Homo Floresiensis: Evidence Suggests No Hunting of Stegodonts or Fire Use

Posted on July 5, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Recent discoveries by paleoanthropologists regarding Homo floresiensis—a remarkable species identified on the Indonesian island of Flores in 2003—have raised intriguing questions about its evolutionary significance. Although these small-statured hominins stood only 109 centimeters (3.5 feet) tall and possessed brains about a third the size of modern humans, they were previously believed to have hunted large animals, including elephants, and utilized fire. However, a new study from the Smithsonian Institution’s National Museum of Natural History challenges this notion.

Reconstruction of Homo floresiensis. Image credit: Elizabeth Danes.

According to lead author Dr. E. Grace Veitch and colleagues, “Homo floresiensis was initially viewed as exhibiting advanced behavioral traits for a small-brained hominid, based on evidence of fire usage and hunting of large prey.”

The study highlighted the co-discovery of Homo floresiensis and dwarf proboscidians, specifically Stegodon florensis insularis, at Liang Bua alongside significant stone artifacts, which were originally interpreted as indicative of “big game” hunting techniques.

“Some small animal remains at the site showed signs of charring, indicating they were likely cooked,” stated Dr. Veitch, reinforcing the idea that despite their limited brain size, Homo floresiensis demonstrated sophisticated fire usage.

The research involved analyzing over 3,100 Stegodon bone fragments and the remains of approximately 7,000 rodents discovered in Liang Bua Cave.

In their quest to differentiate marks made by stone tools from those left by predators, researchers conducted a feeding experiment at Zoo Atlanta, allowing captive Komodo dragons (Varanus komodoensis) to consume goat carcasses.

They then compared the resulting tooth imprints with those found on fossil bones from Liang Bua.

The results indicated that both humans and Komodo dragons fed on Stegodon carcasses, but damage patterns suggested that the giant reptiles accessed the animals first.

While Komodo dragon tooth marks concentrated on meat-rich bones, the cuts attributed to Homo floresiensis were primarily found on less valuable skeletal parts, such as ribs and phalanges.

Additionally, no evidence of projectile weapons or signs of active hunting were present, suggesting that hominins may have relied on scavenging rather than hunting large prey.

“The evidence indicates that Stegodon remains reflect a mix of primary access by Komodo dragons followed by secondary access by Homo floresiensis,” the researchers concluded.

Evidence of fire use was similarly minimal, with only one rib fragment showing burn marks, leading scientists to hypothesize that it might have been burned by modern humans much later.

Findings from rodent remains revealed a comparable narrative; around 20% of rat bones exhibited signs of burning tied to Homo sapiens, but no evidence of fire damage was found on remains attributed to Homo floresiensis.

Overall, these findings suggest that Homo floresiensis may not have been the technologically advanced hominin once envisioned, but rather a species with limited behavioral complexity.

“Originally, Homo floresiensis was characterized as capable of sophisticated behavior and cognition, potentially as a descendant of Homo erectus adapted for island living,” noted the author. “However, the evidence supporting complex behavior—such as the sophisticated use of tools and fire—has significantly diminished.”

“Lacking control of fire, Homo floresiensis likely did not develop the digestive adaptations seen in other hominids that benefit from cooked food,” the study added.

Furthermore, the postcranial anatomy of Homo floresiensis, including proportions of arms, legs, and feet, renders traditional big game hunting challenging.

“Current evidence suggests that Homo floresiensis did not possess the diverse behavioral repertoire of modern humans or Neanderthals, possibly due to their ancestors’ limited development of hunting and fire control,” the study concludes.

This groundbreaking study was published in the Journal of Scientific Progress on July 3, 2026.

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E. Grace Veitch et al. 2026. Taphonomic analysis at Liang Bua reveals human behavioral and technological capabilities of Homo floresiensis. Scientific Progress 12(27); doi: 10.1126/sciadv.aeb7219

Source: www.sci.news

New Evidence Suggests Life May Not Have Begun on Earth: Discover What Changed Experts’ Minds

Posted on July 1, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

If you’ve been closely following developments in space science, you may have heard about the groundbreaking discovery of DNA’s building blocks on an asteroid. This is a crucial finding for understanding the origins of life.

The latest findings stem from the carbon-rich near-Earth asteroid Ryugu, which was explored by JAXA’s Hayabusa2 spacecraft, returning samples to Earth in 2020.

A recent study published in Nature Astronomy confirms that all five standard nucleobases—the molecular “letters” that encode genetic information in DNA and RNA—are present in these samples.

This finding, combined with similar discoveries from asteroid Bennu and the Murchison meteorite, suggests a broader pattern rather than isolated incidents.

Genetic Letters Etched in Space

Nucleobases are nitrogen-rich molecules that hold genetic information. The five primary nucleobases—adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine, and uracil—pair together along the backbone of DNA and RNA, encoding the instructions necessary for life. Without these nucleobases, life as we know it could not exist.

While the presence of these molecules on an asteroid doesn’t imply life existed there, it does indicate that the chemistry needed to create essential biological ingredients occurs naturally in the universe, a process called abiotic synthesis.

“The important point is that nucleobases formed naturally on primitive asteroids and may be widely distributed across the solar system,” explains Dr. Toshiki Koga, a postdoctoral fellow at the Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC) and the lead author of this study.

The discovery of life’s building blocks in meteorites usually raises concerns about contamination from Earth’s biology. For instance, the presence of organic molecules near a meteorite can complicate interpretations of its origin.

The solution lies in studying the asteroids directly. The Hayabusa2 mission collected samples in space and, before returning to Earth, sealed them in a clean room under an inert gas atmosphere.

“The samples were collected in space and sealed to avoid exposure to Earth’s environment,” Koga states, emphasizing that all analytical processes were conducted under strict contamination controls.

Similarly, NASA’s OSIRIS-REx mission returned samples from asteroid Bennu in 2023, which also contained all five nucleobases.

The Hayabusa2 spacecraft visited asteroid Ryugu on June 27, 2018, and collected 5.4g of samples before returning to Earth in December 2020 – Photo credit: JAXA

Analyzing Chemical Ratios

The Ryugu study offers more than just confirmation of previously expected results; it provides insights into the varying chemical compositions of different asteroids.

Different space rocks exhibit varying proportions of two classes of nucleobases: purines (adenine and guanine, which have a two-ring structure) and pyrimidines (cytosine, thymine, and uracil, which have a simpler single-ring structure).

The Murchison meteorite is rich in purines, Bennu predominantly contains pyrimidines, while Ryugu falls somewhere in between.

Researchers found a strong correlation between the ratio of purines to pyrimidines and the levels of ammonia in each sample. Higher ammonia levels correspond to an increase in pyrimidines, implying a shared yet environmentally sensitive formation pathway.

“By comparing the nucleobase compositions of Ryugu, Bennu, and the meteorite, we have uncovered evidence for a potentially new formation mechanism,” Koga notes, with laboratory experiments underway for further investigation.

Rethinking the Origins of Life

According to Critie Grice, a Professor of Geochemistry at Curtin University who was not involved in the study, the accumulating evidence suggests a shift in our understanding of life’s origins.

“Life did not originate from scratch on Earth; the molecules necessary for life, such as nucleobases, may have formed in space and been delivered to Earth very early on,” she explains.

This reframing of the origin of life narrative suggests that rather than questioning how life produced its essential chemistry on a young Earth, we should consider how Earth organized existing molecular tools into replicating, evolving systems.

In this model, Earth acts more as an assembly line than a chemical laboratory.

The essential ingredients for nucleobase production—carbon, nitrogen, water, and radiation—are abundant throughout the universe.

The chemical processes in molecular clouds and primitive asteroids are common to planetary formation, reinforcing that the chemistry we observe is not unique to our solar system.

“The essential ingredients are widespread in the universe; the processes we’re discussing are foundational to planetary formation,” Grice states.

Large particles collected from asteroid Ryugu during Hayabusa2’s second touchdown, ranging from 3mm to over 10mm – Photo credit: JAXA

If the molecular precursors of life tend to form where planets develop, then the question of life spreading throughout the universe shifts from whether these ingredients exist to whether the conditions for their utilization will ever arise.

However, it’s essential to clarify that nucleobases themselves are not DNA or life forms. Transitioning from nucleobases to self-replicating molecules that can undergo Darwinian evolution requires the presence of sugars, phosphates, water, and potentially a bit of luck.

Moreover, some molecules carried by asteroids can disintegrate upon atmospheric entry, potentially preventing them from reaching concentrations that foster life.

Nonetheless, the patterns emerging from studies of Ryugu, Bennu, and various meteorite analyses are astonishing.

Approximately 4.6 billion years ago, as the solar system took shape, the basic materials for genetics were likely already being synthesized in cosmic rocks floating between planets.

Understanding how these components were assembled and whether similar processes could occur elsewhere in the universe remains one of science’s most critical open questions.

What we can confidently assert is that there has never been a shortage of essential materials for life.

Read more:

Source: www.sciencefocus.com

Evidence of Ancient Life on Mars: Complex Carbon Discoveries Revealed

Posted on June 25, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

NASA’s Perseverance Mars rover stands beside a rock with markings resembling microbial features.

NASA/JPL-Caltech/MSSS

NASA's Perseverance Mars rover beside a rock resembling microbial features — NASA’s Perseverance Mars rover stands beside a rock with markings resembling microbial features.

NASA/JPL-Caltech/MSSS

NASA’s Perseverance rover has made a groundbreaking discovery of complex carbon compounds within a Martian crater, a site previously indicated as potentially harboring ancient life. On Earth, these compounds are often associated with biological remnants; however, scientists caution against jumping to conclusions, as such compounds can also emerge from non-living environments like meteorites.

In 2024, Perseverance explored a rocky outcrop named Bright Angel, located near what seems to be an ancient riverbed that once nourished a lake in Jezero Crater. Distinct mottling patterns observed on some rocks, dubbed “leopard spots” or “poppy seeds” by NASA scientists, comprise dark circular blotches measuring up to 1 millimeter in size. These patterns closely mimic those associated with ancient microbial activity on Earth.

While the possibility of abiotic origins remains, these signatures present some of the most compelling evidence for ancient life on Mars. However, comprehensive data regarding the chemical makeup and distribution of these patterns within the Bright Angel Formation was still lacking.

Equipped with advanced measurement tools, Perseverance is capable of providing crucial chemical insights about the rocks it examines, including the SHERLOC instrument. This tool uses ultraviolet laser reflections to identify elements and compounds present in rock samples.

According to Ashley Murphy, researchers at the Planetary Science Institute in Tucson, Arizona, utilized SHERLOC to detect large, complex carbon-containing molecules, known as polymeric carbon, on the surfaces of marked rocks within the Bright Angel Formation.

“On Earth, polymeric carbon is typically found in ancient rocks and can serve as a key indicator of past microbial life,” Murphy explains. “Identifying these organic macromolecules on Mars and other celestial bodies can enhance our understanding of the conditions that may once supported life.”

However, the finding of these carbon compounds does not automatically imply a biological origin, as they are also frequently discovered in meteorites, notes Lewis Dartnell from the University of Westminster, London. Murphy’s team also found that these compounds are linked to essential life-supporting minerals: carbonates and sulfates, which typically form in water-rich environments. “This context provides valuable insights into the geological environments where these organic materials exist,” Dartnell adds.

Jezero Crater is believed to have harbored abundant water at some point, making the presence of carbon compounds here consistent with expectations, according to team members like Kyle Uckert at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory in California. However, it is noteworthy that polymeric carbon has never been documented on the surfaces of such rocks before, raising questions about its resilience and distinctive nature compared to other carbon compounds found on Mars.

“Its widespread presence in the Bright Angel mudstone was unexpected in relation to other observations throughout the crater,” Uckert said. The reasons for this anomaly remain unclear, but Dartnell suggests that it may be an encouraging signal for discovering additional evidence of ancient life. “This detection confirms the potential for complex organic materials like these polymeric deposits to endure over geological timescales.”

While the SHERLOC tool can identify polymeric carbon, it cannot ascertain the precise composition of a compound beyond indicating it is carbon-rich, according to Sean McMahon from the University of Edinburgh, UK. “To determine if the carbon in these rocks is biologically derived, we would need to return samples to Earth,” he states.

Topics:

Mars/
Extraterrestrial Life

Source: www.newscientist.com

Ancient Plague Evidence Found in Prehistoric Grave: Shattering Historical Narratives

Posted on June 17, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Recent research has unveiled the earliest evidence of a plague outbreak, discovered in ancient graves of children in Siberia. This revelation may change our understanding of this deadly disease.

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This groundbreaking discovery is detailed in a recent study published in the journal Nature, offering new insights into one of history’s gravest diseases.

The site, located alongside the Angara River, revealed the remains of multiple generations of hunter-gatherers, alongside archaeological artifacts like 5,500-year-old arrowheads. Genetic analysis of the teeth showed plague DNA in approximately 40% of the samples.

Excavations revealed the sad reality that three children were buried together, two of whom were half-sisters aged 9-10 and 5-6. Additionally, an 11- to 12-year-old boy was buried alongside them and tested positive for plague DNA.
Provided by: Vladimir Bazarisky

Lead researcher Ruairidh MacLeod from the University of Oxford noted that the grave sites encompassed not only cousins but also sisters aged between four and nine years.

“Three young girls were buried together, likely succumbing simultaneously to the disease. Our findings reveal significant amounts of plague DNA in all three, indicating a tragic impact on these children in prehistoric communities,” he explained.

The study suggests two distinct outbreaks of plague occurred within these hunter-gatherer societies. This evidence implies that the ancient plague likely spread within families, challenging previous notions regarding its impact on prehistoric groups. Previous research has noted a singular plague infection in a hunter-gatherer in present-day Latvia around 5,000 years ago but found no evidence of widespread epidemics or human-to-human transmission.

Throughout history, plagues have dramatically altered human society, notably during the pandemic starting in 1347. This outbreak, known as the Black Death, resulted in the loss of approximately half of Europe’s population, with subsequent recurrences leading to significant societal disruption.

Researchers have long linked the emergence of plague and other infectious diseases to the Neolithic Revolution, when humans transitioned from nomadic lifestyles centered on hunting to settled agricultural societies. This change fostered higher population densities and closer living quarters with animals that potentially carried harmful pathogens.

However, outside experts assert that this new study calls into question previously held beliefs about plague’s origins.

Nicolas Raskobin, a researcher of ancient DNA at the Pasteur Institute in Paris, remarked, “This discovery offers clear evidence of a prehistoric outbreak, highlighting that agricultural lifestyles may not be the sole factor in plague emergence.”

This research indicates that the plague may have sporadically affected certain hunter-gatherer communities living near wild animals harboring the bacteria, primarily spreading among family units.

Eske Willasev, an evolutionary geneticist from the University of Copenhagen, emphasized, “The perception that the hunter-gatherer phase was free from diseases is incorrect. We are now realizing that these societies faced recurrent outbreaks of disease.”

Skull of a girl aged 9-11 years, buried with other plague victims.
Provided by Angela Leavers

The bacterium identified in this study, Yersinia pestis, is the same species responsible for the Black Death. However, it is believed that this ancient strain lacked some key characteristics seen in later outbreaks. Research posits that the bacteria may not have developed the ability to cause bubonic plague until about 3,800 years ago.

Researchers hypothesize that the ancient epidemic was likely linked to pneumonic plague, a form affecting the respiratory system and likely transmitted through coughing.

“Pneumonic plague is more serious than bubonic plague, spreading through respiratory droplets rather than fleas,” explained MacLeod. “It poses a significant risk and is highly fatal.”

The skeletal remains analyzed were excavated by Russian archaeologists in the 1980s and preserved from four cemeteries located near Lake Baikal, a vital fishing site for ancient peoples in Siberia. Uniquely, some graves contained multiple remains without any indication of being disturbed.

A solitary burial of a 10- to 12-year-old boy who was found to be infected with plague.
Provided by: Vladimir Bazarisky

This suggests that several children likely succumbed to the plague simultaneously and were interred together, indicating a heightened vulnerability among younger individuals in these communities.

By extracting DNA from the molars of these skeletons, researchers were able to uncover familial relationships while detecting the plague bacteria. Of the 46 bones analyzed, bacteria appeared in 18, but the team believes the larger number suffered from the plague, with many samples not yielding detectable bacteria due to preservation challenges.

“Similar investigations of plague victims from historical pits in medieval London yielded a detection rate of around 20%,” shared MacLeod. With a nearly double mortality rate observed in this Siberian site, he suggests that most deceased likely perished from the plague.

Plague cases continue to emerge in certain rural regions. Prompt identification of these cases allows for effective treatment using antibiotics. Last year, Madagascar experienced over 2,400 occurrences of pneumonic plague, while the United States recorded its first plague-related fatality since 2007 in Arizona.

Source: www.nbcnews.com

Webb Telescope Uncovers Strongest Evidence Yet of Early Universe Black Hole

Posted on June 15, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Astronomers have long been captivated by a mysterious cluster of faint red objects known as “little red dots,” discovered by the NASA/ESA/CSA James Webb Space Telescope. Recently, Vasily Kokolev, an astronomer at the University of Texas at Austin, and his team utilized the Webb’s NIRCam and NIRSpec instruments to capture the deepest spectrum of a tiny red dot, named GLIMPSE-17775, ever recorded. The findings reinforce the theory that this object is a supermassive black hole enveloped in a thick cocoon of partially ionized gas, aligning with the BH* (black hole star) model.

This web image depicts the small red dot GLIMPSE-17775 behind galaxy cluster Abel S1063. Credit: NASA / ESA / CSA / Vasily Kokorev, UT Austin / Alyssa Pagan, STScI.

“There is a growing consensus in the scientific community that this little red dot can be explained by the black hole star model,” said Kokolev.

“However, none of the other little red dots have presented all the necessary evidence together until now.”

“GLIMPSE-17775 provides an exceptional opportunity to test these models due to its remarkable spectrum,” Kokolev added.

With a cosmological redshift of 3.5, GLIMPSE-17775 existed approximately 1.8 billion years after the Big Bang.

This intriguing object came into view serendipitously during Webb’s observations of the galaxy cluster Abel S1063, which aimed to identify Population III stars and faint early galaxies.

Positioned behind the star cluster, the brightness of the small red dot is enhanced through the phenomenon of gravitational lensing.

“When I first examined the spectrum, it felt like I had scattered puzzle pieces on the floor,” Dr. Kokolev remarked.

“We meticulously measured the lines, fitting the pieces together to form a cohesive picture.”

“Some initial fragments that appeared insignificant suddenly revealed a deeper connection.”

The spectroscopic data gathered by Webb contains multiple lines of evidence confirming the interpretation of GLIMPSE-17775 as a black hole star. This phenomenon occurs when a rapidly accreting black hole is shielded by a dense gas cocoon, which modifies the light emitted near the black hole, producing distinct spectral features.

“Everything aligns perfectly, and this adds depth to our understanding of the universe,” Kokolev expressed.

“In the future, I aspire to delve deeper into what powers the core of this little red dot.”

“While we believe it is a black hole, alternative theories are also intriguing and deserve consideration.”

“We anticipate that, within a year or two, we will have a definitive understanding of the energy sources that drive these phenomena.”

Details from the team’s findings will be published in the Astrophysical Journal.

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Vasily Kokolev and colleagues. 2026. Insights into the dense gas cocoon surrounding GLIMPSE-17775. APJ 1004, 153; doi: 10.3847/1538-4357/ae4ed7.

Source: www.sci.news

Experts Reveal How Aging Can Be Reversed: Discover the Convincing Evidence

Posted on June 13, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

The concept of “reversing aging” has become the ultimate goal in the health and beauty industry.

However, regulatory bodies often challenge claims that beauty products can “reverse aging,” pushing for their removal due to a lack of substantial evidence.

While wrinkle creams market themselves as having “anti-aging” benefits, it is a stretch to say they can actually rewind the biological clock.

Though humans cannot turn back time, nature provides a fascinating example: the immortal jellyfish (Turritopsis dohrnii).

Resembling a pea-sized, wobbling Doctor Who, Turritopsis possesses the remarkable ability to regenerate itself, even after sustaining fatal injuries. In a unique process, this jellyfish settles, contracts its tentacles, and morphs into a blob.

The immortal jellyfish thrives in tropical waters – Image credit: Alamy

This blob enters the “polyp state,” an early life stage through which Turritopsis can regenerate and create new jellyfish. These cloned jellyfish are genetically identical and split to become independent organisms.

Remarkably, this capability has only been observed in the immortal jellyfish in captivity, leaving scientists astounded since its discovery in the 1980s.

It’s worth noting that humans also perform a fascinating regenerative process when creating offspring. While Turritopsis generates new jellyfish from itself, human embryos emerge from an oocyte (egg cell) present since birth, thus also ‘regenerating’ from our cells.

Newborns start life with a biological aging clock reset to near zero – Photo credit: Getty

A key difference lies in the fact that human babies are not clones. They result from the unique combination of DNA from the egg and sperm. In contrast, immortal jellyfish can regenerate without the need for sperm in their regenerative state.

Thus, the new jellyfish can be referred to as “babies,” despite being exact copies of the original. This fascinating process allows them to revert to a stage where they can reproduce, akin to reversing menopause, enabling them to evade death.

Overall, their extraordinary abilities lend some biological credibility to the idea of reversing aging.

Ongoing research into the immortal jellyfish aims to unlock their secrets, potentially paving the way for treatments of age-related diseases like dementia.

In a 2022 study, Spanish researchers discovered that the immortal jellyfish have more active genes related to DNA repair, telomere preservation, and stem cell maintenance compared to other jellyfish species.

Future research will reveal whether these findings can indeed reverse human aging or help sidestep death altogether.

This article (by Jackie Bullock, MA) explores the question: “Can aging actually be reversed?”

For inquiries, please contact us via: questions@sciencefocus.com or reach out on Facebook, Twitter, or Instagram (please include your name and location).

Explore more fascinating science insights.

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Source: www.sciencefocus.com

Moon Meteorite Captures Key Evidence of Massive Asteroid Impact

Posted on June 11, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Planetary scientists are examining a lunar meteorite known as North West Africa (NWA) 12593, uncovering crucial evidence of an asteroid impact on the moon dating back 3.5 billion years. This discovery aids in reconstructing the era of catastrophic impacts that significantly shaped the inner solar system.

XRF map of a 7.53 g slice of NWA 12593: Calcium (Ca) and iron (Fe) depicting crust location and diversity. Sulfur (S) indicates cracks and surface weathering. Image credit: Crow et al., doi: 10.1130/G54386.1.

The early billions of years in Earth’s history were pivotal, giving rise to life, an atmosphere, and oceans. However, this period remains largely enigmatic, as few rocks survive that chronicle the early history of our planet.

Dynamic geological processes such as erosion, subduction, and burial continually reform surfaces, rendering older rocks increasingly rare.

This ancient era is essential for understanding our origins and the impact of catastrophic events, like asteroid collisions, on early life on Earth.

“The oldest fossil evidence of life on Earth is about 3.5 billion years old, implying that life must have appeared and evolved prior to that,” stated Dr. Carolyn Crowe, a planetary scientist from the University of Colorado Boulder.

“A critical question we explore is what kind of shock record existed when life began?”

“Understanding how life establishes itself and how it emerges is vital. The cycle of these catastrophic events is a key component of this equation.”

Through their analysis of the NWA 12593 meteorite, Dr. Crowe and colleagues identified three distinct impact events.

The first event, radiometrically dated to approximately 3.5 billion years ago, was large enough to transform the moon’s surface into a molten layer akin to a lava flow, leading to the formation of a mineral known as cubic zirconia, which forms only at extremely high temperatures.

“Cubic zirconia is typically synthesized for jewelry but cannot endure the low temperatures found on Earth and the Moon unless its cooling is meticulously controlled in a laboratory,” the researchers explained.

“Nevertheless, we managed to find traces of a cubic zirconia phase in our samples.”

The second impact event is recorded within the meteorite itself.

This event produced a type of rock called breccia, which formed after a smaller impact disrupted the molten layer from the initial event.

“Breccia resembles what you might see if you chipped away at a block of concrete,” Dr. Crowe explained.

“You can observe all these small stones fused together by cement — akin to how meteorites fusion occurs during impacts.”

“The impact led to a variety of rock fragments blending together like a concrete sidewalk.”

Evidence of the third impact is represented by meteorites found on Earth.

A more recent impact likely dislodged chunks of breccia from the Moon, setting them on a trajectory toward our planet.

The timing of the first major impact documented by NWA 12593 aligns with known impacts between Earth and Vesta, the fourth largest asteroid in the asteroid belt.

It is extraordinary for three events of similar age to be recorded, and this new discovery serves as a crucial link to a period when the solar system transitioned from frequent collisions during planet formation to sporadic impacts resulting from asteroid fragmentation.

“Such occurrences are rare, which is why we’re so enthusiastic,” Dr. Crowe remarked.

“It’s uncommon to find three records coinciding like this.”

The study was published in the journal Geology on May 12, 2026.

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Carolyn A. Crowe et al. Three pieces of evidence of approximately 3.7 Ga to 3.2 Ga impact events in the inner solar system. Geology published online on May 12, 2026. doi: 10.1130/G54386.1

Source: www.sci.news

Iron Age Britons: Evidence of Brain Removal Practices in Burial Rituals

Posted on June 10, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Skull fragment (left) and scapula (right) of a woman buried in Lough Boralee, UK

Credit: Rebecca Ellis-Haken

Iron Age Burial Discovery — Skull fragment (left) and scapula (right) of a woman buried in Lough Boralee, UK

Credit: Rebecca Ellis-Haken

Unusual scratches found on the interior of a woman’s skull, discovered in Scotland and dated to 2,000 years ago, indicate that brain removal may have been a part of Iron Age funerary traditions in Britain.

The Iron Age in Britain, spanning from around 800 BC until the Roman conquest in 43 AD, remains shrouded in mystery due to the scarcity of preserved human remains from that era.

Evidence shows that many individuals from this time were buried alongside their maternal relatives rather than their spouses. Excavations at Iron Age sites like Suddern Farm and Danebury in southern England reveal that bodies were sometimes exhumed after burial, or left exposed until final interment, suggesting complex funerary practices.
The findings suggest a rich cultural tradition surrounding death.

A research team led by Laura Castells Navarro from the University of York reevaluated remains of an adult woman and a teenage boy buried in a low cairn at Loch Borralee in Scotland. These remains were initially excavated in 2000, with both individuals estimated to have died between 50 BC and 70 AD.

The team discovered distinct striae and abrasions inside the woman’s skull. According to Castells-Navarro, this suggests purposeful brain removal.

“The scratches are so regular and straight that they likely result from the use of a sharp tool,” Castells-Navarro explains.
Adele Bricking of the Museum of Wales commented on the significance of these findings, stating that the uniformity of the marks indicates intentional manipulation.

However, Richard Maggwick, a professor at Cardiff University, expresses caution, suggesting that while the marks indicate manipulation, it remains uncertain if they definitively relate to brain removal.

The study also revealed that some of the woman’s long bones, including the femur, tapered towards their tips, possibly indicating they were crafted into tools.

Castells-Navarro posits, “They likely took a long bone, broke it in half, and processed it until it tapered smoothly.” Conversely, Maggwick suggests these bones may have been incidental to tool-making rather than intentional modifications.

Despite speculation around the purpose behind these bone alterations, the woman’s remains were ultimately reassembled and placed in a cairn, indicating a respect for her identity.

This research provides valuable insights into relationships between the living and the dead during the Iron Age.
Andrew Lamb from the University of Edinburgh highlights parallels with postmortem practices found throughout Europe, suggesting a complex view of death and identity in prehistoric societies.

Furthermore, genetic analysis of the individuals revealed they were likely second cousins on the maternal side, and connected to Iron Age communities from Orkney and Applecross. This agrees with archaeological findings of maritime trade and cultural exchanges during the Iron Age.

Lamb notes these communities likely used small wooden-framed boats for navigation, which were suitable for coastal sailing.

Topic:

Source: www.newscientist.com

Astronomers Discover Distinct Evidence of Exoplanet’s Magnetic Field

Posted on June 3, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Astronomers have unveiled compelling evidence that magnetic fields significantly influence weather patterns on exoplanets by analyzing the intense winds in the atmospheres of seven superhot Jupiters.

This diagram illustrates the magnetic activity of a superhot Jupiter. Image credit: ESO / M. Kornmesser / L. Calçada.

The Earth’s magnetic field plays a crucial role in atmospheric dynamics and is vital for maintaining conditions suitable for life.

Additionally, magnetic fields are present on other planets in our solar system, such as Jupiter and Saturn.

However, for the past 15 years, measuring the strength of an exoplanet’s magnetic field directly has remained a challenge.

“This breakthrough opens a new frontier in exoplanet science,” said Dr. Julia Seidel, an astronomer at the Lagrangian Laboratory at the Côte d’Azur Observatory.

“For the first time, we can compare the magnetic environments of distant worlds, a crucial step toward understanding which planets can support water and potentially host life as we know it.”

The research team gauged wind speeds on seven tidally locked superhot Jupiters orbiting various stars.

Measured wind speeds ranged from about 7,200 km/h to over 25,000 km/h—much faster than the maximum wind speed of approximately 1,500 km/h recorded on Jupiter.

Using data collected from the ESPRESSO instrument on ESO’s Very Large Telescope and a similar tool on the Gemini North telescope, the scientists uncovered a surprising trend: wind speeds decreased as planetary temperatures increased.

“This observation is counterintuitive, as hotter planets should theoretically have more energy to accelerate winds,” noted Professor Vivienne Parmentier from the Lagrangian Laboratory at the Côte d’Azur Observatory.

“Something must account for the reduced wind speeds on these hotter planets.”

The researchers deduced that the presence of a planet-wide magnetic field is the most plausible explanation. These magnetic fields can act as brakes, moderating the movement of charged particles within the atmosphere.

From their findings, the authors inferred the magnetic field strength of each studied planet, discovering that their intensities were comparable to those found in our solar system—approximately four times stronger than Saturn’s or about half of Jupiter’s strength.

Such formidable magnetic fields influence more than just the winds on these distant worlds.

“On Earth, we experience the beauty of the Northern and Southern Lights. Solar particles interact with magnetic fields, guiding them to the poles where they collide with atmospheric gases, creating a captivating display of colors,” explained Dr. Viviana Prinos from ESO.

“Magnetically driven auroras on these exoplanets could be even more breathtaking.”

This groundbreaking study was published in today’s issue of Nature Astronomy.

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JV Seidel et al. The magnetic field strength of a hot giant exoplanet matches that of our solar system. Nat Astron, published online June 2, 2026. doi: 10.1038/s41550-026-02870-1

Source: www.sci.news

Discovering a Meteorite in Africa: Evidence of a Lost Giant Protoplanet Unveiled

Posted on June 3, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Discover the fascinating North West Africa (NWA) 12774, an Angrite meteorite found in the Sahara Desert of Mauritania. This rare fragment offers compelling evidence that large planetary bodies were formed and subsequently destroyed during the chaotic early years of our solar system.

Artist’s impression of the protoplanetary disk surrounding HD 107146. Image credit: A. Angelich / NRAO / AUI / NSF.

“It’s hard to believe that the world was once this vast,” remarked Dr. Aaron Bell, the lead author of the study.

“We know it exists because some of its fragments have landed on Earth.”

“These meteorites contain evidence of a distinct evolutionary path for early planet formation.”

In their research, Bell and colleagues studied a sample of the NWA 12774 Angrite meteorite.

“Angrites are among the oldest known volcanic rocks in the solar system, having formed within a few million years of the solar system’s inception around 4.56 billion years ago,” the researchers explained.

“They are also extremely rare; of the more than 80,000 meteorites discovered on Earth, only 68 are classified as angrite.”

“What makes angrites particularly intriguing is their unique chemistry. Unlike Earth, Mars, and other rocky planets, angrites contain very little silicon dioxide or silica, which are major components of virtually all known terrestrial planets.”

“Therefore, scientists previously believed that angrites originated from small asteroids, planets with a radius of less than 200 km (124 miles).”

However, researchers found that NWA 12774 includes clinopyroxene, a mineral typically encountered in Earth’s crust and mantle.

This clinopyroxene is notably rich in aluminum, suggesting that the rock formed under immense pressure deep within its parent body.

Scientists reconstructed the conditions necessary for NWA 12774 to form.

X-ray image of NWA 12774. Image credit: Aaron Bell / CU Boulder.

Surprisingly, the aluminum-rich clinopyroxene requires pressures of at least 17.5 kbar, which is significantly higher than the crushing pressure at the bottom of the Mariana Trench (around 1 kilobar).

This level of pressure wouldn’t be feasible within a small asteroid.

Calculations indicate that the progenitor of the Angrite must have had a radius of at least 1,000 km (621 miles).

Additional clues about the meteorite suggest even more astonishing possibilities.

The crystals in NWA 12774 retain sharp edges and distinct chemical patterns, which would have been erased if formed deep underground.

This implies that the crystals likely originated at a relatively shallow depth in a much larger parent body.

In this case, the original planet could have a radius greater than 1,800 km (1,118 miles), making it comparable in size to Earth’s moon or approaching a Mars-sized body with a radius of 3,300 km (2,050 miles).

“We have numerous understudied meteorites still in storage, indicating there may be more protoplanets yet to be discovered,” says Bell.

“It remains uncertain what led to the demise of the protoplanet. One possibility is a catastrophic event in the early solar system that shattered it, with its fragments providing materials for the formation of other terrestrial planets, including Earth.”

“The materials forming the matrix of angrites differ fundamentally from those of Earth and Mars.”

“This divergence indicates distinct evolutionary pathways in the formation of planets during the early solar system,” Dr. Bell concluded.

For more insights, check out the study published online on April 10 in the journal Earth and Planetary Science Letters.

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Aaron S. Bell et al. 2026. High-pressure clinopyroxene from Northwest Africa 12774 and new global pressure evidence for an angritic parent body the size of a planetary embryo. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 685: 120029; doi: 10.1016/j.epsl.2026.120029

Source: www.sci.news

Clay Minerals Reveal Evidence of Mars’ Warm and Wet History – Sciworthy

Posted on May 21, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

While many envision Mars as a desolate red dust ball, recent research indicates the presence of mineral deposits suggesting a warm and wet history for the planet. A dedicated team utilized the Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer aboard NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter to analyze specific wavelengths of visible and near-infrared light from Martian minerals, allowing for detailed assessments of the planet’s chemical composition from afar.

Previous studies have revealed layered silicate minerals, notably clay, scattered across Mars’ surface. This clay formation occurs when water interacts with rock, documenting the amount and chemical composition of the water involved. Water’s interaction with Martian rocks led to the mobilization of elements like magnesium and iron, transporting them to deeper soil layers, while more stable elements like aluminum remained in place. This natural process, known as leaching, resulted in the creation of two distinct clay layers within Martian geology.

Scientists have proposed two primary hypotheses regarding the formation of these layered clays on Mars. The first suggests that clay was formed through underwater seepage in ancient lakes. The second hypothesis posits that a humid surface environment facilitated the leaching process across the Martian landscape.

To investigate these hypotheses, a team from Purdue University estimated the “true” thickness of Mars’ clay layers using terrestrial methods. Since clay-containing rock layers can appear distorted, they can misrepresent thickness. The team conducted a high-resolution imaging science experiment (HiRISE) to generate detailed elevation maps of the Martian surface, utilizing tools from the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter. These elevation maps were combined with surface composition data from the Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer to create intricate 3D composition maps.

Using these 3D compositional maps, the researchers tracked the exposure of each clay layer and monitored it underground to estimate slope angles. They applied trigonometry to calculate the actual thickness of each clay layer, studying 46 locations on Mars. Astonishingly, they found that the total thickness of the combined clay layers ranges from approximately 20 to 680 feet (6 to 200 meters), averaging about 190 feet (60 meters), equivalent to the height of a 60-story building.

The researchers then explored the extent of clay deposits in a significant ancient Martian valley known as the Great Valley of Mars, specifically the Mawrth Vallis region. This region was chosen for its significant elevation variations and previously collected high-resolution chemical composition and elevation data.

The study determined that if the clay layers were confined to the valley’s bottom where water existed, along with varying thicknesses and boundaries, this would strongly support the “aquatic seepage” hypothesis. Conversely, consistent thickness and widespread layer boundaries would lean towards the “surface seepage” hypothesis, indicating a moist surface environment.

The findings revealed that the clay layer extended beyond the valley’s lowest points, maintaining consistent boundaries over an elevation difference of more than half a mile (approximately 1 kilometer). Consequently, the researchers concluded that the clay layers most likely formed through surface leaching in a moist environment.

These groundbreaking discoveries challenge earlier Martian climate models, which suggested that surface conditions rarely exceeded freezing temperatures. The research team hypothesized that these deposits may have formed gradually over extended periods, despite a generally frigid climate. If Mars’ surface remained frozen most of the time with occasional warmth, this could reconcile their findings with existing climate models.

The researchers noted limitations within their study, especially regarding sparsely sampled locations. Despite their strong evidence for widespread wet environments on early Mars, further detailed research in areas like Mawrth Vallis could refine our understanding of the specific surface conditions under which these clays developed, potentially aligning more closely with Martian climate models.

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Source: sciworthy.com

Rethinking the Cambrian Explosion: Evidence of Early Brain Development Before Shells and Limbs

Posted on May 7, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

A groundbreaking hypothesis suggests that the Cambrian Explosion, which marked a rapid surge in animal diversity around 500 million years ago, was primarily influenced by the early evolution of complex nervous systems rather than the development of shells and limbs.

Brain First: A schematic representation of the main points of the hypothesis. Image credit: Ariel D. Chipman, doi: 10.1002/bies.70136.

“The phase between the late Ediacaran and early Cambrian periods (approximately 550 to 520 million years ago) represents the most significant evolutionary development of animals on Earth,” stated Ariel Chipman, a professor at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem.

“During this time, there was a substantial increase in animal complexity and diversity, transforming the biosphere from a realm characterized by low diversity of primarily sedentary and bottom-feeding organisms to a dynamic environment filled with various motile animals, showcasing diverse locomotor modes and occupying dynamic ecosystems with an array of feeding strategies.”

“This transformative phase is often referred to as the Cambrian Explosion.”

Instead of seeking a singular reason for the surge in animal diversity, Professor Chipman reconstructs the Cambrian period as a series of interconnected developments in which escalating ecological complexity spurred the evolution of sophisticated nervous systems, particularly the brain.

As interactions between predators and prey intensified and marine environments grew more competitive, organisms faced heightened pressures to detect, process, and respond to their surroundings.

This ecological shift enabled the evolution of intricate neural systems adept at processing increasing sensory information.

At the core of this framework lies what Professor Chipman terms the ‘Brain First Hypothesis’.

This model proposes that brain expansion and regionalization occurred early in the evolutionary timeline, significantly contributing to subsequent anatomical innovations rather than being a mere byproduct of advanced bodily structures.

Notably, the researchers indicate that the genetic mechanisms responsible for brain development were not confined to the nervous system alone.

Through a phenomenon known as co-option, these genetic toolkits were repurposed for the formation of other organ systems.

This reutilization of existing developmental pathways facilitated the emergence of more complex body plans, including specialized digestive systems, advanced sensory organs, and segmental structures.

The rise in overall biological complexity allowed certain animal groups to thrive in a broader range of ecological niches, enhancing their evolutionary success.

This trend was not uniform across all life forms; it was particularly pronounced in groups like arthropods, mollusks, annelids, and chordates—lineages known for their high structural complexity and remarkable species diversity today.

“Instead of conceptualizing a single ‘explosion’, we should consider a sequence of interlinked steps,” Professor Chipman asserts.

“As environments evolved to be more complex, animals required improved methods to process information.”

“The evolution of the brain has made this possible, paving the way for even greater diversity in body forms and lifestyles.”

“It’s crucial to note that increased complexity is not inherently superior; several organisms have thrived with simpler body designs. This highlights that evolutionary success hinges on the specific demands of an organism’s environment.”

“By refocusing from a singular dramatic event to a series of gradual changes, this study offers a fresh perspective on the origins of animal diversity.”

“Future investigations, especially in genetics and developmental biology, may verify this hypothesis and further clarify the role of the brain in shaping the trajectory of life on Earth.”

Professor Chipman’s research paper was published in April 2026 in the journal bio essay.

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Ariel D. Chipman. 2026. Throughout the Cambrian, increases in animal diversity were driven by ecologically driven brain complexity. bio essay 48 (4): e70136; doi: 10.1002/bies.70136

Source: www.sci.news

Fossil Evidence Reveals Early Platypuses Had Strong Teeth and Powerful Jaws

Posted on April 28, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Recent fossil discoveries from the Namba Formation in South Australia have revealed that 25 million years ago, Obdurodon’s insignis — an ancient, larger, toothed ancestor of the modern platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus) — thrived alongside freshwater dolphins and other now-extinct species in verdant inland lakes.

An artist’s impression of the approximately 25-million-year-old fossil platypus and its surroundings. Image credit: Gen Conway, Flinders University Institute of Paleontology

“The platypus is extremely rare in the fossil record, mostly limited to tooth remains, making the discovery of new fossils significant for understanding this unique mammal,” stated Flinders University palaeontologist Dr. Aaron Camens.

First described in 1975, Obdurodon’s insignis inhabited the vast permanent lakes, slow-flowing rivers, and forested lowlands of central Australia during the late Oligocene, approximately 25 million years ago.

This species notably differs from today’s platypuses, possessing fully formed molars and premolars, unlike modern platypuses, which lose their vestigial teeth shortly after hatching.

Previously, Obdurodon’s insignis was known only from limited remains, including one and a half molars and fragments of the jaw and pelvis. However, this recent find includes one of the few well-preserved fossils of a related younger species, Obdurodon dicksoni, identified in 1992.

While Obdurodon dicksoni resembled modern platypuses, it had a slightly larger skull and a stronger bite.

“The new material of Obdurodon’s insignis includes the first premolars, the key teeth located in front of the molars,” said Dr. Camens. “This species had large, pointed front teeth and formidable molars capable of crushing shelled animals, such as yabbies.”

Dr. Trevor Worthy, also from Flinders University, highlighted an intriguing discovery: the scapulochoroid bone, which supports the arms and forelimbs. “This finding indicates that the limb structure closely resembles that of modern platypuses, suggesting ancient platypuses were adept swimmers like their modern relatives,” he noted.

“These fossils, dating back 25 million years, provide a glimpse of an ancient platypus that was larger and possessed teeth compared to modern variants.”

Research indicates that during this period, dense forests nurtured diverse communities of arboreal mammals, including koalas and various possum species.

On the forest floor, a sheep-sized marsupial coexisted with numerous other species, including familiar lizards, frogs, and small carnivorous marsupials.

These ancient trees also hosted a variety of birds, including the impressive Steller’s sea eagle, Archehieracus.

The ancient lakes teemed with lungfish and other small fish, while several species of waterfowl, cormorants, and flamingos thrived along the shores, feeding on fish, plants, and small invertebrates.

Interestingly, these freshwater ecosystems were also home to small dolphins, with their teeth and bones discovered at several fossil locations, revealing signs of this diverse ancient community.

“This rich environment was where the ancient toothed platypus lived 25 million years ago, before its remains settled into the lake’s depths,” explained Dr. Jen Conway, also from Flinders University.

This remarkable discovery is detailed in the latest issue of Australian Zoologist.

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Trevor H. Worthy et al. 2026. New material for the toothed platypus Obdurodon’s insignis (Monotremata: Ornithorhynchidae) from the Late Oligocene fauna of Pimpa, Billeroo Creek, South Australia. Australian Zoologist 45 (1): AZ26011; doi: 10.1071/AZ26011

Source: www.sci.news

New Geological Discovery Reveals Evidence of Ancient Ocean in Mars’ Northern Plains

Posted on April 21, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

A continent-like shelf beneath Mars’ surface indicates that a vast ocean may have once covered up to one-third of the planet, reigniting a long-standing debate about Mars’ watery past.

Artist’s impression of Mars as it appeared around 4 billion years ago. Credit: M. Kornmesser / ESO.

While it is widely accepted that Mars had some liquid water on its surface, the existence of long-lasting oceans remains uncertain. It’s debated whether water existed solely in lakes and streams or whether significant oceans formed during Mars’ history.

Previous Mars missions have identified geological features resembling coastlines, but their subtlety and varying elevations complicate their interpretation.

Real coastlines would exhibit consistent elevation across the globe, similar to Earth’s sea level. However, observations suggest otherwise.

“If Mars had an ocean, it likely dried up billions of years ago, more than half of Mars’ age,” states Michael Lamb, a professor at the California Institute of Technology.

“Earth has very few features that are billions of years old, especially after continuous erosion and disturbances over time,” he adds.

“We sought terrain that could provide stronger evidence of such an ancient ocean.”

Illustration from orbiter data showing the coastal shelf region of Mars, a hallmark of global oceans formed over extended periods. Image credit: A. Zaki.

Professor Lamb and Dr. Abdallah Zaki from the California Institute of Technology and the University of Texas at Austin analyzed Earth’s geological features to find indicators of past oceans.

Using computer simulations, they drained ocean models to assess the remaining terrain.

The simulations revealed that a distinct flat landmass, known as the continental shelf, surrounds the region where land meets sea, akin to a ring left by a drained bathtub.

While sea levels have fluctuated on Earth, continental shelves have remained stable, which supports the hypothesis of an ancient Martian ocean.

The researchers utilized topography data from Mars orbiters, discovering similar shelf formations in the northern hemisphere, hinting at an ocean covering a significant portion of the planet.

Such landforms take considerable time to form and are rare in lake environments, supporting the theory of a stable ocean existing for millions of years.

Additionally, evidence of river deltas and coastal features known as “bathtubbling” shelves were observed.

“The discovery of the shelf is a vital observation that consolidates the evidence for a Martian coastal zone,” Dr. Zaki commented.

“This previously overlooked aspect strengthens the case for a northern ocean on Mars, leading to further studies on deposits and satellite data.”

For further details, refer to the publication in Nature.

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Zaki, A. & Ram, M.P. Identifying topographical features of the early Martian ocean. Nature, published online April 15, 2026. doi: 10.1038/s41586-026-10381-2

Source: www.sci.news

Unexpected Evidence Reveals Fake News Is Not Just a 21st Century Issue

Posted on April 17, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

“The Largest Ear of Corn Ever Cultivated,” photographed by W.H. Martin and published by the North American Post Card Company in 1908

Rijksmuseum Amsterdam

The Largest Ear of Corn Ever Cultivated, photographed by W.H. Martin, published by The North American Post Card Co. in 1908, acquired in 2018 — “The Largest Ear of Corn Ever Cultivated,” photographed by W.H. Martin and published by the North American Post Card Company in 1908

Rijksmuseum Amsterdam

Rijksmuseum Amsterdam

Do you remember the viral image of Pope Francis in a striking white down jacket from 2023? It was later found to be generated by the AI tool Midjourney. With fake images and videos saturating the internet, a new exhibit at the Rijksmuseum delves into the historical manipulation of photographs since the advent of the medium.

Featuring prominently in this exhibit is the extraordinary image of a giant ear of corn (above), captured by W.H. Martin in 1908 as part of a fascinating series of postcards showcasing oversized crops and livestock. Martin would cut and paste his scenes before reshooting new images, showcasing innovative photographic techniques for the time.

This incredible work is part of the exhibition fake! Early Photo Collages and Photo Montages, which is on display at the Rijksmuseum in Amsterdam until May 25th. Below is a pre-1908 photomontage postcard depicting a futuristic New York where cars can soar above the skyline. The color was added later, slightly altering the contours to give a painterly effect despite being a photograph.

“Cars Flying Over Mulberry Bend Park, New York” by Theodor Eismann, published before 1908

Rijksmuseum Amsterdam

The Rijksmuseum notes that photographers began utilizing cut-and-paste techniques as early as 1860. This exhibition showcases the evolution of image manipulation leading up to World War II.

Next, we see a peculiar image of a wheelbarrow with an oversized head, crafted between 1900 and 1910.

Photomontage by Unknown Artist, 1900-1910

Rijksmuseum Amsterdam

The fascination with oversized crops culminates once more in a 1908 postcard featuring geese, dwarfed by their human companions, congregating at a market.

Bringing Our Geese to Market, published by Martin Post Card Company, 1908

Rijksmuseum Amsterdam

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Big-Nosed Herbivorous Dinosaurs: Evidence of Their Picky Eating Habits

Posted on April 16, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Recent research reveals fascinating insights into the large-bodied ornithopod dinosaur Muttaburrasaurus langdoni. This unique herbivore thrived in Australia during the mid-Cretaceous period, showcasing features like a toothed beak and a well-developed olfactory brain, suggesting a combination of selective feeding and agile behavior. This discovery indicates that Muttaburrasaurus langdoni lived near expansive inland seas, surviving by consuming salt-tolerant plants and potentially small animals.

Muttaburrasaurus langdoni. Image credit: Matt Hahn.

Muttaburrasaurus langdoni existed approximately 96 million years ago near the Eromanga Sea in what is now modern-day Australia.

The holotype specimen was discovered in 1963 by Doug Langdon, a local lawn mower, near Muttaburra in central-west Queensland.

This dinosaur is among the most complete ornithopod skeletal fossils from the ancient Gondwana supercontinent and serves as a fossil icon for Queensland.

A recent study led by University of New England paleontologist Matthew Hahn explored different aspects of the Earth, focusing on the skull of a new Muttaburrasaurus langdoni specimen.

“Our findings challenge prior assumptions about this bumpy-nosed species, Queensland’s fossil symbol,” Dr. Hearn stated.

“A noteworthy discovery was that Muttaburrasaurus langdoni had teeth at the tip of its nose, which was unexpected since the species was believed to have a toothless beak, akin to well-known plant-eaters like Iguanodon and the duck-billed hadrosaurids primarily found in Europe and the northern hemisphere.”

“Typically, ornithischian dinosaurs of this size possess toothless, beak-like snouts, as seen in Triceratops,” he added.

“This Australian dinosaur, however, had teeth in its beak, likely making it a selective feeder.”

Equipped with a narrow toothed beak, Muttaburrasaurus langdoni likely targeted specific leaves, seeds, and even invertebrates to enhance its dietary diversity.

This discovery implies that Muttaburrasaurus langdoni evolved from an early branch of ornithopods like Camptosaurus and Iguanodon, all of which initially possessed toothed beaks.

This new evidence refines our understanding of the dinosaur tree of life.

“Using advanced techniques, we were able to extract brain traces from the skull and inner ear,” noted Professor Vera Weisbecker from Flinders University.

“We observed that its inner ear structure was more similar to the bipedal dinosaur Tyrannosaurus rex than those adapted for a quadrupedal lifestyle.”

“This suggests that Muttaburrasaurus langdoni might have been a large herbivore capable of walking or running on its hind legs, while using its forearms for support while foraging close to the ground.”

Researchers also discovered that the distinctive “bulb-like” shape of the Muttaburrasaurus langdoni‘s nose consisted of entirely new bones not seen in other dinosaurs.

“The identification of this new bone structure was exciting, revealing two significant, complex air chambers that likely slowed down the airflow when breathing,” Dr. Hahn explained.

“Thus, we suspect that they had an exceptional sense of smell, aiding in locating food, detecting predators, or navigating their environment.”

“This nasal feature aligns with the remarkably large olfactory bulb, the largest known in any dinosaur, which is responsible for processing smell.”

“Utilizing advanced CT scanning, neutron scattering, and synchrotron techniques allowed us to create a detailed 3D digital model of the jaw and teeth,” remarked Dr. Joseph Bevitt, a researcher at the Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organization (ANSTO).

The findings are detailed in a study published in the online journal PeerJ.

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MC Hearn et al. 2026. Cranial anatomy, paleoneurology, paleontology, stratigraphic age of large ornithopods: Muttaburrasaurus langdoni Bartholomai and Molnar, 1981, Middle Cretaceous Australia. PeerJ 14: e20794; doi: 10.7717/peerj.20794

Source: www.sci.news

Permian Fossils: The Earliest Evidence of Rib-Based Breathing Mechanisms

Posted on April 9, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Paleontologists have discovered remarkable specimens of early reptiles, specifically Captorinus aguti, dating back 289 million years. These preserved fossils showcase three-dimensional skin coverings, a complete shoulder girdle, rib cages including cartilage, and astonishingly, protein remains that are nearly 100 million years older than any previously known examples.

Captorinus aguti. Image credit: Michael Debraga.

The transition from aquatic to terrestrial life marked a key milestone in vertebrate evolution. Early amniotes required new breathing techniques to adapt to the dry environment.

Initially, these early amniotes relied mainly on throat and skin respiration, but as they evolved, later amniotes utilized their ribs and thorax for more efficient lung ventilation.

Due to the rarity of soft tissue fossilization, direct evidence of this evolutionary transition has been limited.

“Captorinus aguti is a notable lizard-like species that plays a crucial role in understanding the early development of amniotes,” stated Ethan Mooney, a doctoral candidate at Harvard University.

“Growing over five centimeters long, these reptiles were among the first to explore terrestrial habitats, exhibiting thriving populations at that time.”

Three exceptionally preserved Captorinus aguti specimens were discovered in a unique cave system near Richards Spur, Oklahoma, encased in fine clay and oil, which revealed unprecedented structural features.

In one specimen, researchers identified a segmented cartilaginous sternum, sternal ribs, intermediate ribs, and structures connecting the thorax to the shoulder girdle.

This discovery enabled scientists to reconstruct the complete respiratory apparatus for early amniotes for the first time in the fossil record.

Professor Robert R. Rice, a paleontologist at the University of Toronto and Jilin University, explained, “We propose that the respiratory system in Captorinus aguti represents an ancestral state of rib-assisted respiration recognized in modern reptiles, birds, and mammals.”

“The utilization of thoracic musculature marked an evolutionary innovation that facilitated the terrestrial conquest by the early ancestors of modern reptiles and mammals,” he added.

“This innovation likely spurred the rapid diversification of early amniotes, paving the way for their dominance on land.”

“Such adaptations enabled these creatures to lead a more active lifestyle,” Mooney concluded.

Employing synchrotron infrared spectroscopy, researchers also uncovered remnants of original proteins preserved in bones, cartilage, and skin. These organic molecules, unprecedented in Paleozoic fossils, are approximately 100 million years older than the oldest examples found in dinosaurs.

“The discovery of protein remnants is extraordinary,” remarked Mooney. “It significantly enhances our understanding of soft tissue preservation in the fossil record.”

This groundbreaking finding is detailed in a recent paper published in the journal Nature.

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R.R. Rice et al. Mummified Early Permian Reptiles Reveal Ancient Amniote Breathing Apparatus. Nature, published on April 8, 2026. doi: 10.1038/s41586-026-10307-y

Source: www.sci.news

Physicists Uncover First Experimental Evidence of Supercooled Water’s Elusive Critical Point

Posted on April 3, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Researchers at Stockholm University utilized an ultrafast laser to investigate supercooled water before crystallization, revealing significant evidence of a long-predicted transition between two distinct liquid states. This included a marked increase in heat capacity and critical fluctuations.

Research indicates a rapid increase in heat capacity at 210 K, coinciding with density fluctuations in supercooled water. Image credit: POSTECH University.

Professor Anders Nilsson highlighted, “We captured X-ray images at unprecedented speeds prior to ice formation, allowing us to observe how the liquid-liquid transition fades, leading to the emergence of a new critical state.”

“For decades, various theories have attempted to explain these anomalous properties of water, one of which proposed the existence of a tipping point. We have now confirmed its presence,” he explained.

Using advanced X-ray laser technology, Professor Nilsson and his team identified a critical point in supercooled water at around 210 K (equivalent to -63 °C or -81 °F) under 1,000 atmospheres of pressure.

“Water stands out as it can exist in two liquid macroscopic phases, each with unique molecular bonding behaviors at low temperatures and high pressures,” the researchers noted.

“As temperature rises and pressure drops, these two liquid phases converge, presenting as a single indistinguishable phase.”

“This demonstrates a significant instability point, resulting in fluctuations across a broad temperature and pressure range, extending even to ambient conditions.”

“Water transitions between two liquid states, sometimes appearing as a mixture, leading to its distinctive properties,” they added.

“The state beyond the critical point is termed supercritical, with neighboring water remaining in that state.”

Another crucial discovery from this study is the slowdown in system dynamics upon reaching the critical point.

“Once you approach the tipping point, escaping becomes nearly impossible,” stated Dr. Robin Tybulski of Stockholm University.

Dr. Aigerim Karina, a postdoctoral researcher, remarked, “It’s fascinating that amorphous ice, extensively studied, serves as a gateway to this crisis zone. This inspires my future research and underscores the potential for discoveries in well-established fields like the study of water.”

Dr. Iason Andronis, a student, expressed, “Measuring water under such low-temperature conditions without freezing it is a dream realized.”

“Many have aspired to pinpoint this critical point, but we lacked the necessary technologies until the advent of the X-ray laser,” he added.

“It’s captivating to consider that water is the sole supercritical liquid under ambient conditions conducive to life, and without it, life as we know it wouldn’t exist,” explained Dr. Phibos Perakis from Stockholm University.

“Is this merely coincidental, or could we uncover essential insights in the future?”

Professor Nilsson mentioned, “The origins of water’s unusual properties have been debated for over a century, tracing back to Wolfgang Roentgen’s early investigations.”

“Researchers within the realm of water physics now align with a model suggesting the presence of a critical point in supercooled states.”

“Our next goal is to explore the implications of these findings for various physical, chemical, biological, geological, and climate-related processes, which poses a significant challenge for the years ahead.”

Findings have been published in a study dated March 26th in Science.

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Song Juyu et al. 2026. Experimental evidence of a liquid-liquid critical point in supercooled water. Science 391 (6792): 1387-1391; doi: 10.1126/science.aec0018

Source: www.sci.news

Fossil Evidence Reveals Tyrannosaurus Attack on Duck-Billed Dinosaur

Posted on March 23, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Discover the Semi-completed Skull of an Adult Edmontosaurus – A captivating snapshot from the Late Cretaceous period, preserved at the Montana State Museum of the Rockies, showcases a dramatic encounter where a Tyrannosaurus rex attacks a duck-billed dinosaur.

A striking scene of a Tyrannosaurus rex attacking an adult Edmontosaurus. Image credit: Jen Hall.

This damaged Edmontosaurus skull was unearthed in 2005 within the Hell Creek Formation of eastern Montana.

Now housed in the Museum of the Rockies’ paleontology collection, this fossil offers a remarkable detail: the interior of the skull is filled with Tyrannosaurus teeth.

According to Taia Winberg-Henzler, a doctoral student from the University of Alberta, “While bite marks on fossils are somewhat common, discovering embedded teeth is exceptionally rare.”

“Analyzing these teeth, especially those lodged in a skull, allows us to identify the bitten and the biter,” she explains.

“This phenomenon enables us to envision the harrowing encounter involving this Edmontosaurus. It’s akin to being a detective at a prehistoric crime scene.”

Comparative analysis of the embedded teeth with all carnivorous species from the Hell Creek Formation revealed a match with the Tyrannosaurus. A CT scan of the skull provided deeper insights into this event.

“Fossils like this one are particularly fascinating because they capture the behavior of a Tyrannosaurus rex attacking this herbivore,” states John Scannella, the curator of paleontology at the Museum of the Rockies.

“With no signs of healing around the embedded Tyrannosaurus teeth, it suggests that the Edmontosaurus may have been deceased at the time of the attack or succumbed to its injuries.”

Based on the way the teeth are embedded in the nose of the Edmontosaurus, “This indicates what often transpires when predators kill their prey,” Winberg-Henzler notes.

“The force required to embed these teeth into the bone also signifies the use of lethal strength.”

“To me, this paints a chilling picture of the final moments for this Edmontosaurus,” she adds.

“The typical feeding habits of the Tyrannosaurus—considered one of the largest carnivores to ever roam the Earth—have sparked extensive research and debate over the years,” Dr. Scannella remarks.

“Insights gained from the teeth embedded within the Edmontosaurus skull allow for a deeper understanding of Tyrannosaurus behavior.”

For detailed findings, refer to the published study in the online journal PeerJ.

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TCA Winberg-Henzler and JB Scannella. 2026. Behavioral Effects of Tyrannosaurus Teeth and Associated Tooth Marks Embedded in an Articulated Skull of Edmontosaurus from the Hell Creek Formation in Montana. PeerJ 14: e20796; doi: 10.7717/peerj.20796

Source: www.sci.news

Evidence of Fragmented and Mobile Lithosphere on Earth 3.5 Billion Years Ago

Posted on March 22, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Geoscientists have made a groundbreaking discovery by analyzing magnetic signals in 3.5 billion-year-old rocks in Western Australia. This research reveals the oldest direct evidence of global shifts in the Earth’s outer shell, pushing the origins of plate motion back into the planet’s early history.

Hadean Earth. Image credit: Alec Brenner.

“A wide range of ages has been proposed for tectonic activity,” said Dr. Alec Brenner, a researcher from Yale University.

“Our findings confirm that tectonic plates were actively moving on Earth’s surface 3.5 billion years ago.”

This significant study focused on the Pilbara Craton in Western Australia, known for its ancient and well-preserved rock formations dating back to the Archean era, a time when Earth sustained early microbial life and endured significant asteroid impacts.

The Pilbara region hosts some of the earliest signs of life, including stromatolites and microbial rocks formed by single-celled organisms like cyanobacteria.

The research team analyzed over 900 rock samples from more than 100 sites within the Arctic Dome region.

Using an electric drill with a hollow bit and diamond teeth, they extracted cylindrical core samples while cooling them with a hand-pumped horticultural sprayer.

An instrument equipped with a compass and goniometer was inserted into the drilled holes to accurately record the orientation of the samples.

The scientists then sliced the cores into thin sections and placed them into a magnetometer capable of detecting magnetic signals 100,000 times weaker than a typical compass needle.

These samples were measured multiple times while subjected to temperatures up to 590 degrees Celsius until the magnetite mineral lost its magnetization.

“We took a significant risk; demagnetizing thousands of cores took years. But it paid off—our results exceeded our expectations!” exclaimed Dr. Brenner.

In ferromagnetic minerals, the orientation of electrons acts like a compass needle pointing towards the magnetic poles, providing clues about the rock’s geographical position relative to these poles when they formed.

By analyzing a succession of rocks spanning 30 million years, the authors observed a shift of tectonic plates in the East Pilbara Formation, moving from 53 degrees to 77 degrees latitude and rotating clockwise by over 90 degrees at rates of tens of centimeters per year.

Because the magnetic poles can reverse, it remains uncertain whether this movement took place in the northern or southern hemisphere.

Movement slowed significantly within the following 10 million years, followed by a period of relative stability.

To compare these findings with Archean sites elsewhere, the researchers analyzed the Barberton Greenstone Belt in modern-day South Africa.

Previous paleomagnetic studies have indicated that the Barberton site is near the equator and remained nearly stationary during this period, suggesting differing drift patterns between these regions.

In contemporary times, the North American and Eurasian plates are moving apart at a rate of about 2.5 cm per year.

Many questions about the timing and nature of Earth’s current plate tectonics remain unanswered, with geophysicists referring to this as the “active lid,” as opposed to earlier theories of a stagnant, sluggish, or ephemeral lid.

This research dismisses the concept of a stagnant lid but doesn’t conclusively determine which model of plate movement is most probable.

“We’re examining tectonic plate movements, which require defined boundaries between plates, contrary to the notion of a continuous, crackless lithosphere,” Brenner explained.

“Instead, the lithosphere was segmented into various parts capable of moving relative to one another.”

Additionally, Brenner and his collaborators identified the oldest known geomagnetic reversals, where a planet’s magnetic field alternates its polarity. After such a reversal, a compass needle points south instead of north.

This phenomenon is associated with dynamo action in the Earth’s core, where molten iron’s convection creates electrical currents and magnetic fields. The last known reversal occurred about 780,000 years ago.

“New evidence suggests that geomagnetic reversals were less frequent 3.5 billion years ago compared to today,” noted Roger Hu, a professor at Harvard University.

“While not definitive, it implies that the mechanisms behind these reversals may have operated differently back then.”

The findings were published in the journal Science on March 19.

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Alec R. Brenner et al. 2026. Relative plate motion and paleomagnetic detection of a core dynamo with a rare reversal at 3.5 Ga. Science 391 (6791): 1278-1282; doi: 10.1126/science.adw9250

Source: www.sci.news

Ancient Parrot DNA Reveals Evidence of Pre-Inca Animal Trading

Posted on March 11, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Ancient DNA extracted from vibrant feathers found in Peru has been linked to at least four distinct species of Amazonian parrots: the scarlet macaw (Ara macao), blue and yellow macaw (Ara ararauna), red and green macaw (Ara chloropterus), and mealy amazon (Amazona farinosa). These birds were reportedly transported alive across the Andes centuries before the rise of the Inca Empire, showcasing a complex network of long-distance trade that connected Amazonian communities, high-altitude routes, and the Pacific Ocean.

A pair of scarlet macaws (Ara macao) in Costa Rica. Image credit: Julio-César Chávez / CC BY 4.0.

Discovered in Pachacamac, Peru, an ancient parrot feather lies far beyond the natural habitat of these birds, which are native to the rainforest.

“Through the integration of ancient DNA sequencing, isotope chemistry, and computational landscape modeling, we tracked the movement of these birds across diverse terrains,” explained Dr. George Oler, a researcher affiliated with the Australian National University and King’s College London.

“Our models of ancient habitats confirm that the western Andes were equally inhospitable for these species a millennium ago. These parrots thrive solely in rainforest environments, typically spanning a natural home range of about 150 kilometers.”

“The evidence that they were found on the opposite side of South America’s tallest mountain range—over 500 kilometers away—indicates human involvement, as these birds do not fly over the Andes under normal conditions.”

“Our research illustrates that multiple species of Amazonian parrots were captured in their natural habitat, transported over mountainous pathways, and survived long enough to regrow feathers along the coast.” – Dr. Oler.

Through genome analysis, researchers identified the four Amazonian parrot species from feather assemblages: scarlet macaw, blue and yellow macaw, red and green macaw, and mealy amazon, all of which traditionally inhabit tropical rainforests hundreds of kilometers from the Pacific coastline.

The journey for these birds likely took weeks or even months as traders navigated rugged mountain terrain and steep plateaus.

“Our findings provide genetic and isotopic evidence showing that these parrots were not merely traded for their feathers but were actually transported alive across challenging landscapes to significant coastal ceremonial sites,” Dr. Oler asserted.

By investigating chemical signatures within the feathers, the team discovered that the birds’ diet had shifted to include C4 plants like corn and marine proteins, implying that they continued to live post-transport over the Andes.

“Our analysis indicates that the parrots were fed a nitrogen-rich diet similar to that of their captors, clearly illustrating long-term care after their removal from the rainforest,” Dr. Oler noted.

Landscape modeling tools further unveiled trans-Andean corridors and river routes that may have facilitated avian transport, revealing a sophisticated network of overland and river exchanges.

This bird species, valued for its striking plumage, held immense cultural significance in pre-Hispanic societies and was frequently featured in rituals and elite burial practices.

“This discovery challenges previous beliefs that pre-Inca societies were isolated or fragmented,” Dr. Oler remarked. “Instead, we uncover evidence of organizational networks, ecological understanding, and logistical strategies that connected vastly differing ecosystems long before formal imperial roads established these routes.”

For further details, refer to the original publication in the journal Nature Communications.

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G. Ola et al. 2026. Ancient DNA and spatial modeling reveal pre-Inca trans-Andean parrot trade. Nat Commun 17: 2117. doi: 10.1038/s41467-026-69167-9

Source: www.sci.news

Scientists Discover Evidence of Man-Eating Killer Whales in Russian Waters

Posted on March 10, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Two severed killer whale fins discovered on a remote Russian island may reveal a shocking new behavior: killer whales may be hunting and consuming their own species. Each fin is newly severed, and a recent study indicates that the tooth marks belong to another killer whale.

Dr. Olga Filatova, an associate professor at the University of Southern Denmark, received the alarming photographs from her collaborator, Sergei Fomin, and was certain about the implications.

“I was astonished when he discovered the first fin,” she stated in an interview with BBC Science Focus. “We never believed we would witness this phenomenon in our lifetime, but it appears we have.”

Genetic analysis confirmed that the severed fins belonged to resident killer whales, which are fish-eating mammals living in tight family groups for generations. The likely aggressor is the transient killer whale, a separate population that preys on marine mammals such as seals, sea lions, and other whales.

From a taxonomic perspective, all killer whales belong to a single species, meaning this behavior technically qualifies as cannibalism. Killer whale.

However, Filatova emphasizes that the situation is more nuanced. Resident and transient populations do not socialize or interbreed, and in the wild, they may not even recognize one another as the same species.

Filatova suggests that the attack likely occurred during a large social gathering, where numerous resident families convened for breeding. Due to the familial ties within these groups, killer whales must seek mates from outside their family units, resulting in fragmented populations that may extend over several kilometers.

During these social events, young males may become separated from their protective family units. “This provides an opportunity for mammal-eating species to target these vulnerable young, as other adults are preoccupied,” Filatova explained.

Fomin observed one such gathering shortly before he came across the second fin.

The second fin was found in 2024, approximately 2 km (1.2 miles) from the first fin – Photo credit: Sergey Fomin/SDU

Both fins belonged to young whales, and their severed state—rather than being simply bitten off—suggests that killer whales that hunt other species typically remove fins to access the flesh beneath, leaving low-energy remains.

This discovery carries implications beyond the immediate tragedy. Filatova posits that the strong social bonds characteristic of resident killer whale communities could stem from the pressures of predation.

“These populations remain stable for a specific reason: they need to safeguard themselves,” she remarked.

She theorizes that the two populations first encountered each other around 100,000 years ago when resident whales—more genetically similar to Atlantic killer whales—migrated to the North Pacific, encroaching on territory already inhabited by transients.

The remarkable family cohesion seen in today’s killer whales may be a result of evolving under the long-term threat of predation.

With only two fins discovered thus far, Filatova is cautious about drawing definitive conclusions. It remains uncertain whether this killing behavior signifies a recent shift or if it has been occurring unnoticed.

Read more:

Source: www.sciencefocus.com

Triassic-Era Crocodile Relatives: New Evidence of Bipedal Walking Adaptations

Posted on March 9, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Recently excavated fossils from the Shinle Formation in Petrified Forest National Park, Arizona, USA, have unveiled a fascinating creature: Sonserascus cedrus, a member of the Shubosaurus lineage that roamed the Earth approximately 215 million years ago during the Triassic period. It is believed that this dinosaur began its life walking on four legs before transitioning to a bipedal posture as it matured.

Reconstruction of Sonserascus cedrus 215 million years ago, showcasing the environment of what is now Petrified Forest National Park. Image credit: Gabriel Uguet.

Sonserascus cedrus is part of the Shubosauridae family, a unique group of pseudoarchosaurs known for their body shape resembling that of ornithomimid theropod dinosaurs.

This dinosaur stood approximately 63.5 centimeters (25 inches) tall, featuring a toothless beak, large eye sockets, and hollow bones.

University of Washington researcher Elliott Armor-Smith stated, “Although Sonserascus cedrus shares characteristics with ornithomimid dinosaurs, these features seem to have evolved independently due to similar ecological roles in a shared environment of crocodilian and avian archosaurs.”

Armor-Smith added, “Bipedalism, toothless beaks, hollow bones, and large orbits are typically associated with ornithomimid theropod dinosaurs, but Sonserascus cedrus demonstrates that these traits can also evolve within crocodiloforms.”

More than 950 fossil specimens representing at least 36 individuals of Sonserascus cedrus have been discovered.

“By examining the limb proportions of various specimens, we propose that their bipedal posture may arise from distinct growth patterns,” Armor-Smith noted.

“We believe as Sonserascus cedrus aged, its forelimbs and hindlimbs maintained proportionality, with hindlimbs ultimately becoming longer and more robust,” he continued.

“Essentially, these creatures likely started life as quadrupeds, transitioning to bipedalism as they matured, which is quite intriguing.”

The name Sonserascus cedrus reflects its connection to cedar trees, evergreen conifers that thrived in Late Triassic forests.

“Since initiating fieldwork at Petrified Forest in 2014, we have collected over 3,000 fossils from the area, including those of Sonserascus cedrus,” stated Professor Christian Sydow from the University of Washington. “These bones are remarkably well-preserved, showing no signs of decay.”

“In addition to Sonserascus cedrus, we have also uncovered fossils of fish, amphibians, dinosaurs, and other reptiles within the bone beds.”

For further details on this remarkable discovery, refer to the research paper published in the Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology.

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Elliott Armor Smith and Christian A. Sydow. 2026. Osteology and relationships of a new Shubosaurid (Pseudoschia, Poposaurinae) excavated from the upper Triassic Chinle Formation of Petrified Forest National Park, Arizona, USA Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology published online March 8, 2026. doi: 10.1080/02724634.2025.2604859

Source: www.sci.news

New Fossil Evidence Suggests Grecopithecus Exhibited Partial Bipedalism

Posted on March 6, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

A groundbreaking discovery of a 7.2-million-year-old femur at the Azmaka fossil site in southern Bulgaria reveals a unique blend of locomotor features, suggesting both quadrupedal and bipedal abilities. This significant finding involves a research team led by Professor Madeleine Böhme from the Senckenberg Center for Human Evolution and Paleoenvironment at the University of Tübingen. The fossil has been tentatively linked to Grecopithecus, a fossilized species of ape known from fragmented archaeological sites in the Balkans, which is considered by some as a contender for the earliest known human species.

Grecopithecus freibergii lived in the dusty savanna of the Athens Basin 7.2 million years ago.” width=”580″ height=”754″ srcset=”https://cdn.sci.news/images/2017/05/image_4888_1-Graecopithecus-freybergi.jpg 580w, https://cdn.sci.news/images/2017/05/image_4888_1-Graecopithecus-freybergi-230×300.jpg 230w” sizes=”(max-width: 580px) 100vw, 580px” />

Grecopithecus freibergii inhabited the dusty savanna of the Athens Basin 7.2 million years ago. This image from Pyrgos Vasilisis, the site of discovery, shows a southeastern view over Athens’ plains, beneath reddish clouds of Saharan dust. Background features include Mount Himethos and Mount Lycabettos. Image credit: Velizar Simeonovski.

Researchers regard Grecopithecus as a controversial late Miocene ape fossil, estimated to be around 7.2 million years old.

Some experts speculate that this ancient species could represent the earliest humans, potentially predating fossils traditionally linked to early human ancestry in Africa.

The fossil record of Grecopithecus includes a partial lower jaw discovered near Athens, Greece, in 1944, alongside isolated upper premolar fossils from Bulgaria examined in the 2010s.

“This ancestor from 7.2 million years ago is classified within the genus Grecopithecus and may represent the oldest known hominid,” stated David Bigan, a professor at the University of Toronto and co-author of the study.

The analysis in the study involved nearly complete femurs from Grecopithecus unearthed from the Azmaka site.

The newly discovered fossil, located in floodplain sediments dating back approximately 7.2 million years, showcases distinctive features. The Azmaka femur’s bulbous head is noticeably separated from the neck, with an elongated, diagonally ascending medial edge characteristic of hominids.

While this find does not fully represent the range of adaptations seen in later bipedal species, the angle of the neck axis falls within the lower spectrum observed in modern humans and approaches estimates for early human ancestors such as Orrorin, but remains below the typical angle found in suspensory apes like orangutans.

Researchers suggest that this combination of anatomical features indicates a transitional form of bipedalism that is neither specialized for climbing nor fully adapted for terrestrial life.

Weight estimates based on the dimensions of the femur suggest Grecopithecus weighed approximately 23-24 kg, akin to a small chimpanzee.

Professor Nikolai Spasov of the Bulgarian National Museum of Natural History remarked, “Numerous external and internal morphological traits, such as the elongated neck between the femoral shaft and head, the specific attachment points for the gluteal muscles, and the robust nature of the external bone layer, share similarities with our bipedal hominin ancestors and modern humans.”

“These anatomical features differ significantly from those of tree-dwelling apes,” he added. “Nevertheless, Grecopithecus did not walk in the same manner as modern humans.”

The environmental context of the Azmaka site indicates a scrub and forest savannah near a braided river system, suggesting that early terrestrial bipeds may have evolved outside of jungle habitats.

The authors hypothesize that the descendants of this group might have migrated from Eurasia to Africa during the late Miocene in response to climatic and environmental changes in the eastern Mediterranean, potentially influencing the ancestry of later African apes and hominids.

Whether the Azmaka femur ultimately reconstructs the geographic story of human origins remains contingent upon future discoveries.

Yet currently, it provides a rare insight into the origins of upright walking within a landscape characterized by seasonal rivers and open forests, millions of years prior to the emergence of the first widely recognized human ancestors in Africa.

Grecopithecus exemplifies a pivotal moment in human evolution, representing the transition from arboreal to terrestrial ancestors, akin to those from approximately 12 million years ago, including Danuvius guggenmosi, discovered at the Hammerschmiede site in southern Germany and more recently in East Africa,” emphasized Professor Bigan.

“In essence, you could classify this as a missing link. Grecopithecus is likely a descendant of apes from the Balkans and Anatolia that existed 8 to 9 million years ago, including Ouranopithecus and Anadrovicius, evolving from Western and Central European ancestors.

“Significant climate fluctuations in the eastern Mediterranean and Western Asia resulted in the periodic formation of extensive semi-desert landscapes between 8 and 6 million years ago,” he concluded. “This prompted a dispersal of Eurasian mammals into Africa, laying the groundwork for the contemporary savannah mammal fauna.”

The team’s findings were published in the November 2025 issue of Paleobiodiversity and Paleoenvironment.

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N. Spasov et al. Early forms of bipedal locomotion in terrestrial humans during the Late Miocene of Bulgaria. Paleobio Paleoembu, published online on November 13, 2025. doi: 10.1007/s12549-025-00691-0

Source: www.sci.news

Ancient 280-Million-Year-Old Fossil: The Earliest Evidence of Land Predators Hunting Herbivores

Posted on March 4, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Paleontologists from the University of Toronto Mississauga have uncovered numerous tooth impressions in the fossilized bones of three juvenile Diadectes, one of the earliest large herbivorous vertebrates to traverse land. This groundbreaking finding represents the earliest direct evidence of predator-prey interactions between terrestrial carnivores and herbivores.

Skeletal reconstruction of Diadectes sideropelicus. Side view illustrating left and right tooth and hole marks. Image credit: Young et al., doi: 10.1038/s41598-026-38183-6.

Paleontologists have long been aware of the existence of apex predators in the Permian landscape; however, clear physical evidence confirming their dependence on the early large herbivores has remained elusive.

In contrast to the Mesozoic Era, renowned for its dinosaur bite marks, the earlier fossil record reveals scant direct evidence of such predator-prey encounters.

“Our findings indicate that the predator-prey hierarchy emerged earlier than previously understood,” stated lead author Professor Robert Rice, a paleontologist at the University of Toronto Mississauga.

“While these interactions are well-documented in the ‘age of reptiles,’ there has been limited information regarding them in the Paleozoic era, when terrestrial vertebrates first evolved into large apex predators and herbivores.”

In this study, Professor Rice and colleagues analyzed the disarticulated skeletons of three juvenile Diadectes, dating back to the early Permian period.

The fossils were unearthed in the Mud Hill area of the Vale Formation located in Texas, USA.

The paleontologists documented five distinct types of bone damage: shallow notches, deeper holes, grooves along the shafts, conical punctures, and small holes.

Notably, many marks were concentrated around cartilage-rich joints, indicating predators had stripped away muscle and pried open connective tissues.

Some grooves ran parallel to the long axis of the bone, consistent with the motion of tearing flesh.

“The holes, pits, cuts, and wrinkles present on these three juvenile herbivores’ skeletons point to the presence of large predators in this area, such as Varanopus and Dimetrodon,” said lead study author Jordan M. Young, a researcher at the University of Toronto Mississauga.

“Scavengers and small arthropods also took part in this ‘Paleozoic feast.’”

Evidence of arthropod perforation was found where the cartilage of the bone ends would have been.

The study was published in the Journal on February 26, 2026, in a Scientific Report.

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JM Young et al. 2026. The earliest direct evidence of trophic interactions between terrestrial apex predators and large herbivores. Scientific Reports 16, 6977; doi: 10.1038/s41598-026-38183-6

Source: www.sci.news

Is the Cosmology Crisis Evidence for the Existence of Hidden Dimensions?

Posted on March 2, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Fractal conceptual diagram illustrating supersymmetry and superstrings. Supersymmetry (SUSY) theorizes a unique space-time symmetry connecting two primary categories of elementary particles: bosons, which have an integer spin, and fermions, possessing a half-integer spin. If confirmed, supersymmetry could address numerous enigma in particle physics and unravel paradoxes like the cosmological constant problem. While indirect evidence suggests the unity of gauge couplings, direct proof necessitates creating superpartners in collider experiments, such as at the Large Hadron Collider. — David Parker/Science Photo Library

Recently, cosmologists using the Dark Energy Spectroscopy Instrument (DESI) announced observations suggesting that the enigmatic dark energy, believed to be responsible for the universe’s expansion, may be diminishing. If validated, these revelations challenge the notion of dark energy as a fixed cosmological constant, a key element in the framework of the lambda CDM model, which seeks to explain cosmic evolution.

Should these findings hold, they could pave the way for more refined theoretical models. Researchers are actively exploring new perspectives on dark energy and even revisiting concepts related to dark matter and gravity.

Moreover, if dark energy’s intensity continues to wane, the implications could extend significantly. This change may inspire proponents of alternative cosmologies to reconsider our understanding of the universe’s ultimate fate and delve deeper into the fabric of space-time. Eric Linder, a physicist and cosmologist at the University of California, Berkeley, remarked, “There are certainly intriguing possibilities that could revolutionize physics.”

The Lambda CDM model proposes a brief period of exponential expansion in the early universe, referred to as inflation. This concept appears to elucidate why the universe is so isotropic, flat, and homogenous at extensive scales. However, it faces criticism, notably from physicist Paul Steinhardt of Princeton University. He bluntly stated, “Inflation doesn’t work,” asserting that it necessitates improbable initial conditions and introduces excessive flexibility, resulting in scenarios that many find implausible.

Circulating Universe

Steinhardt has long championed an alternative notion known as the periodic universe, positing that the universe undergoes cycles of expansion, contraction, and rebirth. For this hypothesis to hold, dark energy must exhibit evolution.

“It requires a type of decaying dark energy that halts the universe’s expansion, causes deceleration, and eventually leads to contraction, triggering a rebound and a new cycle,” Steinhardt explained. Current DESI data indicates at least the initial phase of this deceleration.

This does not imply that DESI’s outcomes validate periodic cosmology. Potential systematic errors may arise in analysis and measurement, and it is entirely plausible for dark energy to weaken without leading to contraction or rebound. However, if the decline of dark energy is confirmed, it would bolster Steinhardt’s long-standing proposition. “I tend to be very conservative and patient,” he noted. “But what I’m suggesting is, the game is on.”

Similarly, the DESI results have reinvigorated another contentious idea. Broadly stated, string theory posits that the universe’s fundamental constituents are incredibly tiny strings embedded in hidden extra dimensions. The vibrations of these strings correspond to the particles and forces we identify. This theory captured attention in the 1980s, hinting at a possible unification of quantum theory and general relativity, often dubbed as “the theory of everything.”

A periodic universe will undergo cycles of beginnings and endings.

Science Photo Library / Alamy Stock Photo

However, string theorists have historically struggled to create universe models incorporating small positive cosmological constants. In research published in 2018 and 2019, Cumrun Vafa and his colleagues proposed a framework known as the Swampland conjecture, designed to differentiate between consistent theories of particles, forces, and space-time, and those that do not align with a coherent quantum gravity theory. They suggested that dark energy cannot remain a constant but should function as a field with fluctuating energy levels, similar to the phenomena believed to have induced inflation.

Initially, this idea contradicted widespread views regarding the constancy of dark energy over cosmic timescales. Vafa reflected on this by stating, “People used to argue that dark energy is constant, thereby discrediting string theory.”

Hidden Dimensions

Despite skepticism, Vafa and his team persisted. In 2022, they proposed a model involving a “big hidden extra dimension” estimated to be around the size of a micrometer, gradually evolving over cosmic time. As the geometry of this dimension varies, it alters the observable energy in the universe. “This isn’t an exotic scenario,” Vafa explained, adding, “[From a string theory perspective], as the hyperdimension changes, both dark energy and dark matter respond to it.”

It’s evident why DESI’s findings captivate string theorists. Vafa’s model predicts a slow decline of dark energy — a trend now being observed. When Vafa and his team analyzed DESI data in conjunction with other cosmological observations in 2025, their model aligned remarkably well with the data, surpassing Lambda CDM in fit, nearly mirroring earlier models that allowed for dark energy evolution. Vafa expressed enthusiasm, noting, “This is why I’m incredibly excited. I’m very satisfied.”

It is essential to recognize that the DESI results do not deliver unequivocal proof for string theory. The preference for evolving dark energy over a static cosmological constant hinges on the integration of other cosmological datasets. Furthermore, models unrelated to string theory that avoid hidden dimensions can equally accommodate current data.

Nevertheless, should the DESI findings be sustained, increasing statistical significance may eliminate an empirical hurdle for string theory and challenge claims that it fails to yield testable predictions. “We formulated this model years ago,” Vafa noted. “The data now reflects exactly what we expected.”

Hidden dimensions from string theory might indeed be real

Science Photo Library

To leverage the potential of observational evidence supporting string theory, theorists like Vafa must develop a more precise model that offers accurate predictions surpassing those of non-string theories and validates a wider array of cosmological data. Interestingly, this framework already indicates other testable signs, such as deviations from the standard understanding of dark matter’s evolution and differences from general relativity at micrometer scales.

While some cosmologists remain skeptical regarding the profound implications of DESI’s findings, others, such as Pedro Ferreira, a cosmologist at the University of Oxford, underscore that “dark energy operates within specific scales, and this discussion is valid.” Ferreira noted, “[When it comes to quantum interactions], we may not have the ability to delve that deeply.” In contrast, others acknowledge that these discoveries might extend far beyond cosmology and could offer insight into the intricate quantum structure of space-time. As Mike Turner, a cosmologist at the University of Chicago, remarked, “Cumrun Vafa’s work is the most intriguing I have encountered. Here is where cosmology converges with particle physics, studying fundamental concepts that could yield enormous implications.”

Topic:

Source: www.newscientist.com

Evidence Reveals Brutal Iron Age Massacres Targeting Women and Children

Posted on February 23, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Illustration of the Iron Age Mass Grave at Gomolava

Credit: Sarah Nylund

In a groundbreaking discovery, evidence suggests that women and children were intentionally targeted in the largest prehistoric mass murder ever found in Europe. The 77 victims, buried over 2,800 years ago, appear to have died from brutal violence.

This significant mass grave was unearthed at Gomolava, an early Iron Age site located in the Carpathian Basin of modern-day Serbia. The site is characterized by a man-made mound, known as a tell, formed through layers of debris accumulated over thousands of years of human habitation since the late 6th millennium B.C. Archaeological findings also include remnants of adobe structures, pottery, and organic materials.

Research led by Linda Fibiger and her colleagues at the University of Edinburgh analyzed skeletal remains sourced from cemeteries at the Vojvodina Museum in Novi Sad, Serbia, employing DNA and isotope studies to shed light on these ancient events.

Of the 77 individuals, 51 were identified as children and adolescents. Biological sex was ascertained for 72 of the individuals, revealing that 51 were female.

Initial assessments in 1976 had misattributed the cause of death to a pandemic; however, new analyses revealed unhealed injuries consistent with violent acts, including defensive wounds and projectile impacts.

“Many injuries were to the head, indicating forceful contact. The prevalence and nature of these wounds suggest intentional killing rather than accidental death,” Fibiger remarked. “This incident appears to be exceptionally brutal.”

The research team analyzed DNA from the remains of 25 individuals and studied the ratios of strontium, oxygen, and carbon isotopes found in the tooth enamel of 24 victims. This analysis helps reconstruct childhood environmental conditions and revealed that the individuals were often not closely related and had diverse diets in their youth.

“Most were not even related within the last 12 generations,” asserted Barry Molloy from University College Dublin, Ireland. He posits that the victims were part of a broader societal structure that shared cultural practices without necessarily forming close-knit groups.

This horrific genocide occurred during the 9th century BC, coinciding with the migration of nomadic pastoralists from the Eurasian steppes, while local populations were reestablishing old settlements and agricultural practices. Molloy highlighted the potential for conflicts over land rights during this transitional period, which could have led to such violent outcomes.

“The targeting of women and children suggests a different motive than what we typically associate with warfare,” Molloy explained. “It points toward a calculated strategy to assert control or quell dissent.”

There is speculation that perpetrators may have aimed to undermine resistance by killing young children, previously considered for enslavement, sending a strong message to nearby tribes.

Interpreting genocide is complex,” noted Pere Gelabert of the University of Vienna, Austria. “The Iron Age was marked by regional instability and conflict. Mass burial practices may reflect ritualistic massacres, focusing on women and children, or result from men being absent during such violent occurrences.”

Interestingly, the burial sites contained personal artifacts like bronze jewelry and ceramic vessels, along with animal remains and crushed stones, suggesting a careful and symbolic burial process. “This implies distinct groups carried out the killings and the funerals,” Molloy concluded.

Topics:

Source: www.newscientist.com

Dark Galaxy Discovered in Perseus Cluster: New Evidence Unveiled

Posted on February 22, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

The recently discovered dark galaxy candidates, particularly Candidate Dark Galaxy-2 (CDG-2), are primarily composed of dark matter and emit minimal light. This intriguing object features four globular clusters and is part of the Perseus galaxy cluster. The identification of CDG-2 presents significant implications for astronomers’ understanding of galaxy formation and evolution within the cosmic web, offering fresh insights into dark matter—an elusive substance that significantly outweighs ordinary matter yet remains invisible.

CDG-2 (dashed red circle) showcases its dominance in dark matter with only a sparse scattering of stars. Image credit: NASA/ESA/Dayi Li, Toronto/Joseph DePasquale, STScI.

“In the expansive fabric of the universe, most galaxies emit brilliant light across cosmic time and space,” stated University of Toronto astronomer David Lee and his research team.

“However, a rare subset of galaxies remains mostly hidden: those with low surface brightness, primarily dominated by dark matter and containing only a sparse collection of faint stars.”

“Detecting dark galaxies of this nature poses significant challenges.”

Dr. Li and his collaborators employed advanced statistical techniques to uncover 10 previously known galaxies with low surface brightness, in addition to identifying two new dark galaxy candidates by analyzing concentrated groupings of globular clusters.

These clusters may reveal the existence of faint stellar populations that are not easily observed.

To validate one of the dark galaxy candidates, they utilized NASA/ESA’s Hubble Space Telescope, ESA’s Euclid Space Observatory, and the ground-based Subaru Telescope in Hawaii.

High-resolution images captured by Hubble unveil four globular clusters closely packed within the Perseus Cluster—a large galaxy cluster located approximately 240 million light-years away in the constellation Perseus.

Further follow-up surveys using Hubble, Euclid, and Subaru revealed a faint, diffuse glow surrounding the cluster, providing compelling evidence of the underlying galaxy.

“This marks the first detection of a galaxy identified solely through its globular cluster population,” remarked Dr. Lee.

“Under conservative assumptions, these four clusters represent the entirety of the CDG-2 globular cluster.”

Preliminary assessments indicate that CDG-2 possesses brightness equivalent to about 6 million Sun-like stars, with globular clusters constituting 16% of its visible content.

Remarkably, approximately 99% of its mass is believed to be dark matter, encompassing both visible and dark constituents.

Much of the normal matter that facilitates star formation may have been stripped away due to gravitational interactions with neighboring galaxies in the Perseus cluster.

“CDG-2 stands out as the most globular cluster-dominated galaxy and may be among the most dark matter-dominated galaxies ever discovered,” the astronomers concluded.

Read their research paper published in June 2025. Astrophysics Journal Letter.

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Dai (David) Lee et al. 2025. Dark galaxy candidate-2: Verification and analysis of nearly dark galaxies in the Perseus cluster. APJL 986, L18; doi: 10.3847/2041-8213/adddab

Source: www.sci.news

Archeopteryx’s Feeding Structures: Evidence of Evolving Flight Demands, Researchers Reveal

Posted on February 6, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

A groundbreaking study by paleontologists at the Field Museum of Natural History reveals that Archeopteryx, the oldest known bird, has a feeding mechanism intricately shaped by the demands of early flight. This discovery implies a simultaneous evolution of diet and aerodynamics during the early history of birds. For detailed insights, check the full report, coming this week in Innovation.

Reconstruction of Archeopteryx, highlighting features such as an oral papilla, a beak tip organ, and a flexible tongue supported by an extra lingual bone. Image credit: Vir Shinkonen.

Flying demands a significant amount of energy compared to walking, swimming, or running, making it one of the most physically taxing forms of exercise. Birds have therefore evolved specialized strategies for efficient food intake and digestion.

Archeopteryx, the oldest known bird-like dinosaur, inhabited regions of present-day Germany around 150 million years ago during the Jurassic period.

Dr. Jingmai O’Connor, associate curator of fossil reptiles at the Field Museum, states, “For a long time, the characteristics defining the transition from land-based dinosaurs to avian dinosaurs were poorly understood.”

Dr. O’Connor notes, “The unique features found in Archeopteryx that are also present in modern birds provide new criteria for determining avian characteristics in dinosaur fossils.”

This research focused on the latest Archeopteryx specimen from Chicago, enhancing our scientific understanding of this ancient bird.

The team compared the preserved tissues of Archeopteryx to the oral papillae of contemporary birds, leading to the significant finding that they identified the first example of an oral papilla in Archeopteryx, as well as the first in the fossil record.

Additionally, the study uncovered several previously unseen features within the skull of Archeopteryx.

A small bone fragment, identified as a tongue bone, was discovered. While human tongues lack bones, many birds possess a series of bones that structure their tongues, allowing for greater flexibility and food manipulation.

“This tiny bone is one of the smallest in the body, yet it indicates that Archeopteryx had a highly mobile tongue, similar to many modern birds,” said Dr. O’Connor.

CT scans also revealed small tunnels at the tip of Archeopteryx’s beak, indicating the presence of nerve traces. Many birds possess a beak tip organ, a sensitive feature at the end of the beak that aids in food foraging.

These findings collectively suggest that Archeopteryx utilized oral papillae, lingual bones, and beak tip organs to develop advanced feeding mechanisms, reflecting their adaptive strategies for survival in flight.

“Our results indicate a significant transformation in feeding strategies as dinosaurs took to the air to meet the high-energy demands of flight,” Dr. O’Connor added.

“Birds possess incredibly efficient digestive systems, designed to maximize the energy extracted from food—a process that begins right in the mouth.”

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Jimmai K. O’Connor et al. 2026. Characteristics of Archeopteryx‘s feeding apparatus reveal the growing demands of flight. Innovation 7(2):101086; doi: 10.1016/j.xinn.2025.101086

Source: www.sci.news

Neanderthal and Early Human Interbreeding Across Wide Regions: What the Evidence Shows

Posted on February 2, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Artist’s Impression of Neanderthal Life

Christian Jegou/Science Photo Library

Homo sapiens and Neanderthals likely interbred across a vast region, extending from Western Europe to Asia.

Modern humans (Homo sapiens) and Neanderthals (Homo neanderthalensis) exhibited mixed ancestry, with most non-Africans today possessing Neanderthal DNA, approximating 2% of their genome. Neanderthals also engaged in interbreeding, leading to a lineage shift in the Y chromosome influenced by Homo sapiens.

Despite increasing knowledge about the timing of this hybridization, the specific regions and scales of these interactions long remained a mystery. Ancestors of Neanderthals departed Africa around 600,000 years ago, migrating toward Europe and Western Asia. The first evidence of Homo sapiens moving from Africa includes skeletal remains from sites in modern-day Israel and Greece, dating to approximately 200,000 years ago.

Evidence suggests that Homo sapiens contributed genetically to the Neanderthal population in the Altai Mountains around 100,000 years ago. However, the primary wave of migration from Africa occurred over 60,000 years ago. Recent studies utilizing ancient genomic data indicate that significant gene flow between Homo sapiens and Neanderthals began around 50,000 years ago, with findings documented in studies of 4000 and 7000 gene transfers.

This interaction is thought to have primarily taken place in the eastern Mediterranean, although pinpointing the exact locations remains challenging.

To investigate, Matthias Karat and his team from the University of Geneva analyzed 4,147 ancient genetic samples from over 1,200 locations, with the oldest dating back approximately 44,000 years. They studied the frequency of genetic mutations (introgression alleles) originating from Neanderthal DNA that were passed down through hybridization.

“Our objective was to use Neanderthal DNA integration patterns in ancient human genomes to determine the sites of hybridization,” Carlat explains.

Findings revealed that the proportion of transferred DNA increased gradually as one moved away from the eastern Mediterranean region, plateauing approximately 3,900 kilometers westward into Europe and eastward into Asia.

“We were surprised to identify a distinct pattern of increasing introgression rates in the human genome, likely linked to human expansion from Africa,” Carlat notes. “This increase toward Europe and East Asia allows us to estimate the parameters of this hybrid zone.”

Computer simulations showed a hybrid zone potentially spanning much of Europe and the eastern Mediterranean, extending into western Asia.

Interbreeding Zone between Neanderthals and Homo sapiens

Lionel N. Di Santo et al. 2026

“Our findings suggest a continuous series of interbreeding events across both space and time,” notes Carlat. “However, the specifics of mating occurrences in this hybrid zone remain unknown.”

This hybrid zone encompasses nearly all known Neanderthal remains found across Western Eurasia, with the exception of the Altai region.

“The extensive geographical breadth of the putative hybrid zone suggests widespread interactions among populations,” states Leonard Yasi from the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig, Germany.

Notably, the Atlantic periphery—including western France and much of the Iberian Peninsula—was not part of the hybrid zone, despite the established presence of Neanderthals in these regions. Currat suggests that interbreeding may not have occurred here or may not be reflected in the analyzed genetic samples.

“This study reveals ongoing interactions between modern humans and Neanderthals over extensive geographical areas and extended periods,” adds Yasi. The hybrid zone may extend further, though limited ancient DNA sampling in regions like the Arabian Peninsula complicates assessment of its reach.

“This pivotal research challenges the notion that interbreeding occurred only in one area of West Asia with a singular Neanderthal population (not represented in existing genetic samples). Homo sapiens appear to have dispersed from Africa in increasing numbers across expanding territories, likely outcompeting smaller Neanderthal groups they encountered throughout most of the recognized Neanderthal range,” comments Chris Stringer from the Natural History Museum in London.

Topics:

Neanderthal Man/
Ancient Humans

Source: www.newscientist.com

Discoveries of Advanced Stone Tool Technology at China’s Xigou Ruins: New Archaeological Evidence

Posted on January 28, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Technological advancements in Africa and Western Europe during the late Middle Pleistocene highlight the intricate behaviors of hominin groups. Contrarily, East Asian human technology has long been perceived as lacking innovation. Recent archaeological findings at the Xigou site in Henan province, China, reveal remarkable evidence of technological innovations dating back between 160,000 and 72,000 years, illustrating over 90,000 years of sophisticated technological behavior through detailed technological, typological, and functional analyses.

Artist’s restoration of the Nishimizo utensil holder. Image credit: Hulk Yuan, IVPP.

“For decades, researchers have posited that, while Africa and Western Europe exhibited significant technological growth, East Asians relied on simpler and more traditional stone tool techniques,” noted Dr. Shisia Yang from the Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology.

In recent findings, Dr. Yang and colleagues reveal that, during a time when numerous large-brained hominins coexisted in China, the hominins in this region displayed far greater inventiveness and adaptability than previously assumed, including species such as Homolonghi, Homo juruensis, and potentially Homo sapiens.

“The discovery at Xigou challenges the notion that early human populations in China were inherently conservative over time,” emphasized Professor Michael Petraglia from Griffith University.

“In-depth analyses indicate that the early inhabitants utilized advanced stone tool-making techniques to create small flakes and multifunctional tools,” he added.

Notably, the site revealed handled stone tools, marking the earliest known evidence of composite tools in East Asia.

These tools, which integrated stone components with handles and shafts, demonstrate exceptional planning, skilled craftsmanship, and knowledge of how to enhance tool functionality.

“Their existence underscores the behavioral flexibility and ingenuity of the Nishigou hominids,” Dr. Jiang Ping Yue, also affiliated with the Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, remarked.

The geological formations at Xigou, spanning 90,000 years, align with accumulating evidence of increasing hominin diversity across China.

Findings from Xujiaba and Lingjing confirm the presence of a large-brained hominin, Homo juruensis, providing a biological foundation for the behavioral complexity observed in the Xigou population.

“The advanced technological strategies evidenced in the stone tools likely played a crucial role in aiding humans to adapt to the fluctuating environments typical of East Asia over 90,000 years,” stated Professor Petraglia.

The discoveries at Xigou have transformed our understanding of human evolution in East Asia, revealing that early populations possessed cognitive and technological competencies comparable to their African and European counterparts.

“Emerging evidence from Xigou and other archaeological sites indicates that early Chinese technology featured prepared core methods, innovative retouching techniques, and substantial cutting tools, suggesting a more intricate and advanced technological landscape than previously acknowledged,” Dr. Yang concluded.

The research team’s paper is published in the latest edition of Nature Communications.

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JP. Yue et al. 2026. Technological Innovation and Patterned Technology in Central China from Approximately 160,000 to 72,000 Years Ago. Nat Commun 17,615; doi: 10.1038/s41467-025-67601-y

Source: www.sci.news

Pleistocene Fossils Uncover Evidence That Hopping Was Common Among Large Species, Not Just Small Kangaroos

Posted on January 24, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

A groundbreaking study conducted by paleontologists from the University of Bristol, the University of Manchester, and the University of Melbourne has uncovered that the giant ancestors of modern kangaroos possessed robust hindlimb bony and tendon structures, enabling them to endure the stress of jumping. This challenges the previous assumption that body size strictly limited this iconic locomotion.

Simosthenurus occidentalis. Image credit: Nellie Pease / ARC CoE CABAH / CC BY-SA 4.0 Certificate.

Currently, red kangaroos represent the largest living jumping animals, averaging a weight of approximately 90 kg.

However, during the Ice Age, some kangaroo species reached weights exceeding 250 kg—more than double the size of today’s largest kangaroos.

Historically, researchers speculated that these giant kangaroos must have ceased hopping, as early studies indicated that jumping became mechanically impractical beyond 150 kg.

“Earlier estimates relied on simplistic models of modern kangaroos, overlooking critical anatomical variations,” explained Dr. Megan Jones, a postgraduate researcher at the University of Manchester and the University of Melbourne.

“Our research indicates that these ancient animals weren’t simply larger versions of today’s kangaroos; their anatomy was specifically adapted to support their massive size.”

In this new study, Dr. Jones and her team examined the hind limbs of 94 modern and 40 fossil specimens from 63 species, including members of the extinct giant kangaroo group, Protemnodon, which thrived during the Pleistocene epoch, approximately 2.6 million to 11,700 years ago.

The researchers assessed body weight estimates and analyzed the fourth metatarsal length and diameter (a crucial elongated foot bone for jumping in modern kangaroos) to evaluate its capacity to endure jumping stresses.

Comparisons were drawn between the heel bone structures of giant kangaroos and their modern counterparts.

The team estimated the strength of tendons necessary for the jumping force of a giant kangaroo and determined whether the heel bones could accommodate such tendons.

The findings suggest that the metatarsals of all giant kangaroos were adequate to withstand jumping pressures, and the heel bones were sufficiently large to support the width of the required jump tendons.

These results imply that all giant kangaroo species had the physical capability to jump.

Nevertheless, the researchers caution that giant kangaroos likely did not rely solely on hopping for locomotion, given their large body sizes, which would hinder long-distance movement.

They highlight that sporadic hopping is observed in many smaller species today, such as hopping rodents and smaller marsupials.

Some giant kangaroo species may have used short, quick jumps to evade predators. Thylacoleo.

“Thicker tendons offer increased safety but store less elastic energy,” said Dr. Katrina Jones, a researcher at the University of Bristol.

“This trait may have rendered giant kangaroo hoppers slower and less efficient, making them more suited for short distances rather than extensive travel.”

“Even so, hopping doesn’t need to be maximally energy-efficient to be advantageous. These animals likely leveraged their hopping ability to rapidly navigate uneven terrain or evade threats.”

University of Manchester researcher Dr. Robert Nudds remarks: “Our findings enhance the understanding that prehistoric Australian kangaroos exhibited greater ecological diversity than seen today, with some large species functioning as herbivores, akin to modern kangaroos, while others filled ecological niches as browsers, a category absent among today’s large kangaroos.”

For more details, refer to the study results published in the journal Scientific Reports.

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M.E. Jones et al. 2026. Biomechanical Limits of Hindlimb Hopping in Extinct Giant Kangaroos. Scientific Reports 16/1309. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-29939-7

Source: www.sci.news

Does Limiting Social Media Use Benefit Teens? New Evidence Revealed

Posted on January 22, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Teens in Trial to Limit Social Media Use: A Shift Towards Real-life Interaction

Daniel de la Hoz/Getty Images

Teens in social media trial — Teens in Trial to Limit Social Media Use: A Shift Towards Real-life Interaction

Daniel de la Hoz/Getty Images

A groundbreaking study is exploring the effects of reduced social media usage on teens’ mental health and well-being. While results are not expected until mid-2027, ongoing discussions suggest that some governments might institute bans on social media for teenagers before the outcomes are known.

The merit of such a ban is still up for debate in the courts. Despite limited evidence, Australia has introduced regulations for minors under 16, and the UK government is considering similar measures.

This trial prioritizes young people’s voices by involving them in the planning process. Historically, children and adolescents have been excluded from critical discussions concerning social media design and management.

“Involving kids is crucial,” states Pete Etchells from Bath Spa University, UK, who is not directly involved in the study.

“There is ample evidence pointing to the potential harms of social media on young users, some of which can be severe,” notes Amy Orben, co-leader of the trial, emphasizing the uncertainty regarding the broader impact of social media time.

To obtain clearer answers, large-scale studies are necessary. The IRL trial takes place in Bradford, England, aiming to recruit around 4,000 participants aged 12 to 15 across 10 schools. A bespoke app will be used to monitor social media engagement.

Half of the participants will face specific time limits on certain apps like TikTok, Instagram, and YouTube, with no restrictions on messaging apps like WhatsApp. “Total usage will be capped at one hour a day, with a curfew from 9 PM to 7 AM,” explains Dan Lewar from the Bradford Health Data Science Center, who co-leads the trial. This is significant, considering that the average social media usage for this age group is about three hours daily.

Importantly, participants will be randomized by grade level, allowing 8th graders to serve as the control group while 9th graders undergo restrictions. The aim is to create similar circumstances for both groups. “If a child’s social media is restricted, but their friends are active online post-curfew, they may feel excluded,” Orben explains.

Lewar emphasizes that the trial was designed collaboratively with teens. “They opposed a blanket ban,” he notes.

The comprehensive study will span six weeks around October, with preliminary results anticipated in mid-2027.

Orben emphasizes that this trial will yield more precise data on teenage social media habits through app monitoring rather than relying on self-reported information. The team will also gather data on anxiety, sleep quality, socializing, happiness, body image, school absenteeism, and experiences of bullying.

Etchells asserts the necessity of understanding whether restrictions or bans are beneficial or detrimental to youth. “The honest answer is we don’t know. That’s why research like this is critical.”

This initiative is welcomed due to the absence of high-quality studies in this area. A recent report from the UK Department for Science, Innovation, and Technology highlighted the need for quality causal evidence linking young people’s mental health to digital technology use, especially concerning social media, smartphones, and AI chatbots.

As stated by Margarita Panayiotou from the University of Manchester, engaging with youth is essential in social media research. Her findings show that teens often find ways to circumvent outright bans, making testing restrictions a more viable option. This approach may also be more ethical, as the harm caused by a ban is not yet understood.

“Teens view social media as a space for self-discovery,” says Panayiotou, highlighting concerns about platform distrust, feelings of loss of control, and unintentional overuse. They also report struggles with online judgment, body comparisons, and cyberbullying.

According to Etchells and Panayiotou, the primary challenge for governments is to compel tech companies to ensure safer social media environments for youth.

The Online Safety Act 2023 (OSA) mandates that technology firms like TikTok, Facebook, WhatsApp, and Instagram (owned by Meta), as well as Google (which owns YouTube), enhance user safety. “Effective enforcement of OSA could address many existing issues,” asserts Etchells.

Topics:

Mental Health/
Social Media

Source: www.newscientist.com

Evidence Suggests Mars Once Had an Ocean Comparable to the Arctic Ocean

Posted on January 20, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Mars Was Once Much Wetter

NASA/USGS

Mars’ geological features reveal that the planet once hosted rivers and extensive coastlines, indicating it may have had vast oceans in its history. This discovery offers the most substantial evidence yet of Mars’ once vibrant blue landscape.

According to Ezzat Heidari, a geochemist at Jackson State University in Mississippi (who was not part of the study), “The existence of liquid water on Mars encompasses a wide array of topics including rain, rivers, lakes, and oceans.” In his view, this research highlights a significant factor: the ocean.

The research team, featuring planetary geologists like Ignatius Indy and geoscientists such as Fritz Schlunegger from the University of Bern, made groundbreaking discoveries using data from numerous spacecraft. This includes NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter and the European Space Agency’s Mars Express and ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter. The ExoMars spacecraft, equipped with a specialized Bernese Mars camera, has been instrumental in capturing high-resolution color images, which were crucial for this research.

“These sophisticated images help us identify subtle variations in surface materials that are invisible in black and white images,” Indy explains. Combined with topographical data from other orbiters, these tools transform into a “geological time machine,” providing a clearer glimpse of Mars’ geological evolution.

To explore Mars’ potential ancient water sources, the researchers scrutinized Valles Marineris, an extensive canyon system over 4,000 kilometers long that runs along the planet’s equator. Their focus particularly emphasized the southeast area, Koprates Chasma, with its features dating back around 3.3 billion years.

By merging the new images with geomorphological analyses, the researchers identified structures indicative of river flow into oceans and the formation of alpine lakes at mountain bases—similar to Earth’s geography.

“The Nile Delta serves as a classic illustration,” Schlunegger notes. “If you were to drain the Mediterranean just past the end of the Nile, you’d observe features remarkably akin to those found on Mars,” he states.

Silty Deposits Left by Ancient Water on Mars

Algadestia et al. 2026, CaSSIS

The new data allowed scientists to trace the ancient coastline of Mars’ former ocean, estimating its size to be comparable to Earth’s Arctic Ocean. This could represent the largest ocean that ever existed on Mars.

“Our research indicates that approximately 3 billion years ago, Mars may have sustained significant bodies of surface water within Valles Marineris, the largest canyon in our solar system,” Indy remarked. “What’s even more intriguing is that these water bodies might have been linked to a much larger ocean that once spanned parts of Mars’ northern lowlands.”

While past research suggested the presence of water on Mars, much of the evidence was indirect. A notable study revealed Martian minerals that may have interacted with water long ago. Additional investigations have indicated that an ancient asteroid impact could have triggered a massive tsunami on the planet. Yet, acquiring conclusive data has remained a challenge.

The notion that Mars once harbored a vast ocean remains debated; as Michael Manga, a geoscientist from the University of California, Berkeley (who wasn’t involved in this study), points out, “Even if the ocean did exist, the geological record is far too ancient to be clear.”

This discovery raises fascinating possibilities for the search for extraterrestrial life and serves as a cautionary reminder that Earth’s crucial resources may also one day diminish.

“This paper addresses a question that is paramount to those researching Mars’ evolution,” Heidari said. “Martian oceans would have operated similarly to Earth’s oceans, playing a vital role in the planet’s health.”

World Capital of Astronomy: Chile

Discover Chile’s astronomical treasures, including the world’s most advanced observatory, and enjoy stargazing under the clearest skies on Earth.

Topics:

This rewritten content maintains the original HTML structure while optimizing for SEO with more relevant keywords and clarifications.

Source: www.newscientist.com

Evidence Suggests Early Humans Began Hunting Elephants 1.8 Million Years Ago

Posted on January 6, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Ancient Humans Hunting Elephants—Evidence of Slaughtering Animals 1.8 Million Years Ago

Natural History Museum/Scientific Photography Library

Homo heidelbergensis hunting elephant — Ancient Humans Hunting Elephants—Evidence of Slaughtering Animals 1.8 Million Years Ago

Natural History Museum/Scientific Photography Library

Hunting an elephant is a formidable challenge, necessitating advanced tools and teamwork, offering an abundant source of protein.

A research team led by Manuel Dominguez-Rodrigo from Rice University in Texas suggests that ancient humans may have accomplished this feat approximately 1.78 million years ago in Tanzania’s Olduvai Gorge.

“Around 2 million years ago, our ancestors consistently consumed smaller game like gazelles and waterbucks but did not target larger prey,” says Dominguez-Rodrigo.

Later findings from Olduvai Gorge indicate a significant shift. This valley, abundant with both animal and human fossils formed over the past 2 million to 17,000 years, shows a marked increase in elephant and hippopotamus remains around 1.8 million years ago. However, establishing conclusive evidence of human involvement in hunting remains elusive.

In June 2022, Dominguez-Rodrigo and his team discovered what may be an ancient elephant slaughterhouse at Olduvai.

The site, dubbed the EAK site, revealed partial remains of an extinct elephant species, Elephas reki, surrounded by an array of stone tools that were much larger and sturdier than those utilized by hominins 2 million years ago. Dominguez-Rodrigo posits these tools were likely crafted by the ancient hominin Homo erectus.

“These include Pleistocene knives, known for their sharpness even today,” he notes, emphasizing their potential for butchering tasks.

Dominguez-Rodrigo and his colleagues believe these stone tools facilitated elephant slaughter. Some limb bones appear to have fractured shortly after the elephant’s demise, indicating the bones were still fresh or “green.” Unlike scavengers like hyenas that can strip meat, they can’t shatter the dense bone shafts of mature elephants.

“We discovered numerous bones in the field with fresh fractures, pointing to human use of hammer stones for processing,” he states. “These ‘green’ fractured bones are widespread in the 1.7-million-year-old landscape and bear distinct impact marks.”

However, there is a scarcity of cut marks on bones, which typically indicate butchering practices to extract meat.

It remains uncertain whether humans actively hunted the elephants or merely scavenged existing carcasses.

“What we can confirm is that they disassembled the bones—or portions of them—leaving behind tools and bones as evidence,” affirms Dominguez-Rodrigo.

He adds that the transition to hunting elephants wasn’t merely due to advancements in stone tools, but also hinted at an increase in social structure and cultural development among hominin groups.

However, Michael Pante, a researcher at Colorado State University, remains skeptical of the findings.

Pante contends that the evidence for human exploitation of this individual elephant is weak. The interpretation relies heavily on the proximity of stone tools and elephant remains, as well as the inferred fractures created by human attempts to access bone marrow.

Pante asserts that the earliest definitive evidence of hippo, giraffe, and elephant hunting in Olduvai dates back to around 80,000 years ago, as shown in the research of the 1.7-million-year-old HWK EE site.

“In contrast to the EAK site, the bones at HWK EE exhibit cut marks and are associated with thousands of other bones and artifacts within an archaeological context,” he explains.

Explore the World of Archaeology and Paleontology

New Scientist consistently covers remarkable archaeological sites around the globe, redefining our understanding of species and early civilizations. Consider taking a trip to explore these fascinating locations!

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Source: www.newscientist.com

7 Million-Year-Old Sahelanthropus Fossil: The Oldest Evidence of Bipedalism

Posted on January 6, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

For over 20 years, Sahelanthropus tchadensis, one of the earliest hominid species (dating back 6.7 to 7.2 million years), was discovered in Chad in 2001. This species is central to a heated debate: Did our earliest ancestors walk upright? A groundbreaking study by paleoanthropologists at New York University provides compelling evidence supporting this notion. The research indicates that Sahelanthropus tchadensis, an ape-like ancestor from Africa, showcases some of the earliest adaptations for bipedal terrestrial locomotion.

Reconstruction of Sahelanthropus tchadensis. Image credit: University of Silesia.

According to New York University, “Sahelanthropus tchadensis was essentially a bipedal ape with a brain size similar to that of a chimpanzee, likely spending considerable time foraging and finding safety in trees,” as noted by Dr. Scott Williams.

“Despite its ape-like appearance, Sahelanthropus tchadensis demonstrated adaptations for bipedal posture and movement on land,” Dr. Williams added.

The team focused on the femur and two partial forearm bones found at the Toros Menara site in Chad. Previous research had asserted that these bones were too ape-like to indicate upright walking; however, this latest study utilizes 3D shape modeling and anatomical analysis tailored to human locomotion.

“These characteristics suggest a similarity in hip and knee function between Sahelanthropus tchadensis and modern humans, possibly representing fundamental adaptations toward bipedalism in the human lineage,” the researchers concluded.

Although the external shape of the limb bones resembles that of chimpanzees, the proportions indicate a more human-like configuration.

The researchers found that the relationships between arm and leg lengths are comparable to modern bonobos and early human predecessors.

Notably, they discovered the femoral tubercle—a bony structure on the femur crucial for attaching the iliofemoral ligament, which stabilizes the human hip joint—unique to hominids.

Additionally, the femur exhibited significant internal torsion known as front twist (medial torsion of the femoral shaft), a feature linked to aligning the knee with the body’s center of gravity during walking, distinctly present in hominids compared to extant apes and extinct Miocene species.

These findings challenge long-held beliefs regarding the timeline and mechanics of upright walking evolution.

Scientists propose that bipedalism emerged gradually rather than as a sudden change. “We consider the evolution of bipedalism as an ongoing process,” researchers stated.

“Sahelanthropus tchadensis could represent an early form of habitual bipedalism.”

“In addition to terrestrial bipedalism, Sahelanthropus tchadensis likely engaged in various arboreal activities, including vertical climbing, forelimb suspension from branches, and both arboreal quadrupedal and bipedal locomotion.”

The study interprets this fossil as evidence of early human evolution from an ape-like ancestor, asserting that chimpanzee-like species are positioned near the root of the human family tree.

“Our analysis reveals that Sahelanthropus tchadensis demonstrates an early adaptation for bipedalism, suggesting that this trait evolved early in our lineage from ancestors closely related to present-day chimpanzees and bonobos,” Dr. Williams stated.

For further details, refer to the study published in this month’s issue of Scientific Advances.

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Scott A. Williams et al., 2026. The Earliest Evidence of Bipedalism in Humans: Sahelanthropus tchadensis. Scientific Advances 12(1); doi: 10.1126/sciadv.adv0130

Source: www.sci.news

New Evidence Suggests Early Use of Bows and Arrows by Homo Sapiens in Europe for Hunting

Posted on December 31, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

In a newly published paper in this month’s iScience, researchers from the University of Tübingen and their collaborators present an interdisciplinary study of ancient stone and bone projectile points associated with Homo sapiens from the Lower Paleolithic era (40,000 to 35,000 years ago). This comprehensive research uses a blend of experimental ballistics, detailed measurements, and use-wear analysis, revealing that some of these prehistoric artifacts correspond not just to hand-thrown spears and javelin darts but also potentially to bow-propelled arrows.

Evidence suggests early humans may have used bows, arrows, and spear throwers in the Upper Paleolithic period. Image credit: sjs.org / CC BY-SA 3.0.

For decades, it was commonly believed that weapon technology evolved linearly, transitioning from hand-held spears to spear-throwing and eventually to bows and arrows.

However, lead researcher Keiko Kitagawa and her team at the University of Tübingen challenge this notion, arguing for a more complex evolution of weapon technology.

“Direct evidence of hunting weapons is rarely identified in the archaeological record,” they noted.

“Prehistoric hunting weapons encompassed a range from hand-held thrusting spears ideal for close-range hunting, to javelins and bow-headed arrows suitable for medium to long-range engagements.”

“The earliest known instances of such tools include wooden spears and throwing sticks, dating back 337,000 to 300,000 years in Europe.”

“Spear-throwing hooks first appeared during the Upper Solutrean period (around 24,500 to 21,000 years ago), gaining prominence in the Magdalenian culture of southwestern France (approximately 21,000 years ago), with nearly 100 specimens documented.”

Bows and arrows, however, have only surfaced from well-preserved sites like Mannheim-Vogelstang and Stermol in Germany, dated to about 12,000 years, and Lilla Roschulz-Mosse in Sweden, approximately 8,500 years, indicating they are significantly younger than other projectile technology.

Comparison of archaeological specimens from the Aurignac site with experimental examples from Vogelherd, Istritz, and Manot. Image credit: Kitagawa et al., doi: 10.1016/j.isci.2025.114270.

The authors propose that early modern humans may have concurrently experimented with various projectile technologies, adapting to diverse ecosystems and prey types.

The analysis reveals that the damage patterns on these ancient projectile points corresponded with what is expected from arrows shot from bows, as well as from spears and darts.

“We emphasize Upper Paleolithic bony projectiles, including split bases and megabases made from antler and bone, predominantly discovered in Aurignacian environments in Europe and the Levant, between 40,000 and 33,000 years ago,” the researchers explained.

“Our goal is to determine if the wear patterns and morphometry can identify the types of weapons associated with Aurignacian bone projectile tips.”

This discovery aligns with previous archaeological findings indicating that bows and arrows were utilized in Africa as far back as 54,000 years ago, predating earlier estimates and some of Europe’s archaeological record.

Importantly, the researchers do not assert that Homo sapiens invented the bow simultaneously across all regions, nor do they claim the bow was the only weapon used.

Instead, their findings suggest a rich technological diversity during the initial phases of human migration into new territories.

“Our study highlights the intricate nature of reconstructing launch technologies, which are often made from perishable materials,” the researchers stated.

“While it is impossible to account for all variables affecting the properties of the armature and resulting wear, we aspire to implement future experimental programs aimed at deepening our understanding of the projectiles that form a crucial component of hunter-gatherer economies.”

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Keiko Kitagawa et al. suggest that Homo sapiens may have utilized bows and arrows for hunting as early as the Upper Paleolithic period in Eurasia. iScience published online on December 18, 2025. doi: 10.1016/j.isci.2025.114270

Source: www.sci.news

Did Scientists Discover Evidence of Past Life on Mars in 2025?

Posted on December 26, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

NASA’s Perseverance Rover: Pioneering Exploration for Past Life on Mars

Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech

On the surface of Mars, minute details provide critical insights into the planet’s past. In 2025, new findings will shed light on possible microbial life that may have once thrived.

NASA’s Perseverance rover has gathered samples indicating the potential for ancient life. Specifically, it uncovered a rock featuring tiny specks, known as “leopard spots,” encircled by a distinctive dark ring. These geological features resemble those associated with microbial fossils on Earth.

This year, Joel Hurowitz and his team at Stony Brook University conducted a detailed analysis of the leopard spots and identified forms of iron and sulfur commonly linked to microbial activity. “This evidence is more promising than anything I’ve encountered in the last two decades,” stated Hannah Sizemore from the Planetary Science Institute in Arizona.

Previous indications of potential life on Mars included unexpected changes in methane levels and fossil-like structures in Martian meteorites. “I am more excited about these discoveries compared to earlier findings,” Sizemore added, emphasizing that the previous data lacked the correct physical scale for microbial evidence. In contrast, the leopard spots on Mars could directly indicate microbial activity.

The Perseverance rover has also detected other potential biosignatures, such as a small greenish mineral blob typically associated with microbial life on Earth. “Life on Mars is subtle. It’s not like seeing herds of wildlife,” remarked Andrew Steele, who was instrumental in formulating the rover’s scientific objectives. “Identifying signs of life will require the best technology we have available.”

Perseverance Rover Reveals Mars Rocks with Unique ‘Leopard Spots’

Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/MSSS

Equipped with advanced scientific tools, Perseverance is crucial for identifying whether these Martian rocks exhibit signs of ancient life. The mission involves caching samples for a future retrieval back to Earth for comprehensive testing.

“These samples could provide decisive evidence regarding the existence of life on Mars,” Steele remarked. “However, before we can confirm this, we need to return the samples to our laboratories.”

Unfortunately, the prospect of retrieving these samples is growing uncertain. The 2026 NASA budget proposal under the Trump administration raises concerns about the Mars Sample Return Project’s viability. If approved, it would eliminate plans to recover the meticulously gathered samples from Perseverance.

It’s possible that evidence of past life on Mars has already been discovered, yet we may never fully understand it. “While we are making strides, the understanding of Mars’ habitability remains fluid,” Sizemore said. “We’re on the edge of a potential breakthrough. However, we can neither ignore it nor prove it without further missions.”

Explore Chile: The Astronomical Capital of the World

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Did Black Holes Exist in the Early Universe? Exploring the Evidence

Posted on December 22, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

A New Discovery: Gas Balls with Black Holes at Their Centers

Shutterstock / Nazarii_Neshcherenskyi

Gas ball with a black hole — A New Discovery: Gas Balls with Black Holes at Their Centers

Shutterstock / Nazarii_Neshcherenskyi

The early universe is rich with enigmatic star-like gas balls powered by central black holes, a discovery that has astounded astronomers and may clarify some of the most significant mysteries unveiled by the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST).

Upon initiating its observations of the universe’s first billion years, JWST uncovered compact, red galaxies that exhibited extraordinary brightness—galaxies unlike those found in our local universe. Previous interpretations suggested that these “small red dots” (LRDs) were either supermassive black holes engulfed in dust or densely packed star galaxies; however, these theories inadequately explained the light signals detected by JWST.

Recently, astronomers suggested that LRDs might actually be dense gas clusters with a black hole at their core, termed “black hole stars.” According to Anna de Graaf from Harvard University, as matter falls into a black hole, it emits immense gravitational energy, causing the surrounding gas to radiate light like stars. While this energy is distinct from nuclear fusion typical in stars, it results in a luminous mass of dense gas potentially billions of times brighter than our sun, according to de Graaf.

Despite some early evidence supporting this idea, a consensus remained elusive. Now, de Graaf and colleagues have reviewed the most extensive sample of LRDs since JWST’s launch, encompassing over 100 galaxies, and propose that these entities are best classified as black hole stars. “Although the term black hole star is still debated, there’s growing agreement within the scientific community that we’re observing accreting black holes enveloped by dense gas,” de Graaf noted.

When examining the spectrum of light emitted by an LRD, the observed patterns more closely resemble those from a uniform surface (blackbody) characteristic of stars, contrasting with the intricate and varied spectra from galaxies emitting light produced by a combination of stars, dust, gas, and central black holes.

“The black hole star concept has intrigued scientists for a while and, despite initial skepticism, is proving to be a viable explanation,” states Gillian Bellovary of the American Museum of Natural History. “Using a star-like model simplifies the framework for interpreting observations without necessitating extraordinary physics.”

In September, de Graaf’s team also identified another single LRD displaying a striking peak in the light frequency spectrum, which they dubbed “the cliff.” “We discovered spectral characteristics unexplainable by existing models,” de Graaf explained. “This pushes us to reevaluate our understanding and explore alternative theories.”

Presently, many astronomers agree that LRDs likely operate like vast star formations; however, de Graaf cautions that substantiating the black hole hypothesis presents challenges. “The core is hidden within a dense, optically thick envelope, obscuring what’s inside,” de Graaf explains. “Their brightness leads us to suspect they harbor black holes.”

A potential method to affirm their nature as black holes involves studying the temporal changes in emitted light, observing whether they fluctuate akin to known black holes in our universe, as noted by Western Hanki from Cambridge University. “We note brightness variances over brief intervals, yet there’s scant evidence of such variations in most LRD cases.”

While JWST’s observational timeframe is limited, scrutinizing long-lived light fluctuations from LRDs may yield insights. A new study by Sun Fengwu and his team at Harvard recently uncovered a gravitational lens, an LRD that bends light around a massive galaxy between us and the object. This lens generated four distinct images of the original LRD, mimicking observations over 130 years and suggesting brightness variations similar to known pulsating stars, aligning with the hypothesis of black hole stars. Sun and his team opted not to comment for this article.

Although utilizing gravitational lenses to observe LRDs at different times is clever, Bellovary notes that other factors might account for brightness changes. “The data may not suffice to validate their conclusion. While I’m not dismissing their claims, I think there may be alternative explanations for the observed variations.”

If it turns out these galaxies are indeed black hole stars, de Graaf warns we’ll need to devise a new model addressing their origin and what they evolve into, given the absence of equivalent systems in our local universe. “This could represent a new growth phase for supermassive black holes,” she concludes. “The nature of these events and their significance to the final mass of black holes remains an open question.”

Explore the Mysteries of the Universe in Cheshire, England

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Paleontologists Uncover Earliest Evidence of Ancient Honey Bees Nesting in Vertebrate Fossil

Posted on December 18, 2025 by

Bees exhibit an extraordinary range of species and behavior, from solitary types that nest in burrows to social variants that construct intricate nests. This nesting diversity is partially captured in the fossil record, with trace fossils dating from the Cretaceous to the Holocene. In a recent study, Field Museum paleontologist Lázaro Vignola López and his colleagues unveil novel nesting behaviors based on trace fossils unearthed from Late Quaternary cave deposits on the Caribbean island of Hispaniola. Osnidam Almontei was discovered within the cavity of a vertebrate corpse.

A reenactment of the life of bees with evidence of them building their nests in caves and using the bone cavities as housing chambers for several egg-laying cells. Image credit: Jorge Mario Macho.

“The initial descent into the cave isn’t very deep. You secure a rope to the side and rappel down,” Dr. Vignola López explained.

“Entering at night, you can spot the eyes of tarantulas residing there. As you navigate through the 10-meter-long underground tunnel, fossils start to emerge.”

Fossil layers were separated by carbonate deposits formed during rainy periods in antiquity.

Although rodents made up most of the fossils, remains of sloths, birds, and reptiles—over 50 species in total—were also found. Together, these fossils narrate a compelling story.

“We hypothesize this cave served as a home for owls over generations, potentially for hundreds or even thousands of years,” Dr. Vignola López remarked.

“The owl would venture out to hunt and return to the cave to regurgitate pellets.”

“We’ve collected fossils of the prey the owl consumed, its own remains, and even bones of turtles and crocodiles that may have inadvertently fallen into the cave.”

Dr. Vignola López and his colleagues observed that the sediments in empty tooth sockets of mammalian jaws didn’t accumulate randomly.

“The surface was notably smooth and slightly concave, which is unusual for sediment burial. I noticed this pattern across multiple specimens and thought to myself, ‘There’s something peculiar here.’ It reminded me of a hornet’s nest,” he noted.

Many well-known nests constructed by bees and wasps belong to social species that coexist in large colonies, raising their young together—like the bees in honeycombs or paper wasp nests.

“However, the majority of bee species are solitary. They deposit eggs in small cavities and leave pollen for their larvae’s nourishment,” Dr. Vignola López continued.

“Some bee species create nests in tree hollows, in the ground, or utilize vacant spaces. Certain species in Europe and Africa even nest within discarded snail shells.”

To investigate the possible insect nests within the cave fossils, the researchers conducted CT scans and X-rays of the bones, capturing 3D images of the compacted soil in the tooth sockets without damaging the fossils.

The shape and composition of the deposits bore similarities to mud nests created by some contemporary bee species. Some of these nests contained ancient pollen grains that mother bees had sealed for their larvae.

The researchers propose that bees combined saliva and soil to construct small nests for their eggs, smaller than the eraser on a pencil.

Nesting within larger animal bones provided protection for bee eggs from potential predators such as wasps.

While the bees themselves were not preserved, the unique characteristics of the nests allowed for a taxonomic classification.

They named the nests Osnidam Almontei, in honor of the scientist Juan Almonte Milan, who first discovered this cave.

“Since no bee remains were found, they may have belonged to a currently existing species. Our knowledge on the ecology of various bee species in these islands is limited,” Dr. Vignola López stated.

Scientists speculate that this behavior arises from a combination of factors. With little soil covering the limestone terrain in this region, bees may have opted for caves as their nesting sites, rather than digging into the ground like many other species.

Additionally, this cave had been home to generations of owls, with numerous owl pellets accumulating over the years, providing the bees with ample use of the bones the owls left behind.

“This finding illustrates the peculiarities of bees. They can be surprising, and it emphasizes the importance of meticulous examination when studying fossils,” Dr. Vignola López remarked.

of paper published today in Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences.

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Lazaro W. Vignola-Lopez and others. 2025. Fossil traces in mammal remains reveal a new nesting behavior for bees. R Soc Open Science 12(12):251748; doi: 10.1098/rsos.251748

Source: www.sci.news