Exercise caution when seeking AI advice on medical issues
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Wondering whether to consult a doctor about your sore throat? The quality of AI recommendations can vary based on how you frame your questions. In experiments with AI models, users who made typos, expressed uncertainty, or were identified as women were more frequently advised to seek medical attention.
“Subtle biases can shape the nature and content of AI recommendations, significantly affecting the distribution of medical resources.” Karandeep Singh, who did not participate in the research at the University of California, San Diego, commented.
Avinisa Gravatina and her team at Massachusetts Institute of Technology have harnessed AI to produce thousands of patient notes in various formats. Some messages included intentional errors and spaces to replicate the writing style of individuals with limited English skills or typing difficulties, while others utilized uncertain language to reflect different emotional tones, including health anxiety or gendered expressions.
The researchers presented these notes to four widely-used large language models (LLMs) that power many chatbot applications, asking them if patients should manage their conditions independently, visit clinics, or undergo certain tests. The models included OpenAI’s GPT-4, Meta’s Llama-3-70b, Llama-3-8b, and the Palmyra-Med model created specifically for healthcare by AI specialists.
Results indicated that variations in format and style influenced the recommendations, with 7-9% of the AI models suggesting that patients remain at home rather than seek medical appointments. Additionally, female patients were more likely to receive recommendations to stay home. A study highlighted that treatment suggestions were more susceptible to changes based on the gender and language style of the queries than those offered by human clinicians.
OpenAI and Meta did not respond to inquiries for comments. According to Zayed Yasin, a writer involved in the research, these LLMs are not intended for health advice or clinical recommendations without human oversight.
Most operational AI technologies in electronic health records currently depend on OpenAI’s GPT-4 O, which wasn’t directly studied here. Singh emphasized the necessity for enhanced methods to assess and monitor generative AI models within the healthcare sector.
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In this study, published this month in Current Biology, marine researchers reveal evidence of the widespread creation and utilization of grooming tools among the killer whale (Orcinus orca ater) population. I reside in the Salish Sea, part of the Pacific Ocean between British Columbia and Washington.
Arochelpin, a killer whale from Southern residents (Orcinus orca ater). Image credit: Weiss et al., doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2025.04.021.
“We discovered that southern resident killer whales frequently utilize bull kelp during social interactions, seemingly as a tool for mutual grooming.”
“It was incredibly thrilling to observe not only the tool-making behavior of whales, but also the application of these objects in manners not previously documented in marine mammals.”
Dr. Weiss and his team identified this surprising behavior while conducting aerial observations of the southern resident killer whales, a population dwindling to fewer than 80 individuals in the Pacific Northwest.
Since 2018, they have been monitoring these whales to gain insights into their foraging and social habits.
“While other killer whale populations exist across the globe, the southern residents hold unique genetic, ecological, and cultural distinctions,” Dr. Weiss explained.
Using high-resolution video captured from aircraft, researchers discovered that the whales fashioned tools by breaking the edges of the kelp’s stems.
Subsequently, they applied the pieces of kelp to their companions and rolled it between their bodies for extended durations.
This behavior was noted among whales from all social groups, irrespective of gender or age.
They observed that whales were more inclined to groom closely-related companions or older partners.
Furthermore, there was some evidence suggesting that whales with more molting or damaged skin were more likely to engage in grooming, indicating potential hygienic benefits.
“What stands out is that despite this evidently common activity, it has only recently come to light, with drones frequently monitoring these whales for nearly 50 years,” said Dr. Weiss.
“This exemplifies not only the strength of new observational methods but also the many aspects of these creatures we have yet to uncover.”
“Although the whale population has been formally studied for five decades, it continues to yield significant new discoveries,” noted Rachel John, a student at the University of Exeter.
“Previous aerial footage lacked the quality needed to recognize ‘Allokelping’ (i.e., using kelp on another whale), but the recent video captures this behavior in remarkable detail.”
It is still uncertain whether this grooming behavior is exclusive to this population or if it is more commonly observed among other whale communities and species.
Regardless, this finding opens new pathways for understanding tool use in marine mammals and highlights the broader implications of such behaviors.
“We know tactile interactions are crucial,” remarked Professor Darren Croft, a researcher at the University of Exeter and the executive director of the Whale Research Center.
“In primates, including humans, these interactions can alleviate stress and strengthen social bonds.”
“Killer whales frequently make contact with other group members — touching their own bodies and fins — but employing kelp in this manner may enhance these experiences.”
“This behavior might also be vital for skin health. Whales and dolphins utilize various strategies to shed dead skin, and this could serve as an additional adaptation for that purpose.”
“Brown algae like bull kelp may possess antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties that could offer extra benefits to the whales.”
“We are currently conducting further research to validate these initial findings and to investigate the social and skin health advantages of this behavior.”
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Michael N. Weiss et al. 2025. Manufacturing and use of similar tools by wild killer whales. Current Biology 35 (12): R599-R600; doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2025.04.021
Influenza virus particles observed through an electron microscope, color enhanced
John G/Imago/Alamy
A promising long-term antiviral medication may offer protection against all strains of influenza, providing hope for the most vulnerable populations.
The flu results in the loss of thousands of lives annually, and the swift emergence of new variants poses a risk for future pandemics. Each year, scientists reformulate flu vaccines to correspond with the strains that are projected to be prevalent in the upcoming season. These vaccines prompt the immune system to generate antibodies that block the virus from infiltrating the cells.
Efforts are underway to develop a universal influenza vaccine capable of safeguarding individuals from all strains, yet these vaccines face challenges.
“Even if the first approved universal influenza vaccine is created, individuals exhibit varying immune responses, meaning not everyone will be effectively protected,” says Jeffrey Stein, CEO of Cidara. For instance, vaccines often show reduced efficacy in older adults or in those with compromised immune systems.
To tackle this issue, Stein and his team have developed a treatment known as CD388, which includes Zanamivir, an antiviral drug authorized for treating infections caused by all influenza variants that affect humans. Normally, Zanamivir is eliminated from the body within hours, but the research team has modified it to rapidly neutralize the invasive influenza virus. “It’s not part of the immune system,” Stein explains.
For testing, the team enrolled 5,000 participants aged 16-64 from the US and the UK at the beginning of the 2024 flu season. None of the participants were at elevated risk for flu-related complications or had received that year’s flu vaccine. They divided the participants into four approximately equal groups. Three groups received one injection of CD388 at low, moderate, or high doses, while the final group received a placebo.
About six months later, researchers assessed the number of individuals with symptomatic flu infections during the flu season, defined by the presence of influenza virus DNA in nasal swabs and flu-like symptoms such as cough and fever.
Thirty-three individuals in the placebo group reported symptomatic flu, whereas only eight participants in the high-dose CD388 group did, marking a risk reduction of around 76%. The moderate and low-dose groups saw a 61% and 58% decrease in risk of symptomatic infections, respectively. “All doses demonstrated significant protection against influenza illness,” states Nicole Dhabapana, Chief Medical Officer of Sidara. Side effects, such as injection site tenderness, were consistent across both the treatment and placebo groups.
The results indicate that CD388 may offer a more straightforward means of protecting individuals compared to vaccines. “[Unlike vaccines, it] does not need to match the circulating strain, and could be more effective during a ‘poor match’ year or for pandemic preparedness, especially if new flu strains, such as H5N1, transmit to humans,” remarks Pennyword from King’s College London. She adds that, based on previous data on Zanamivir, it is unlikely that influenza strains will develop resistance to it.
This approach is likely to be effective for older individuals and those known to have poor vaccination responses, including the immunocompromised. Davalpana mentions that the team plans to conduct tests on individuals aged 12 and older with compromised immune systems.
Instead of replacing vaccines, Stein suggests that the drug may work best in conjunction with them, although this has yet to be tested. Nevertheless, the findings are timely given the growing hesitance surrounding vaccinations. “We aim to bypass the controversy that unfortunately surrounds vaccines,” Stein remarks.
Life, as a series, is peculiar, but for me, it blends seriousness with a touch of whimsy, leaving me committed to showcasing queer characters prominently. This has proven fruitful in many respects. While the ambiguous relationship between timid blue-haired Chloe and the enigmatic Chloe from 2015’s Original Life is Strange remains partially undefined, Alex Chen stands out as the oddity in life. However, my favorite queer moment from the series surfaced in last year’s double exposure.
Max Caulfield has grown up and now holds a photography residency at a small-town university. She has come to accept herself. She is attractive but takes a leap with Vince, the not-so-great IT guy on campus. But what about Amanda, the cool lesbian bartender at a local pub? She is both intriguing and complicated. I adore the fact that all bisexual people can find the cool lesbians both intimidating and alluring. If you successfully navigate a date with Amanda, you’re in for one of the most delightful scenes in gaming. They attend an imaginary concert, sharing riffs and laughter over nostalgic chaotic shows. It’s reminiscent of how Nathan Drake and Elena played Crash Bandicoot together in Uncharted 4, creating one of the most genuine relationship moments in the game. (And yes, even after the date goes well, Max stays hesitant to kiss her.) — Keza McDonald, Video Game Editor for The Guardian
Ellie and Dina from The Last of Us Part II
Our Last Ellie and Dina: Part II Photo: Sony/Naughty Dog
Ellie and Dina’s relationship in The Last of Us Part II has garnered much attention, and rightfully so. There are not many narratives in media that steer clear of trauma. While recognizing the difficulties faced by marginalized groups is vital, it also highlights the importance of joy. It’s remarkable that in a game heavily laden with deep themes and tragic character arcs, these two can engage in a lighthearted, collaborative relationship. They aren’t solely defined by their challenges, but rather by the choices they make. The narrative evolution and eventual conflict stem directly from Ellie’s actions and decisions. — Amanda Hafford, Producer (and voice of Ducky) Date Everything!, Now
Same-Sex Marriage in Fable
No Cheat Codes Required… Fable Photo: Lionhead
As a teenager, I discovered a game called Fable. I played through the tutorial and sought to enhance my experience using cheat codes, buffing my character considerably.
However, I soon felt uneasy, not because of cheating, but due to not fully identifying with my character.
Does this character truly reflect me? Am I allowed to act this way? I wasn’t sure.
Upon reaching my first town, I met a merchant, bought everything he had, and returned all my items.
I sensed my thoughts beginning to crystallize. Can I genuinely do this? I thought so.
I gifted him a wedding ring. The gay married. I acquired a house and never revisited the game.
–
I was a closeted teen, and everyone around me seemed to know, except for me.
I was a chubby child, a fact frequently pointed out by others.
It’s amusing now, as I was caught in the game’s narrative, yet I never revealed my own truth. How oddly our teenage minds operate. — Tanat Boozayaangool, Developer at Tan Ant Games Building Relationships, Coming This Year
Bisexual Mayhem in Thirsty Suitors
Mischief and Sincerity… A Thirsty Suitor Photo: Annapurna Interactive
My passion for queer games exists on both ends of the spectrum. At one end is the “delicate nuance and subtlety,” while the other revels in “delightful confusion.” It resonates with my experience as a bisexual individual.
In the realm of nuance, my initial affection was for the catharsis found in going home and recognizing the peculiarities of my sister Sam and her struggles after being rejected by their parents. There was also the narrative growth that allowed space for new relationships after hardship. More recently, I saw beautiful development in the relationship between Henry and Hans within their kingdom.
On the flip side, there’s ample mischief and sincerity. Thirsty Suitors captures the messy interconnectedness of peculiar dating scenarios and the aftermath when someone is caught up in their own world. As for my game, Crescent County, it leans towards the chaotic side. There’s often a pressure to portray “perfect” queer expressions, which detracts from the characters’ depth and humanity. I get the allure of pure chaos, but we shouldn’t homogenize ourselves for acceptance! — Anna Hollinlake, Creative Director Crescent County, Coming Next Year
Reflecting on my journey through the gaming era, my kids affectionately refer to it as the “late 1900s” (I feel Dust accumulating on my bones), I recall that villains were often the only characters coded with diversity. Healthy, quirky moments were as uncommon as writers crafting new, original narratives.
That’s why I absolutely cherished Unpacking. While the game revolves around unpacking belongings as you transition between places, it’s a brilliant show-don’t-tell piece. You leave your parents’ home, share a space with a roommate, eventually move in with your boyfriend, who quickly minimizes your space and expression. I turned to my wife, exclaiming, “She’s gay!” But she didn’t take note because I often relate to characters I admire. However, I was right. As the narrative progresses, she encounters her new partner, grows closer, and eventually they have a child and unpack the nursery together. It concludes with what I believe to be the healthiest representation of a lesbian relationship I’ve seen in any video game. — Nikkijay, Author Quantum Witch, Now
Sioux Falls, SD – Prior to the widespread implementation of vaccines, catastrophic infections in the U.S. claimed millions of children’s lives and left many others with lifelong health complications.
Over the next century, vaccines successfully eradicated long-standing threats like polio and measles, leading to a significant decrease in many diseases. However, today, as preventable and contagious diseases resurface, vaccine hesitancy is causing a decline in vaccination rates. Moreover, established vaccines are facing skepticism from figures such as Robert F. Kennedy Jr. and some civil servants. Long-time anti-vaccine advocates are influencing perceptions managed by the Federal Health Bureau.
“These concerns, along with hesitations and queries regarding vaccines, stem from the profound success of vaccination, as it has eradicated many diseases,” explained Dr. William Schaffner, an infectious disease specialist at Vanderbilt University Medical Center. “If you don’t experience the disease, you lack respect or fear for it, thus undervaluing the vaccine.”
Anti-vaccine proponents often depict vaccines as perilous, emphasizing the rare side effects while neglecting the significantly greater risks posed by the diseases themselves.
Some Americans are acutely aware of the realities of vaccine-preventable diseases, as revealed in interviews conducted by the Associated Press.
Illness during pregnancy can impact two lives
For decades, Janice Farnham has cared for her daughter Jack. Jack, now 60, was born with congenital rubella syndrome, which caused complications with his hearing, vision, and heart. At the time, there was no vaccine for rubella, and Janice caught the infection early in her pregnancy.
Janice, now 80, did everything within her power to help Jack thrive, yet it took a toll on her own well-being. Jack eventually developed diabetes, glaucoma, autistic tendencies, and arthritis.
A nurse prepares measles, mumps, and rubella vaccines in Harbor Straw, New York, in 2019. Johannes Eisele/AFP -Getty Images File
Currently, Jack resides in an adult care facility, spending four to five days a week with Janice. She is touched by Jack’s sense of humor and loving nature, frequently showering her with affection and often signing “Double I Love You.”
Given their family’s experiences, Janice finds it “more than frustrating” when individuals opt out of the MMR vaccine against measles, mumps, and rubella.
“I know what the outcome will be,” she expressed. “I simply want to spare others from enduring this.”
Delaying vaccinations can have dire consequences
Over fifty years have passed, yet Patricia Tobin vividly recalls finding her unconscious sister Karen on the bathroom floor.
In 1970, Karen was only six years old when she contracted measles. At that time, vaccines were not mandated for students in Miami. Doctors mentioned vaccinations for first graders, but urgency was not communicated by their mothers.
“It’s not that she was against it,” Tobin clarified. “She believed she had time.”
As measles outbreaks progressed, Karen collapsed in the restroom and never regained consciousness. She succumbed to encephalitis.
“We could never converse with her again,” Tobin mourned.
Presently, all states necessitate certain vaccinations for children to enroll in school. However, an increasing number of individuals are opting for exemptions. Schaffner from Vanderbilt emphasized that memories of measles outbreaks have been worsened by fraudulent studies falsely asserting a link between MMR vaccines and autism.
One of Lora Duguay’s earliest memories is lying in a quarantined hospital ward, her frail body surrounded by ice. She was just three years old.
In 1959, polio was rampant in Clearwater, Florida. It was one of the most dreaded diseases in the U.S., leading some paranoid parents to isolate their children during the epidemic.
Due to the infamous nature of polio, the introduction of its vaccine was met with widespread excitement. However, the early vaccines Duguay received had an efficacy rate of only 80% to 90%, leaving many unvaccinated and vulnerable to the virus.
Polio patients receiving treatment with iron lungs in 1950 at a respiratory center in Los Angeles. Bettmann Archive
The treatment allowed her to walk again, but she eventually developed post-polio syndrome, a neuromuscular disorder that deteriorates over time, leaving her in a wheelchair today.
Many children receive vaccinations now because the illness that changed her life is no longer a threat in the U.S. This new vaccine is much more effective than earlier versions, not only safeguarding individuals but also preventing sporadic cases from escalating among vulnerable populations.
Vulnerable populations remain at risk without vaccinations
Each night, Katie Van Troonhout cradles a small plaster cast of her daughter’s feet, a painful reminder of her child who succumbed to whooping cough in just 37 days.
Curry Grace was born on Christmas Eve in 2009. At just a month old, she showed symptoms of whooping cough after being exposed to someone too young to receive the Tdap vaccine.
At the hospital, Van Troonhout recalls the medical team desperately trying to save her, but “within minutes, she was gone.”
Today, Curry remains a part of her family’s life, with Van Troonhout advocating for vaccination and sharing her story with others.
“It’s our responsibility as adults to protect our children; that’s what parents do,” Van Troonhout stated. “I witnessed my daughter die from preventable illnesses… you don’t want to have my experiences.”
Astronomers employing the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope have captured an impressive image of the reflective nebula GN 04.32.8.
This Hubble image showcases GN 04.32.8, a reflective nebula located in the constellation Taurus, approximately 480 light years distant. The color composite was formed from images captured in visible and near-infrared light, utilizing data obtained through two filters. Different hues are assigned to each monochromatic image associated with an individual filter. Image credits: NASA/ESA/Hubble/G.Duchêne.
GN 04.32.8 is situated around 480 light years from the constellation Taurus.
Also referred to as DG 41, it forms a small segment of the stellar nursery known as the Taurus Molecular Cloud.
“Reflective nebulae are composed of dust clouds in space that do not produce their own light, unlike other types of nebulae,” an expert stated.
“Light from nearby stars illuminates them by scattering off the dust.”
“Due to this scattering effect, many reflective nebulae, including GN 04.32.8, often appear blue.”
GN 04.32.8 is illuminated by a trio of bright stars at the heart of the Hubble image, chiefly the variable star V1025 Tauri.
“One of these stars partially overlaps with the nebula. This is another variable star called HP Tauri, classified among the stars in Tauri, thus resembling other varieties of stars found in the broader molecular complex in Taurus,” the astronomer explained.
“It’s not unusual for T-Tauri stars to inhabit such prolific stellar nursery environments, as they are very dynamic and turbulent in their early evolutionary stages.”
“The three stars are known as HP Tau, HP Tau G2, and HP Tau G3 and are believed to be gravitationally bound, forming a triple system.”
“Observers with keen eyes might spot a small, crushed orange area just outside the center, beneath the nebula, which intersects with dark lines,” the researchers noted.
“This marks a newly formed protostar, concealed within a protoplanetary disk that obscures some of its light.”
“Disks like these are ideal subjects for study because they are oriented edge-on from our viewpoint.”
“We are utilizing Hubble to investigate this phenomenon and to glean insights about the types of exoplanets that could form within such disks.”
Microsoft is unveiling details about artificial intelligence systems that outperform human doctors in intricate health assessments, paving a “path to medical closeness.”
The company’s AI division, spearheaded by British engineer Mustafa Suleyman, has created a system that emulates a panel of specialized physicians handling “diagnostically complex and intellectually demanding” cases.
When integrated with OpenAI’s advanced O3 AI model, Microsoft claims its method “solved” more than eight out of ten carefully selected case studies for diagnostic challenges. In contrast, practice physicians with no access to colleagues, textbooks, or chatbots achieved an accuracy rate of only 2 out of 10 on these same case studies.
Microsoft also highlighted that this AI solution could be a more economical alternative to human doctors, as it streamlines the process of ordering tests.
While emphasizing potential cost reductions, Microsoft noted that it envisions AI as a complement to physician roles rather than a replacement.
“The clinical responsibilities of doctors extend beyond merely diagnosing; they must navigate uncertainty in ways that AI is not equipped to handle, and build trust with patients and their families,” the company explained in a blog post announcing the research intended for peer review.
Nevertheless, slogans like “The Road to Overmed Medical” hint at the possibility of transformative changes in the healthcare sector. Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) denotes systems that replicate human cognitive abilities for specific tasks, while superintelligence is a theoretical concept referring to systems that surpass overall human intellectual capacity.
In discussing the rationale for their study, Microsoft raised concerns about AI’s performance on U.S. medical licensing exams, a crucial assessment for acquiring medical licenses in the U.S. The multiple-choice format relies heavily on memorization, which may “exaggerate” AI capabilities compared to in-depth understanding.
Microsoft is working on a system that mimics real-world clinicians by taking step-by-step actions to arrive at a final diagnosis, such as asking targeted questions or requesting diagnostic tests. For instance, patients exhibiting cough or fever symptoms may need blood tests and chest x-rays prior to receiving a pneumonia diagnosis.
This innovative approach by Microsoft employs intricate case studies sourced from the New England Journal of Medicine (NEJM).
Suleyman’s team transformed over 300 of these studies into “interactive case challenges” to evaluate their method. Microsoft’s strategy incorporated existing AI models developed by ChatGPT creators OpenAI, Meta from Mark Zuckerberg, Anthropic, Grok from Elon Musk, and Google’s Gemini.
The company utilized a specific model for determining tests and diagnostics, employing AI systems such as tailored agents known as “diagnostic orchestrators.” These orchestrators effectively simulate a doctor’s panel, aiding in reaching a diagnosis.
Microsoft reported that in conjunction with OpenAI’s advanced O3 model, over eight of the ten NEJM case studies have been “solved.”
Microsoft believes its approach has the potential to encompass multiple medical fields, enabling a broad and in-depth application beyond individual practitioners.
“Enhancing this level of reasoning could potentially reform healthcare. AI can autonomously manage patients with routine care and offer clinicians sophisticated support for complex cases.”
However, Microsoft acknowledges that the technology is not yet ready for clinical implementation, noting that further testing with an “Orchestrator” is necessary to evaluate performance in more prevalent symptoms.
On Monday, a collective of Environmental Protection Agency staff expressed dissent regarding the agency’s policies during the Trump administration, stating it “undermines the EPA’s mission to safeguard human health and the environment.”
More than 170 EPA employees have cited documents and signed anonymously due to concerns of retaliation, according to Jeremy Berg, former editor-in-chief of Science Magazine. This group includes over 70 Nobel Prize winners and other non-EPA scientists and academics.
The letter marks a rare public critique from agency employees who risk facing backlash for voicing their disagreement with the federal administration’s support for climate, environment, and health sciences. Scientists at the National Institutes of Health experienced a similar situation in early June.
“Since its inception in 1970, the EPA has fulfilled its mission by utilizing science, funding, and professional staff to serve Americans. We oppose the current administration’s emphasis on harmful deregulation, misrepresentation of past EPA actions, and disregard for scientific expertise.”
A spokesperson for the agency did not provide an immediate comment when contacted on Monday.
Employees Hope for a Return to EPA’s Core Mission
“I’m genuinely upset. This agency was a beacon for me in my youth. We aren’t upholding the ideals of this agency under the current administration, and we truly desire that,” stated Amelia Herzberg, an EPA environmental protection specialist who is currently on administrative leave from the Environmental Justice and Civil Rights Bureau.
Herzberg’s role focused on protecting the most vulnerable populations impacted by contamination. This includes pregnant and nursing individuals, children and infants, the elderly, those with chronic health conditions, and communities exposed to greater contamination levels. “This shouldn’t be controversial, but it is in today’s political climate,” she remarked.
“Americans should have access to clean water and air without the risk of poisoning. If not, our government has failed,” she asserted.
Berg, who led the National Institute of Integrated Medical Sciences at the NIH from 2003 to 2011, emphasized that the dissent is not driven by partisan agendas but aims to guide employees back to the foundational mission of the EPA, which is fundamentally about “breathing clean air and drinking safe water.”
The letter articulated five primary concerns of EPA employees: disregarding scientific consensus for polluter benefit, reversing progress in vulnerable U.S. communities, dismantling the Research and Development Bureau, and fostering a culture of fear that forces staff to choose between their livelihoods and well-being.
“People will die,” stated Carol Grader, a Nobel Prize laureate and professor of molecular and cell biology at the University of California, Santa Cruz. She referenced last week’s East Coast heatwave as evidence of the real effects of climate change. “If there are no scientists at the EPA, more lives will be lost due to ignorance about our work and its impact on air quality,” she added.
Berg highlighted the significance of the objection declarations from both NIH and EPA employees. These actions reflect a need for consideration about the future of research funding.
When discussing her concerns about potential repercussions, Grader noted that she “experiences all the implications” and frequently engages with graduate students anxious about pursuing scientific careers amidst funding cuts.
She concluded, “If we neglect to support the next generation of scientists, it will lead to long-term consequences: ‘It’s a decades-long issue.’
Reports indicate that numerous companies across four UK sectors have fallen prey to cyberattacks, putting the situation at risk unless they take immediate measures.
A survey of facilities conducted by facility managers, service providers, and chartered surveyors under RICS and shared with the Guardian revealed that many buildings experienced cyberattacks in the last year. This figure has risen from 16% the previous year.
Nearly three-quarters of over 8,000 business leaders (73%) anticipate that cybersecurity incidents will impact their operations in the next 12-24 months. RICS has recognized cybersecurity and digital risks as significant and rapidly evolving threats for building owners and occupants.
Marks & Spencer had to pause orders on its website for nearly seven weeks following a major attack in April, causing clothing sales to fall significantly until May 25th. They lost market share to competitors such as Next, Zara, and H&M.
As cybercriminal techniques advance, incidents targeting critical infrastructure and data breaches have become increasingly frequent, as noted by RICS. This trend will likely intensify with the enhanced capabilities of artificial intelligence and rapid technological advancements.
RICS cautioned that some buildings might be relying on dangerously outdated operating systems. For instance, a building that was opened in 2013 might still be using Windows 7, which has not received security updates from Microsoft for over five years.
Paul Bagust, head of the property practice at RICS, remarked: “Buildings have transformed from mere bricks and mortar into smart, interconnected digital environments that leverage continuously evolving technology to enhance the experience of occupancy.
This technology collects data to inform decision-making. At the levels of property management, building users, occupants, and owners, these advancements provide various benefits, including enhanced efficiency and reduced environmental impact. However, they also present multiple risks and vulnerabilities that could be exploited by malicious entities.”
The report highlights operational technologies such as building management systems, CCTV networks, Internet of Things devices, and access control systems as potential risk areas. This encompasses everything from automated lighting and heating to building management systems and advanced security protocols.
Bagust further commented: “It’s challenging to envision a scenario where technology does not continue to elevate the risks within building operations. Identifying these burgeoning digital challenges and implementing adequate security measures is essential but increasingly complex.”
I’m manipulating your thoughts. Just by reading this, I have invaded your mind, as each word travels from my heart to yours. I can even conjure unexpected images in your mind—quickly, don’t think of a pink elephant! Whatever you do, don’t visualize it!
Fortunately, there are limits to the influence of mere words and ideas. But what if those limits could be transcended? Imagine a phrase so potent that it could guide your very thoughts toward your own demise. This is the premise explored in Basilisk, an experimental thriller by Matt Wixey, designed specifically for the minds of readers like those of New Scientist.
This novel features a complex narrative structure, reminiscent of House of Leaves by Mark Z. Danielewski. It follows ethical hacker Alex Webster, who works with a computer security firm, attempting to breach her client’s network while aiding in their defense, a professional endeavor shared by debut author Wixey.
However, it’s not merely straightforward. Webster narrates her experiences through two intertwined threads. First, we unravel how she and colleague Jay Morton stumbled into the puzzle leading to his death. Then, she reflects on that tragedy and processes its far-reaching consequences.
The narrative doesn’t end there. Webster’s accounts are supplemented with footnotes from both her and the detective investigating Morton’s death, interspersed with correspondence from a mysterious figure known as Helmsman, who sheds light on the puzzle they aim to solve.
This book feels tailor-made for my brain—that of a New Scientist reader.
If all this sounds overwhelming, Basilisk may not be for you. Personally, piecing together the multifaceted narratives exhilarated me, making my mind race with possibilities.
Helmsman’s correspondences themselves adopt various formats, from bureaucratic emails and scientific reports to conversational dialogues. They tackle numerous topics typically found in New Scientist, covering psychology to artificial intelligence, and I appreciated the precise references to scientific literature. Helmsman details attempts to cultivate a “basilisk,” a concept that can inflict harm merely through exposure, named after the mythical creature said to slay with a glance.
Matt Wixey’s Basilisk centers on “Ethical Hacker” Alex Webster
Basilisks are, as far as we know, fictional, yet the concepts they embody are increasingly compelling. Science fiction author David Langford has explored such ideas in his short stories. Basilisk presents the notion of images that may ‘crash’ the human mind akin to deceptive computer code.
A notable example is Roko’s basilisk—a baffling proposition suggesting that all-powerful future AI will punish those who fail to ensure its creation (a more thorough explanation isn’t wise). The latest series of the anthology Black Mirror also references this concept.
Basilisk represents a subset of broader cognitive hazards, which span topics from nuclear weapons to organized religions.
While reading Basilisk, sleepless nights drove me to read yet another chapter, prompting me to question if the book itself qualifies as a cognitive hazard. I found it difficult to stop thinking about even after finishing. Now that you’ve read this review, perhaps you’re at risk, too.
Please proceed. Dive into the book. Wouldn’t you want to discover what unfolds?
The Art and Science Behind Writing Science Fiction
Embark on a journey into the realm of science fiction writing this weekend, dedicated to creating new worlds and artistic marvels.
Whether it’s military tanks, roaming wildlife, or busy cutlery in a restaurant, counting moving objects can be quite challenging. Thankfully, there exists a method that enables you to estimate the total number of items without having to count every single one.
The capture-recapture technique works by sampling. For instance, you allow some animals to roam, then collect a subset. After marking the individuals, they are returned to the population. Later, you can capture another group and count how many of them are marked.
If your first capture involves 50 marked animals, and you find that half of the second group are marked, you can deduce that approximately half of the total population is marked. Therefore, the entire population can be estimated to be around 100.
During World War II, Allied statisticians aimed to estimate the number of tanks manufactured by the German forces. Instead of releasing captured tanks, they labeled tank components with serial numbers. By recording the serial numbers of both captured and destroyed tanks, they could estimate total production under the assumption of uniform distribution. If the highest serial number recorded is l and n is the number of captured tanks, then the total tank count can be estimated as l + L/n.
For example, if the maximum serial number logged is 80, you might estimate the full range to be around 80/4 = 20, resulting in an overall estimate of about 100 tanks. This problem is commonly referred to as the German tank problem in statistics.
One of my favorite stories about estimating populations comes from a friend’s teacher. The class was tasked with estimating the number of forks in the cafeteria.
The students “captured” several forks, marking each with a spot of nail polish before releasing them back. A week later, they recaptured a sample and used it to estimate the total fork count.
Researcher executed a similar study 20 years ago. Concerned about missing teaspoons in their lab, they marked and released a number of spoons, tracked their movements, and published their findings. The outcome proved effective, prompting the notorious return of five misplaced teaspoons by the culprit in the building.
Katie Steckles is a mathematician, educator, YouTuber, and author based in Manchester, UK. She also serves as an advisor to Brent Wister, a puzzle column for New Scientist. Follow her on Twitter @stecks.
For more projects, please visit newscientist.com/maker.
Restoring the levels of specific intestinal microorganisms may help treat fertility problems in people with PCOS
Science Photo Library / Alamy Stock Photo
Women diagnosed with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) seem to face a heightened risk of pregnancy complications linked to lower levels of gut microorganisms.
PCOS stands as the most prevalent hormonal disorder among women of reproductive age and is a leading cause of infertility. Yet, the underlying causes and effective management remain somewhat elusive. For instance, it remains unclear why women with PCOS who do conceive are more susceptible to complications such as miscarriage, premature birth, and gestational diabetes.
Aixia Liu from Z Jiang University in China and her research team tracked the pregnancy outcomes of 220 women across 44 cities, half of whom had PCOS. All were younger than 35 and provided blood samples as well as stool and tissue samples from the endometrial (internal lining of the uterus).
Despite having comparable pregnancy rates, women with PCOS exhibited nearly double the likelihood of facing pregnancy complications, including miscarriage, premature birth, gestational diabetes, and delivering babies with low birth weight. Furthermore, researchers determined that women with PCOS have roughly half the quantity of gut bacteria, particularly Parabacteroides merdae, which was more closely linked to pregnancy outcomes than in those without the condition.
P. merdae aids in converting specific nutrients, like the amino acid isoleucine, into beneficial compounds known as short-chain fatty acids, which are crucial for reproductive health. This likely accounts for the 39% higher average isoleucine levels in the blood samples of PCOS participants and their 10% lower levels of short-chain fatty acids. Additionally, high isoleucine concentrations were noted in the endometrial tissue.
In laboratory settings, when researchers cultured the participants’ endometrial cells and introduced isoleucine, they observed increased markers of cell senescence, indicating wear or damage in the cells that compromised their function. Isoleucine seemed to disrupt the processes endometrial cells typically undergo during pregnancy.
“These findings suggest age-related changes within the uterus,” Li remarked in a statement from the annual meeting of the European Breeding Association, where the data was revealed. “Our research points to high levels of isoleucine from P. merdae potentially impairing endometrial health, even in women under 35.”
Such results suggest that alterations in the gut microbiome could play a role in PCOS-related fertility challenges; however, Andrea Dunaif at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, expresses skepticism. Her studies indicate that reproductive aging in PCOS is more delayed than accelerated. “Reproductive issues often improve in your 30s,” Dunaif notes. “This leads me to doubt the significance of endometrial findings and their true responsibility for pregnancy outcomes.”
Nonetheless, these insights could pave the way for enhanced fertility treatments for women with PCOS. “Where might we intervene in the microbiome and adjust with various probiotics?” Dunaif suggests.
This piece was reported by indicator, a publication focused on unearthing digital misinformation, in partnership with the Guardian.
Numerous YouTube channels have blended AI-generated visuals with misleading claims surrounding Sean “Diddy” Combs’s high-profile trial, attracting tens of millions of views and profiting from the spread of misinformation.
Data from YouTube reveals that 26 channels have garnered a staggering 705 million views from approximately 900 AI-influenced videos about Diddy over the last year.
These channels typically employ a standardized approach. Each video features an enticing title and AI-generated thumbnail that fabricates connections between celebrities and Diddy with outrageous claims, such as a celebrity’s testimony forcing them to engage in inappropriate acts or revealing shocking secrets about Diddy. Thumbnails regularly showcase well-known figures in courtroom settings alongside images of Diddy, with many featuring suggestive quotes designed to grab attention, including phrases like “f*cked me me me me me of me,” “ddy f*cked bieber life,” and “she sold him to Diddy.”
Channels indulging in Diddy’s “Slop,” a term for low-quality, AI-generated content, have previously demonstrated a penchant for disseminating false claims about various celebrities. Most of the 26 channels seem to be either repurposed or newly created, with at least 20 being eligible for advertising revenue.
Spreading sensational and erroneous “Diddy AI Slop” has become a quick avenue for monetization on YouTube. Wanner Aarts, managing numerous YouTube channels that employ AI-generated content, expressed his strategies for making money on the platform, noting his detachment from the Diddy trend.
“If someone asked, ‘How can I make $50,000 quickly?’ the first thing might be akin to dealing drugs, but the second option likely involves launching a Diddy channel,” Aarts (25) stated.
Fabricated Celebrity Involvement
The indicator analyzed hundreds of thumbnails and titles making false claims about celebrities including Brad Pitt, Will Smith, Justin Bieber, Oprah Winfrey, Eddie Murphy, Leonardo DiCaprio, Dwayne “Rock” Johnson, 50 Cent, Joe Logan, and numerous others. Notably, one channel, Fame Fuel, uploaded 20 consecutive videos featuring AI-generated thumbnails and misleading titles related to U.S. Attorney General Pam Bondy and Diddy.
Among the top-performing channels is Peeper, which has amassed over 74 million views since its inception in 2010, but pivoted to exclusively covering Diddy for at least the last eight months. Peeper boasts some of the most viral Diddy videos, including “Justin Bieber reveals Will Smith, Diddy and Clive Davis grooming him,” which alone attracted 2.3 million views. Peeper is currently being converted into a demo.
Channels named Secret Story, previously offering health advice in Vietnamese, shifted focus to Diddy content, while Hero Story transitioned from covering Ibrahim Traore, the military leader of Burkina Faso, to Diddy stories. A Brazilian channel that amassed millions from embroidery videos also pivoted to Diddy content just two weeks ago. A channel named Celebrity Topics earned over 1 million views across 11 Diddy videos in just three weeks, despite being created in early 2018 and appearing to have deleted prior videos. Both Secret Story and Hero Story were removed by YouTube following inquiries from the indicator, while Celebrity Topics has since undergone rebranding.
Shifting Focus to Diddy
For instance, around three weeks ago, the channel PAK GoV Update started releasing videos about Diddy, utilizing AI-generated thumbnails with fictitious quotes attributed to celebrities like Ausher and Jay-Z. One video labeled “Jay-Z breaks his silence on Diddy’s controversy,” included a tearful image of Jay-Z with the text “I Will Be Dod” superimposed.
The video achieved 113,000 views with nearly 30 minutes of AI-generated narration accompanied by clips from various TV news sources, lacking any new information from Jay-Z, who did not provide any of the attributed quotes.
The Pak Gov Update channel previously focused on Pakistan’s public pensions, generating modest views—its most popular being a poorly titled video about the pension system that garnered 18,000 views.
Monetizing Misinformation
Aarts commented that the strategy of exploiting Diddy Slop is both profitable and precarious. “Most of these channels are unlikely to endure,” he remarked, referencing the risk of being penalized for violating YouTube policies and potential legal actions from Diddy or other celebrities depicted in their thumbnails and videos.
Like PAK Gov Update, most videos uploaded by these channels predominantly utilize AI narration and fewer direct clips from news reports, often leaning on AI-generated images. The use of actual footage tends to skirt the boundaries of fair use.
The YouTube channel Pakreviews-F2Z has produced numerous fake videos surrounding the Diddy trial, disguised under the name Pak Gov Update. Photo: YouTube
AI Slop represents one of the many variations of Diddy-related content proliferating on YouTube. This niche appears to be expanding and proving lucrative. Similar Diddy-focused AI content has attracted engagement on Tiktok.
“We are fans of the world,” stated YouTube spokesperson Jack Maron in an email. Maron noted that the platform has removed 16 channels linked to this phenomena and confirmed that various channels, including Pak Gov Update, have faced similar actions.
The Diddy phenomenon exemplifies the convergence of two prominent trends within YouTube: automation and faceless channels.
YouTube Automation hinges on the premise that anyone can establish a prosperous YouTube venture through the right niche and low-cost content creation strategies, including topic discovery, idea brainstorming, or employing international editors to churn out content at an automated rate.
With AI, it has become simpler than ever to embark on a faceless automation journey. Aarts indicated that anyone can generate scripts using ChatGPT or analogous language models, create images and thumbnails via MidJourney or similar software, utilize Google Veo 3 for video assembly, and implement AI voice-over using tools like ElevenLabs. He further mentioned that he often hires freelancers from the Philippines or other regions for video editing tasks.
“AI has democratized opportunities for budget-conscious individuals to engage in YouTube automation,” Aarts stated, highlighting it can cost under $10 per video. He reported earnings exceeding $130,000 from over 45 channels.
Muhammad Salman Abazai, who oversees As a Venture, a Pakistani firm offering video editing and YouTube channel management services, commented that Diddy video content has emerged as a “legitimate niche” on YouTube, showcasing successful Diddy videos created by his team.
“This endeavor has proven fruitful for us, as it has significantly boosted our subscriber count,” he noted.
NV Historia shifted focus following the viral response to a Diddy-themed video titled “A minute ago: No one expected Dwayne Johnson to say this in court about Diddy,” featuring AI-generated images of Johnson and Diddy in court along with disturbing visuals of alleged incidents. The thumbnail showcased the quote “He gave me it.”
Johnson has neither testified nor had any connection to allegations against Diddy. This video has gathered over 200,000 views. Following this, NV Historia managed another video linking Oprah Winfrey and other celebrities to Diddy, which earned 45,000 views. Subsequently, the channel committed entirely to Diddy content and has since been removed by YouTube.
A French channel, Starbuzzfr, was launched in May and appears to exclusively publish Diddy-related content, deploying AI-generated thumbnails and narration to spin fabricated narratives, such as Brad Pitt’s supposed testimony against Diddy, claiming he experienced abuse by the mogul. Starbuzzfr notably utilizes sexualized AI-generated imagery featuring Diddy and celebrities like Pitt. As of this writing, the channel remains monetized.
Aarts noted that the general sentiment within the YouTube automation community respects anyone who manages to monetize their content.
“I applaud those who navigate this successfully,” he remarked.
“The inspiration originated from Instagram videos,” remarks Tom Amery. It provides a stunning view of one of three large drones acquired to aid in cultivating watercress on a farm in Hampshire.
This drone is equipped with four rotary blades and can transport up to 50kg of fertilizer, seeds, or feed for spraying, thanks to extensive research conducted by Amelie, who frequently utilizes various social media platforms focused on agricultural technology.
Amery and The Watercress Company, led by managing directors, are among the food producers striving to integrate advanced technology into one of the oldest professions to accelerate processes and increase output amid extreme weather challenges. This critical issue has drawn government attention, resulting in the inclusion of Agri-Tech in its industrial strategy earlier this month.
The firm allocated £80,000 for an Agras T50 drone, produced by the Chinese manufacturer DJI and specifically designed for agricultural use.
Applying potash or phosphates using a drone is “two to three times quicker than manual application,” notes Amery. This facilitates more precise application, thereby minimizing the quantity of fertilizer needed. The produce is packaged in a 25m bag of salad sold annually through the UK’s largest supermarket.
Despite ongoing discussions about the potential for machines to replace human labor in agriculture, Amelie believes that such investments elevate morale. “It’s about retaining staff by alleviating job hardships,” he states. “We offer higher wages. With increased salaries, retention rates improve.”
Though drones are already in use on farms in North and South America, their presence remains relatively novel in the UK. Currently, The Watercress Company’s drones await necessary permissions from the Civil Aviation Authority, the aviation regulatory body.
Amelie hopes that soon, hoppers will be fitted with the essential equipment to cover the growers’ 20 hectares across 12 farms in Hampshire and Dorset. Flight paths for each field can be pre-set, and 20-year-old George Matthews has been trained and licensed to operate the drone.
The Watercress Company continues to follow traditional growing methods that date back to the Victorian era. Although innovative, it remains focused on providing for those in urban areas, where watercress first gained popularity due to its nutritional value.
Currently, crops are cultivated in watercress beds fed by natural streams in use since the 1880s, while bespoke harvesters are deployed to cut the leaves between May and October.
crops. Photo: Joanna Partridge/The Guardian
Growers are also experimenting with multispectral cameras, which capture images across various wavelengths. These images generate a “heatmap” of the fields, which AI can analyze to identify crop issues.
The Watercress Company is driving the type of innovation that the National Farmers’ Union (NFU) aims to promote across more UK farms, striving for efficiency and sustainability.
Nevertheless, many farmers are feeling financial constraints, as the NFU observes that few possess the funds or confidence to invest in new, potentially untested technologies.
This progress is essential for enhancing productivity in agriculture, with the NFU warning that, without it, the UK risks lagging behind international competitors.
“We are eager to see future developments,” stated Tom Bradshaw, president of NFU. “Evidence from some European neighbors highlights that we’re behind in certain areas and less productive overall.”
Within the industrial strategy, Agri-Tech, alongside precision breeding, is designated a focus area in the growth sector plan, which the NFU believes will help make agriculture “more productive, sustainable, and resilient.”
The government has earmarked £200 million for its agricultural innovation program until 2030, with the Ministry of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA) promising “targeted funding to foster agricultural innovation.”
“The push for innovation and growth in agri-tech is advantageous for the nation,” remarks Agriculture Minister Daniel Zechner. “Not only can we create jobs and enhance economic resilience, but we can also fortify food security and increase farmers’ and growers’ benefits through innovation.”
However, this announcement comes just days after the government cut the UK’s agricultural budget by £100 million annually. This reduction translates to a 2.7% decrease in DEFRA’s daily budget, a move that has been cautiously received by the NFU and agricultural organizations.
Back in Hampshire, the Watercress Company remains skeptical about benefiting from the funds allocated to its agricultural innovation program.
“Much of this funding is driven by high innovation levels but often fails to reach the farm gates or enhance production and productivity,” remarks Amery.
“It involves a significant investment in technology that hasn’t yet proven to yield results.”
The crop is harvested by the Watercress Company in Dorset. Photo: Finnbarr Webster/Getty
To date, growers have been bearing nearly all costs associated with innovation. They successfully obtained £20,000 in funding from the government’s shared prosperity fund through local councils, which accounts for about a quarter of their drone investment.
Nonetheless, Amery noted that the business rarely accesses funding avenues like R&D tax credits, available only to companies subject to corporate tax. Partnerships like the Watercress Company and many other agricultural entities don’t pay corporate tax and thus aren’t eligible.
This challenge hasn’t deterred growers from pursuing the latest advancements to enhance their crops. “Innovation typically stems from a desire to tackle challenges,” states Amery. “We generally experience a major innovation every five to ten years. This one is transformative.”
There are no specific foods that are prohibited while using Ozempic (semaglutide), which is prescribed for managing type 2 diabetes and may assist in weight loss.
However, the following recommendations can help maximize your weight loss efforts and promote a sustainable, healthy diet over time.
Foods to Increase…
1. High-fiber foods
Fiber slows the digestion process and enhances the effectiveness of Ozempic in emptying the stomach, helping you feel full longer and preventing blood sugar spikes.
Examples of high-fiber foods include vegetables (like leafy greens, carrots, broccoli, etc.), fruits (such as apples, berries, oranges, etc.), and whole grains like oats.
High-fiber options like oats and fruits can slow sugar release and support gut health – Credit: Zeljkosantrac
2. Lean protein
Incorporating lean proteins such as chicken, fish, and plant-based proteins helps stabilize blood sugar levels.
3. Healthy fats
Sources of healthy fats like avocados, nuts, seeds, and olive oil provide sustained energy and assist in blood sugar regulation without causing spikes.
4. Low-glycemic foods
Foods with a low glycemic index, such as sweet potatoes and non-starchy vegetables, can help prevent rapid increases in blood glucose levels.
Processed and fried foods may exacerbate the side effects of semaglutide, including nausea – Credit: Alexander Spatari via Getty
Foods to Reduce…
1. Sugary treats
Candies, pastries, sodas, and other sweet snacks can cause spikes in blood sugar and contribute to nausea and other digestive issues.
2. Processed and Fried Foods
These foods are typically high in unhealthy fats, salts, and preservatives, which can worsen nausea and interfere with blood sugar control.
3. Spicy Foods
Due to the delayed gastric emptying caused by Ozempic, spicy or heavy foods may lead to nausea or gastrointestinal discomfort.
4. Alcohol
Individuals taking Ozempic may experience reduced alcohol tolerance, so it’s wise to be mindful of consumption. Additionally, alcohol contains calories that won’t aid in weight loss.
This article addresses the question posed by Jamil Pierce from Surrey: “What are the best and worst foods to eat while on Ozempic?”
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After years of promising investors that millions of Tesla Robotaxis would soon flood the streets, Elon Musk launched a limited driverless car service in Austin, Texas. The rollout faced significant challenges from the start.
The June 22nd debut was met with a barrage of videos from pro-Tesla influencers, who appeared to celebrate the service and showcased their rides. Musk heralded it as a milestone, and Tesla’s stock shot up nearly 10% the next day.
However, it soon became evident that some of the influencer footage painted a troubling picture of an autonomous vehicle that either broke traffic laws or struggled with basic functions. By Tuesday, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) had launched an investigation into these incidents and sought Tesla’s input.
If, as Musk boasted on X, this limited deployment is the result of over a decade of work, it symbolizes the complex technical choices and fixations embraced by the world’s richest person in pursuit of fully autonomous vehicles.
Musk framed the idea of a driverless car as integral to the company’s future. This year it experienced a severe decline but he vowed to rapidly expand the Robotaxi service. Nonetheless, this week’s rocky launch suggests Tesla grapples with the technical hurdles that have drawn scrutiny from regulators.
The Robotaxi pilot involved around 10 cars navigating a confined area in Austin, with safety drivers present in the front seats. Additional limitations included restrictions during adverse weather and at nighttime. Influencer rides were priced at $4.20 each, mirroring Musk’s penchant for cannabis-related memes.
“Tesla’s autonomous driving can be deployed in approved locations. There’s no need for extensive mapping or specialized equipment,” the official Tesla account tweeted on launch day. “It just works.”
However, footage from at least 11 rides indicated that the trial did not unfold as flawlessly as Tesla’s promotional materials suggested. In one instance, the Robotaxi failed to make a left turn, veering into oncoming traffic instead, and resolved the issue by driving along a double yellow line. Other clips showed the vehicle allegedly exceeding speed limits.
This footage caught the NHTSA’s attention, with the agency stating they were aware of the incidents and had reached out to Tesla for more details.
Meanwhile, Musk retweeted a pro-Tesla influencer praising the service amidst technical failures and ongoing regulatory inquiries. One tweet shared by Musk featured a video showing a Robotaxi halting for a peacock crossing the road, while another urged followers to “ignore the media.”
“Lidar is lame.”
Musk has long maintained that reliance solely on cameras for autonomous vehicles is the key to true self-driving capabilities. Tesla’s consumer models feature what are termed “Autopilot” and “Fully Autonomous” capabilities, enabling hands-free driving on highways. These systems are supported by numerous external cameras for navigation, maneuvering, and stopping. The Robotaxis use similar software while depending entirely on cameras.
This camera-centric approach starkly contrasts with other self-driving tech firms like Waymo and Zoox, which utilize a combination of cameras and sensors, including radars and lidars. For instance, Waymo’s latest driverless vehicles are equipped with about 40 cameras and sensors, while Tesla’s advanced model for fully autonomous driving employs around 8 cameras. Bloomberg analysis. Lidar and radar are beneficial for detecting obstacles under poor weather and lighting conditions.
Despite lidar’s advantages, Musk argues that Tesla operates without it. “Lidar is lame,” he declared during Tesla’s Autonomy Day in 2019. “Using it in a car is foolish. It’s costly and unnecessary.”
According to Bloomberg, Lidar systems can cost around $12,000 each, whereas cameras are typically much more affordable. Musk contends that camera-only technology mirrors how humans navigate using their vision.
Tesla Faces Lawsuits and Investigations Over Full Self-Driving Mode
Musk’s claims regarding camera-only technology have placed Tesla under scrutiny, particularly following a fatal accident involving drivers using its fully autonomous driving features. The company is currently embroiled in various government investigations and civil lawsuits, asserting that fully autonomous driving suffers from weather-related issues like sun glare, fog, dust, and darkness. There are reports of at least 736 accidents and 17 fatalities linked to this technology. Analysis by the Washington Post.
“Tesla maintains an almost obsessive view of running the system solely on cameras, despite the consensus among experts in the field,” commented Brett Schreiber, a lawyer representing several victims of Tesla’s autopilot failures.
“Anyone following collision avoidance technology since the ’90s understands that radar, lidar, and cameras are the optimal trio.”
Schreiber expressed little surprise at Tesla’s Robotaxi’s shaky development in Austin.
“The real tragedy here is that people continue to be harmed and killed due to this technology,” he said. “And this highlights issues like, ‘Look how cute it is that a car can’t even make a left turn.’
Tesla did not respond to inquiries regarding the ongoing lawsuits, investigations, and crash incidents related to its fully autonomous driving capabilities.
Tesla’s Tactics vs. Waymo’s Approach
The contrast between Waymo’s method of launching commercial autonomous driving services in densely populated cities and Tesla’s approach extends beyond discussions about lidar versus cameras. Waymo is often seen as a frontrunner in the U.S. autonomous vehicle landscape, which has seen its competitors sharply reduced.
There are numerous reasons Waymo has outlasted many of its rivals. Historically, the Google subsidiary dedicated extensive time to mapping urban areas and rigorously testing vehicles prior to launch. For example, in San Francisco, where Waymo first implemented a completely autonomous commercial service, the company had begun mapping and testing as early as 2021.
Initiated as part of Google’s X Research Lab in 2009, Waymo also encountered challenges with self-driving cars despite its cautious, step-by-step city-by-city rollout. Earlier this year, Waymo was compelled to recall over 1,200 vehicles due to software problems causing collisions with roadside objects, gates, and other barriers. Additionally, the NHTSA launched an investigation last year after receiving 22 reports of Waymo vehicles demonstrating erratic behaviors or violating traffic laws.
In contrast, Tesla is still in the trial phase with its service, yet the Robotaxi launch in Austin marks the first time the automaker has deployed its fully autonomous driving technology in real-world conditions. There has been no information disclosed regarding the duration or extent of mapping or testing this technology in Austin.
This launch evokes memories of Uber’s initial attempt at self-driving vehicle ride-sharing services in 2016, which was also conducted without the necessary approval from California regulators. On the very first day of their pilot project in San Francisco, Uber vehicles reportedly ran a red light. They were forced to suspend the service just a week later after the DMV revoked their registration. At the time, an autonomous driving executive at Uber had urged engineers to expedite the process.
Faced with a lawsuit from Waymo regarding its self-driving operations and struggling to stay competitive, Uber sold its autonomous driving division in 2020.
Like Uber, Tesla also did not seek permission to operate its Robotaxi Service in Austin, as Texas has no existing permit process, which is not expected to be established until September.
At this time, it remains uncertain how frequently Tesla plans to deploy its Robotaxi service behind the scenes, but it’s clear that automakers are under pressure to meet deadlines set by Musk.
With the introduction of Robotaxis, Musk has claimed that Teslas will achieve full automation since at least 2016, and he may be approaching the deadlines he has postponed several times over the last decade.
What is the ekpyrotic universe theory? Ekpyrotic Cosmology serves as an alternative to the conventional Lambda-CDM or λCDM model.
The λCDM model relies on a significant flatness of the universe, necessitating a phase of rapid “inflation” to smooth out initial density and temperature fluctuations.
Despite the lack of direct evidence or identifiable causes for this inflation, it provides a solid explanation for many complex aspects of our observable universe, aligning well with current data.
In contrast, ekpyrotic theory posits no beginning of time, substituting the big bang with a “bounce” between two “branes” within a 3D world of 5-dimensional space-time.
The structure of the contemporary universe is established before this bounce, thereby negating the need for inflation.
Additionally, this theory circumvents the problematic “singularities” present in traditional Big Bang cosmology. However, it has its drawbacks, such as the emergence of negative energy particles that could potentially annihilate the universe.
There are also notable divergences in the predictions of ekpyrotic and λCDM theories, including the gravitational wave background’s shape (the random ripples in potential space-time caused by Big Bang forces) and the existence of so-called “ghost particles.”
Nevertheless, there is currently no observational evidence backing Ecpyrus theory in comparison to λCDM cosmology.
Thus, while the theory is a compelling alternative, the standard Big Bang model remains the most widely accepted framework among physicists.
This article addresses the question: “What is the Ekpyrotic Universe Theory?”
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Do you identify as an empathetic individual who prefers to stay out of the limelight? Have you found it challenging to articulate your own thoughts and feelings, often listening to others instead? Have you experienced a long-term relationship with a narcissist? If any of this resonates with you, you might be an echoist.
Echoism stands in contrast to extreme narcissism. Though this might seem favorable, a high degree of echoism can complicate one’s life significantly.
Echoists often do not perceive themselves as special and frequently neglect their own needs.
What is an echo?
Individuals with echoism typically shy away from or reject attention. They are deeply empathetic and attuned to the emotions of others, yet often engage in self-criticism and struggle with low self-esteem.
They may also be hesitant to express their own thoughts and feelings, often stemming from a fear of rejection and criticism.
The echoist might say, “I lead my life by the principle that the less attention I attract, the better.” Dr. Craig Malkin, author of Rethinking Narcissism.
“A defining characteristic of an echoist is a fear of appearing narcissistic in any way.”
Individuals with echoism tend to actively avoid or reject attention – Photo credit: Solvin Zankl/Naturepl.com
But where does the term “echoist” originate? To grasp this, let’s look back at Greek mythology.
Echo is named after the mountain nymph who fell in love with a hunter named Narcissus. Echo was spurned by Narcissus, who was doomed to only repeat the last words spoken to her.
The term echoism symbolizes the loss of Echo’s voice and identity as depicted in mythology.
read more:
Are narcissism and echoism linked?
Many echoists grow up with narcissistic parents or find themselves in relationships with narcissistic partners. Navigating the whims of a narcissist can take an emotional toll. Research indicates that living with a pathologically narcissistic partner or family member can be quite burdensome.
Malkin explains that, as a child, the echoist was often afraid of losing her mother if she did not appease her frequent outbursts of tears and anger. The fear of rejection from loved ones is a common trait among echoists.
Malkin also notes that echoists are often drawn to narcissists due to fears of burdening others or appearing inadequate. Being involved with someone who enjoys the spotlight can provide a sense of security for echoists.
However, echoism can emerge even in the absence of malicious narcissism, particularly if echoist parents instill phrases like “Don’t get a big head” or “Don’t show off.”
Continually absorbing these negative messages can foster a child’s disproportionate sense of shame, hindering their ability to take pride in their achievements.
While society tends to discourage prideful behavior in children (and adults), it is important to recognize that taking pride in accomplishments is crucial for developing the self-esteem that echoists often lack.
About our experts
Dr. Craig Malkin is a psychologist and lecturer in psychology at Harvard Medical School, USA, as well as an author. He has published two books: Rethinking Narcissism and Narcissist Test.
This article addresses the question from Helena Howard of Torkey: “How did living with a narcissist affect me?”
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Initially created to manage diabetes, the emergence of drugs like Ozempic has sparked a weight loss phenomenon.
As these medications gain popularity for individuals with high body mass index, a new cosmetic issue has emerged: “Ozempic Face.”
This term refers to the sagging and indentations in the face that some individuals encounter after significant weight loss. Whether through medication, diet, or lifestyle modifications, losing weight reduces fat in all body areas, including the face.
Facial fat is essential for providing structure, volume, and youthful contours. Its absence can lead to a sunken appearance, making the face seem older as skin may droop and wrinkles become more prominent.
This concern isn’t exclusive to weight loss medications; it also occurs with any form of rapid weight reduction. However, drugs like Ozempic tend to facilitate quicker weight loss, giving your body less time to adjust.
Avoiding this issue can be challenging, as the body doesn’t fully control fat loss locations, but there are methods to mitigate more drastic effects.
Gradually lose weight: Slow weight loss allows for a better adaptation period for skin changes, lessening the risk of noticeable sagging.
Maintain hydration: Staying hydrated enhances skin elasticity and helps maintain its shape as fat diminishes.
Nourish the skin: A solid skincare regimen, including moisturizers, may assist.
“Ozempic Face” refers to the sagging and hollowness that some experience after substantial weight loss.
Some online sources suggest that options like fillers, Botox, and other cosmetic treatments may help restore volume and lift in the face; however, these also carry risks and aren’t always effective.
Ultimately, weight loss aspirations—regardless of whether they’re achieved through medication or other methods—should prioritize health over mere aesthetics.
If you’re concerned about changes to your facial appearance, consult your doctor or dermatologist to discuss a balanced weight loss approach.
This article addresses your inquiry (you’ll receive an email from Asad Iravani) about the possibility of developing “Ozempic Face.”
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In 2026, a group of astronauts is floating inside a gleaming white cylinder, positioned hundreds of kilometers above the Earth.
They gaze down at our planet through a 1.1-meter dome window and rest in an inflatable bed engineered for zero gravity, while conducting experiments focusing on human physiology, plant development, and protein crystallization.
Yet, this isn’t the International Space Station (ISS). It’s not managed by NASA, Roscosmos, or the China National Space Administration. This is Haven-1, the world’s inaugural commercial space station constructed by a private company named Vast.
Set to launch in May 2026 aboard the SpaceX Falcon 9, Haven-1 signifies transformative shifts in how we live and work in space.
“If you can achieve this prior to securing a NASA contract [to replace the ISS], using our funds, we have numerous CEOs,” says Max Haot to BBC Science Focus. “We will not only be the first commercial space station but also the sole predicted bidders to accomplish this.”
Minimum viable space station
Vast’s strategy is quick, concentrated, straightforward, and practical. Rather than constructing an extensive orbital laboratory, they designed a carefully constrained system that prioritizes safety and quality.
With a volume of 45m3 (1,590 feet)3, Haven-1 provides roughly the interior space of a small tour bus. Its life support system operates on a simpler “open loop” model, adapted from previous NASA technology and utilized during the space shuttle era.
The crew will stay for shorter durations compared to the ISS. Instead, four astronauts will visit for approximately 10 days, arriving aboard the SpaceX Dragon spacecraft. Over Haven-1’s projected three-year orbital lifespan, only four such missions are planned.
“As a demonstration of a minimally viable product space station, safety is our top priority,” Haot states. “The second priority is achieving this within an unprecedented timeline. A swift timeline leads to reduced costs.”
Simplifying processes enables Vast to accelerate progress. The main structure is already assembled and will undergo testing this summer after completion in July. By early next year, the entire system should be integrated, and final tests will commence.
Haven-1 hosts four crew members at a time on a 10-day mission. – Extensive
Stations that look like the future
Aesthetically, Haven-1 is a remarkable departure from its predecessor. While the ISS is an engineering marvel, it often resembles a floating plumbing workshop. Haven-1 is designed with a science fiction aesthetic. Its interior is clean, functional, and sleek for space habitats.
This aesthetic reimagining is not solely for show. It’s about functionality. “We go to space to work,” Haot explains. “It’s straightforward to understand that better rest, well-being, and communication lead to increased productivity.”
Here, Vast’s Human Factors team plays a crucial role, led by veteran NASA astronaut Drew Feestel.
For instance, sleep is facilitated using an inflatable bed that applies gentle pressure, mimicking the physical sensations astronauts crave in microgravity.
“Astronauts have various preferences for sleeping on the ISS,” says Haot. “Many opt for pressure against their bodies while they sleep.”
read more:
What occurs aboard the ship?
Each mission to Haven-1 will be shorter yet packed with activities. Scientists can engage approximately 40 crew members throughout the station’s lifespan, given the limited opportunities for human time in orbit.
“Humanity has limited time to learn about space habitation and test technology,” notes Haot. “We believe that you can be incredibly productive within that time.”
Already lined up are research projects addressing human biology, drug screening, plant development, and protein crystal formation. Vast has established partnerships with Redwire Space (USA), Yuri (Germany), and Exobios Fair (Luxembourg).
A French company, Interstellar Lab, is investigating plant growth in microgravity.
Between missions, the station will be utilized to experiment with artificial gravity systems. This is an early step toward enhancing safety and feasibility for long-duration space travel.
Haven-1 is more than just a research platform; it’s a strategic maneuver in a much broader competition.
NASA intends to retire the ISS around 2030 and is currently reviewing bids for the next-generation orbital platform. Haot aims to secure that contract, and launching Haven-1 early with private funding is a bold way to leap ahead of competitors.
“Our goal is to present the most compelling strategy among all contenders,” Haot explains. “We’ve already achieved this by being ahead in technology development, teams, facilities, and certification processes.”
However, winning the race is not guaranteed. A competing spaceflight company, Axiom Space, has already secured a $140 million contract from NASA to connect at least one module to the ISS. Work is ongoing at Axiom, with the inaugural launch slated for late 2026.
Other companies, including Blue Origin, Northrop Grumman, and Starlab, are also in the running.
If successful, the Vast team will be well-positioned when NASA makes its decisions in 2026. If NASA’s objectives do not come to fruition, they may explore opportunities with foreign governments and private entities interested in utilizing the station.
“We remain optimistic about the future of Vast, but our primary focus is internally,” affirms Haot. “Winning this opportunity is of pivotal significance—it’s the largest market opportunity currently in the space station sector.”
Despite shorter time frames, astronauts onboard will conduct hundreds of experiments. – Extensive
From Haven-1 to a comprehensive orbital hub
Haven-1 is just the beginning. Vast’s subsequent venture is Haven-2, a more advanced module adhering to the same philosophy. Starting in 2028, the company plans to launch new modules every six months, ultimately assembling a complete commercial station by 2032.
This modular future facilitates more frequent crew missions, civil research programs, and, ultimately, a broader orbital economy.
Thanks to a partnership with SpaceX, Haven-1 will also become the first space station connected to Starlink, providing ORBIT Gigabit Speed Internet.
“If you want to operate Haven-1 and communicate continuously, you can,” Haot asserts. “This will significantly change how the public and crew interact.”
Redefining space
Haven-1 may not be the largest or the most sophisticated station in orbit, but it will be the first entirely constructed, funded, and operated by private enterprises. That’s the crux of its significance.
Vast aims to reshape the landscape of low Earth orbit, illustrating that space infrastructure can be efficient, elegant, and commercially viable. Whether in science, exploration, or industry, HAOT believes the future of space belongs not to nations, but to those who reach the stars first.
“The goal isn’t to erect luxury hotels in space to attract tourists,” emphasizes Haot. “The aim is to create a robust environment that supports exploration.”
“It’s not without risks. We need to observe what transpires in reality.”
read more:
About our experts
Max Hat is an entrepreneur with a background in aerospace, appliances, and the internet. He currently serves as the CEO of Vast.
Geologists have found significant evidence indicating the preservation of Hadean Rocks, with an age of 4.16 billion years. The Nuvvuagittuq Greenstone Belt offers a rare glimpse into the early Earth.
Canadian Nuvvuagittuq Green Stone Belt. Image credit: Jonathan O’Neill.
The earliest geological history of Earth remains largely unclear due to the scarcity of rocks and minerals from the Hadean period (over 4.3 billion years ago).
These ancient materials are often altered or destroyed as the planet’s crust undergoes continual recycling through various geological processes.
“One potential survivor of the Hadean era crustal rock is the Nuvvuagittuq Greenstone Belt,” stated Dr. Christian Saul, a senior author from the University of Ottawa and his colleagues.
“However, this perspective is contentious. Some researchers argue that the isotopic data backing these estimates might instead reflect later geological mixing rather than the true age of the layers.”
“If proven to be of Hadean origin, the Nuvvuagittuq Greenstone Belt would represent the oldest known preserved rock sequence on Earth.”
“This could yield critical insights into early geology and possible environments for the emergence of life.”
To refine the age of the Nuvvuagittuq Greenstone Belt, researchers concentrated on specific types of ancient rock intrusions known as metagabbro within the belt.
These intrusions intersect with ancient basaltic rocks, enabling the authors to utilize combined uranium-lead (U-Pb) dating to determine the minimum age limits of older layers, along with both short and long-lived samarium-neodymium (Sm-Nd) isotopic analysis.
Sm-Nd data yielded a consistent age of approximately 4.16 billion years, irrespective of the sample location or mineral composition.
The convergence of both isotope systems producing the same age in rocks with clear evidence of magma differentiation strongly supports their Hadean era crystallization.
This is in accordance with the Hadean Eon surviving within the Nuvvuagittuq Greenstone Belt.
“Studying these rocks allows us to trace back to the origins of our planet,” noted Dr. Jonathan O’Neill, a researcher at the University of Ottawa.
“This will enable us to gain a better understanding of how the first continent formed and help reconstruct the environment in which life emerged.”
C. Sole et al. 2025. Evidence of Hadean Mafic invasion in the Canadian Nuvvuagittuq Greenstone Belt. Science 388 (6754): 1431-1435; doi: 10.1126/science.ads8461
NASA astronomers have utilized data from multiple universes and ground-based telescopes to produce breathtaking new images of the Andromeda Galaxy, the nearest spiral galaxy to our Milky Way.
This new composite image of the Andromeda Galaxy features X-ray data from Chandra and XMM-Newton (depicted in red, green, and blue), ultraviolet data from Galex (blue), optical data from ground astrophotographers (Jakob Sahner and Tarun Kottary), as well as infrared data from Spitzer, Cobe, Planck, and Herschel (in red, orange, purple). Wireless data sourced from the Westerbork Synthesis Radio Telescope (red-orange). Image credit: NASA.
Also referred to as NGC 224, Messier 31, or M31, the Andromeda Galaxy is a spiral galaxy located approximately 2.5 million light-years from Earth.
With over 100 billion stars, it is comparable in size to our own Milky Way galaxy.
Visible as cigar-shaped patches of light high in the autumn sky, the Andromeda Galaxy’s enormous bubbles of high-temperature diffuse plasma make it appear 100 times the angular diameter of the full moon.
The galaxy is surrounded by a dark, invisible halo extending about a million light-years and is believed to contain half of its star mass.
Andromeda has significantly contributed to various fields of astrophysics, especially in the study and identification of dark matter.
In the 1960s, astronomer Dr. Vera Rubin and her team investigated Andromeda and identified invisible forces influencing the galaxy’s spiral arm rotations.
“This new image of the Andromeda Galaxy is released to honor Vera Rubin’s pioneering contributions that transformed our comprehension of the cosmos,” stated a NASA astronomer.
“Rubin’s meticulous measurements of Andromeda’s rotational curves provided some of the earliest and most convincing evidence that galaxies exist within vast halos of unseen material.”
“Her research reshaped long-standing assumptions and sparked a new era of inquiry into the structure and dynamics of the universe.”
“To celebrate her scientific achievements, the US Mint recently issued a quarter featuring Rubin as part of the American Women Quarters program in 2025.”
To create a new image of the Andromeda Galaxy, astronomers analyzed data from NASA’s Chandra X-Ray Observatory, XMM-Newton, Planck, and Herschel Telescopes from ESA, in addition to data from retired Galex and Spitzer telescopes. Information was also gathered from astrophotographers using ground-based telescopes and wireless data from the Westerbork Synthesis Radio Telescope.
“Each type of light provides unique insights into this neighboring galaxy as compared to the Milky Way,” the researchers noted.
“For instance, Chandra’s X-rays unveil high-energy radiation around the ultra-massive black holes at Andromeda’s core, alongside numerous small, dense objects scattered throughout the galaxy.”
“A recent publication on Chandra observations of the Andromeda Galaxy details the amount of X-rays emitted by the ultra-massive black holes at the galaxy’s center over the past 15 years.”
“One flare was detected in 2013, showcasing the typical X-ray amplification seen from a black hole.”
The fossilized bacteria from Cachin Amber in Central Cretaceous belong to the same family as the zombie ant bacteria, ophiocordyceps unilateralis, which has become well-known as the inspiration for various popular apocalyptic video games and TV series, such as Our Last.
Ecological reconstruction of Cretaceous insects and insect pathogenic fungi. The ants have abandoned the infected PUP, and the infected fly is located on the trunk of a distant tree. Image credit: Zhuang et al., doi: 10.1098/rspb.2025.0407.
Two newly identified species, Paleoophiocordyceps gerontoformicae and Paleoophiocordyceps Ironomyiae, represent some of the oldest fossil records of animals and pathogenic fungi.
These specimens were discovered in 99-million-year-old fragments of Kachin amber, sourced from a mine near the village of Neuebham in northern Myanmar.
“Insects and fungi are among the most diverse groups of living organisms, cohabiting Earth’s ecosystems for over 400 million years,” explains Professor Edmund Jalsenbowski, a paleontologist at the Geology, Paleontology and Natural History Museum in London, along with his colleagues from the Nanjing Institute of Studies.
“Consequently, they have developed intricate and close ecological relationships, including reciprocity, predation, and parasitism.”
“Entomopathogenic fungi, in particular, have garnered attention for their role in regulating insect populations, though much remains unclear about them.”
“The infection process begins when spores come into contact with the proper host, initiating germination through enzymatic hydrolysis, allowing entry into the insect’s body cavity (hemocoel).”
“Once the fungus infiltrates the insect’s body, it (as yeast-like cells at this phase) proliferates via budding, consuming the host’s body from within.”
“Eventually, the host typically succumbs to fungal toxins, leading to the formation of chains of yeast-like cells that transition to the filamentous stage shortly after the host’s death.”
“These filaments gradually organize into compact spore-producing structures (sporocaps) that emerge from the softer parts of the insect, dispersing spores into the environment to infect additional hosts.”
Holotype of Paleoophiocordyceps Ironomyiae. This comparison of mid-Cretaceous specimens shows similarities with existing Bacillus ophiocordis: (a, b) Lateral and dorsal views of the bipteran host, where potential fungal structures are visible. (c) Closure of the fungal stroma of Paleoophiocordyceps Ironomyiae; (D, E) Apex of the fungal stroma. The red arrows indicate the surroundings. (f, g, h) Presence of ophiocordyceps stromas for Ant and Dipteran hosts. Scale bars – 0.5 mm (a, b), 0.1 mm (c) and 50 μm (d, e). Image credit: Zhuang et al., doi: 10.1098/rspb.2025.0407.
According to the authors, Paleoophiocordyceps gerontoformicae was found in a young ant, while Paleoophiocordyceps Ironomyiae was discovered on a fly.
“It’s captivating to observe that some of the unusual phenomena we witness today were also present during the age of dinosaurs,” remarked Professor Jarzembowski.
“Known as a zombie fungus, it can influence the behavior of its host, a feature that has been depicted in popular apocalyptic video games and series like Our Last.”
“Given that the infection is lethal, ophiocordyceps and its fossil counterparts likely played a significant role in regulating insect populations during the Middle Cretaceous, similar to how their modern relatives do today.”
“While parasitism is common in today’s ecosystems, evidence of these interactions is seldom found in the fossil record.”
“This is primarily due to the poor preservation of their soft tissues in fossils and the fact that they reside within their hosts, making identification among insect remains challenging.”
“While ancient parasite specimens have been uncovered, our understanding of their evolution remains limited.”
“This new discovery provides rare insight into these parasites from a long-ago era.”
The team’s research paper was published in the June 2025 issue of Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biology.
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Yuhui Zhuang et al. Cretaceous insect pathogenic fungi illuminate the early evolution of insect-fungal associations. Proc. R. Soc. B 292 (2048): 20250407; doi: 10.1098/rspb.2025.0407
Modern disk galaxies frequently display distinct thin and thick disks. The mechanisms driving the formation of these two discs and the timeline of their emergence are still unanswered questions. To investigate these issues, astronomers examined various epochs (statistical samples of 111 edge-on disk galaxies dating back up to 11 billion years, or approximately 2.8 billion years post-Big Bang) utilizing archived data from the NASA/ESA/CSA James Webb Space Telescope.
Webb/nircam composite images of a quarter of the team’s samples were sorted by increasing redshift. Image credit: Tsukui et al., doi: 10.1093/mnras/staf604.
Present-day disk galaxies often comprise extensive, star-rich outer disks alongside thin, star-like disks.
For instance, the thick discs of the Milky Way reach approximately 3,000 light-years in height, while the thin discs are roughly 1,000 light-years thick.
But what mechanisms lead to the formation of this dual disk structure?
“The thickness of high redshift discs, or unique measurements from the early universe, serve as benchmarks for theoretical research that can only be conducted using Webb,” states Takagi, an astronomer at the Australian National University.
“Typically, older, thicker disk stars are dim, while the younger, thinner disk stars dominate the galaxy.”
“However, Webb’s exceptional resolution allows us to observe and highlight faint older stars, enabling us to distinguish between two disk structures in a galaxy and measure their thickness separately.”
Through an analysis of 111 edge-on targets over cosmological time, astronomers studied both single-disc and double-disc galaxies.
The findings indicate that galaxies initially form a thick disk, which is followed by the formation of a thin disk.
The timing of this process is contingent on the galaxy’s mass: high-mass, single-disk galaxies transitioned to two-disk structures around 8 billion years ago.
In contrast, a thin disk emerged about 4 billion years ago within low-mass, single-disk galaxies.
“This is the first time we’ve resolved a thin star disk at such a high redshift,” remarked Dr. Emily Wysnioski from the Australian National University.
“The novelty becomes evident when observing the onset of thin star disks.”
“It was astonishing to witness a thin star disk from 8 billion years ago, and even further back.”
To elucidate the transition from a single thick disk to a dual-disk structure, as well as the timing differences between high-mass and low-mass galaxies, researchers expanded their investigation beyond the initial edge-on-galaxy samples. They examined data showing the movement of gases from large millimeter/sub-millimeter arrays (ALMAs) in Atacama and ground surveys.
By considering the movement of the galaxy’s gas disks, they found their results aligned with the “turbulent gas disk” scenario.
In this framework, the turbulent gas disks of the early universe catalyze intense star formation, leading to the creation of thick star disks.
As stars form, they stabilize the gas disks, diminishing turbulence and consequently resulting in thinner disks.
Larger galaxies can convert gas into stars more efficiently and thus calm down more quickly than their lower-mass counterparts, leading to the formation of the earlier thin disk.
“This study delineates structural differences between thin and thick discs, but we aim to explore further,” Dr. Tsukui mentioned.
“We look to incorporate the types of information typically acquired from nearby galaxies, such as stellar movement, age, and metallicity.”
“By doing so, we can bridge insights from both nearby and distant galaxies, enhancing our understanding of disk formation.”
Survey results were published in Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society.
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Takagi Tsukui et al. 2025. The emergence of thin and thick discs of galaxies across the history of the universe. mnras 540(4): 3493-3522; doi: 10.1093/mnras/staf604
Paleontologists have unearthed a new species of large passerine birds based on fossilized remains from the Bannockburn Formation near St. Bathans in Otago, New Zealand.
Australian Magpie (Gymnorhina Tibicen), adults and juveniles, in Tabeumi, Fiji. Image credits: Charles J. Sharp, https://www.sharpphotography.co.uk / CC by-sa 4.0.
The newly identified bird inhabited New Zealand during the early Miocene period around 19 million years ago.
It has been named St. Batan’s Caloun (MioStrepera Canora), closely related to the Australian Magpie (Gymnorhina Tibicen) found in New Zealand today, likely exhibiting an entirely black plumage.
“We’ve experienced a lot of excitement and hard work,” shared Dr. Paul Scofield, senior curator at the Canterbury Museum.
“We probably haven’t encountered a member of this large magpie family for just five million years.”
“New Zealand’s ecosystem has undergone significant transformations over millions of years, welcoming diverse species throughout various eras,” noted Dr. Trevor Worthy, a researcher at Flinders University.
“There’s a notion that we should strive to restore New Zealand to its pre-European ecosystem.”
“However, that ecosystem had been in a constant state of flux for millions of years.”
“By the time humans arrived, Aotearoa had already lost much of the floral diversity that once thrived.”
“There were limited tree seeds available, but the decline of the choloun and other pigeons indicates this loss.”
“Different plant and animal groups emerged between 2.6 million and 11,700 years ago.”
“Even more have come since humans began to inhabit the land.”
“New Zealand’s pre-European ecosystem isn’t inherently better or worse than any other period in the past.”
“The fossil record hints at the absence of a utopian state and encourages us to celebrate the diversity present today.”
The fossilized remains of MioStrepera Canora were found at the St Bathans fossil site, which was once located at the bottom of a vast prehistoric lake.
“The research revealed that the Miocene bird population in New Zealand bears surprising similarities to contemporary Australian birds,” Dr. Scofield mentioned.
“New Zealand was vastly different during the Miocene, between 200,000 to 5 million years ago.”
“If you walked through New Zealand’s forests during that time, you would have seen abundant eucalyptus, laurel, and casuarinas, much like the forests of Australia today.”
“The most significant factor shaping New Zealand’s current landscape was the extinction of many plants and animals that thrived in warmer climates, following a rapid cooling that began around 13 million years ago.”
“It was likely not the only bird call you would have heard in ancient New Zealand.”
The discovery of MioStrepera Canora is detailed in a paper published in the journal Palz.
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Worth it et al. A large-scale clastatin passerine (Aves, Artamidae, Cracticinae) from the early Miocene of New Zealand. Palz published on June 25th, 2025. doi:10.1007/s12542-025-00736-x
Forecasters are about to lose a vital source of satellite data just months ahead of the peak of the Atlantic hurricane season, as the Department of Defense prepares to shut down a more critical data stream than cybersecurity issues.
The data is generated by microwave sensors on three aging polar orbit satellites that serve both military and civilian functions. These sensors are crucial for hurricane forecasting, as they can analyze cloud layers and the storm’s core, providing insights even at night without relying on visible light.
Experts are concerned that this loss of data will hinder forecasters during a period when the National Weather Service is deploying fewer weather balloons due to budget cuts and insufficient meteorological staff. The absence of this data affects meteorologists’ ability to assess storm threats effectively and prepare emergency managers accordingly. Microwave data offers some of the earliest signs that wind speeds are intensifying in storms.
“It’s a tool that enables deeper insight. Losing it will significantly impair hurricane forecasts. It can detect the formation of eye walls in tropical storms, indicating whether these storms are intensifying,” an expert commented.
Researchers suggest that as ocean temperatures rise due to human-induced climate change, rapid intensification in tropical storms may become more common.
The three satellites operate through a collaborative initiative involving the Defense Weather Satellite Program, NOAA, and the Department of Defense.
While hurricane experts expressed concern about the loss of this tool, NOAA’s communications director, Kim Doster, minimized the potential impact of the National Weather Service’s decision on hurricane forecasting.
In a message, Doster described the military’s microwave data as “one dataset in a robust suite of hurricane prediction and modeling tools” within the NWS.
According to Doster, these forecasting models integrate data from various satellites located around 22,300 miles away from Earth, providing a synchronized view that follows the planet’s rotation.
They also incorporate measurements from Hurricane Hunter planes, buoys, weather balloons, land radars, and additional polar orbit satellites, including NOAA’s joint polar satellite system.
A U.S. Space Force representative confirmed that the satellites and their equipment are operational, and data will continue to be sent directly to satellite readout terminals across the DOD. However, the Navy’s Fleet Numerical Weather and Oceanography Center has opted to cease public data processing and sharing, officials reported.
The visible and infrared images show Hurricane Eric, which has intensified since the June 18th Category 2 storm.CIMSS
The Navy did not respond promptly to requests for comments.
Earlier this week, a Navy division informed researchers that it would halt data processing and sharing by June 30. Some researchers received notifications from the Navy’s Fleet Numerical Weather and Oceanography Center regarding their reliance on outdated and insecure operating systems.
“We cannot upgrade our systems; it raises cybersecurity risks and jeopardizes our DOD network,” stated an email reviewed by NBC News.
This decision could lead to forecasters losing up to half of the available microwave data, according to McNoldy.
Additionally, this microwave data is crucial for snow and ice researchers tracking polar sea ice levels, which helps understand long-term climate patterns. Sea ice, formed from frozen seawater, expands in winter and melts in summer. Tracking sea ice is essential as it reflects sunlight back into space, cooling the planet. This metric is vital to monitor over time, especially since summer Arctic sea ice levels are showing declining trends due to global warming.
Walt Meier, a senior research scientist at the National Snow and Ice Data Center, mentioned that his program learned about the Navy’s decision earlier this week.
Meier noted the satellites and sensors have been operational for approximately 16 years. While researchers anticipated their eventual failure, they did not expect the military to abruptly discontinue data sharing with little notice.
Meier stated that the National Snow and Ice Data Center has depended on military satellites for sea ice coverage data since 1987 but will adapt by utilizing similar microwave data from Japanese satellites known as AMSR-2.
“Integrating that data into our system could take several weeks,” said Meier. “While it may not undermine the integrity of sea ice climate records, it will pose additional challenges.”
Polar orbit satellites, part of the Defense Weather Satellite Program, offer intermittent coverage of regions prone to hurricanes.
These satellites generally circle the Earth in a north-south path every 90 to 100 minutes at relatively low altitudes, according to Meier. The microwave sensors scan narrow bands of the Earth, estimated to be around 1,500 miles wide.
As the Earth rotates, these polar orbit satellites capture images that can help researchers analyze storm structure and potential strength when they are within range.
“Often, great passes provide extensive data beyond just the hurricane,” said McNoldy, who added that the loss will decrease the frequency of scans for areas covered by microwave scans and specific storms.
Hurricane modeler Andy Hazelton, an associate scientist at the University of Miami Ocean and Atmospheric Research Institute, mentioned that microwave data is still utilized in some hurricane models and by forecasters with access to real-time visualizations.
Hazelton highlighted that forecasters always look for visual cues from microwave data, which typically provides early indications of rapidly strengthening storms.
The National Hurricane Center defines rapid intensification as a 35 mph or greater increase in sustained winds in tropical storms within a 24-hour period. The loss of microwave data is particularly concerning as scientists have observed a rise in rapid intensification linked to climate change due to warmer seawater.
A 2023 scientific report indicated that tropical cyclones in the Atlantic have about a 29% higher likelihood of rapid intensification from 2001 to 2020 compared to the period from 1971 to 1990. For instance, Hurricane Milton was strengthened into a Category 5 hurricane just 36 hours after being classified as a tropical storm, with part of this intensification occurring overnight when other satellite equipment offered less information.
From the International Space Station, Hurricane Milton, a Category 5 storm, was captured on October 8th in the Gulf of Mexico off the Yucatan Peninsula.NASA/Getty Images
This trend poses significant risks, particularly when storms like Hurricane Idria intensify just before approaching the coast.
“We’ve definitely observed numerous instances of rapid intensification right before landfall recently, something we cannot afford to overlook,” McNoldy remarked.
Brian Lamare, a dedicated forecaster at the National Weather Service in Tampa Bay, noted that this data is crucial for predicting flood impacts when hurricanes make landfall.
“These scans are key for predicting the areas of heaviest rainfall and the rates of rainfall,” said Lamarre. “This data is vital for public safety.”
Hurricane season lasts from June 1 to November 30, peaking at the end of summer and early fall. NOAA forecasters anticipate a busier hurricane season in 2025, with expectations of 6-10 hurricanes.
In his intriguing new book, Nature’s Memories: Behind the Scenes of the World’s Natural History Museum, Jack Ashby, assistant director of the University Zoology Museum in Cambridge, UK, describes the museum as a peculiar space. It represents societal meanings and the natural chronicles of our ecosystems and environments. However, these records are often fundamentally flawed and misleading.
Ashby emphasizes the museum’s role, particularly in natural history, as an extensive catalog of past life on our planet. Its original purpose was to document everything from flora to fauna and enhance our understanding of the natural world.
Times have changed. As Ashby reveals in this captivating work, he critiques the shortcomings of museums, challenging our preconceived notions. Notably, much of our natural history remains hidden in poorly lit storage rather than publicly displayed.
Readers will soon discover the significance of the areas typically off-limits to the public. Ashby notes that there are approximately 70,000 flowering plant species worldwide that scientists have yet to fully describe.
The book delves into the preservation processes for animal skeletons, highlighting how flesh is removed for conservation, how insects are prepared for display, and how taxidermy is conducted. These behind-the-scenes insights are among the book’s most intriguing aspects. Ashby also points out the unrealistic representation of frogs due to shrinkage and features a segment on a renowned glassmaker recognized for creating lifelike floral reproductions.
Yet, the lack of representation extends beyond plants. Ashby highlights the biases in what we learned during school trips to such institutions. He cites a 2008 study indicating that merely 29% of mammal displays and 34% of bird exhibits in natural history museums feature females, resulting in a limited understanding of habitat contributions. This imbalance can be attributed to the more visually appealing male specimens and the fact that those who collect and exhibit are predominantly male and often white Westerners.
Ashby advocates for addressing the misrepresentation issue within museums, asserting that our education about nature is severely lacking due to the biases of past generations. Many male mammalian skeletons are misrepresented in museum displays due to curatorial choices that remove pelvic bones.
Though the book was published prior to the intentional dismantling of American scientific institutions, it reflects the prevailing anti-expert sentiment. This makes it all the more vital to read. We must reflect on what is excluded from museum exhibits as seriously as we do what is included.
As Ashby asserts, “The work that is being done at the Natural History Museum is more crucial than ever, and the role that must be played in order to safeguard the future of humanity is just beginning to unfold.”
Chris Stokell Walker is a science writer based in Newcastle, UK.
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Getting X-rays can be quite uncomfortable. You might need to lie still while experiencing discomfort or as a part of your body is compressed. However, innovative flexible fabrics that enhance X-ray detection could alleviate this issue.
“Picture scanning your child for injuries and conducting a painless breast examination without requiring the child to stay still,” says Li Xu from the Hong Kong Institute of Technology. She and her team have developed a fabric known as X-Wear, which emits light when exposed to X-rays.
X-rays typically utilize scintillation components, which are harder to detect than visible light, in both medical and industrial applications. For example, they can convert rays that penetrate your limbs into visible light, allowing for the creation of images that reveal internal details like fractures. However, the current scintillators are usually rigid, which makes them uncomfortable for use in devices where they are embedded.
To tackle this issue, researchers have reformulated scintillating materials, like reshaping gadolinium oxide sprinkled with europium into fine fibers, which are then integrated into fabrics.
Xu mentions that crafting these fibers to be flexible while ensuring they emit sufficient light for producing high-resolution images when exposed to X-rays poses a technical challenge. Her team has demonstrated that fabrics can be utilized for dental X-rays – in tests, X-Wear adapted to the shape of a clay mouth model and teeth. It has also been used for mammography, where an X-Wear bra was created to eliminate the need for compressing a person’s breasts during imaging, a common current practice.
Imalka Jayawardena from the University of Surrey in the UK emphasizes that X-Wear’s body-compliant nature is a significant advantage over other flexible scintillator designs, which tend to be film-like and inflexible. However, he notes that the light detectors paired with X-Wear are still flat, limiting the fabric’s potential applications.
Currently, researchers can produce about a quarter of a square meter of X-Wear samples, meaning production must be scaled up and adapted for industrial-grade equipment before it can be used widely, according to Xu.
The team is also exploring X-Wear’s potential for industrial use, envisioning small, flexible devices for inspecting electronics and identifying defects in pipelines. Xu also notes that first responders in disaster zones could utilize X-Wear, equipped with smartphones and compact X-ray sources, for conducting on-site scans.
A coalition of authors has accused Microsoft of utilizing nearly 200,000 pirated copies to develop an artificial intelligence model. This accusation adds to the ongoing legal struggles surrounding copyright issues between creative professionals and tech companies.
Kai Bird, Jia Tolentino, Daniel Okrent, and others argue that Microsoft intends to use a well-known digital version of their book to train Megatron AI for generating responses to user queries. Their lawsuit, filed in federal court in New York on Tuesday, is among several crucial cases initiated by authors, news outlets, and other copyright holders against tech firms regarding alleged misuse in AI training.
The authors are seeking a court order to prohibit statutory damages of up to $150,000 for each work that Microsoft is accused of misusing.
Generative AI products like Megatron can produce text, music, images, and videos based on user input. To develop these models, software engineers gather expansive databases of media and train AI to produce similar outputs.
The authors claim that Microsoft has utilized a trove of nearly 200,000 pirated books for training Megatron, which generates text responses to prompts. The complaint states that Microsoft employed these pirated datasets to “build not only computer models from the works of numerous creators and authors but also to produce a variety of representations replicating the syntax, sound, and themes of the copyrighted works.”
A Microsoft representative has yet to respond to inquiries about the lawsuit, while the authors’ attorney declined to comment.
This lawsuit against Microsoft was filed just after a federal judge in California ruled that the use of copyrighted material for AI training could be considered fair use, but acknowledged that they might still be liable for the utilization of pirated book versions. This marked the first US legal decision addressing the legality of using copyrighted materials without authorization for AI training. On the same day the complaint against Microsoft was filed, a California judge ruled in favor of Meta in a similar copyright dispute, attributing the decision more to the plaintiff’s weak argument than to the strength of the tech company’s defense.
The conflict over copyright and AI emerged soon after the launch of ChatGPT, encompassing various forms of media. The New York Times has taken legal action against OpenAI for copyright infringement related to article archives. Similarly, Dow Jones, the parent company of the Wall Street Journal and the New York Post, has filed a lawsuit against the perplexed AI. Major record labels are pursuing legal action against companies producing AI music generators. Getty Images has also sued Stability AI concerning a startup’s text-to-image product. Just last week, Disney and NBC Universal initiated legal proceedings against Midjourney, a company operating popular AI image generators that are believed to misuse iconic film and television characters.
Tech companies argue that being compelled to use copyrighted materials fairly to create new, transformative content and to compensate copyright holders could hinder the burgeoning AI industry. OpenAI CEO Sam Altman has stated that the development of ChatGPT was “impossible” without incorporating copyrighted works.
Two spacecraft explore the black hole, highlighted in Adam Roberts’ novel.
Science Photo Library / Alamy Stock Photo
The foundation of this novel stemmed from my desire to craft utopian fiction, a first for me, as my earlier works primarily revolved around traditional science fiction. The concept of utopia—portraying an improved or ideal world—predates science fiction itself, famously introduced by Thomas More in his 1516 work, Utopia.
Intrigued by the evolution of this genre, I noted that More’s Utopia inspired numerous copies. Over the subsequent 17th and 18th centuries, a multitude of utopian literature emerged. It flourished in the 19th century and continued into the 20th with notable works like Samuel Butler’s Erewhon (1872), William Morris’s News from Nowhere (1892), H.G. Wells’s A Modern Utopia (1905), and B.F. Skinner’s Walden Two (1948). Edward Bellamy’s Looking Backward (1888) stands out as a significant American bestseller, catalyzing the establishment of numerous “Bellamy Clubs” and a nationalist movement aimed at realizing his vision of utopia.
But what about our contemporary landscape? Utopian narratives seem largely relegated, replaced by an overwhelming prevalence of dystopian themes—the dark antithesis. Think of titles like The Hunger Games, Road, Divergent, and The Maze Runner, alongside numerous cyberpunk realms, Battle Royale, and Oryx and Crake. This raises an intriguing question: why has utopia fallen out of favor while dystopia thrives?
One potential explanation is that utopia inherently lacks conflict. When aspiring writers present their imaginative worlds, I often query, “Where’s the conflict?” Without conflict, there’s no drama or narrative. Crafting a perfect utopia is challenging because, by its nature, a flawless realm might lack the tension necessary for storytelling. I’ve often contended that no one truly writes a utopia, to which some might counter with Iain M. Banks’s Culture series as an example. Yet, Banks seldom delves into the euphoria of cultural existence, focusing instead on the dangers surrounding its covert agencies. In my own narrative, the characters are extricated from their utopian comforts, thrust into peril, monstrosities, and adventure.
However, I aspired to delve deeper and scrutinize the very essence of utopia itself. Is the ideal world even attainable? “Can we make the world a little better?”—this is certainly achievable, but can we fully reorganize society to achieve a flawless utopia?
Some years back, I was invited to deliver a keynote address at the Utopialess Conference, an annual event across Europe. During my visit to Tarragona, Spain, I presented my ideas, which can be summarized as follows: Utopia, as a concept, cannot elude the nuances of human nature. Some utopias manifest in authoritarian structures (as seen in More’s original vision), where the authority must reconcile power with utopian ideals. Conversely, others are grassroots endeavors, suggesting that with the removal of material or psychological ailments, humanity can coexist blissfully. I must express my skepticism; as literary critic John Carrey posits, all utopias share a fundamental desire to sanitize reality, simplifying the existence of actual human beings.
In my Utopial speech, I proposed that the most compelling representation of utopia in modern culture is a television series: Teletubbies. These entities—whether genetically modified posthumans, or simply whimsical beings—embody utopian principles, existing in a bubble of childlike simplicity where their needs are easily met, leading to constant joy. Yet, it’s unlikely that adults would perceive Teletubbyland as desirable. This suggests that the concept of utopia is somewhat infantilized. Following my lecture, I mingled at the reception, engaging with attendees. Some were dismissive and turned away when approached, a reaction clarified later by organizers. The conference attracted both literary scholars and true Utopians—those genuinely seeking to realize their visions. They felt I was mocking their aspirations.
I regret they felt insulted, but I stand by my interpretations in Lake of Darkness, where I intertwine social theory, imaginative technological elements, and distinct characters to explore utopian ideals.
Adam Roberts’ Lake of Darkness(Gollancz) is the latest selection for the New Scientist Book Club. Join us and read together here.
On Thursday morning, six demonstrators were arrested while protesting outside their offices in New York City. The protest aimed to spotlight businesses engaged in controversial practices that facilitate the deportation of immigrants in the United States.
The activists gathered in front of the Palantir office located on Manhattan Avenue, linking their arms to obstruct the building’s entrance, effectively stopping several individuals attempting to pass. At one point, some protesters entered the lobby of the building, holding signs that read “Palantir Powers ICE,” referencing the U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement.
Organized by Planet over Profit, a climate justice organization that addresses systemic inequality, the protest received support from the immigration rights group Mijente. After approximately an hour, police intervened, dispersing the crowd. The six arrested individuals were subsequently taken to the seventh precinct and released by 11:20 AM.
Protesters are arrested outside Palantir’s New York office. Photo: Luigi Morris
Caroline Chouinard, a Brooklyn resident among those arrested, stated that police began zip-tying individuals before fully complying with dispersal commands. Chouinard mentioned that some people identifying themselves as Palantir employees also physically advanced on the protesters. Video footage taken by Planet representatives did not confirm if those pushing the protesters were indeed Palantir employees. Chouinard was released on a subpoena for a court appearance regarding disorderly conduct charges.
“During the arrest, we faced significant physical violence,” Chouinard told the Guardian. “I didn’t plan to get arrested personally. I positioned my body to stand my ground. I was continually pushed down and grabbed.”
Chouinard expressed their reason for attending the protest was to oppose Palantir’s role in enabling institutions that “have harmed my neighbor and made them disappear.”
“We are interrupting Palantir’s normal operations because it doesn’t belong in NYC to create AI that strengthens and streamlines fascism,” Chouinard stated. “Palantir specializes in monitoring and tracking individuals. It’s our duty to keep them accountable. They collaborate with the Trump administration, ICE, and the IDF (Israeli Defense Forces). From New York to Los Angeles, fear is perpetuated by companies like Palantir.”
The company has not yet responded to requests for comments regarding the protest.
Protesters are demonstrating outside Palantir’s New York office. Photo: Luigi Morris
Founded in 2003 by billionaire investor Peter Thiel and currently led by CEO Alex Karp, Palantir, known for data mining, has garnered criticism due to its increasing contracts with the Department of Homeland Security and other federal agencies. In April, Palantir received a $30 million contract to develop an immigration surveillance platform for ICE, aimed at expediting the identification and apprehension of targeted immigrants. This contract adds to previous ICE contracts, with Palantir first awarded one during the Obama administration in 2014, subsequently renewed multiple times. The company is set to assist in creating “Mega APIs” for data access within the Internal Revenue Service.
In a letter sent in mid-June, ten Democrats highlighted that Palantir’s initiative to construct a “mega-database” for the Trump administration would combine personal information from multiple government sources, risking violations of federal privacy laws according to reports from the New York Times.
The company refuted the claims made by the Democrats’ letter, asserting: “To clarify: Palantir does not create a master database, nor do we enable extensive surveillance of American citizens. We do not manage the system or determine its applications.”
Protesters did not expect any response from Palantir concerning their demands to cease collaborations with ICE or other federal entities. According to Liv Senghor, the lead organizer from Planet over Profit, their focus was on mobilizing “the average American.”
“We want everyday individuals who value freedom of speech and privacy to recognize how deeply ingrained Palantir is in not just our government and military, but also in our everyday lives,” Senghor stated. “Our objective is to stir sufficient anger and frustration toward Palantir, inciting a grassroots movement of common people who can be heard.”
The protest organizers are also planning to hold a demonstration in front of Palantir’s Palo Alto office on Thursday afternoon.
oI often feel unprepared for parenting. During that wonderful time when they could enjoy games and vampire movies, they hadn’t yet turned into rebellious teenagers. As a new parent, I often felt superfluous and ineffective. I’ve found myself reminiscing about those days, and that’s alright. Nobody excels at everything. I can read texts upside down and backward, yet I consistently misplace my house keys. I’m fantastic at dancing to The Cure’s “The Lovecats” in Dance Stage Megamix, but I struggle with DIY projects.
Don’t get me wrong: my love for my child is immense. I enjoy social outings with them, as they’re both humorous and intelligent, but they’re always aware that I’m their dad.
Seizing the opportunity when they were away one weekend, I dedicated some uninterrupted father-son time to immerse myself in a new game without distractions. The game has changed my perspective.
I was captivated by the premise. You’re stranded on a planet and must clone different versions of yourself to build a base and survive. It’s incredibly clever. What’s even better is that you clone yourself by reflecting on your own life choices, selecting pivotal moments that shaped you into Jan Dorsky.
For instance, if you opt for studies instead of working in the mines like your father, you become January, the ace researcher. If you choose to work on an oil rig, you create Yang, the worker responsible for loading equipment. And should you decide to spend your days wordsmithing, you become a Yang Reiter. (Sadly, there isn’t a Yang Writer option. That clearly shows my struggle for survival.)
Choose from the fork paths of your life…change. Photo: 11 bit
The gameplay is thoroughly engaging, blending exploration, resource management, and problem-solving with philosophical musings about decision-making. It prompts you to consider how alternate choices might have changed your own life.
It’s somewhat unsettling and I wouldn’t recommend losing yourself in it. Focus on the game’s narrative, not your own.
The challenge escalates with each clone you alter; maintaining their health, hunger, and happiness proves daunting. Despite my best efforts—fresh food, captivating movies, or even intentionally losing at beer pong—my clones remained cranky. The Yang Miner was perpetually grumpy, while the Yang scientists fell into constant frustration.
Just when you feel you’ve managed your base well—setting up automatic production for essentials like radiation filters and assigning shifts to various clones—you realize the demands keep multiplying.
Yand Doctor may be one of the most useful clones, but he is highly valuable. Photo: 11 bit
While Alterters is marketed as a sci-fi survival game, it feels more like a parenting simulation to me. Not exactly how I want to spend my leisure time. My failures in the game (and various aspects of life) feel like incessant screams from the flawed grass while resting for just five minutes. My neighbors might think my kids are still at home.
I’ve never felt so strongly that I was perhaps playing this game incorrectly. The script and narrative are striking, resembling an interactive version of Andy Weir’s “The Martian.” The philosophical themes, much like Camus’s, emphasize that true heroism lies not in grand achievements but in undertaking the ordinary challenges of life. The graphics, too, are stunning—akin to a futuristic rendition of “Howl’s Moving Castle.” The game raises profound questions about existence and what we ought to do within it, revealing the clones’ reactions to their new circumstances. Some admire you, while others despise you. Ultimately, we share collective memories ranging from whimsical childhood items to coping strategies for dealing with abusive parents.
The creative depth of this game is boundless, hinting at future novels and animated films filled with imagination and insight. If you’ve ever been childless and carefree in the 1990s, navigating interesting but demanding individuals (aka kids) may feel like a nostalgic but daunting game of life. While it was enjoyable as a board game as a kid, it becomes an arduous task when managing two squirming kids in the backseat. Perhaps “Alterters” is the ideal game for those contemplating parenthood. I wholeheartedly recommend that anyone of childbearing age try it out to gauge whether they are ready for real-life responsibilities, or if, like me, they discover parenting to be an incredibly challenging endeavor.
Strategies to uphold the current involve oversized versions of parachute-like ocean anchors
Ed Darnen (2.0 by CC)
As part of an ambitious initiative to avert severe climate change, large parachutes could be deployed into Atlantic waters using transport tankers, drones, and fishing vessels.
The Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) moves warm water from the tropics northward and helps stabilize temperatures in Northern Europe.
Nevertheless, the swift melting of Arctic ice and rising sea temperatures have hampered these currents, prompting some scientists to warn that they could falter entirely within this century. Such an event would disrupt marine ecosystems and exacerbate the cooling of the European climate.
Experts emphasize the urgent need to cut greenhouse gas emissions to mitigate the risk of AMOC collapse and other catastrophic climate “tipping points.” However, some are exploring alternative, more fundamental methods to preserve the current.
Stuart Haszeldine from the University of Edinburgh, along with David Sevier, introduced a concept from the British water treatment firm Strengite during a recent meeting in Cambridge, UK. They propose utilizing just 35 ocean tugs, each capable of pulling underwater parachutes roughly half the size of a soccer pitch, which could effectively move enough water to maintain the current. “A modest amount of energy and equipment can yield a significant impact,” Haszeldine remarks.
These parachutes, designed similarly to existing ocean anchors, stabilize containers in rough weather while also aiding in water movement across the sea surface. Each parachute features a central hole 12 meters wide to allow marine creatures to escape.
The operation would run 365 days a year in a rotating schedule, using drones, transport tankers, tugs, or wind kits. “It’s a small but consistent intervention,” notes Haszeldine.
Sevier refers to this proposal as “any Mary,” indicating a solution to stave off the severe consequences of AMOC collapse. “This is about buying time,” he asserts, emphasizing the need for the world to reduce emissions sufficiently to stabilize global temperatures at safe levels.
However, leading AMOC researchers express skepticism about the idea. Rene van Westen from the University of Utrecht, Netherlands, highlights that the density differences between cold, salty water and warm, fresh water play a crucial role in the descent and upwelling movements that sustain AMOC.
“If this idea is to work,” Van Westen argues, “you can only use surface wind to influence the top layer of water.
Stephen Rahmstoef from the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research concurs. “The challenge lies not in moving surface water horizontally but in sinking it to depths of 2,000 to 3,000 meters and returning it south as a cold, deep current,” he states.
Meric Srokosz of the UK National Oceanography Centre believes the proposal is “unlikely to succeed,” given the variable weather conditions that complicate equipment deployment in the oceans.
Haszeldine welcomes feedback from fellow scientists regarding the proposal and hopes it will inspire ocean and climate modelers to assess the ecological and environmental ramifications of the plan. “I believe this warrants further investigation,” he asserts.
More generally, Haszeldine argues for increased research focused on climate intervention strategies to sustain ocean circulation: “I don’t see anyone else working on ocean currents.”
US Republicans are advocating for the approval of significant spending legislation that contains measures to thwart states from implementing regulations on artificial intelligence. Experts caution that the unchecked expansion of AI could exacerbate the planet’s already perilous, overheating climates.
Research from Harvard University indicates that the industry’s massive energy consumption is finite, and carbon dioxide—amounting to around 1 billion tonnes according to the Guardian—is projected to be emitted in the US by AI over the next decade.
During this ten-year span, when Republicans aim to “suspend” state-level regulations on AI, there will be a substantial amount of electricity consumed in data centers for AI applications, contributing to greenhouse gas emissions in the US that surpass those of Japan. Every year, the emissions will be three times higher than those of the UK.
The actual emissions will rely on the efficiency of power plants and the degree of clean energy utilization in the coming years; however, the obstruction of regulations will also play a part, noted Genruka Guidi, a visiting scholar at Harvard’s School of Public Health.
“Restricting surveillance will hinder the shift away from fossil fuels and diminish incentives for more energy-efficient AI technologies,” Guidi stated.
“We often discuss what AI can do for us, but we rarely consider its impact on our planet. If we genuinely aim to leverage AI to enhance human welfare, we mustn’t overlook the detrimental effects on climate stability and public health.”
Donald Trump has declared that the United States will become the “world capital of artificial intelligence and crypto,” planning to eliminate safeguards surrounding AI development while dismantling regulations limiting greenhouse gas emissions.
The “Big Beautiful” spending bill approved by Republicans in the House of Representatives would prevent states from adopting their own AI regulations, with the GOP-controlled Senate also likely to pass a similar version.
However, the unrestricted usage of AI may significantly undermine efforts to combat the climate crisis while increasing power usage from the US grid. The dependence on fossil fuels like gas and coal continues to grow. AI is particularly energy-intensive, with a single query on ChatGPT consuming about ten times more power than a Google search.
The carbon emissions from US data centers have increased threefold since 2018, with recent Harvard research indicating that the largest “hyperscale” centers constitute 2% of the nation’s electricity usage.
“AI is poised to transform our world,” states Manu Asthana, CEO of PJM Interconnection, the largest grid in the US. Predictions suggest that nearly all increases in future electricity demand will arise from data centers. Asthana asserts this will equate to adding a new home’s worth of electricity to the grid every five years.
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Meanwhile, the rapid escalation of AI is intensifying the recent rollback of climate pledges made by major tech companies. Last year, Google acknowledged that greenhouse gas emissions from AI have surged by 48% since 2019 due to its advances. In effect, the deeper AI penetrates, “reducing emissions may prove challenging.”
Supporters of AI, along with some researchers, contend that advancements in AI could aid the fight against climate change by enhancing the efficiency of grid management and other improvements. Others, however, remain skeptical. “It’s merely an operation for greenwashing, and it’s clear as day,” critiques Alex Hanna, research director at the Institute of Decentralized AI. “Much of what we’ve heard is absolutely ridiculous. Big tech is mortgaging the present for a future that may never materialize.”
So far, no states have definitive regulations regarding AI, but state lawmakers may be aiming to establish such rules, especially in light of diminished federal environmental regulations. This could prompt Congress to reevaluate the ban. “If you were anticipating federal regulations around data centers, that’s definitely off the table right now,” Hanna observed. “It’s rather surprising to observe everything.”
But Republican lawmakers are undeterred. The proposed moratorium on local regulations for states and AI recently cleared a significant hurdle in the Senate over the weekend, as I’ve determined that this ban will allow Trump taxes and megavilles to proceed. Texas Senator Ted Cruz, chairing the Senate Committee on Commerce, Science and Transportation, has prohibited modifications to the language which would prevent spending bills from addressing “foreign issues.”
This clause entails a “temporary suspension” on regulations, substituting a moratorium. It additionally includes an extra $500 million to grant programs aimed at expanding nationwide broadband internet access, stipulating that states will not receive these funds should they attempt to regulate AI.
The suggestion to suspend AI regulations has raised significant alarm among Democrats. Massachusetts Senator Ed Markey, known for his climate advocacy, has indicated his readiness to propose amendments that would strip the bill of its “dangerous” provisions.
“The rapid advancement of artificial intelligence is already impacting our environment—raising energy prices for consumers, straining the grid’s capacity to maintain lighting, depleting local water resources, releasing toxic pollutants into our communities, and amplifying climate emissions,” Markey shared with the Guardian.
“But Republicans want to prohibit AI regulations for ten years, rather than enabling the nation to safeguard its citizenry and our planet. This is shortsighted and irresponsible.”
Massachusetts Assemblyman Jake Ochincross also labeled the proposal as “terrible and unpopular ideas.”
“I believe we must recognize that it is profoundly reckless to allow AI to swiftly and seamlessly fill various sectors such as healthcare, media, entertainment, and education while simultaneously imposing a ban on AI regulations for a decade,” he commented.
Some Republicans also oppose these provisions, including Tennessee Senator Marsha Blackburn and Missouri Senator Josh Hawley. The amendment to eliminate the suspension from the bill requires the backing of at least four Republican senators.
Hawley is reportedly ready to propose amendments to remove this provision later in the week if they are not ruled out beforehand.
Earlier this month, Georgia Representative Marjorie Taylor Greene admitted that she overlooked the provisions in the House’s bill, stating she would not support the legislation if she had been aware. Greene’s group, the Far-Right House Freedom Caucus, stands against the suspension of AI regulations.
Even decades after its initial proposition, a peculiar four-sided shape has been captured in mathematical intrigue, consistently resting on its desired side no matter how it lands.
The concept of self-righting shapes, particularly those with preferred resting positions on flat surfaces, has intrigued mathematicians for years. A notable example is the Gömböc—a curved object resembling a turtle shell, known for its unique weight distribution that allows it to rock back and forth until it finds its stable resting position.
In 1966, mathematician John Conway investigated the balance of geometric shapes. He established that four-sided shapes, or tetrahedrons, cannot achieve equilibrium through mass distribution. However, he speculated the existence of unevenly balanced tetrahedrons, though he did not provide concrete evidence.
Recently, Gábor Domokos from the Budapest Institute of Technology, along with his team, created a unique tetrahedral structure using carbon fiber struts and ultra-dense carbide plates. Its name, Viren, derives from Hungarian terminology.
Their journey began when Domokos tasked a student, Gerg Almádi, with using a high-powered computer to conduct a comprehensive search for Conway’s tetrahedron. “The goal was to examine all potential tetrahedrons. If we got lucky—or if computation power favored us—we might find something,” Domokos reflects.
True to Conway’s predictions, they didn’t locate a perfectly balanced tetrahedron but did identify several uneven candidates and confirmed their existence through mathematical proofs.
Determined to create a physical manifestation, Domokos found this task “significantly more complex.” Their calculations indicated that the density difference between the weighted and unweighted areas of the structure needed to be approximately 5000 times, essentially necessitating a material that’s predominantly air yet retains rigidity.
To fabricate their design, Domokos and his team collaborated with an engineering firm, investing thousands of euros to engineer carbon fiber struts with precision within a tenth of a millimeter and crafting a tungsten base plate with a variance of just a tenth of a gram.
When Domokos first witnessed a functioning prototype, he felt an overwhelming elation, remarking, “It was like rising a meter off the ground. The achievement was immensely satisfying, knowing it would bring joy to John Conway.”
“There was no blueprint, no prior example—essentially nothing suggesting to Conway that this form could exist,” Domokos adds. “This discovery was only possible with advanced computational power and considerable financial investment.”
The tetrahedron they’ve constructed follows a specific transition sequence between its sides, explaining that moving from B to A, C to A to C, and then to A can infer the necessary material distribution is indeed feasible.
Domokos envisions that their findings could inspire engineers to rethink the geometry of lunar landers, minimizing the risk of toppling, as has happened with some recent missions. “If we can achieve stability with four faces, similar principles could potentially apply to shapes with varying numbers of faces.”
Since 2019, Google’s carbon emissions have surged by 51%, with artificial intelligence proving to be a hindrance to tech firms’ sustainability initiatives.
While companies are pouring resources into renewable energy and carbon capture technologies, they struggle to manage emissions in Range 3, which originates further down the supply chain and is significantly influenced by the expanding data center capabilities required for artificial intelligence.
The company noted a 27% year-on-year increase as it grapples with decarbonization amidst rising energy demands.
Data centers are crucial for training and operating AI models like Google’s Gemini and OpenAI’s GPT-4. The International Energy Agency projects that the total electricity consumption of data centers could reach double the level from 2022, with Japan’s electricity demand expected to hit 1,000 TWh (terawatt hours) by 2026. AI accounts for 4.5% of global energy production, according to estimates from Semianalysis for the year 2030.
The report expresses concerns that the rapid advancement of AI may trigger “nonlinear growth in energy demand,” complicating predictions for future energy requirements and emissions trajectories.
Additionally, Google pointed out the slow progress in new low-carbon power generation technologies. Small Modular Reactors (SMRs), which are compact nuclear power plants designed for quick deployment to support the grid, are seen as a promising solution to lower the carbon footprint of data centers. Areas hosting numerous data centers could benefit from one or more SMRs to significantly cut down their electricity-related carbon emissions.
Google’s data center is situated in Grange Castle near Dublin. In 2022, Ireland’s energy grid operators halted the expansion of new data centers in Dublin until 2028. Photo: Patrick Bolger/Guardian
According to the report, the development of these technologies is lagging behind schedule. “The main obstacle is the slow rollout of large-scale carbon-free energy technologies, making it highly challenging to reach goals by 2030.
It further indicated that Scope 3 emissions pose a “challenge,” with Google’s total ambitions representing 11.5 million tons of CO2 equivalent, marking an 11% year-on-year rise since 2019, equating to a 51% increase. This is primarily driven by heightened emissions from the supply chain, with Scope 3 emissions surging by 22% in 2024.
Google has made significant strides in acquiring clean energy, signing over 170 contracts for more than 22 gigawatts since 2010. In 2024, 25 of these contracts added 2.5GW of fresh clean energy to its operations, marking a record year in clean energy transactions with an agreement totaling 8GW.
The company has also achieved one of its environmental goals ahead of schedule by eliminating plastic packaging. Google announced that all new products launched and produced in 2024 will be entirely plastic-free. This goal was initially set for the end of 2025.
The report adds that AI may offer a “net positive potential” for the climate, with aspirations that emissions reductions facilitated by AI applications will outweigh the emissions generated by AI itself, including the energy used by data centers.
Google envisions aiding individuals, cities, and other partners in collectively lowering carbon equivalent emissions by 2030 through AI-powered products. These innovations can enhance energy usage predictions, reduce waste, and optimize solar panel placement to maximize energy generation.
Kaliane Bradley’s The Ministry of Time awarded mixed reviews at the New Scientist Book Club
One of the wonderful elements of science fiction is its vastness, a notion emphasized by our two recent readings. The New Scientist Book Club has transitioned from Larry Niven’s classic hard sci-fi piece, Ring World, to Kalian Bradley’s Time Saving, which we’ll delve into this June. The former rigorously engages with scientific principles, while the latter takes a more relaxed approach.
The narrative revolves around an obscure civil servant tasked with assisting historical figures—specifically, the Victorian explorer Commander Graham Gore from 1847. Time Saving intertwines elements of thrillers, romance, and touches of climate fiction, making it an engaging read. Although I adored it, the conclusion left something to be desired, which I’ll elaborate on later. For now, let’s explore the sci-fi elements of the book.
In Bradley’s interpretation, time travel serves as a plot device; it facilitates the transition of characters from the past to contemporary settings. As she notes, “Once you start contemplating the physics of time travel, you’ve entered a tricky realm.” I don’t necessarily view her reluctance to clarify time travel as a weakness—after all, even our greatest physicists have yet to fully understand it, a sentiment shared by many.
“I accepted time travel as a given and shaped the primary plot around it. In the end, it’s approached similarly to numerous other sci-fi narratives.” Facebook Group. “Ultimately, this emphasis on plot and character development made me feel that the novel transcended mere science fiction, transforming into a story set against a sci-fi backdrop.”
Pauline Moncrief, who previously engaged with Time Saving, praised Bradley’s portrayal of time travel as “spot-on” due to its exploration of the paradoxes surrounding it—questions like, “What happens if you travel back and eliminate your grandfather?” This intriguing concern worked well. “Thus, I appreciated the author’s decision to smoothly bypass the technical hurdles typically associated with time travel,” she remarked.
Kristen Millard Shore expressed similar sentiments: “I appreciated the author’s casual handling of time travel—’Let’s not overthink this’ was refreshing.” However, Gosia Furmanik felt differently. While she enjoyed the prose’s creativity and vividness, she found the main plot confusing and felt it lacked urgency until the very end. For someone looking for a focused sci-fi exploration, she wondered if the romance and themes of immigration and identity overshadowed the genre elements.
Gosia might have a point, but I found the romance to be a highlight of the novel, even developing an affection for Commander Gore (which Bradley seemed to share—check out my interview with her for more on this historical crush). As a fan of romantic narratives, I found this aspect delightful. Others echoed my feelings, too.
“I usually don’t gravitate towards romance in books, but I found it well-executed here. Nevertheless, I felt the story encompassed more than just romance; it was enriching overall.”
Phil Gurski, however, took a different stance: “While I enjoyed the concept, it leaned more toward romance than sci-fi,” he noted. “The lengthy sex scene felt unnecessary.” Despite this divergence of opinions, I cherished many aspects of Time Saving, particularly Bradley’s subtle yet brilliant humor. The contrast of a character from the 19th century grappling with modernity—whether it’s Spotify or dishwashers—provided a delightful layer to the storytelling.
“I found myself laughing aloud numerous times,” Kristen concurred. “Especially during the conversations among the female characters about chicken wallets!” The chicken wallet scene was memorable and the interactions among the characters stood out. I found myself smitten, much like Margaret Kemble and Graham Gore did in 1665.
Gosia nodded in agreement regarding the humor: “Initial moments were quite amusing, like the EastEnders reference, but at times, that tone was overshadowed, leading to inconsistencies that detracted from my enjoyment.”
Now, let’s discuss the ending. Provision. Spoiler alert for those who haven’t finished yet! The revelation that Adela was a future version of our narrator caught me off guard, adding an engaging twist that prompted me to revisit earlier elements of the story with this new perspective. I believed these elements held up, though the rapid pace towards the conclusion felt a bit jumbled, especially since I was invested in the romance. I recognize the inherent “time travel” aspect of the story, but I still hoped for more closure.
David Jones echoed my feelings: “I finished and felt disappointed. I loved the characters and believed they deserved a more satisfying ending.” Alan pondered, “Does the author’s craftsmanship with engaging, thoughtful narratives get compromised by editorial constraints?” He felt the conclusion appeared forced and disconnected from the author’s original vision.
“By the 80% mark, I was questioning, ‘Where is this going?’ The narrative seemed too precious until the end, without sufficient payoff.”
Phil shared his thoughts in a Facebook group, stating that the next session’s readings should return to genuine science (fiction), with Lake of Darkness—a paper edition exploring black holes and their mysterious signals—on the horizon. Adam has penned brilliantly insightful essays for our readers, while Emily H. Wilson, a reviewer for New Scientist, expressed her fondness for Lake of Darkness upon its hardcover release, calling it “smart, experimental, and full of imaginative ideas,” eagerly anticipating the journey into an advanced future.
The Danish government is taking action to curb the creation and distribution of AI-generated deepfakes by revising copyright laws, ensuring that individuals hold rights over their own bodies, facial features, and voices.
On Thursday, Danish officials announced they would strengthen protections against digital imitation of personal identities, marking what they believe to be the first such law in Europe.
With support from a broad coalition across political parties, the Ministry of Culture is set to propose amendments to the existing law for consultation before the summer break, with the intention of submitting the changes in the fall.
Deepfake technology is described as an exceedingly realistic digital representation of an individual, including their appearance and voice.
Danish Minister of Culture, Jacob Engel Schmidt, expressed his hopes that the proposed legislation will convey a “clear message” to Parliament.
He stated to the Guardian: “We collectively send a clear message that everyone has the right to their body, their voice, and their facial features.”
He continued: “Humans can exploit digital duplication techniques for various malicious purposes. I will not accept that.”
The initiative reportedly enjoys support from 9 out of 10 MPs, reflecting rapid advancements in AI technology which have made it simpler than ever to create convincing fake images, videos, or sounds that mimic others.
If passed, the changes to Danish copyright law would allow citizens to request the removal of content from online platforms that is shared without their consent.
Additionally, the law would regulate “realistic and digitally generated imitations” of artistic performances without consent, with violations potentially leading to compensation for affected individuals.
The government has clarified that the new regulations will not interfere with parody and satire, which will still be allowed.
“Certainly, this is a new foundation for us being dismantled, and we are prepared to take further actions if platforms do not comply,” Engel Schmidt remarked.
Other European nations are looking to follow Denmark’s example. He plans to utilize Denmark’s upcoming EU presidency to share the initiative with his fellow European leaders.
Should tech platforms fail to comply with the new law, they may face “significant fines,” which could escalate to a matter for the European Commission. “This is why I believe high-tech platforms will take this very seriously,” he added.
Mars may appear spherical, yet it is actually a triaxial ellipsoid. Unlike the other rocky planets in our solar system, which resemble rugby balls, Mars varies in size along all three axes.
This is most apparent in the notable bulge of the Tharsis rise region and the contrasting region known as Sirtis Major.
Astronomer Dr. Michael Efroysky of the US Navy Observatory recently proposed that this peculiar shape may be attributed to the absence of an ancient moon on Mars.
The moon, named Nerio after the Roman goddess of war, who was associated with Mars, influenced the shape of the planet through tidal forces, similar to the oceans here on Earth.
However, once Mars cooled down, its deformed shape became permanently fixed.
Mars is roughly half the size of Earth, with a diameter of 6,790km (4,219 miles) compared to Earth’s 12,750km (7,922 miles) – Credit: Mark Garlic via Getty/Science Photo Library
Nerio’s tidal stress weakened the elevated regions of Mars, facilitating the impact of geological processes such as internal convection, structural shifts, and volcanic activity, all of which contributed to Mars’ asymmetrical shape.
Researchers propose that, in synchronous orbit around Mars, Nerio—being less than a third of Earth’s mass—could easily have formed the planet’s initial triaxial shape. The equatorial bulge would have been even more pronounced if Nerio had existed during the planet’s magma ocean phase.
Currently, Mars lacks such a moon, having only the small moons Deimos and Phobos. At some point, Nerio was either destroyed by another large body or pulled away by gravitational forces.
This article answers the question posed by Otto Sykes in an email: “Why does Mars have such a strange shape?”
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Astronomers utilize the exceptional sensitivity of the Mid-infrared instrument (Miri) on the NASA/ESA/CSA James Webb Space Telescope to investigate exoplanets within the three-ring debris disks surrounding the 6.4 million-year-old star TWA 7.
This Webb/Miri image shows the exoplanet TWA 7b, comparable in mass to Saturn. Image credits: NASA/ESA/CSA/WEBB/AM LAGRANGE/M. ZAMANI, ESA & WEBB.
Debris disks, comprised of dust and rocky materials, can exist around both young and evolved stars, but they are more luminous and detectable around younger celestial bodies.
These disks are often identified by their visible rings and gaps, which are believed to be shaped by planets that form within them.
The star TWA 7 is a low-mass (0.46 solar mass) M-type star situated approximately 111 light-years away in the constellation of Antlia.
Also referred to as Ce Antilae or Tyc 7190-2111-1, it is part of the TW Hydra Association.
The nearly edge-on three-ring fragmented disks make TWA 7 an optimal target for Webb’s highly sensitive mid-infrared observations.
“Our observations indicate a strong candidate for the planet that influences the structure of the TWA 7 debris disk, located precisely where we anticipated finding a planet of this mass,” states Dr. En Marie Lagrange, an astronomer at the Observatoire de Paris-PSL.
On June 21, 2024, Dr. Lagrange and colleagues employed a coronagraph with Webb’s Miri instrument to effectively suppress the bright glare of the host star, uncovering faint nearby objects.
This method, known as high contrast imaging, enables astronomers to directly observe planets that would otherwise be obscured by the overwhelming light of their host stars.
After eliminating residual starlight through advanced image processing, a faint infrared source was detected near TWA 7, distinguishable from background galaxies or other solar system objects.
This source is located within one of the three dust rings previously identified around TWA 7 by earlier ground-based investigations.
Its brightness, color, distance from the star, and position within the ring align with theoretical expectations for a young, cold Saturn-mass planet that shapes the surrounding debris disks.
“They are also the most popular and highly skilled professionals,” remarked Dr. Matilde Marin, an astronomer at Johns Hopkins University and the Institute for Space Telescope Science.
The team’s preliminary analysis suggests that the object known as TWA 7B has a mass approximately 0.3 times that of Jupiter (about 100 times that of Earth) and may be a young, cold exoplanet with a temperature of 320 K (around 47°C).
Its positioning (approximately 52 AU from the star) corresponds with a gap in the disk, indicating a dynamic interaction between the planet and its surroundings.
Once corroborated, this discovery marks the first direct link between a planet and the structure of debris, offering initial observational insights into the Trojan disk.
“These findings underscore Webb’s capability to probe previously unobservable low-mass planets orbiting nearby stars,” the astronomer commented.
“Ongoing and future observations will seek to more accurately characterize candidates, investigate the state of their atmospheres, and enhance our understanding of planet formation in young systems and the evolution of disks.”
“This preliminary result represents an exciting new frontier where Webb sheds light on the discovery and characterization of exoplanets.”
These findings are detailed in a publication in the journal Nature.
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Lagrange et al. Evidence of sub-Jovian planets within the young TWA 7 disk. Nature Published online on June 25th, 2025. doi:10.1038/s41586-025-09150-4
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