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Albanian mines reveal large reserves of natural hydrogen gas underground

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Albanian mine where hydrogen naturally seeps through rocks

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The largest flow of natural hydrogen gas ever recorded has been measured deep in an Albanian mine. The discovery could help locate underground reserves of this clean fuel.

“The lather is really intense,” he says. Laurent Truche Researchers at France’s Grenoble-Alpes University measured gas in a pool of water about a kilometer underground. “It’s like a jacuzzi.”

Companies are currently searching for natural hydrogen deposits around the world as a source of clean fuel, but there is scant evidence that this “golden hydrogen” has accumulated in large quantities. Most claims about vast subsurface hydrogen deposits rely on extrapolation rather than direct measurements.

In search of more substantive evidence, Truche and his colleagues descended on Albania’s Balkizekromite mine. There, hydrogen gas escaping from the rocks has caused several explosions. The mine is also located in an outcrop of iron-rich rocks known as ophiolites. In other places, such as Oman, water is known to react with such rocks to produce hydrogen.

The researchers found that more than 80% of the gas bubbling out of the pool was hydrogen, mixed with methane and small amounts of nitrogen. That gas was flowing at a rate of 11 tons per year, almost an order of magnitude more than any other gas. Flow of hydrogen gas measured from a single point source elsewhere on the Earth’s surface.

To determine the source of the gas, the researchers also modeled various geological scenarios that could produce such flows. They found that the most likely scenario is that the gas is coming from a deeper reservoir of hydrogen accumulated in faults beneath the mine. Based on the geometry of the fault, they estimate that the reservoir contains at least 5,000 to 50,000 tons of hydrogen.

“This is one of the largest amounts of natural hydrogen ever measured,” he says. Eric Gaucher an independent geochemist focused on natural hydrogen.

But he says it’s still not a huge amount. Jeffrey Ellis At the U.S. Geological Survey. But evidence of stable hydrogen accumulation supports the idea that there is more hydrogen stored underground, he says. “We need to look deeper.”

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Bloodstains at crime scene reveal forensic evidence from tail

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Recent research published in fluid physics Scientists at Boston University and the University of Utah have introduced a new aspect of bloodstain analysis. This study focused on the “tail” of the bloodstain, which could provide additional information about the blood droplet’s size, velocity, and impact angle. These discoveries represent a major advance in forensic science, with implications for crime scene reconstruction and verification of eyewitness testimony.

New research in forensic science has revealed that the “tail” of a bloodstain provides important information about the origin of the blood droplet, enhancing crime scene analysis and evidence interpretation.

Forensic science has taken the public imagination by storm, as evidenced by the abundance of “true crime” media over the past decade or so. Evidence such as blood left at a crime scene can now reveal key information for investigating and understanding the circumstances of a crime, and scientific methods can help interpret that information. , now almost everyone knows.

in fluid physicsA group of scientists from Boston University and the University of Utah have demonstrated in AIP Publishing how bloodstains can yield even more valuable details than those typically collected by detectives, forensic scientists, and crime scene investigators. The researchers studied how these “tails” form by examining protrusions that deviate from the boundaries of oval bloodstains.

“These protrusions are typically only used to figure out the direction in which the droplet has moved, and are otherwise ignored,” says author James Byrd.

Within a few milliseconds, tiny droplets of blood impact the solid surface, forming the shape of a stain. Of particular interest is a protrusion that occurs on the right side and deviates from the boundaries of the oval stain.Credit: James C. Byrd

In fact, previous studies have mainly focused on large blood droplets that fall vertically onto flat or inclined surfaces, where gravity can distort the shape of the tail and make it difficult to see. In contrast, the new study involved a series of high-speed experiments in which droplets of human blood, less than a millimeter in diameter, were bombarded with horizontal surfaces at different angles.

“We showed that the precise flow that determines the length of the tail is different from the flow that is responsible for the size and shape of the oval part of the stain,” Bird said. “In other words, the tail length contains additional, independent information that helps analysts reconstruct where the blood drop actually came from.”

Indeed, the tail length may reflect information about the size, impact velocity, and impact angle of the blood droplet that formed the stain. Measuring multiple blood stains within a stain pattern allows the trajectory of the droplet to be traced back to its presumed origin.

Although their analysis only used horizontal planes to examine impact velocity dynamics, Byrd and colleagues hope this will spark further research focusing on the tail length of bloodstain patterns. Masu. They believe that incorporating tail length into standard bloodstain analysis will provide more robust evidence information.

“Knowing the origin of bloodstains at a crime scene can help detectives determine whether the victim was standing or sitting, and corroborate or challenge eyewitness testimony,” Byrd said. said.

Reference: “Bloodstain Tail: Asymmetry helps reconstruct oblique shocks” by Garam Lee, Daniel Attinger, Kenneth F. Martin, Samira Shiri, and James C. Byrd, November 2023 21st of the month fluid physics.
DOI: 10.1063/5.0170124

Source: scitechdaily.com