Revolutionary findings from the Atacama Large Millimeter/Submillimeter Array (ALMA) have uncovered scorching intracluster gas in the young galaxy cluster SPT2349-56, just 1.4 billion years post-Big Bang. This groundbreaking discovery challenges existing models of galaxy cluster evolution.

The SPT2349-56 galaxy cluster is located approximately 12.4 billion light-years away, providing a glimpse into the universe when it was only 1.4 billion years old, or about ten percent of its current age.

This compact protocluster hosts multiple actively growing supermassive black holes and over 30 starburst galaxies.

These starburst galaxies are forming stars at a staggering rate—1,000 times faster than the Milky Way—and are densely packed within a space only three times larger than the Milky Way itself.

“We were not prepared to discover such a hot stellar atmosphere at this early stage in the universe’s history,” remarked Dazhi Zhou, a Ph.D. candidate at the University of British Columbia.

Astronomers utilized a unique observation methodology known as thermal observation, particularly employing the Sunyaev Zeldovich (tSZ) Effect.

This approach identifies faint shadows cast by hot electrons in galaxy clusters against the faint cosmic microwave background, rather than the light emitted directly by the gas.

Previously, astronomers believed that galaxy clusters lacked the maturity required for their gas to heat up and evolve during the early cosmic era.

The discovery of hot cluster atmospheres had never been recorded within the initial 3 billion years following the Big Bang.

“SPT2349-56 reshapes our understanding,” stated Professor Scott Chapman, a researcher at Dalhousie University and the University of British Columbia.

“Our findings indicate that the cluster’s atmosphere is superheating remarkably early—just 1.4 billion years after the Big Bang—during a period when we anticipated the gas to be cooler and accumulating slowly.”

“This raises the possibility that the formation of large clusters could heat their gas much more efficiently and intensely than our current models suggest.”

The intense explosion from SPT2349-56’s supermassive black hole, identified as a bright radio galaxy, may be an efficient mechanism for superheating the surrounding gas, according to the study.

This discovery implies that energetic phenomena, such as outbursts from supermassive black holes or violent starbursts, might have played significant roles in rapidly heating the gas in early galaxy clusters within the first billion years of the universe.

This superheating may be crucial for transforming these young, cold galaxy clusters into the vast, hot galaxy clusters observed today.

Current models may require reassessment regarding our understanding of how galaxies and their environments evolve.

This finding marks the earliest direct detection of hot cluster gases, pushing the boundaries of astronomical research into these environments.

The identification of a significant reservoir of hot plasma at such an early cosmic epoch forces scientists to reconsider the sequence and pace of galaxy cluster evolution.

It also generates new inquiries about the interplay between supermassive black holes and galaxy formation in shaping the universe.

“SPT2349-56 serves as an intriguing laboratory,” Zhou commented.

“We are witnessing intense star formation, energetic supermassive black holes, and this superheated atmosphere all confined within young, dense star clusters.”

“There remains a considerable observational gap between this chaotic initial phase and the more tranquil clusters observed later in cosmic history.”

“Mapping the evolution of the universe’s atmosphere over time will be a compelling avenue for future exploration.”

For further reading, see the published results in the journal Nature dated January 5, 2026.

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Zhou D. et al. Detection of hot intracluster gas at redshift 4.3 via Sunyaev Zeldovich. Nature, published online January 5, 2026. doi: 10.1038/s41586-025-09901-3