Tag Archives: lungs

Triassic Coelacanths: Did They Use Their Lungs to Sense Ocean Sounds?

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New research on two 240-million-year-old coelacanth fossils reveals an intriguing sensory adaptation: ossified lungs that transmit sound to the inner ear, shedding light on how early vertebrates interpreted their environment.

Reconstruction of a Triassic coelacanth. This schematic illustrates the connection between ossified lungs and the inner ear, enabling underwater hearing. Image credit: A. Beneteau & L. Cavin, MHNG.

“Coelacanths are lobe-finned fish with a rich fossil history exceeding 400 million years, offering crucial insights into vertebrate anatomical evolution,” said Professor Lionel Cavin, a paleontologist affiliated with the Natural History Museum of Geneva and the University of Geneva.

“Once believed extinct, the genus Latimeria remains, currently including two recognized species.”

“Fossilized coelacanths possess a series of large, puzzling ossified plates arranged in a tiled pattern within their body cavities, surrounding an internal area that likely contained gas during life.”

In a groundbreaking study, paleontologists investigated the lungs and inner ear anatomy of two Middle Triassic coelacanth species: Glauria Branchiodonta and Loreleia eusingulata from eastern France.

By utilizing a particle accelerator at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, researchers uncovered an exceptionally well-preserved ossified lung featuring wing-like bony structures at its tip.

Simultaneously, examinations of modern coelacanth embryos revealed canals linking auditory and balance organs on either side of the skull.

By synthesizing these findings, researchers propose that these structures create a comprehensive sensory system.

Sound waves captured by the ossified lungs are believed to be conveyed through this channel to the inner ear, enhancing the animal’s underwater auditory perception.

“Our hypothesis draws parallels with contemporary freshwater fish like carp and catfish,” explained Luigi Manueli, a PhD student at the Geneva Museum of Natural History and the University of Geneva.

“In these fish, a structure known as the Weber apparatus links the swim bladder to the inner ear, facilitating the detection of underwater sounds.”

“Air pockets in the swim bladder are vital for sensing these waves; otherwise, they would go unnoticed by the fish.”

“This hearing capability likely diminished as modern coelacanth ancestors adapted to deep-sea settings, leading to lung degeneration and the obsolescence of this system,” noted Professor Cavin.

“Remarkably, some structures related to the inner ear remain preserved.”

“These anatomical remnants offer valuable insights into the evolutionary trajectory of these fish and potentially our own aquatic ancestors.”

For more details, refer to the study published in the Journal on February 14, 2026, in Communication Biology.

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L. Manueli et al. 2026. The dual functions of coelacanth lungs: breathing and hearing. Commun. Biol. 9, 400; doi: 10.1038/s42003-026-09708-6

Source: www.sci.news

Ancient Cold Virus Discovered in 18th Century Woman’s Lungs: Insights into the World’s Oldest Pathogen

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Historic Anatomical Preparations from the Hunterian Anatomy Museum

Historic Anatomical Preparations from the Hunterian Anatomical Museum

Museum of Anatomy © The Hunterian, University of Glasgow

A remarkable discovery has identified a cold virus that infected a woman in London approximately 250 years ago, marking it as the oldest known human RNA virus.

Researchers, through advanced DNA sequencing techniques, have uncovered traces of various viruses in ancient human bones that date back as far as 50,000 years. However, many viruses, particularly rhinoviruses that are responsible for the common cold, contain RNA genomes, which are significantly more unstable than DNA and typically deteriorate within hours post-mortem.

RNA is also generated by our cells during the process of translating genetic code into proteins.

In recent years, scientists have successfully extended the recovery timelines for ancient RNA. Notably, a team managed to recover RNA from a woolly mammoth that lived 40,000 years ago.

“To date, much of the ancient RNA research has depended on well-preserved materials, such as permafrost samples or dried seeds, which restricts our understanding of historical human diseases,” remarks Erin Burnett of the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center in Seattle, Washington.

Since the early 1900s, numerous tissues in pathology collections have been preserved using formalin, a method that fortifies RNA against rapid degradation. Barnett and her team sought to explore pathology collections across Europe for older human specimens that might contain preserved RNA.

Within the Hunterian Museum of Anatomy at the University of Glasgow, researchers discovered lung tissue samples from two individuals preserved in alcohol rather than formalin. One sample belonged to a woman who passed away around the 1770s, while the other was from an unidentified individual who died in 1877. Both exhibited documented cases of severe respiratory illness.

The researchers aimed to extract both RNA and DNA from the lung tissue of these individuals. Barnett described the RNA extracted from both samples as “extremely fragmented,” with the majority of fragments measuring just 20 to 30 nucleotides in length.

“For context, RNA molecules in living cells typically exceed 1000 nucleotides,” she explains. “Thus, instead of working with long, complete chains, we meticulously pieced together data from many smaller fragments.”

Gradually, the scientists succeeded in reconstructing the entire RNA genome of a rhinovirus extracted from the 18th-century woman. They also detected signs indicating she was infected with bacteria responsible for respiratory ailments, including Pneumococcus, Haemophilus influenzae, and Moraxella catarrhalis.

They compared the reconstructed ancient RNA viruses against a National Institutes of Health database featuring millions of viral genomes globally, including multiple rhinovirus strains.

This analysis revealed that the historic virus’s genome classified under the human rhinovirus A group, representing an extinct lineage most closely aligned with the modern genotype known as A19. “By comparing this with contemporary viruses, we deduce that the last time this historic virus and modern A19 shared a common ancestor was around the 1600s,” Barnett noted.

“The personal stories of these two individuals remain largely untold, and I hope this research brings them to recognition,” she expressed.

“This finding is significant as it demonstrates the potential to recover RNA from wet collections dated before the use of formalin,” said Love Darren at Stockholm University, Sweden.

“This marks the first step towards a surge of research into RNA viruses. Given that many RNA viruses evolve rapidly, studying them over centuries will yield vital insights into viral evolution,” he concluded.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

What Defines a Kentucky Derby Champion? A Big Heart, Powerful Lungs, and Strong Legs

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Horses have honed their abilities, such as running, jumping, and pulling, as humans have bred and trained them for various purposes over thousands of years. The 151st Derby, the most-watched horse racing event, not only highlights the skills of these animals but also raises concerns about their treatment and well-being. Advocates have long voiced worries about injuries and fatalities, especially after twelve horses died at Churchill Downs two years ago.

There’s no doubt that the relationships between humans and horses have transformed warfare, agriculture, and society.

Timothy Winegard, a historian at Colorado Mesa University and author of the recent book, The Horse, remarked, “We’ve combined our intellect with the horse’s size, strength, stamina, and speed to create the most unstoppable animal coalition.”

Why Are Horses So Powerful?

The horse’s heart and lungs contribute significantly to its remarkable power.

Hearts typically weigh between 10-12 pounds (4.5-5.4 kg), roughly 1% of the horse’s body weight, compared to about 0.5% for a typical human heart. The famous horse Secretariat, who won the Triple Crown in 1973, was later found to have a heart weighing over 20 pounds (9.1 kg).

A horse’s heart is designed for exercise, with a resting heart rate around 34 beats per minute that can rise to 220 or 240 during a race—much faster than a human’s maximum during intense exertion.

Derma Sotogake training on the mornings of the 2023 Kentucky Derby.
Andy Lions/Getty Images

“One unique aspect of horses is their incredible capacity to circulate blood throughout their bodies. They can achieve high heart rates while remaining safe,” explained Sarah Reed, a researcher at the University of Connecticut.

Additionally, horses possess a lung capacity of 60 liters, ten times that of a human.

“This extensive lung capacity allows oxygen to efficiently transfer from the air to the blood, which is essential for sustaining aerobic energy,” noted Farmer.

Recent research published in the journal Science indicates that genetic mutations enable horses to mitigate the adverse effects associated with ultra-high energy production.

“Horses are exceptional athletes because they can deliver significantly more oxygen to their muscles than elite Olympic athletes. They have larger energy reserves and more efficient systems…and these mutations play a role in both aspects.”

What Contributes to a Horse’s Speed and Skills?

Various biological characteristics enhance a horse’s abilities.

Horses store excess red blood cells in their spleens, which are released to enhance oxygen transport during intense exertion.

“During exercise, adrenaline triggers the spleen to circulate these excess red blood cells,” said veterinarian Hillary Clayton. “Essentially, what a horse accomplishes is a form of ‘natural blood doping.’”

Honoring Marie at Churchill Downs in 2024.
Charlie Riedel / AP

Furthermore, a horse’s brain is adept at processing sensory information and reacting swiftly. Although their frontal lobe—the section associated with thinking and planning—is proportionally smaller than that of humans, horses are hardwired for play and independent running without fear, as explained by Dr. Scott Bailey, a veterinarian at Clayborne Farm. This focus is critical for athletic performance.

The bone structure and muscle makeup are also advantageous. The ligaments and tendons in their hind legs function like springs, and as Farmer noted, like other large prey animals, they possess “long, slender legs designed for running.”

What Are the Risks for Horses?

Adjustments that enhance a horse’s speed also increase the risk of injuries. Their slender legs endure the impact of each stride, and over time, repetitive stress during racing and training can lead to tendon and ligament damage, Reed stated.

In 2023, fatalities occurred not only at Churchill Downs but also at other major racecourses, affecting public perceptions of the sport and prompting changes. No specific cause of death was identified. However, in 2024, Churchill Downs improved the equipment used on its racing surfaces and added a veterinarian dedicated to horse safety and integrity.

Source: www.nbcnews.com

COVID-19 can lie dormant in the lungs for as long as 18 months

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SARS-CoV-2 Virus Persistence Study

The SARS-CoV-2 Virus Persistence Study

The SARS-CoV-2 virus can remain in the lungs for up to 18 months after infection, a study has found, challenging the notion that it is undetectable after initial recovery. This persistence is associated with a failure of the innate immune system. This study confirms the existence of “viral reservoirs” similar to those found in HIV and highlights the role of NK cells in controlling these reservoirs. This discovery is extremely important for understanding long-term COVID-19 infections and the mechanisms of viral persistence.

Groundbreaking research reveals:

SARS-CoV-2 Due to malfunctioning of the innate immune system, it can remain in the lungs for months, undetected, leading to long-term COVID-19 infections. 1 to 2 weeks after being infected with the new coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) virus It is generally undetectable in the upper respiratory tract. But does that mean it’s not present in the body? To find out, a team at the Institut Pasteur, which specializes in HIV, teamed up with France’s public research institute, the Commission for Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy (CEA), to study lung cells in animal models. It was conducted. This finding not only shows that SARS-CoV-2 can be detected in the lungs of certain individuals for up to 18 months after infection, but also that its persistence is associated with a failure of innate immunity, the first line of defense against the pathogen. It also shows that this is the case. ).This study was published in the journal innate immunology.

Discovery of virus carriers in the new coronavirus infection (COVID-19)

After causing an infection, some viruses remain in the body in a discreet and undetectable form. They remain in what is known as the “viral reservoir.” This is the case with HIV, which is latent in certain immune cells and can reactivate at any time. The same may be the case with the SARS-CoV-2 virus. COVID-19 (new coronavirus infection). At least, this is the hypothesis proposed in 2021 by a team of scientists at the Pasteur Institute, and now confirmed in a preclinical model in non-human primates.

“We observed that inflammation persisted for a long time in primates infected with SARS-CoV-2. We therefore thought that the presence of the virus in the body could be the cause,” said Pass. explains Michaela Müller Tortwin, head of the HIV, Inflammation and Persistence Unit at the Toole Institute. This study showed that the SARS-CoV-2 virus is transmitted from one macrophage to another through bridge-like cell processes, allowing it to spread. The cell nucleus is highlighted in pink and the viral protein NSP3 is highlighted in green. Credit: © Marie Lazzerini, Nicolas Huot, Institut Pasteur research result To study the persistence of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, scientists at the Institut Pasteur collaborated with CEA’s IDMIT (Infectious Disease Models for Innovative Therapies) Center to study the persistence of the SARS-CoV-2 virus from animal models infected with the virus. The collected biological samples were analyzed. Early results from the study show that the virus was detected in some people’s lungs 6 to 18 months after infection, even though it was not detected in their upper respiratory tract or blood. Another finding was that the amount of residual virus in the lungs was lower with the Omicron strain than with the original SARS-CoV-2 strain. “We were really surprised that we found the virus in specific immune cells (alveolar macrophages) after such a long period of time, when routine PCR testing was negative,” said the study’s lead author. Yes, says Nicolas Huot, a researcher in HIV, inflammation and inflammation at the Institut Pasteur. Persistence unit.

“Furthermore, we were able to culture these viruses and use the tools we developed to study HIV to observe that the viruses were still able to replicate.” To understand the role of innate immunity in controlling these viral reservoirs, scientists next turned to NK (natural killer) cells. “The innate immune cellular response, the body’s first line of defense, has so far been little studied in the context of SARS-CoV-2 infection,” says Michaela Müller-Turtwin. “However, it has long been known that NK cells play an important role in controlling viral infections.” The study found that in some animals, macrophages infected with SARS-CoV-2 were destroyed by NK cells. In other animals, NK cells have been shown to adapt to infection and destroy resistant cells (known as adaptive NK cells). For macrophages. Therefore, this study sheds light on a possible mechanism explaining the existence of ‘viral reservoirs’. People who had little or no virus over time had adaptive NK cell production, whereas people with higher levels of virus not only had no adaptive NK cells, but only cell activation. NK cell activity also decreases. Therefore, innate immunity appears to play a role in controlling persistent SARS-CoV-2 virus.

Future research directions

“We will undertake a study of a cohort infected with SARS-CoV-2 early in the pandemic to investigate whether the identified viral reservoirs and mechanisms are associated with long-lasting COVID-19 cases. “However, the results here already represent an important step in understanding the nature of the virus reservoir and the mechanisms regulating virus survival,” says Michaela Müller-Turtwin.

Reference:

“SARS-CoV-2 virus persistence in lung alveolar macrophages is controlled by IFN-γ and NK cells”, Nicolas Huot, Cyril Planchais, Pierre Rosenbaum, Vanessa Contreras, Beatrice Jacquelin, Caroline Petitdemange, By Marie Lazzerini, Emma Beaumont, Aurelio Horta-Rezendis, Felix A. Rey, R. Keith Reeves, Roger Le Grand, Hugo Mouquet, Michaela Müller-Tourtuin, November 2, 2023. innate immunology.

This research was primarily funded by families of major donors as part of the Coronavirus Research Program Call for Projects.


Source: scitechdaily.com