US Lab Closure Will Significantly Hinder Climate Research

National Center for Atmospheric Research in Boulder, Colorado

Matthew Jonas/MediaNews Group/Boulder Daily Camera (via Getty Images)

The decision by the Trump administration to shut down the premier center for atmospheric research could jeopardize weather forecasting and climate modeling, increasing the risks posed by global warming.

In a statement to USA Today, White House official Russ Vought mentioned that the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) is viewed as a source of “climate change concerns” and will be disbanded. The plan includes the discontinuation of Green New Fraud Research, with “essential capacities” like weather modeling and supercomputing to be relocated.

NCAR’s models provide vital support for reports from the United Nations’ Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, which are crucial for countries in establishing measures to lower carbon emissions and adapt to severe weather.

“Ceasing operations would amplify uncertainty regarding our climate future and hinder our preparation efforts,” asserts Michael Meredith from the British Antarctic Survey. “It’s difficult to view this as anything other than silencing the messenger.”

Established in 1960 to advance atmospheric science, NCAR employs 830 individuals conducting research that spans “from the ocean floor to the core of the sun.” According to its unofficial motto, it manages programs monitoring everything from floods and wildfires to space weather.

NCAR developed the GPS dropsonde, a device equipped with sensors that is deployed into hurricanes, significantly enhancing our understanding of tropical cyclones. This has started a revolution in weather research. The researchers also designed a wind shear warning system for airports, saving numerous lives by preventing crashes.

However, one of its major contributions lies in providing data, modeling, and supercomputing resources to other researching entities. Weather Underground, one of the pioneers in offering localized weather forecasts online in the 1990s, credits its founding on the software and weather data developed by NCAR, according to meteorologist Jeff Masters.

NCAR is responsible for developing and managing weather research and forecasting models that are extensively utilized for daily forecasts and regional climate studies. They will continue to collaborate with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration to enhance weather modeling aimed at predicting extreme storms.

If this critical work faces disruption, it could lead to a decline in the accuracy of weather apps and TV news forecasts at a time when abnormal weather patterns are increasingly frequent. Masters likens the situation to “halting weapons research and development on the eve of World War II.”

“Without knowledge of impending dangers, more lives will be at stake,” he warns.

NCAR oversees the Community Earth System Model (CESM), the first global climate model developed specifically for universities. CESM facilitates diverse research efforts, from estimating current global carbon emissions to predicting upcoming changes in ocean currents, heat wave frequency, and ice melt.

“This model is arguably the most utilized globally,” states Richard Rood at the University of Michigan.

Twice a year, NCAR organizes user meetings to gather insights on improving the model, which can be operated on a server or downloaded for local modifications. The closure may jeopardize the ongoing maintenance and development of CESM and its bug fixes.

Colin Carlson from Yale University was among numerous scientists who took to social media to highlight NCAR’s importance. He utilizes climate models to predict the requirements for cholera and yellow fever vaccines as the climate evolves and anticipates dengue fever outbreaks in Florida. “We need NCAR to perform our roles effectively,” Carlson emphasized in a recent post.

NCAR also operates a modified C-130 cargo plane and a Gulfstream business jet designed for research purposes, reaching the stratosphere and facilitating the operation of King Air propeller planes that study cloud physics.

From 2009 to 2011, the Gulfstream jet successfully conducted its inaugural comprehensive flight, traversing from the North to South Poles multiple times and reaching altitudes between 150 meters and 9000 meters. Their investigation measured CO2 and other atmospheric gases. They also gathered data on solar corona during the 2017 solar eclipse.

Rood noted that the aircraft assists in monitoring air pollution and calibrating satellite instruments.

The research conducted by NCAR on aerosols is crucial for understanding geoengineering effects, especially proposals aimed at mitigating abrupt climate changes through aerosol diffusion to shield sunlight.

“Elimination of such climate research will lead to decisions regarding geoengineering and tipping points being made in a blind manner,” Rood cautioned.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Infrared Contact Lenses Enable Night Vision or Eyelid Closure

Researchers have created prototype infrared contact lenses that enable users to see in the dark or even with their eyes closed.

The innovative prototype, developed by the University of Science and Technology in China, incorporates nanoparticles that transform infrared light into visible light.

Contact lenses infused with nanoparticles were provided to volunteers as part of the study recently published in the journal Cell. Participants successfully detected a flashing signal from infrared rays, which are normally invisible to the naked eye.

The transparent lenses permitted participants to perceive both visible and infrared light simultaneously.

“We discovered that when subjects close their eyes, near-infrared light penetrates the eyelids more efficiently than visible light, allowing us to capture this flickering information more effectively,” stated Tian Xue, the lead researcher from the University of Science and Technology in China.

These nanoparticles absorb near-infrared (NIR) light with wavelengths ranging from 800 to 1600 nanometers, which is beyond human visual perception. They then re-emit this light within the visible range of 400 to 700 nanometers.

Currently, near-infrared light is utilized in active night vision goggles, which illuminate the environment with infrared rays and convert that light into a visible format for users.

Active Night Vision Goggles illuminate the landscape with infrared rays and convert this into visible wavelengths – Credit: Getty Images/StockByte

However, if you’re hoping to see the world as “faithfully” portrayed in Predators, you may be disappointed—longer wavelengths are required for that effect.

At present, the contact lenses are sensitive enough to detect light emitted from infrared LEDs.

While the lenses initially struggled to capture fine details, the research team was able to enhance this capability by using an additional set of glasses.

Nanoparticles can be modified to emit light in various colors, improving the clarity and interpretation of infrared images. There may even be potential to alter visible light performance.

“By converting red visible light to green visible light, this technology could become invisible to those who are colorblind,” explains Xue.

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Source: www.sciencefocus.com

The closure of Xbox 360’s innovative online store marks the end of a gaming era | Gaming

TThe Xbox 360 digital store is the latest to go offline, following the closure of the Wii U and 3DS stores in March. About 220 games were shut down on Monday, according to the analysis. Video Game ChroniclesPreservationists at the Video Game History Foundation Made a funeral cake.

When it comes to backward compatibility and game preservation, Microsoft is arguably the best of the big companies. Despite the loss of 220 games, the majority of the Xbox 360 back catalogue is legally playable on subsequent consoles. It’s also worth noting that the Xbox 360 Marketplace lasted for nearly 20 years (the console was released in late 2005). It wasn’t the first digital store for the console, but it was the first one I used, and I’m sure many UK players did too. The Xbox 360 was the most popular console of its generation in the UK. Looking back, the Marketplace was astonishingly ahead of its time.

In the 2000s, brick-and-mortar video game retail still ruled the roost, and retailers had a lot of influence over game pricing and distribution. Back then, offering digital-only games risked retaliation from players like Electronics Boutique and Game. I remember reports at the time reporting rumors that some stores were threatening to not stock Xbox 360s at all, because allowing players to download games digitally would severely undermine retailers’ business models. (To be fair, they were right; video game retail had been in a protracted death spiral for years.)

The Xbox 360 Marketplace didn’t bring about a big change on its own. The transition to digital stores was gradual, with all the major players, from Steam to Sony to Nintendo, playing a role over the years. “Digital was somewhat additive to retail to begin with,” says Chris Dring, head of GamesIndustry.biz. “At the time, over 90% of console games were bought in a box that sat on the shelves of stores like GameShop or Tesco, but it wasn’t until 2019 that the majority of AAA console games (51%) were downloaded rather than boxed. The Xbox Live Marketplace was primarily where people bought DLC and occasional indie gems that were only accessible via digital stores. But it was fundamentally the beginning of the transition to the digital future we live in today. Now everyone is copying what Xbox did with Xbox Live and the Marketplace.”




Shoppers look at computer games at an electronics boutique on Oxford Street in London. Photo: Graham Turner/The Guardian

But what the Xbox 360 Marketplace really changed for console players was how Which There’s a limited number of games you can buy, and while it’s always been possible to download and play small, experimental games on PC, the same wasn’t possible on consoles before the Xbox 360. I think the Marketplace directly enabled the indie renaissance of 2010 and beyond by giving smaller game developers and publishers a way to sell their games to millions of console players without the expense and logistical issues of releasing boxed copies.

Starting with the original Xbox and gaining momentum in the 360 era, Xbox Live Arcade was revolutionary. Every week a new, small, downloadable game under £10 was released, from developers big and small. I played hundreds of games this way, and they were some of the first unboxed games I owned. Among them were Limbo, Fez, Geometry Wars, Super Meat Boy, and the greatest version of Uno ever (don’t @ me). There’s a strong case to be made that the Xbox 360 Marketplace introduced indie games to millions of console players.

As Dring points out, digitalisation also has its downsides: “In 2005, Xbox (and PlayStation and Nintendo) were platforms. Now they are the platform, the distributor, and the retailer. They control the whole chain. And they are increasingly becoming media themselves, through their websites, YouTube channels, and announcement videos.”

We’ve become so used to downloading games digitally that it’s easy to forget how refreshing it once was. Saying goodbye to the Xbox 360 Marketplace also means saying goodbye to an era of gaming where even DLC felt new and exciting. I rather miss those days, and the long hours of late-night gaming on Xbox 360 Uno.

What to Play




Short and sweet…Thank you so much for having me here! Photo: Panic

A very British slapstick comedy game Thank you so much for coming! It was released today, and the reviews (including our own) have been rave. Created by two Barnsley residents and set in the fictional northern town of Barnsworth, which seems to be built around visual gags, it’s short and sweet, but packed with great jokes and quirky situational comedy in the tradition of Monty Python and the Mighty Boosh.

Available on: Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4/5, PC
Estimated playtime:
3 hours

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Question Block




XCOM: Enemy unknown. Photo: Filaxis

reader Akshay Question of the week:

“I recently finished Yakuza 7: Whereabouts of Light and Darkness and found myself completely lethargic for a few days after completing it. I’d spent nearly 180 hours playing the game and had developed some good habits, so it was a real shock when I had to say goodbye. What’s the best way to get out of a post-game slump?

Ah, I know that feeling! I remember beating XCOM (above) in one weekend, saving the world, then sitting aimlessly on the couch in my pajamas, not knowing what to do next. I remember playing The Elder Scrolls: Oblivion for so long that I left my apartment after the credits finished and walked listlessly around the city. TV shows and books can give you that same feeling when it’s time to say goodbye to characters and worlds you’ve lived with for a while. But games are much more time-intensive, and much more immersive. Ending a game can feel like a farewell.

And just like after a breakup, it’s not a good idea to jump right into a new game; it only invites negative comparisons. So in between big games, go out, read a novel, or grab a drink with a friend you temporarily lost because of Breath of the Wild, and really feel That you’re ready to try something new.

If you have any questions for the Question Block or any other comments about the newsletter, Please email us at pushingbuttons@theguardian.com.

Source: www.theguardian.com