Tag Archives: caterpillars

Wax moth caterpillars can metabolically digest plastic and convert it into body fat.

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Plastic polymers are everywhere in our daily lives, and their durability makes them suitable for numerous uses, yet effective disposal remains a significant issue. Recent discoveries of various plastiboa insects reveal their extraordinary capability to consume and swiftly decompose petroplastics. Specifically focusing on caterpillars of the Great Wax Moth (Galleria Mellonella)—commonly known as wax worms—and low-density polyethylene, researchers have explored the extent of plastic consumption, the roles of insects and their microbiota in biodegradation, and the impact of plastic ingestion on larvae health.

Polyethylene decomposition using wax worms. Left: Plastic bag after 12 hours of exposure to approximately 100 wax worms. Right: Enlarge the area shown in the image on the left. Image credit: Bomb et al doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2017.02.060.

Plastic is essential in contemporary life, but its disposal is extremely challenging due to its resistance to biodegradation.

In 2017, researchers illustrated that larger wax moth caterpillars can effectively break down polyethylene plastics.

Polyethylene is the most widely produced plastic globally, with an annual production exceeding 100 million tons.

This plastic’s chemical properties make it resistant to decomposition, often taking decades or even centuries to fully break down.

“Around 2,000 wax worms can degrade an entire polyethylene bag within just 24 hours, and we believe that supplementing this process with nutrients like sugar could significantly decrease the required number of worms,” said Dr. Brian Catthorne, a biologist at Brandon University.

“However, understanding the biological mechanisms and fitness implications linked to plastic biodegradation is crucial for harnessing wax worms for large-scale plastic remediation.”

Utilizing diverse methods combining animal physiology, materials science, molecular biology, and genomics, Dr. Catthorne and colleagues examined wax worms, their bacterial microbiome, and the potential for extensive plastic biodegradation, including the effects of wax worms on their health and survival.

“This scenario is akin to consuming steaks. When over-saturated, excess fat is stored in adipose tissue as lipid reserves instead of being used as energy,” Dr. Catthorne explained.

“Waxworms have a proclivity for polyethylene, yet this study indicates that such a diet can lead to rapid mortality.”

“They cannot survive for more than a few days on plastic-exclusive diets and undergo substantial mass loss.”

“Nonetheless, we are optimistic about devising a co-supply strategy that not only restores fitness to a natural level.”

Researchers have pinpointed two ways in which wax worms could aid in tackling the ongoing plastic pollution dilemma.

“Firstly, as part of a circular economy, we can efficiently process large quantities of rear wax worms derived from the supplemented polyethylene diet,” Dr. Catthorne noted.

“Secondly, we could explore redesigning the plastic biodegradation pathways outside of these insects.”

“A further advantage is that mass-producing wax worms yields a significant surplus of insect biomass, offering additional economic prospects for aquaculture.”

“Our preliminary findings suggest they could be incorporated into a nutrient-rich diet for commercially available food fish.”

The author presented these survey results today at the Society for Experimental Biology Annual Conference in Antwerp, Belgium.

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Brian J. Catthorne et al. Plastic biodegradation by insects. SEB 2025 Summary #A17.4

Source: www.sci.news

Bone Collector Caterpillars: Not Just Playing with Their Food, They’re Wearing It.

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Hawaii is a beautiful tropical paradise and home to terrifying, eerie rawly predators. There is Spiders blocking their prey in the air And it poisons It can extend nearly 15 inches long.

And there is the evolutionary rarity of carnivorous caterpillars. And now, scientists have discovered not only a food for other insects, but also a very hungry caterpillar.

Called The Bone Collector, this scary taste in Caterpillar and Couture was explained in the Journal on Thursday Science. “The behavior was completely unknown,” said Daniel Rubinoff, an entomologist and research author at the University of Hawaii at Manoa. His team initially compared caterpillars to raw crime scenes.

Bone collector’s caterpillar is found only within the six-square miles of a single mountain range on Oahu. So it only exists in co-necks spun by spiders in logs and rock caves. When caterpillars almost slip about the web, they clean dead insects and other arthropods that have been soaked in sticky silk.

According to David Wagner, an entomologist at the University of Connecticut, Caterpillar’s reliance on Spiders presents one of nature’s most unlikely connections, as he was not involved in new research. “It’s amazing how caterpillars tie their fate to spiders. It’s clear and current danger for both caterpillars and moth,” Dr. Wagner said. He only knows one other species that frequently visits spider nets. But the species are vegetarians who snack on plant ingredients caught in the web.

Dr. Rubinoff first encountered the bone collector’s caterpillar in 2008 while examining the inner web of a hollow tree. Caterpillars are extremely rare. Over 150 field studies in the area produced only 62 bone collector specimens.

Scientists determined that bone collectors belong to hyposporoma, a diverse genus of small moth species found only in Hawaii. The larva stage rotates silk protective cases that resemble everything from Kandi wrappers to cigars.

Like hermit crabs, these caterpillars carry their cases before moving before appearing as fully grown moth. Some species decorate mobile homes with wood, algae and shells to blend into the environment.

Bone collector Caterpillar gives an eerie spin on his practice. Using silk, caterpillars weave small pieces of dead insects they encounter on the spider web. Researchers have identified parts from six families of insects attached to caterpillars, including the heads of weevils and the abdomen of beetles. Caterpillar also incorporates fragments of the exoskeleton molted by Arachnid’s neighbors.

Dr. Rubinoff and his colleagues brought some bone collectors back to the lab. They were surprised at how loud the caterpillars were when they were to decorate their lawsuit. “These caterpillars can identify differences in the objects of their environment,” Dr. Rubinov said. The larvae chose to avoid other available debris and harvest only from insect corpses.

But the ruins are not. Caterpillar uses the lower jaw to carefully rotate and investigate future body parts. Something too large will bite you in a more comfortable size.

The caterpillars gathering bones are too noisy about their diet. The team discovered that caterpillars, including one another, eat insect prey that can catch.

But they have to fight against an eight-legged landowner. The team observed bone collector caterpillars that frequently and frequently visit the web of at least four introduced spider species. The team assumes that Caterpillar’s horrifying outfits will help disguise them among insects trapped in the web. Dr. Wagner suspects caterpillars will undermine the appeal of their culinary culinary by disguising them as “a pile of garbage” of objects that the spiders didn’t scarf down.

The bone collector approach appears to be working. Researchers never observed spiders consuming bone collectors or engulfing them in silk.

The team studied bone collector genetics and determined that it was likely that it diverged from other carnivorous hypofluvium caterpillars more than 5 million years ago. This may be millions of years before Oahu emerged from beneath the sea, and the ancestors of bone collectors once lived on other islands.

Bone collector’s current paradise slices may be at risk. Caterpillars have adapted to thrive in nets spun by non-native spider species, but their habitat is threatened by invasive ants and parasitic wasps. According to Dr. Rubinoff, conservation attention is desperately needed to save endemic arthropods in Hawaii.

Source: www.nytimes.com

New research indicates that caterpillars are able to detect predatory wasps through the emission of static electricity.

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Predatory wasps are electrically charged and emit electric fields, and their larvae respond to these fields with defensive behaviour, according to a new study from the University of Bristol.

Sam J. England and Daniel Robert discovered that some terrestrial animals can sense the electric fields emitted by electrostatically charged predators and use this sensation to mount defensive actions. These photos show the four animal species examined in the study: (A) A Cinnabarga larva (Tilia jacobae) Taking a defensive posture. (B) The larva of a rare transpiration moth (Terrorcrus Rekens) in a defensive coiled position. (C) The larva of the European peacock butterfly (Aglais), (D) a predatory common hornet in the middle of a defensive maneuver (HornetImage credit: Sam J. England & Daniel Robert, doi: 10.1073/pnas.2322674121.

“Many animals naturally build up static electricity on their bodies as they move around in their environment, and we knew that static electricity can push or pull on other charged objects,” said researcher Sam England, from the University of Bristol.

“In particular, we knew that insect hairs can be moved by electric fields emitted by electrostatically charged objects, in the same way that an electrically charged balloon can move hair on the head.”

“This got us thinking: What if prey animals like caterpillars could detect predators by sensing the electric fields emitted by the predators?”

“Could the static electricity of a predator like a wasp be enough to alert the caterpillar to the approach of the wasp, by pushing and pulling on the caterpillar's sensory hairs?”

Dr England and his colleague, Professor Daniel Robert, from the University of Bristol, measured how much static electricity the wasps and caterpillars had picked up by passing them through a static sensor.

The researchers then fed these charge values ​​into a computational model to mathematically predict how strong the electric field would be as the wasp approached the larvae on the plant.

When the caterpillars reacted defensively to these conditions, they were able to determine whether it was sensory hairs that were detecting the electricity by using a laser to detect tiny vibrations and measuring how much the hairs moved in response to electric fields of different frequencies.

The results are concerning because they show that the caterpillars are also sensitive to the frequencies of electric fields emitted by power lines and other electronic devices.

This means that humans may be filling the environment with electrical “noise” that interferes with animals' ability to detect predators.

Dr England continued: “We now feel it is extremely urgent to assess whether introducing a new type of sensory pollution – electrical noise – is interfering with the ability of caterpillars, and other animals, to detect predators.”

Almost all terrestrial animals seem to accumulate static electricity, so this static sense may be widespread, and the discovery that static electricity plays a role in these ecological interactions would open up an entirely new dimension to our understanding of how animals sense each other, and more generally, how and why animals evolve in certain ways.

“Our study suggests that terrestrial animals may be able to use static electricity as a predator-detection cue,” Dr England said.

“This is likely an ability that is particularly widespread in insects and small animals such as spiders and scorpions.”

“This study provides the first example of an animal detecting predators by sensing static electricity emitted by the predator.”

“This reveals a new dimension of predator-prey interactions on land, but also suggests a previously unnoticed way in which we may be negatively impacting wildlife by introducing sources of electrosensory pollution.”

of study Published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

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Sam J. England & Daniel Robert. 2024. Prey can detect predators via airborne electroreception. PNAS 121(23):e2322674121; doi:10.1073/pnas.2322674121

Source: www.sci.news