Beans from civet cat droppings possess distinct chemical properties that help explain their gourmet status.

The palm civet (Paradoxulus hermaphroditus), resembling a mongoose, is indigenous to South and Southeast Asia. Civet coffee, or kopi luwak, stands out as one of the most extraordinary luxury drinks, fetching over $1,000 per kilogram of beans that have undergone digestion by a civet.

Kopi luwak is primarily produced in Indonesia, the Philippines, and Vietnam, with minor production in other nations like India and Timor-Leste. However, animal rights organizations are advocating for consumers to avoid this industry. They allege that many civets are kept in deplorable cage conditions.

To investigate how coffee beans transform during a civet’s digestive process, Parati Aresh Shinu and their research team from the Central University of Kerala in India gathered coffee samples from five farms near Kodagu in the Western Ghats of India.

These farms are home to civets that roam freely, and workers regularly collect beans from their droppings to blend with the harvest of tree-grown coffee beans. “At our site, civets and planters interacted harmoniously,” Sinu mentions. “We aim to educate farmers regarding the chemical composition.”

The researchers retrieved around 70 pieces of civet dung containing coffee beans and subsequently hand-harvested the coffee from the Robusta trees on the plantation, performing tests to analyze crucial chemical elements like fat and caffeine.

The fat content of civet beans was notably higher than that of beans directly from trees, while levels of caffeine, protein, and acid were marginally lower. This decrease in acidity is likely a result of fermentation during digestion.

Significant differences were also found in the volatile organic compounds present in civet coffee versus regular coffee beans. Some of these compounds can be found in conventional coffee, while civet beans either lack them altogether or possess only trace amounts.

The research team proposes that the elevated fat content in civet coffee may enhance its distinctive aroma and flavor, while reduced protein levels could lessen bitterness.

Sinu criticized the practice of confining civet cats for kopi luwak production, expressing hope that further studies could lead to the development of an artificial fermentation process mirroring the coffee’s natural chemical composition.

“We believe that the gut microbiome might play a role in the fermentation process,” Sinu explains. “Understanding the enzymes involved in digestion and fermentation could enable us to produce civet coffee artificially.”