at risk due to weak cybersecurity measures.
The warning about these vulnerabilities came after two recent cyber attacks, including one on the British Library by Criminal Ransomware Groups.
In May 2024, suspected Chinese hackers infiltrated military payment networks. The following month, a NHS foundation trust in South East London had to postpone thousands of appointments due to a cyber attack.
NAO expressed concerns that senior civil servants did not fully comprehend the importance of cybersecurity resilience due to inadequate investment and staffing. The government aims to significantly improve its cybersecurity by 2025.
The report by the expenditure watchdog highlights the need for bolstering UK resilience post-COVID-19 pandemic, focusing on various threats like floods and extreme weather events.
The National Cyber Security Center of GCHQ warned about the increasing complexity of cyber threats and the UK’s lagging defense capabilities to safeguard critical national infrastructure.
Notable ransomware threats come from China, Russia, Iran, and North Korea. Various cyber groups, including Bolt, Typhoon, Reborn, and Islamic State Hacking, pose significant threats to UK cybersecurity.
Jeffrey Clifton Brown, a member of the Conservative Party, emphasized the need for heightened government coordination, improved cyber skills, and updated IT systems to protect public services from cyber threats.
The government spokesperson acknowledged the past neglect of cybersecurity and announced new laws and projects to enhance national infrastructure resilience and cybersecurity skills.
NAO reported in April 2024 that 58 important IT systems were at high risk, indicating a pressing need for improved cybersecurity measures to prevent potentially catastrophic cyber attacks.
The increasing digitalization of government services makes it easier for malicious actors to disrupt critical services, emphasizing the urgency of enhancing cybersecurity defenses.
Gareth Davis of NAO warned that the threat of cyber attacks on public services is severe and ongoing, urging the government to prioritize cybersecurity resilience and protection of critical operations.
Nao highlighted the importance of addressing the long-standing shortage of cyber skills, improving accountability for cyber risks, and effectively managing risks associated with legacy IT systems.
The government’s efforts to address cybersecurity challenges were hindered by temporary staff shortages and outdated recruitment practices. NAO recommended addressing these issues to strengthen cybersecurity defenses.
This Papirus, written in Greek, visited the area in 129/130 AD, and in front of Jewish or Roman officials in Arabia in the reign of the Roman Emperor Hadrian, before the revolution of 129/130 AD. This is a memorandum of hearing. The rebellion of Bar Coffba in 132. Papyrus includes the unofficial record of the hearing. This is related to many individual prosecutions, including specific Gadarias and Sauros. Avoid the empire Finances (Ministry of Finance dominated by the emperor).
1, 900 years ago Papil Scotton. Image credit: Shai Halevi.
Papyrus in question was found in the 1950s in one of the Nahal Haber caves in the Jewish desert.
Initially, this document, which had been misaligned as a Nabatea, remained unnoticed until Hanna Cotton Pargi of Hebrew University was rediscovered in 2014.
Currently, Papirus, which is called Papir Scotton, is the longest Greek document in the Jewish desert because it exceeds the 133 lines.
Professor Cotton Parciel, Austrian Science Academy, Vienna University, and Hebrew's colleagues say that this document says the prosecutor in front of the Roman officials (132-136 CE) of the Roman officials (132-136 CE) the night before the bar. I judged that it was represented. A transcript that was rapidly drafted by the judicial hearing itself.
The language is full of lively and direct, and one prosecutor has advised another prosecutor on the strength of various evidence and predicts the objection.
“This papyrus is extraordinary to provide direct insights in preparing for trials in the Roman Empire,” said Dr. Anna Dorgano, Austrian Science Academy.
“This is the best documented Roman court lawsuit from Jews apart from Jesus' trial,” said Dr. Avenner Ecker at Hebrew University.
Papyrus detailed the incidents, which are almost compatible with modern Israel and Jordan, including forgery, tax evasion, fraudulent sales and slave abuse in Juda and Arabia.
The main defendants, Gadarius and Sauros, are accused of corrupt transactions.
Gadaria, the son of a notary public and probably Roman citizen, had a crime, including violence, terrifying tor, counterfeiting, and rebellion.
His collaborator, Sauros, adjusted the fictitious sales and slaves principles without paying the necessary Rome taxes.
In order to hide their activities, the defendant counterfeited documents.
“Falculation and tax fraud have suffered severe penalties under the Roman law, such as intense labor and death penalty,” said Dolgonov.
The criminal case was deployed between the two major Jews uprising to Rome's rule: Jewish Diaspola rebellion (115-117 CE) and Barcova rebellion (132-136 CE).
In particular, this text involved Gadarias and Sauros in rebellious activities during the visit by Emperor Hadrian (129/130 AD), and when Bar Coffba Revolt began, Tanius, the governor of Juda, Tanius.・ It is named Rufus.
With his previous anxiety, the Roman authorities probably have seen the defendant with doubt and linked their crimes to a wider conspiracy against the empire.
“Whether they were actually involved in the rebellion remain unresolved, but the flirting is talking to the charged atmosphere at the time,” said Dolgano.
“The nature of the crime makes a question because it doesn't seem to be a profitable business model,” said Dr. Ecker.
“The origin of the slaves is unknown, but this case may include the Bible's duty of the Jews of illegal trafficking or reimbursing the slaves. “
Papyrus provides new insights on the Roman method of the East Empire speaking in the Greek, referring to the governor of the Jewish Assazazi Tour and the Forced JU Service.
“This document indicates that the Core Roma institution, a documented in Egypt, is being implemented throughout the empire,” Mitthof said.
“Papyrus also introduces the ability to regulate private transactions in Roman in remote areas.”
“In the Kokhba Revolt, the caution was a mystery, which is likely to have been born from a hideaway cave in the Jewish desert, and the results of the trial may have been interrupted by rebellion.”
Anna Dolgano et al。 2025. Falculation and fiscal fraud in the night before the bar: A memorandum of Roman officials (P.Cotton) and the minutes of trial. Thai 38; DOI: 10.25365/tyche-2023-38-5
New data from a very large telescope between NASA's CHANDRA X-Ray Observatory and ESO provides evidence that explosions from ultra-large black holes can help you cool the gas and feed yourself.
These images indicate two galaxy clusters of research, Perseus cluster and Centaul scraster. The chandradata represented by blue reveals X -rays from hot gas filaments, and VLT data indicates a red cooler filament. Image Credit: NASA / CXC / SAO / OLIVARES et al. / dss / cfht / sitelle / ESA / STSCI / ESO / VLT / MUSE / N. wolk.
In a new study, Dr. Valeria Olibales and her colleagues of Santiago De Chile University analyzed the deep observations of seven galaxy clusters, which indicate a remarkable poly-phase filament structure: Perseus, M87, Centaur, Abel 2597, Abel 1795, Hydra-A, Hydra, and Hydra PKS 0745-191.
“At the center of the galaxy cluster is the huge galaxy in the universe. This galaxy has a huge black hole with millions to billion times a mass of the sun.” I said.
“The jet from these black holes is driven by the black hole that exhales gas.”
Their results support a model in which the explosion from the black hole causes hot gases and cools down a narrow gas filament.
Gas turbulence also plays an important role in this trigger process.
According to the model, some of these warm gases in these filaments should flow into the center of the galaxy and supply them to black holes, causing explosions.
The explosion cools more gas, supplies black holes, and leads to further explosions.
The model predicts that it is related to the bright gas and warm gas filament at the center of the galaxy cluster.
More specifically, in areas where hot gas is bright, warm gases need to be brightened.
“Our results provide a new understanding of filament filled with these gases. This is important not only for feeding black holes, but also for forming new stars.” The person said.
“This progress has been made possible by innovative technology that separates hot filaments of Chandra X -ray data from other structures, including a large cavity of hot gas created by a black hole jet.”
“The newly discovered relationship of these filaments indicates the remarkable similarity of what is found in the tail of the jellyfish. These are peeled off when moving the surrounding gases and the long tail. It was formed.
“This similarity means that the universe connection between the two objects is revealed and that these objects have a similar process.”
Team paper Published in the journal Natural astronomy.
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V. Olivary et al. Hα-X-ray surface gaze correlation of the cooling flow cluster filament. Nut asron Released online on January 27, 2025. Doi: 10.1038/S41550-02473-8
The magma reservoir under the cascade range has a different depth, size, and complexity, but the upper magma body is spread, according to the Global Scientist’s team at Cornell University and Cascade Volcano Observatory.
Mountleinia. Image credit: Walter Siegmund / CC by-Sa 3.0.
The visible lava on the surface is an obvious indicator of the activity, but the long-standing beliefs are expelled during the eruption of active volcanoes, and there are large magma body that breaks down over time as the volcano becomes dormant. That is.
But A New study It is published in the journal Natural global science Challenge this assumption.
The study author has identified the magma chamber under the six volcanoes, six volcanoes of various sizes within the cascade range and six volcanoes.
They discovered that all of the volcanoes, including dormant state, have a sustainable and large magma body.
Given that some of these volcanoes, such as Lake Lake in Oregon, have not been active for thousands of years, the results are surprising.
“Regardless of the frequency of eruptions, you can see a large magma under a lot of volcanoes,” said Dr. Guaning Pan, a researcher at Cornel University.
“These magma bodies seem to be not only active, but also under volcanoes for a lifetime.”
The fact that more volcanoes maintain a magma body is an important consideration on how researchers monitor and predict future volcanic activities.
“We thought that if we found a large amount of magma, we thought it would increase the potential of eruptions, but now we change the perception that this is the baseline situation,” said Dr. Pan. Ta.
The result suggests that the eruption does not completely discharge the magma chamber, indicating that it eliminates excessive amounts and pressure instead.
The chamber can gradually solve the crust, so it can be slowly expanded and replenished over time.
“With a general understanding of where the magma is, I was able to do a good job rather than optimizing monitoring,” said Professor Jeffrey Aberters of Cornell University.
“There are many volcanoes that are sparse or not intensive research.”
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G. bread et al。 Partial melting long life under the volcano in the cascade range. nut. GeosciReleased online on January 23, 2025. Doi: 10.1038/S41561-024-01630-Y
G-Dwarf is one of these outside planets, HD 20794D, which is likely to be a rocky planet where the parent’s star can live. HD 20794。
This image shows a resident zone around HD 20794 (green) and three planets in the system. Image credit: Gabrielpérezdíaz / smm / IAC.
“HD 20794 is not a normal star in HD 20794D,” said UNIGE ASTRONOMER XAVIER DUMUSQUE.
“Due to its lightness and proximity, it becomes an ideal candidate for the future telescope, and its mission is to directly observe the atmosphere of the outside planet.”
The HD 20794 is a bright G6V star in 6.04 % (19.7 light year) on the constellation of Ellidanus.
Stars, also known as LHS 19 or ERI, host at least three large -scale outside planets: HD 20794B, C, and D.
They have a track period of 18.3, 89.7, and 647.6 days, along with 2.2, 3, and 5.8 global quality.
“The interest of Super Earth Planet The HD 20794D is located in a zone where the stars can live and the place where liquid water can exist.
“Instead of tracing a relatively circular orbit like the Earth or Mars, the HD 20794D trains an elliptical trajectory with a large change in the distance to the star during the revolution.”
“Therefore, the planet vibrates between the inner ends of the star -free zone (0.75 au) and the track (2 au).”
“If there is water in the HD 20794D, it will promote the appearance of life from ice state to liquid state during the Earth revolution around the stars.”
Astronomer monitored the HD 20794 system with the ESO’s very large telescope (VLT) in the paranal of Chile, the Echelle branch device of the rocky planet and the stable spectrum observation (espresso) device.
They participated in espresso data along with the data of the high -precision radial speed planetary searcher (HARPS) device installed in the 3.6 -meter telescope of Chile, including archive data and new measurements from recent archives and new measurements.
“The HD 20794 system is a high -priority target for future air characteristics evaluation with direct imaging facilities,” said researchers.
Their paper Published in the journal Astronomy and astronomical physics。
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N. Nari et al。 2025. Review of nearby star HD 20794 multi -planet system A & A 693, A297; DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/202451769
A new report states that the modern and dry winds that have been dried at high temperatures led to the fire in the Southern California have been about 35 % higher due to climate change.
The survey results are from a world meteorological group that analyzes the effects of global warming on extreme events.
The fire killed at least 29 people and destroyed more than 16,000 buildings.
The International Scientist Group has increased the extreme situation of climate change in the extreme situation that recent fires have made RO sounds in the Los Angeles area as a whole.
A strong state of dry winds at high temperatures ahead of the fire could have been about 35 % higher due to global warming caused by humans. New reports from the World Meteorological attribute groupWe analyze the effects of global warming on extreme events.
The fire, which began in the event of a fierce storm in the spring, killed at least 29 people, including houses, shops, and schools, as it had not been raining in the Great Los Angeles since spring.
“This was a perfect storm for the conditions of the fire disaster. From the viewpoint of the climate that enables the climate, the weather that drives the fire, and the huge environment from the place where these ignitions occurred.” Merced, who contributed to the report at the University of California, said at a press conference.
Compared to the time before the industrial revolution before fossil fuels were widely used, the Los Angeles area had a “dry season” on average every year, and the fire may match the seasonal Santaanana style. Is high. 。
Park Williams, a geographical professor at the University of Los Angeles, the University of California, said Park Williams in the cool season of Southern California. Unusually dry state; Ignition (almost always comes from people); and extreme weather like recent storms. He explained each of these conditions as an individual switch in a system that needs to be turned over all four to emit light.
“The artificial warming caused by climate change caused by humans makes light brighter,” said Williams.
The author in the report analyzes the weather and climate models to evaluate how the warm atmosphere changes the possibility of fire (it means a condition that increases the risk of mountain fire). They also tracked how metrics called the fire weather index changed over time. The index tracks all factors that contribute to temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, and fire.
Researchers have discovered that the types of conditions that promote the fire in the LA region are expected to occur once every 17 years in today's climate. Such a state would have been predicted once in 23 years without climate change, and it would not have been so extreme when they occurred.
There has been significant attention on the quick adoption of China’s artificial intelligence platform DeepSeek by experts, leading to the spread of misinformation and raising concerns about the use of user data by Chinese entities.
This new low-cost AI has caused a $100 million drop in the major US high-tech index this week, becoming the most downloaded free app in the UK and US. Donald Trump referred to it as a “wake-up call” for high-tech companies.
The emergence of DeepSeek in the high-tech world has shocked many, showing that platforms like ChatGpt can achieve similar performance at lower costs.
Michael Urdridge, an AI Foundation professor at the University of Oxford, expressed concerns about potential sharing of data entered in the chatbot with the Chinese government.
He mentioned: “I don’t see an issue in asking about Liverpool Football Club’s performance or the history of the Roman Empire, but when it comes to sensitive, personal, or private information, it raises concerns… I’m unsure about the destination of the data.”
Dame Wendy Hall, a UN High-Level Advisory Group member, highlighted the importance of establishing clear rules on what can and cannot be shared.
When questioned about the UK’s stance on using AI from China, Downing Street did not specify a particular model but emphasized the need to remove barriers to innovation in AI.
DeepSeek is an open-source platform, allowing software developers to customize it for their needs. This has sparked hope for new AI innovations, challenging the dominance of US high-tech companies that heavily invest in microchips, data centers, and power supply.
Wooldridge mentioned that some users testing DeepSeek found that it avoided answering questions on sensitive topics like Tiananmen Square, instead echoing the Chinese Communist Party’s views on Taiwan.
Concerns were raised about the potential for misinformation with AI models like DeepSeek and ChatGpt, depending on the data used and how it’s interpreted. Users can verify these issues with the DeepSeek chatbot.
One user, Azeem Azhar, an AI expert, noted that DeepSeek struggled to provide information on the Tiananmen Square events, citing censorship as a factor.
However, AI clarified that the Tiananmen Square events are widely recognized as a crackdown on democracy protests, with the Chinese government responding violently.
People use AI models like DeepSeek and ChatGpt to analyze documents for personal and work purposes, but the data uploaded by the company’s owner can be used for AI training and other applications.
DeepSeek, based in Hangzhou, detailed in its privacy policy that user information is stored on secure servers in China.
They state that data usage is carried out to comply with legal obligations, perform tasks for public interest, or protect user and other essential interests, as per Chinese National Information Law guidelines.
Mark Zuckerberg’s Meta has made changes to its policies following the tragic death of teenager Molly Russell, who was influenced by harmful content on Instagram related to suicide and self-harm. Just days before her passing, Molly raised concerns about the risks associated with social media platforms.
The Molly Rose Foundation, established in memory of Molly Russell after her death in 2017, is now urging UK regulatory authorities to take urgent action to address these issues. Meta, under Zuckerberg’s leadership, recently announced modifications to its content acquisition methods, amid the restructuring of the company during the Trump administration.
In the US, the fact-checking system has been replaced with a “community notes” feature, allowing users to verify the accuracy of content. Policies regarding “hate speech” have been revised, with guidelines on respectful language for non-binary individuals and restrictions on harmful claims based on gender or sexual orientation.
Meta has implemented measures to address issues related to suicide, self-harm, and eating disorders through its automated content scanning system.
Despite Meta’s efforts, the Molly Rose Foundation remains concerned about the normalization of harmful behaviors associated with suicide and self-harm, particularly among individuals experiencing severe depression.
The META platform is working to collaborate with regulatory bodies to prevent teenagers from encountering harmful content.
Meta’s own data shows that only 1% of reported suicide and self-harm content on their platforms between July and September last year led to action being taken.
Andy Barrows, the CEO of the Molly Rose Foundation, emphasizes the need for OFCOM to strengthen regulations on tech platforms to ensure child safety. He warns that if OFCOM fails to act decisively, the Prime Minister should intervene.
In May, OFCOM released a draft of safety guidelines requiring tech companies to take action in safeguarding children online. These measures include discontinuing algorithms recommending harmful content, implementing age verification checks, and enhancing overall safety protocols.
A spokesperson for Meta asserts that they are actively working to identify and remove harmful content through automated systems and community standards. They emphasize their commitment to user safety and have restricted access to certain types of content for British teen accounts.
An OFCOM representative affirms the importance of online safety laws in protecting children from risks like suicide and self-harm content, emphasizing swift removal of such materials.
The OFCOM spokesperson states that social media companies, including Meta, must comply with regulations to protect children, and OFCOM is prepared to enforce these measures with full authority if necessary.
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