New research on two 240-million-year-old coelacanth fossils reveals an intriguing sensory adaptation: ossified lungs that transmit sound to the inner ear, shedding light on how early vertebrates interpreted their environment.
Reconstruction of a Triassic coelacanth. This schematic illustrates the connection between ossified lungs and the inner ear, enabling underwater hearing. Image credit: A. Beneteau & L. Cavin, MHNG.
“Coelacanths are lobe-finned fish with a rich fossil history exceeding 400 million years, offering crucial insights into vertebrate anatomical evolution,” said Professor Lionel Cavin, a paleontologist affiliated with the Natural History Museum of Geneva and the University of Geneva.
“Once believed extinct, the genus Latimeria remains, currently including two recognized species.”
“Fossilized coelacanths possess a series of large, puzzling ossified plates arranged in a tiled pattern within their body cavities, surrounding an internal area that likely contained gas during life.”
In a groundbreaking study, paleontologists investigated the lungs and inner ear anatomy of two Middle Triassic coelacanth species: Glauria Branchiodonta and Loreleia eusingulata from eastern France.
By utilizing a particle accelerator at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, researchers uncovered an exceptionally well-preserved ossified lung featuring wing-like bony structures at its tip.
Simultaneously, examinations of modern coelacanth embryos revealed canals linking auditory and balance organs on either side of the skull.
By synthesizing these findings, researchers propose that these structures create a comprehensive sensory system.
Sound waves captured by the ossified lungs are believed to be conveyed through this channel to the inner ear, enhancing the animal’s underwater auditory perception.
“Our hypothesis draws parallels with contemporary freshwater fish like carp and catfish,” explained Luigi Manueli, a PhD student at the Geneva Museum of Natural History and the University of Geneva.
“In these fish, a structure known as the Weber apparatus links the swim bladder to the inner ear, facilitating the detection of underwater sounds.”
“Air pockets in the swim bladder are vital for sensing these waves; otherwise, they would go unnoticed by the fish.”
“This hearing capability likely diminished as modern coelacanth ancestors adapted to deep-sea settings, leading to lung degeneration and the obsolescence of this system,” noted Professor Cavin.
“Remarkably, some structures related to the inner ear remain preserved.”
“These anatomical remnants offer valuable insights into the evolutionary trajectory of these fish and potentially our own aquatic ancestors.”
For more details, refer to the study published in the Journal on February 14, 2026, in Communication Biology.
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L. Manueli et al. 2026. The dual functions of coelacanth lungs: breathing and hearing. Commun. Biol. 9, 400; doi: 10.1038/s42003-026-09708-6
NASA is set to livestream the launch at 12:50 p.m. ET on our YouTube channel. A live feed from the Orion capsule will also be available throughout the mission.
Wiseman shared that the crew has affectionately nicknamed their spacecraft “Integrity” to honor the principles guiding their training and teamwork.
“Honesty is fundamental,” he stated in a September interview with NBC News. “While there are times when honesty can be challenging, the original Artemis crew commits daily to embodying this value.”
Glover mentioned that the crew crafted the mission insignia to foster unity. The mission patch creatively incorporates the “A II” from “Artemis II” to represent the word “All.”
“We want everyone to join us on this mission,” he expressed. “Numerous minor differences can divide us, and if we ignore them, they can become significant. I hope this mission stands as a bridge to fill those gaps and promote unity.”
Artemis astronauts display their emblem. Robert Markowitz / NASA
Approximately eight and a half minutes post-launch, astronauts Wiseman, Koch, Glover, and Hansen will ascend to space. The first day will focus on testing Orion’s life support systems, which include temperature regulation, air quality management, and other essential safety measures like drinking water, food, and waste systems.
On the second day, the spacecraft’s primary engine will ignite, initiating its trajectory toward the moon.
Over the next four days, astronauts will assess how effectively the Orion capsule shields against space radiation, while also practicing emergency protocols in preparation for future Artemis missions. The upcoming Artemis III flight aims to conduct advanced technology demonstrations in low Earth orbit, including docking with a secondary spacecraft designed to transport astronauts to the lunar surface. Following that, NASA is scheduled to send astronauts to the moon with the Artemis IV mission in 2028.
Despite their immense wealth, billionaires cannot evade the ultimate limit of mortality. No amount of money or the best medical care can change the inevitability of death. However, a groundbreaking startup named Nectome is poised to change the narrative around death and the human brain.
Nectome has pioneered a technology that preserves the brain’s physical structure within minutes post-mortem. Initially tested on pigs, the method aims to allow for the reconstruction of the ‘connectome’—a 3D map of the brain’s intricate structure—opening the door to potential revival.
It is essential to note that while the connectome can be mapped, how to recreate consciousness from it, if at all, remains a profound mystery. The complex nature of consciousness, coupled with its “hard problems,” continues to baffle scientists and researchers.
Beyond the scientific inquiries, significant ethical and legal questions arise. Can a brain be effectively digitized, or must it remain biological? Even if these hurdles are overcome, Nectome’s methodology necessitates medically-assisted death, a practice illegal in many regions. Nevertheless, those who opt for Nectome’s procedure may find solace in the hope that future advancements will lead to solutions, potentially allowing them to awaken centuries after their biological death.
A philosophical quandary remains: is a revived entity, emerging from a copy of a deceased brain, truly the same as its original owner? This question poses deep implications even as society contemplates the feasibility of Nectome’s treatments. Ultimately, anyone who undergoes this revolutionary process might be taking steps towards a form of immortality, presenting a profound challenge for us to consider in the realm of ethics and existence.
The Shroud of Turin is inscribed with an image of a man believed to resemble Jesus Christ.
Public Domain/Art Collection 2/Alamy
Recent DNA analysis has revealed a wide array of animal, plant, and human contaminants on the Shroud of Turin, complicating the narrative surrounding this enigmatic relic that is claimed to be the burial cloth of Jesus Christ from over 2,000 years ago.
Spanning 4.4 meters in length and 1.1 meters in width, the Shroud stands as one of the most infamous and controversial Christian artifacts globally. It was first documented in France in 1354, and has since resided at the Basilica of St. John the Baptist in Turin, Italy, for nearly 5 centuries.
In 1988, scientists utilized radiocarbon dating and accelerator mass spectrometry to conclude that the Shroud was created between 1260 and 1390, thereby raising questions about its association with Jesus. Nonetheless, this late medieval dating remains a point of contention among some Christian scholars.
In 2015, Gianni Barcaccia and a team at the University of Padova in Italy analyzed samples taken from the Shroud in 1978 and proposed that the cloth might have originated from India.
Currently, Mr. Barcaccia, who opted not to be interviewed, leads a renewed study re-examining the 1978 samples. His team has uncovered diverse DNA from both medieval and modern sources preserved within the Shroud.
The genetic material includes DNA from domesticated animals like cats, dogs, chickens, cows, goats, sheep, pigs, and horses, as well as wild species such as deer and rabbits.
The researchers also identified several fish species, including mullet and Atlantic cod, along with marine crustaceans and insects like flies and skin mites.
Common plant DNA found in the Shroud consists of carrots, various wheat types, peppers, tomatoes, and potatoes—likely introduced to Europe post-exploration of Asia and the Americas.
However, pinpointing the timeline of these contamination events remains elusive.
Human DNA samples were traced back to many individuals who handled the Shroud, including the 1978 sampling team. The researchers noted, “The Shroud’s contact with multiple individuals complicates the possibility of identifying its original DNA.”
Almost 40% of the human DNA is of Indian origin, which may stem from historical trade routes or Romans importing linen from areas near the Indus Valley, Barcaccia and his team noted.
“The DNA evidence on the Shroud of Turin indicates that it may have been significantly exposed in the Mediterranean region, and the fabric may indeed have been produced in India,” they concluded.
Anders Goeterström from Stockholm University noted that while early studies date the Shroud to the 13th century, this timeframe is widely accepted in the scientific community. “Although there’s ongoing debate regarding the 1988 radiocarbon date, most researchers consider it robust,” he stated.
Goeterström remains skeptical about the cloth’s Indian origins, asserting, “There’s currently no evidence to suggest that the Shroud is anything other than a French artifact from the 13th or 14th century.”
“As a significant relic, the Shroud has its own history, which may be more fascinating than the unsupported legendary narratives,” he concluded.
Sepsis
is an overwhelming response by the body to infection, occurring when the immune system overreacts and harms its own organs and tissues. Despite its life-threatening nature, around 1.9 million individuals in the United States survive sepsis each year. However, over half of these survivors experience long-term complications such as cognitive issues, chronic fatigue, and muscle weakness. This persistent muscle weakness is often linked to muscle mass loss during sepsis, yet symptoms may linger even after muscle recovery, complicating effective treatment and prevention.
To investigate the causes of chronic muscle weakness post-sepsis recovery, a research team at the University of Kentucky studied 16- to 18-month-old mice, akin to human ages of 55 to 60 years. They induced sepsis on day 0 by injecting a mixture of intestinal bacteria into the abdomen of the mice, monitoring their body temperatures every 12 hours to detect signs of active infection.
To prevent mortality, the mice received antibiotics twice daily for 5 days, starting 12 hours post-injection. Surviving mice beyond day 5 were categorized as sepsis survivors, with days 0 to 5 defined as the acute stage and days 14 to 70 comprising the chronic phase. The team compared muscle health across mice with no sepsis, those in the acute phase, and those in the chronic phase.
The researchers focused on skeletal muscles, responsible for voluntary movements. They placed each mouse’s foot over a sensor and stimulated the muscles to contract, measuring contraction force as an indicator of muscle strength. By the third day of sepsis, the leg muscles exhibited only about 60% of their pre-infection strength.
Additional measurements taken on days 14 and 70 confirmed that, despite normal body temperatures and resolved infections, the mice’s muscle strength was only 30% of its original capacity. This indicates that muscle weakness developed post-acute sepsis and persisted for months after the infection.
The researchers previously discovered that mice that survived severe sepsis and later experienced persistent muscle weakness exhibited defects in mitochondria, the energy-producing structures in cells. They measured key mitochondrial proteins to assess damage in mouse skeletal muscle cells.
A mouse leg muscle was dissected, thin sections were placed on slides, and a specific marker was applied to bind to the proteins. Under a microscope, researchers counted markers to measure protein levels, finding an 8% decrease by day 4 and a 20% decrease by day 14. This suggests that mitochondrial defects worsened from mild during the acute phase to more severe during the chronic phase, paralleling muscle deterioration in sepsis survivors.
Given the progressive mitochondrial damage, researchers evaluated whether protecting mitochondria could prevent long-term muscle weakness. They delivered a small protein drug called SS-31 to the mitochondria, which guards these structures against harmful molecules and enhances energy production.
One group of septic mice was treated with SS-31 twice a day until day 5 and once a day until day 10. By day 21, muscle strength was assessed in SS-31-treated mice, untreated septic mice, and healthy controls. Mice receiving SS-31 demonstrated approximately 15% greater strength compared to untreated subjects, achieving muscle levels akin to those that had never experienced sepsis. Measurement of mitochondrial proteins on day 28 showed a 40% reduction in untreated mice, while SS-31-treated mice maintained normal protein levels, similar to non-septic mice. This indicates that SS-31 can safeguard against chronic muscle weakness post-sepsis.
The authors highlighted that this is the first study to demonstrate that post-sepsis muscle weakness can worsen after muscle repair, emphasizing the need for researchers to shift their focus from the acute to the chronic phase. They also suggested that clinicians could consider protecting patients’ mitochondria with drugs like SS-31 during the acute phase to mitigate the risk of post-sepsis muscle weakness, as mitochondrial abnormalities have been observed in patients following acute sepsis.
Planetary scientists concur that Mars once boasted liquid water and a water-rich atmosphere, drastically different from its current arid state. However, extensive research has revealed a significant anomaly regarding the fate of this ancient water. Despite discerning various sources of water that once flowed on Mars, we still question where it all disappeared.
The Noachian Era, occurring between approximately 4.5 to 3.7 billion years ago, is believed to be the time when Mars had significant surface water. Current estimates suggest there was enough water to envelop the entire planet in an ocean ranging from 150 to 250 meters deep at the end of this period.
However, Bruce Jakoski and his research team from the University of Colorado discovered that, based on their assessment of water removal processes, the total depth might only reach a few dozen meters. This work was presented at the Lunar and Planetary Science Conference (LPSC) in Texas on March 20.
Today, the available water near Mars’ surface is predominantly in the form of ice and hydrated minerals—roughly equivalent to Earth’s ocean, which is approximately 30 meters deep. “How can we transition from a distance of 150 meters down to merely 30 meters? This is perplexing,” remarked Jakoski, emphasizing that our current understanding of Martian water loss is far from complete.
Several theories exist regarding where the water went. It might have evaporated into space in greater quantities than previously considered, become trapped in undiscovered ice reserves, or suggested environmental interactions between ice caps and atmosphere may have been misunderstood. Jakoski believes it’s likely a combination of these mechanisms alongside others.
While the significant discrepancy surrounding Martian water is indeed surprising, it underscores that our understanding of the planet’s hydrological history remains incomplete. Other researchers at LPSC have proposed the notion of intermittent rainfall followed by droughts, suggesting that Mars’ water cycle might significantly differ from Earth’s.
Potential Discoveries on Mars
“This indicates that Mars’ water cycle might be fundamentally different from Earth’s,” stated Eric Hyatt from Washington University in St. Louis. His findings propose that Martian groundwater may not interact with the surface and atmosphere as previously thought, potentially altering our comprehension of the water influx to Mars’ surface.
Moreover, Bethany Alman from the University of Colorado posits that there may exist more water on Mars than we initially thought. This situation highlights that while considerable knowledge about Mars has been amassed, a comprehensive picture of its water history remains elusive.
Deciphering the secrets of Mars’ water and its implications for potential habitability throughout its history will pose a monumental challenge. “How do we advance from here? We can’t just introduce more models,” Jakoski stated. “We must engage in boots-on-the-ground exploration.”
NASA and SpaceX have both prioritized lunar exploration. Given that it might take decades before humans arrive on Mars, progress will be gradual, utilizing data collected from rovers and orbiting satellites.
Explore the Mysteries of the Universe
Join leading scientists for a captivating weekend exploring thecosmic mysteries, including a tour of the iconic Lovell Telescope.
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Understanding Non-Newtonian Liquids in Plant-Based Milk
Jack Andersen/Getty Images
The intriguing physics behind plant-based milk reveals complexities that researchers are unraveling, aiming to create improved versions of these beverages.
Vivek Sharma from the University of Illinois at Chicago, alongside his team, has found that the viscosity and flow properties of most plant milks differ significantly from traditional animal milks.
The team analyzed eight milk types: cow, goat, pea, soy, oat, almond, coconut, and rice, focusing on their viscosity or flow resistance. Their findings indicated that all plant-based milks, except rice milk, demonstrate a phenomenon called shear thinning, where viscosity declines under pressure.
This indicates that these plant milks are classified as non-Newtonian liquids, similar to ketchup or shampoo, flowing more easily under pressure compared to the constant viscosity of cow or goat milk.
According to Sharma, the presence of minimal amounts of legume and bacterial gums (often less than 0.1 percent) in plant milks contributes to their unique properties, providing enhanced shelf stability and a richer mouthfeel.
The non-Newtonian characteristics of these milks influence everyday interactions as well. For instance, a droplet of shear-thinning plant milk spreads more when spilled, while dipping cookies into the milk can alter its coating thickness.
By investigating the diverse properties of milk and the physics of their ingredients, researchers aim to innovate new beverages with optimal characteristics. Sharma notes that while experienced food scientists possess deep empirical knowledge, they rarely utilize rigorous physical models or measurements.
Schadenfreude, the intriguing emotion of deriving pleasure from the misfortune of others, is surprisingly common. While it may seem unkind or even vindictive, if you’ve ever felt guilty for the satisfaction you gain when someone stumbles, remember it’s a natural human response.
This emotion stems from complex processes that have developed in our brains over millions of years.
Humans are fundamentally social beings, often described by scientists as “hypersocial.” We are perpetually attuned to other people’s opinions, our relationships, and, crucially, our social status within various hierarchies.
Understanding social status is key. We possess an innate awareness of social hierarchies and our position within them. On a subconscious level, we desire to be liked, respected, and recognized, influencing our actions and motivations significantly.
However, social status is subjective and relative. One way to elevate your status is to witness someone else’s decline. When an individual suffers a setback that causes them to lose esteem, it can create a satisfying boost to your own status without any effort on your part—hence, schadenfreude.
It’s important to note that this feeling doesn’t arise every time someone fails. Typically, it must be proportional; it’s rarely pleasurable when an innocent person faces misfortune, even if they hold a higher status.
This reaction ties back to another inherent bias in the human psyche: the “just world” hypothesis. We naturally believe that the world is fair, even in the face of contrary evidence. Our brains gravitate towards fairness and justice just as they do towards elevated social standing.
Therefore, when someone perceived as unfairly privileged faces setbacks, it creates a potent mix of satisfaction and equity for us, making the experience of schadenfreude almost irresistible.
Have you ever worried that your mental sharpness isn’t what it used to be? Perhaps you find it difficult to recall the names of actors or politicians, or you struggle with basic mental arithmetic. If so, you might be contemplating the current state of your brain and whether cognitive decline is inevitable.
It’s crucial to address these concerns early, as brain development typically concludes in your 20s, with cognitive functions gradually declining with age. Additionally, there’s an increasing risk of dementia, particularly with conditions like Alzheimer’s disease, especially in countries experiencing aging populations.
Fortunately, research indicates that both cognitive decline and dementia risk are influenced by what experts categorize as “modifiable risk factors.”
This means there is hope! By adopting certain lifestyle habits, you can keep your brain sharp and significantly reduce your risk of developing dementia.
Stay Mentally Active to Enhance Your Cognitive Reserve
Psychologists and gerontologists often speak of cognitive reserve. This refers to the brain’s ability to adapt to aging and disease.
Those with a high cognitive reserve can perform well on mental tests even if they display biological markers of Alzheimer’s disease, suggesting they can cope with brain challenges effectively.
Many activities can enhance your cognitive reserve; including reading, learning to play an instrument, solving complex puzzles, acquiring a new language, and traveling. Essentially, the adage “use it or lose it” holds true.
You may have encountered brain-training games designed to sharpen your cognitive abilities. However, the benefits of these games do not transfer to daily life and could potentially hinder real-life social engagements. Interacting with others is the most effective form of brain training.
Research indicates that social isolation is a significant risk factor for dementia. A comprehensive review by a team at the University of Groningen concluded that “individuals who are less socially engaged, have fewer interactions, and experience greater loneliness display an increased risk of developing dementia.”
Therefore, prioritize engaging conversations with friends and family. Such interactions not only stimulate your brain but also enhance your emotional well-being. If you’re unsure where to begin, consider volunteering or joining a club.
Your brain requires oxygen and nutrients to function optimally. Maintaining good cardiovascular health supports brain health. In contrast, a sedentary lifestyle and obesity have been linked to faster cognitive decline and increased dementia risk.
Consider incorporating more physical activity into your routine. Whether through running, cycling, swimming, or simply walking more often, staying active is essential. Engaging in hobbies such as gardening or even singing can promote an active lifestyle.
Nourishing your brain with a balanced diet is vital. Reducing saturated fat helps prevent arterial blockages, while consuming plenty of fruits and vegetables provides antioxidants necessary for brain health.
The World Health Organization recommends a “Mediterranean diet” rich in fruits, vegetables, legumes, nuts, and olive oil, while low in saturated fat and meat. If implementing this seems daunting, start with small changes, like adding an extra piece of fruit daily or limiting processed foods.
Stay Curious
Surprisingly, personality traits also correlate with brain health. Individuals high in openness to experiences—traits linked to curiosity and creativity—exhibit a lower risk of dementia. According to a study from the University of Georgia, “Higher openness is associated with superior psychomotor speed, cognitive flexibility, and working memory in both depressed and non-depressed older adults.”
Fortunately, you can cultivate curiosity. Seek awe-inspiring experiences, explore unfamiliar places, or engage in culturally enriching activities like live theatre.
If you’ve established positive habits like staying socially and physically active, maintaining a healthy diet, and nurturing curiosity, there’s much to feel optimistic about regarding the future of your brain. This mindset is crucial.
Research increasingly shows that your attitude towards aging significantly impacts your brain health. Expecting cognitive decline can create a self-fulfilling prophecy.
However, recognizing your influence over brain health through lifestyle choices increases your likelihood of enjoying cognitive vitality. Embracing this knowledge benefits your brain.
Surround yourself with positive older role models and apply the strategies outlined in this article to empower yourself to train your brain effectively. By doing so, you may realize your full cognitive potential.
Paleontologists have recently uncovered a groundbreaking genus and species of fossil monkey known as Maslipithecus mograensis, which inhabited northern Egypt approximately 17 to 18 million years ago. This discovery challenges previous notions, indicating that the evolutionary ancestors of modern apes and humans may have emerged at the intersection of Africa and Eurasia, rather than in East Africa.
Reconstruction of the life of Maslipithecus mograensis. Image credit: Mauricio Anton.
The current consensus among scientists is that the earliest great apes, known as pedunculated hominids, originated in the Africa-Arabia region during the Oligocene epoch over 25 million years ago. These species diversified and migrated into Eurasia by the Miocene epoch, approximately 14 to 16 million years ago.
However, the origin of modern apes, encompassing all existing species and their last common ancestor, remains elusive due to the scarcity and wide dispersion of relevant fossils from this period.
This uncertainty is compounded by the fragmented fossil record in Africa, where significant discoveries are predominantly localized to a few areas, leaving numerous potential ancient habitats of Miocene apes unexplored.
“Historically, the early Miocene fossil record documenting the evolution of hominids was mainly derived from sites in East Africa, with only long-tailed macaque fossils identified in contemporary North African locations,” stated Showrouk al-Ashkar, a paleontologist from Mansoura University, along with collaborating researchers from Egypt and the United States.
The newly discovered fossil, which dates back to 17 to 18 million years ago, was found in the Wadi Mogra region of northern Egypt.
Named Maslipithecus mograensis, this species significantly enhances our comprehension of the diversity and evolution of early apes during a crucial period when Afro-Arabia began to connect with Eurasia, facilitating the species’ dispersal from Africa.
“Although the fossil remains consist mainly of the lower jaw, they exhibit a unique combination of features not found in other known apes from this era,” the research team reported.
“These features include notably large canines and premolars, molars characterized by rounded and finely textured chewing surfaces, and exceptionally robust jaws,” they continued.
“Collectively, these traits indicate that Maslipithecus mograensis was adapted for dietary versatility,” they added.
Researchers interpreted the masticatory anatomy of this species as indicative of a flexible diet, largely comprising fruits, but capable of processing harder food items like nuts and seeds when necessary.
To ascertain the position of Maslipithecus mograensis within the human evolutionary lineage, scientists employed a modern Bayesian “advanced dating” method, combining both anatomical features and fossil ages to estimate evolutionary relationships and divergence times.
The findings imply that this new species represents a stem hominin closely linked to the lineage that ultimately led to all modern apes.
This discovery reinforces the hypothesis that the origins of modern apes may lie within northern Afro-Arabia, the Levant, or the eastern Mediterranean.
“We dedicated five years to searching for fossils of this nature, as an in-depth examination of the early ape family tree revealed significant gaps, with North Africa serving as that missing piece,” remarked Hesham Salam, a paleontologist at Mansoura University.
Shoruk F. Al Ashkar et al. 2026. An early Miocene ape living at the biogeographic crossroads of African and Eurasian hominids. Science 391 (6792): 1383-1386; doi: 10.1126/science.adz4102
High cholesterol is often termed a “silent killer” and ranks as one of the most significant health challenges globally. As reported by the CDC, approximately 86 million adults in the United States suffer from elevated cholesterol levels, which heightens their risk of heart attack, stroke, and heart disease.
The issue isn’t cholesterol itself; this fatty, waxy substance is mainly produced in the liver and is essential for various bodily functions, such as building cells, hormone production, and aiding digestion.
The problem arises when there’s an excess of “bad” cholesterol, known as low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol.
Genetic predispositions combined with unhealthy lifestyle choices—like a diet high in saturated fats, lack of exercise, obesity, and smoking—can elevate LDL levels, leading to cholesterol accumulation in artery walls.
Over time, this can lead to the formation of hard fatty plaques that narrow and harden blood vessels, restricting blood flow to the heart and brain, significantly raising the risk of heart disease, which can be life-threatening.
One of the most effective treatments for high cholesterol involves medications known as statins, which decrease cholesterol production by the liver.
High doses of statins can lower LDL cholesterol by approximately 50%. For individuals with very high cholesterol, these drugs can reduce the risk of heart attacks or strokes by up to 40 to 50%.
Yet, despite their life-saving potential, statins have been surrounded by misconceptions, fear, and uncertainty regarding possible side effects, leading many to avoid them.
In this article, we will debunk five common myths about statins to clarify the facts.
Cholesterol buildup can restrict blood flow – Credit: Getty
Myth 1: Muscle pain is a common side effect
Muscle pain is frequently reported by patients using statins. However, new studies suggest this might be a manifestation of the “nocebo effect,” where individuals anticipating side effects are more likely to perceive them.
This was illustrated in a major randomized trial led by Professor Peter Thurber from Imperial College London. During the initial phase when participants were unaware if they were taking a statin or a placebo, both groups reported similar muscle pain levels.
In the second phase, those informed they were on statins reported muscle pain symptoms increase by up to 41%.
“These symptoms are genuine. However, our findings indicate the drug isn’t the cause, with actual muscle-related side effects from statins being quite rare,” Professor Thurber explains.
This conclusion was backed by comprehensive research. A meta-analysis from the Cholesterol Treatment Trial List Collaboration found similar rates of muscle symptoms in both statin (27.1%) and placebo (26.6%) groups, with over 90% of reported muscle symptoms not caused by statins.
Only about 5 percent of people taking statins experience muscle pain due to statins – Credit: Getty
Dr. Christina Reese, Associate Professor at Oxford Population Health and co-author of the study states:
“Randomized controlled trials provide more reliable data because participants randomly receive either a statin or placebo, allowing a clear comparison to ascertain if the drug is genuinely responsible for the symptoms,” she explains.
Myth 2: Statins cause diabetes
Another prevalent fear regarding statins is their potential to induce diabetes. While there’s some validity to this concern, it’s often oversimplified.
Statins do not abruptly cause diabetes in otherwise healthy individuals. They can incrementally raise blood sugar levels, hence accelerating the diabetes diagnosis for those already predisposed.
Naveed Sattar, Professor of cardiometabolic medicine at the University of Glasgow, clarifies that statins lead to slight increases in blood sugar levels.
Doctors often monitor blood sugar levels when initiating statin therapy – Credit: Getty
“A diabetes diagnosis typically occurs at blood sugar levels of 48 mmol/mol or higher,” Sattar states. “Most individuals remain well below this threshold, therefore the minor increase isn’t concerning. However, for those nearing diagnostic criteria, it might result in an earlier diagnosis.”
He further emphasizes that potential increases in blood sugar can be effectively managed with small, sustainable lifestyle modifications, such as increased physical activity, weight loss, and improved dietary habits.
The communication surrounding diabetes risk may create unnecessary alarm; for example, a 2024 large-scale analysis revealed that low-intensity statins have a 10% higher relative diabetes risk compared to placebo, while higher-intensity statins show a 36% increased relative risk.
“Though these numbers might seem concerning,” she adds, “it’s essential to consider the absolute risk change. In low-intensity trials, there was about a 0.12% annual increase in new diabetes cases, or just over 1 case per 1,000 individuals.”
“In higher-intensity trials, the absolute increase was 1.27% per year, equating to approximately 13 additional cases per 1,000 annually.”
Both Reith and Sattar underline that concerns about diabetes risk should not deter statin use, emphasizing that the substantial reduction in heart attacks and strokes associated with statin therapy far outweighs these risks.
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Myth 3: Statins cause memory loss
Memory is a crucial aspect of our identity, making the mention of memory loss as a potential statin side effect understandably worrisome.
Like all medications, statins carry a lengthy list of potential side effects, including memory loss, depression, and sleep disorders.
Memory loss can affect one’s sense of self, but it’s not generally linked to statins – Credit: Getty
However, how critical are these side effects in practice? Findings suggest they are not as severe as often portrayed.
In February 2026, Reese and colleagues conducted a comprehensive review, revealing that most listed side effects are not genuinely attributable to statins.
The study analyzed data from the Cholesterol Treatment Trialist Collaboration involving 23 large randomized trials and over 150,000 participants.
Researchers discovered similar side effect reports in both statin and placebo groups. Specifically, 2 in 1,000 individuals report cognitive or memory issues yearly, regardless of whether they are on statins or a placebo.
In summary, although some individuals may experience forgetfulness during treatment, there is insufficient evidence to establish a direct link between statins and memory loss.
“Statins save lives, and our study reassures that benefits far exceed the risks for the majority of patients,” asserts Rees.
Myth 4: Liver damage is a significant risk
Similar to diabetes concerns, worries that statins may cause liver damage are not entirely baseless.
In a small fraction of cases, blood tests may reveal mild elevations in liver enzymes such as transaminases, indicating inflammation.
Liver damage from statins is exceedingly rare – Credit: Getty
“Typically, these elevations are minor, symptom-free, and often resolve independently. In some cases, your doctor might advise lowering the dosage or temporarily discontinuing the statin,” explains Reese.
Consequently, doctors frequently assess liver function prior to starting treatment and perform follow-up tests in the initial months to monitor any complications.
However, severe issues are uncommon. A 2026 review by Reith et al. revealed that abnormal liver transaminases were present in 0.30% of statin patients compared to 0.22% in placebo groups, which translates to fewer than one additional case per 1,000 individuals annually.
“Importantly, these mild changes did not result in permanent damage, nor did they correlate with severe liver symptoms like hepatitis, liver failure, or jaundice,” Reese adds.
Myth 5: Taking statins alone is enough
Regrettably, statins are not a panacea. They are very effective for reducing cholesterol, but their maximum benefits are realized when paired with lifestyle changes aimed at enhancing overall health.
In one notable observation study, involving 265,209 high-risk adults, those who combined statin use with a healthy lifestyle—such as proper diet, regular exercise, and limited alcohol consumption—had a lifespan approximately six years longer than those with unhealthy habits who didn’t take statins.
Combining statins with a healthy diet and exercise amplifies their effects – Credit: Getty
Crucially, individuals who took statins but persisted in unhealthy lifestyle choices did not experience a significant reduction in mortality risk, compared to those who did not use statins but led unhealthy lives.
“Starting statin therapy does not grant a free pass to neglect healthy habits,” Sattar emphasizes. “In fact, it serves as motivation to cultivate healthier lifestyle choices, thereby boosting their benefits.”
“This involves enhancing your diet with more fiber, fruits, and vegetables, opting for healthy fats such as olive oil, nuts, and avocados, and reducing saturated fats and sugary beverages. Additionally, increasing physical activity, minimizing alcohol intake, avoiding smoking, and managing weight are crucial. Even slight weight loss or just 10 minutes of daily walking can yield significant benefits.”
The intense spring heat dome that has gripped the West for over a week is finally starting to shift. This extreme weather event has set over 1,500 temperature records across 11 states, according to Climate Central, a leading research organization in climate analysis.
The ongoing heatwave is causing climate scientists, irrigation managers, and local authorities to weigh the potential for a significant water crisis and to assess the unprecedented nature of this weather phenomenon. Even before the surge in temperatures, Western states were noting record low snowfall—a situation that has persisted, leaving many areas nearly devoid of snow.
Researchers have long established that climate change is likely to exacerbate heat waves. However, some scientists are exploring whether lesser-known climate factors could account for the exceptional longevity, intensity, and scope of this month’s heat events.
Fans of the Los Angeles Dodgers protect themselves from the sun during a spring training game in Phoenix on March 21. Ross D. Franklin/Associated Press
Jennifer Brady, a senior data analyst at Climate Central, noted that the heatwave’s extensive effects and duration qualify as an anomaly, “even given the climate change we’re currently experiencing, which many refer to as the new normal.”
Climate Central has developed a climate change index that assesses the influence of climate change on daily temperature averages, rating them from 1 to 5.
Around 29% of the country recorded maximum temperatures classified as a “5” by Climate Central—indicating that these temperatures are at least five times more likely to occur due to climate change. Historical data since 1970 shows that the region is experiencing unprecedented temperature anomalies.
“This is unprecedented and potentially very dangerous,” Brady stated.
Crowds flock to Baker Beach near the Golden Gate Bridge in San Francisco on March 16 during the ongoing heatwave. Tayfun Coskun / Anadolu via Getty Images
The World Weather Attribution Group, comprising scientists who publish statistical analyses of climate impacts, confirmed that climate change played a significant role in the early March heatwave. They stated that these temperatures were statistically practically impossible without climate change, with measurements showing some areas experienced temperatures 20 to 30 degrees Fahrenheit above the average.
In a report released on March 20, the group asserted that climate change is raising the intensity of heatwaves in the West by more than 7 degrees Fahrenheit, making them 800 times more likely to happen compared to a world without global warming.
Climate change is shifting temperature distributions globally. According to Karen McKinnon, an associate professor at UCLA’s Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, land is heating up more rapidly than oceans, with the western U.S. warming faster than other regions.
While the global average temperature last year exceeded pre-industrial levels by 1.47 degrees Celsius (2.65 degrees Fahrenheit), McKinnon noted that “depending on your location, we may have already encountered warming of 4 to 5 degrees Fahrenheit.”
Families leave Aliso Beach at sunset amidst a record heatwave on March 20 in Laguna Beach, California. Kevin Carter/Getty Images
Researchers are increasingly curious if factors beyond base-level warming are enhancing the severity of heatwaves like this one. Some are investigating whether climate changes are affecting atmospheric dynamics.
This month’s heatwave resulted from a phenomenon known as a heat dome, which occurs when high pressure and clear skies stagnate over a region, trapping heat like a lid on a stovetop and intensifying global warming.
Scientists propose that climate change is shifting large-scale atmospheric circulation patterns, contributing to the prevalence of heat domes and influencing the jet stream’s behavior. The polar jet stream generally separates cold Arctic air from warmer southern air, and changes in its pattern may lead to extreme weather events.
Researchers speculate that climate change has enlarged jet stream waves, leading to more significant shifts in temperature across the continental U.S.
McKinnon stated that while scientists are probing these trends, conclusive answers remain elusive. Competing theories are surfacing, and it may take years to establish a consensus on these critical climate questions.
“This poses a million-dollar question,” McKinnon said. “Are these atmospheric changes primarily driven by climate change?”
The Orion spacecraft, designed with a distinctive gumdrop shape, has a capacity to carry up to four astronauts. With a width of 16.5 feet and a habitable volume of approximately 330 cubic feet, crew members have been rigorously trained to function effectively in confined spaces, including sleeping, eating, exercising, using the restroom, and communicating with ground control.
Inside the Orion capsule, you’ll find an advanced space toilet equipped with a privacy door. This facility utilizes a vacuum system to expel urine into space, while all other waste is securely stored for disposal upon mission completion.
Post-launch, astronauts have the flexibility to remove and stow two seats to create additional space until landing. Each day, astronauts engage in 30 minutes of training to maintain their physical fitness, as per the Canadian Space Agency. The capsule also features a specialized flywheel device that facilitates exercises like squats and deadlifts.
Looking ahead, NASA plans to reuse Orion components on its forthcoming Artemis III mission, set to launch in mid-2027. This flight will focus on demonstrating important docking and landing techniques in low Earth orbit, followed by the Artemis IV mission, which aims to achieve a lunar landing in 2028.
The Artemis II mission will be commanded by NASA’s Wiseman, with Grover as the pilot. Mission specialists include NASA’s Koch and Canada’s Hansen. The crew has already arrived at the Kennedy Space Center in preparation for the scheduled launch.
The phrase “Money can’t buy happiness” is a popular notion, but is it true? Right? Scientifically, the relationship between wealth and happiness is complex.
A study from the University of Bath explores “The relationship between income and happiness.”
Up to a certain threshold, money can contribute to happiness. However, this correlation becomes less pronounced beyond a particular point.
What Truly Makes Us Happy?
At a fundamental level, happiness stems from fulfilling our basic biological needs.
Humans require essentials like food, water, air, sleep, and safety for survival. Our brains reward us when we obtain these necessities, recognizing their biological importance.
Our brains also understand that money facilitates access to these essentials.
A 2007 Wellcome Trust study reveals that money can boost our motivation and sense of well-being—two crucial components of happiness.
However, more money does not equate to more happiness. While it may seem vital, its rewarding capacity has limits.
Photo credit: Getty
For instance, eating provides pleasure until we feel full; overindulgence leads to discomfort. Similarly, excessive comfort can lead to isolation.
Moreover, our brains adapt to routine stimuli, as shown in a 2011 study by Dr. Ruth Krebs, demonstrating that surprising experiences boost happiness.
Unexpected financial windfalls tend to bring greater joy than regular income.
For those in financial distress, acquiring money can be incredibly rewarding. However, once financial stability is achieved, the joy from money diminishes, as pointed out in a study from San Francisco State University, which shows how rewards lessen with increased wealth.
Experiences—like travel, forging new relationships, and helping others—tend to produce more happiness.
While money often finances these experiences, it serves more as a means to happiness rather than a direct source.
Is There a Specific Income Level for Happiness?
The notion of a “happiness threshold” suggests that beyond a certain income, additional money won’t enhance happiness. This becomes increasingly relevant today.
As wages stagnate and costs rise, the question of how much income is essential for happiness is critical.
However, the ideal income varies widely among individuals, making it challenging to pinpoint a universal amount.
Photo credit: Getty
Some might find fulfillment in modest means, while others feel they’ll never reach “enough.”
The University of Bath study indicates that cultural comparisons can show how learned behaviors affect the relationship between wealth and happiness.
Interestingly, individuals with substantial wealth can sometimes experience less happiness than those with fewer financial resources, often due to anxiety.
Can Excess Wealth Lead to Unhappiness?
Interestingly, too much money might actually lead to unhappiness. Research indicates that being compensated for doing what you love can sometimes diminish overall happiness. This accounts for why some avoid turning a beloved hobby into a profession.
In today’s world, money is dynamic and rarely stagnant. Wealth translates to various assets, from investments to savings, which are often volatile.
This volatility is influenced by political and economic factors, leaving individuals with limited control over their financial situation. Such uncertainty can lead to increased stress, impacting happiness.
Instead of saying, “Money can’t buy happiness,” it might be more accurate to assert, “Money can buy safety and security,” which pave the way for happiness.
Ultimately, the connection between money and happiness is subjective, relying heavily on personal experiences and upbringing.
Residents of Colorado are facing unprecedented water restrictions due to a historic snow drought and extreme heat wave.
On Wednesday, Denver Water announced the need for a 20% reduction in water usage, urging residents to disable automatic irrigation systems until mid-May and limiting tree and shrub watering to just twice a week.
Todd Hartman, a spokesperson for Denver Water, stated, “The situation is dire. If conditions don’t improve, we might have to limit water use to only one day a week in the coming months.”
This marks the first instance in 2023 that Denver Water has imposed restrictions.
Colorado’s snowpack peaked at critically low levels on March 12, about a month earlier than usual, subsequently diminishing during the recent widespread heat wave affecting nearly all Western states.
Peter Goble, Colorado’s assistant state meteorologist, noted, “Current snowpack levels are at their lowest since at least 1981, with approximately 40% of the snowpack lost since March 12 due to heat.” He added, “The situation resembles conditions typically seen in late April or early May.”
These water restrictions signal a worrying trend for many states in the West as officials strive to combat extensive drought conditions. Nearly every snow basin in the Mountain West is experiencing unprecedented winter temperatures, resulting in severely diminished water supplies. For more information, visit the US Drought Monitor. The reduced snowpack raises the risk of severe wildfires, diminishes hydroelectric power generation, and imposes additional restrictions on farmers.
Hartman remarked that communities east of the Rocky Mountains and along Colorado’s frontier are facing similar challenges as Denver.
Members of the Aurora City Council are also contemplating similar water restrictions. Current reservoir levels are about 58%, according to the city’s website. A water shortage emergency was declared on March 20 after a significant spike in consumption was reported in Erie.
Gabi Ray, the town spokeswoman, expressed concern that Erie is at risk of exhausting its water supply due to many residents watering their lawns early due to unseasonably high temperatures.
“We were on track to run out of water within just a day, which is why this is such an emergency,” she stated.
Goble reported that the recent heatwave has broken numerous temperature records across Colorado, often by significant margins.
“I can’t recall ever witnessing so many records fall during a single heatwave,” he noted. “For instance, in Fort Collins, last Saturday reached 91 degrees, breaking the old March record of 81 degrees, and this wasn’t just a one-time occurrence.”
Skiers at Breckenridge Ski Resort this month as temperatures soar. Michael Ciaglo/Getty Images
Denver Water, serving approximately 1.5 million residents in and around Denver, sources about half of its water from the Upper Colorado River and South Platte River basins. Recent reports indicate that the snowfall for the latter is approximately 42% of normal levels, while the former stands at 55%.
Overall, Denver Water’s reservoirs are currently about 80% full, which is only slightly below the usual levels.
“That’s positive news,” Hartman commented. “However, with such low snowpack, we can’t rely on substantial runoff to refill the reservoirs.”
Essentially, the snowpack, serving as a natural reservoir, is largely depleted and won’t be replenished until late spring and summer when runoff typically peaks.
In Erie, officials plan to deploy smart meters to monitor residential water usage closely, implementing measures to enforce water conservation over the coming week. Ray stated that public works crews will actively patrol neighborhoods for active sprinklers.
“Residents may feel frustrated by our stringent measures, but they might not fully grasp the consequences of inaction,” Ray emphasized. “We’re facing a serious emergency where taps could run dry. Essential services, including hospitals, schools, and fire hydrants, will be affected.”
While restrictions on outdoor watering may be lifted soon, Ray anticipates more limitations will be enforced this spring and summer.
In the midst of the most severe snow drought in modern Western history, several ski resorts are innovating by implementing a sustainable method of artificial snow storage, ensuring its preservation until the next ski season.
This eco-friendly strategy, known as “snow farming,” entails creating snow under optimal conditions, stacking it up to three stories high, and using large insulating mats to safeguard it against sun and rain. This allows ski areas to utilize stored snow in the fall rather than depending solely on unpredictable weather.
While this technique is gaining popularity in Europe, it is now making its mark in the United States, especially as snowfall becomes increasingly erratic. Small ski resorts in states like Wisconsin, Idaho, and Utah are embracing snow farming this season, highlighting the pressing need for adaptive practices in the ski industry facing climate change.
“Warmer winters and diminishing snowfall may enhance the sustainability of skiing, particularly at certain resorts,” stated Nate Sheik, director of mountain operations at Bogus Basin Ski Resort near Boise, Idaho, where snow farming has commenced for a second consecutive season.
The Soldier Hollow Nordic Center, located near Salt Lake City and initially built for the 2002 Winter Olympics, is pioneering this approach. With Salt Lake City slated to host the Winter Olympics in 2034, maintaining consistent snow is vitally important for the area.
The preserved snow pile at Soldier Hollow Nordic Center measures around 15,000 square feet.Provided by Utah Olympic Legacy Foundation
Soldier Hollow is set to host a cross-country skiing event again, but the success of this competition could rely heavily on snow trials, especially if this season’s conditions remain uncharacteristically poor.
“This is a contingency plan for the severe winter of 2034,” noted Soldier Hollow General Manager Luke Bodensteiner.
Bodensteiner, a participant in the 1992 and 1994 Winter Olympics, recalled this year’s unprecedented lack of snowfall as the worst in memory, arguing that hosting a major competition “would have been challenging if this coincided with an Olympic year.”
How to “Grow” Snow
Bodensteiner’s team invested approximately $300,000 in a snow management system from Finnish company Snow Secure.
This company provides white polystyrene mats that fold like an accordion, are about 2.5 inches thick, and can be deployed swiftly. These mats function as weatherproof insulation akin to that used in buildings, effectively covering snow piles the size of a football field.
Soldier Hollow utilizes foam mats to insulate snow piles from sun, rain, and wind.Provided by Utah Olympic Legacy Foundation
Typically, customers employing this system wait for cold, dry conditions, use snow guns to generate snow, pile it high, cover it thoroughly with mats, and anchor the setup with weights.
“It’s like a battery; the greater the snow mass beneath that insulation system, the longer we can retain the cold air,” Sheik explains.
Snow Secure employs foam mats and geotextile covers for their snow protection system.Provided by Utah Olympic Legacy Foundation
Snow Secure CEO Antti Rauslati noted that stored snow typically loses about 20% of its mass over the summer months. However, this innovative process allows ski resorts to produce snow in conditions where water droplets freeze more rapidly.
“If you create snow during colder months, you’ll see better snow quality,” he stated. “The process is faster, generates higher quality snow, and is more energy-efficient.”
While snowmaking has been a popular practice since the 1970s, it typically results in inefficient water usage during warmer periods, particularly at season’s end. Rauslati mentioned that creating snowfall under marginal conditions generally requires 70% to 80% more energy.
“Operating a snow gun at 27 or 28 degrees could yield a snow pile of about two feet under that snow gun,” Bodensteiner explained. “Conversely, if temperatures drop to the single digits, running the same snowgun could produce an eight-foot pile.”
Soldier Hollow Nordic Center’s snowmobiles are essential for constructing even larger snow mounds.Provided by Utah Olympic Legacy Foundation
Rauslati mentioned that some are concerned about summer temperatures in the U.S. hampering the system’s effectiveness; however, it has proven successful so far.
Last year, Bogus Basin was among just three regions in North America to pilot the Snow Secure initiative. Throughout summer, monitoring systems noted external temperatures reaching up to 119 degrees Fahrenheit, while the snow remained at an average of 37 degrees, Sheik remarked.
When workers removed the mats in October, they discovered that around 80% of the snow had survived. Despite experiencing the warmest November on record, Bogus Basin managed to open for business that month.
“We kicked off the season on snow we had saved,” Sheik highlighted, noting that without the snow protection system, a Thanksgiving opening would have been impossible.
Record Snow Drought
This winter has been particularly harsh for the western U.S.
By mid-March, all significant basins in the West had recorded their warmest or second-warmest winters ever, leading to significant snow shortages. The US Drought Monitor reported these troubling developments. A recent record heatwave eliminated much of the remaining snow, exacerbating concerns over wildfires.Water use is currently restricted in cities like Denver. States such as Colorado and Utah have reported record-low snowfall.
Due to these conditions, numerous ski resorts faced limited operations or remained closed. Many resorts ushered in early closures before April.
“The entire industry acknowledges that winters are becoming shorter and warmer,” Bodensteiner asserted.
Soldier Hollow was constructed in compliance with Olympic standards at roughly 5,600 feet above sea level—a relatively low elevation for ski areas in Utah—making it particularly vulnerable to climate fluctuations.
Soldier Hollow Nordic Center staff strategically place Snow Secure on top of the insulated snow pile.Provided by Utah Olympic Legacy Foundation
As a result of these conditions, Soldier Hollow is increasingly dependent on artificial snow production. The resort has invested in advanced snowmaking technology, including 20 mobile “fan guns” and 40 stationary robotic “sticks” for efficient snow generation.
“Roughly half of the season relies on artificial snow,” noted Bodensteiner.
He is optimistic that the snow farming trial will enable Soldier Hollow to become the first Nordic ski venue to open in the fall. Upgrades to snowmaking equipment are also planned. If the Snow Secure system succeeds, Bodensteiner envisions expanding its use.
“If we achieve the desired results, by the summer of 2033, we may have three or four of these snow piles around the venue,” he concluded.
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Andean Bear by Sebastian Di Domenico – Finalist, Sony World Photography Award 2026, Latin American Professional Award
Credit: Sebastian Di Domenico
Sony World Photography Award
This stunning Andean bear emerges from a moss-covered branch in Colombia’s Chingaza Ecopalacio Reserve. Photographer Sebastian Di Domenico captured this moment while guiding hikers through the lush forest.
“Suddenly, one of the hikers pointed to the bear above us,” said Di Domenico. His breathtaking photograph earned him a spot as a finalist this year at the Sony World Photography Award.
Believed to be a male around five years old, this bear was seen for the first time in this area. Di Domenico speculates that it may have been attracted by a potential mate since another bear was spotted nearby. “We believe they may have been mating in the tree that day,” he explained.
Unfortunately, habitat destruction caused by agriculture, road construction, and mining threatens the survival of this species (Tremarctos ornatus). Widespread issues like crop looting, livestock predation, and illegal hunting exacerbate their decline. “This bear species ranges from Venezuela to Bolivia, but much of its historical habitat has been drastically altered by human activities,” Di Domenico noted. Currently, it is classified as critically endangered. You can find more information at the International Union for Conservation of Nature.
For Di Domenico, this photograph emphasizes the urgent need to protect Andean bears. “Sightings like this are incredibly rare, and capturing this unique species in its natural habitat sends a crucial message,” he stated. “This bear is the only bear species native to South America and is a vital icon of the tropical Andes.”
Join us for the Sony World Photography Award 2026. The exhibition will take place from April 17th to May 4th at Somerset House, London.
In 2017, Molly Russell tragically passed away in her bedroom in Harrow, London. The thought-provoking film Molly vs The Machines chronicles her father’s quest for truth, unveiling that the inquest ruled Molly’s death as a suicide, heavily influenced by harmful social media content related to self-harm.
This powerful documentary highlights Molly’s life amid the rapid rise of social media, revealing whistleblower testimonies that expose the industry’s knowledge of the associated risks, yet their reluctance to implement necessary safeguards.
Society has normalized Big Tech’s intrusion into our private lives, even within the sanctity of our own homes. This critique resonates deeply as we listen to Molly’s friends reflect and ponder, “How can we reclaim our bedrooms as private spaces?”
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Anatomy Textbooks May Need Revision: Discovering the Penis’s Primary Erogenous Zones
SOPA Images Limited/Alamy
The latest neuroanatomical research reveals that the primary erogenous zone of the penis is the zonula delta, an area that has been overlooked in anatomy textbooks and surgical training. This triangular zone, found on the ventral side of the penis, where the head meets the shaft, is particularly vulnerable during circumcision.
“While this may seem obvious to those familiar with male sexual sensations, our study scientifically validates the existence of this region of the ventral penis as the epicenter of sexual sensation,” stated Alfonso Cepeda-Emiliani from the University of Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
Given this scientific insight, the delta frenulum could be considered the “male G-spot.” Eric Chan, president-elect of the International Society of Sexual Medicine, noted, “It’s one of the most pleasurable sites for male sexual stimulation.”
Cepeda-Emiliani and his team conducted an exhaustive mapping of the sensory nerves in 14 cadaveric penises from donors aged between 45 and 96. They meticulously sliced the penises into fine sections and stained them to highlight nerve structures for microscopic examination.
Traditional anatomy textbooks suggest that male genital sensitivity is primarily concentrated in the glans, the bulbous head of the penis. However, findings from Cepeda-Emiliani’s research indicate that the zonula delta boasts a denser concentration of nerve endings, making it significantly more sensitive.
The delta zonula also exhibited the highest density of sensory corpuscles, specialized touch receptors that consist of clusters of nerve endings. Up to 17 corpuscles were found grouped together in the zonular delta, while in the glans, they were more dispersed. Notably, sensory corpuscles within the delta include Krause’s corpuscles, which detect minute vibrations that contribute to sexual arousal and pleasure.
The frenulum delta was first identified by Ken McGrath of Auckland University of Technology in 2001, named for its triangular shape located between the V-shaped wings of the glans on the penis’s underside. Although McGrath dubbed it the male G-spot due to its potential for sexual pleasure, the term did not gain widespread acceptance.
Recent research corroborates the subjective experiences of individuals who report that stimulation of this “G-spot” induces intense pleasure and uniquely specialized sensations, highlighting gaps in sexual medicine and urology training, as noted by Cepeda-Emiliani and colleagues.
Surgeons performing circumcisions must be aware of the nerve-rich delta frenulum. When making an incision to remove the foreskin, the impact on this delicate neural network is profound, necessitating careful consideration to avoid unnecessarily deep or wide incisions that could lead to the complete removal of the frenulum. Retaining some or all of it is crucial for preserving sensitivity.
Dr. Kesley Pedler from Port Macquarie Base Hospital in Australia stated she did not learn about the zonular delta or its significant nerves during her surgical education. “Most respected urological surgical anatomy textbooks fail to mention the zonular delta, even in their latest editions,” she asserted. Dr. Pedler now performs circumcisions only when clinically necessary, emphasizing the importance of preserving nerve structure in this area.
Circumcision rates vary, with only a small proportion of boys in the UK and Australia undergoing the procedure, while approximately half of newborn boys in the US are circumcised. Whether such surgeries affect sexual sensation remains a topic of debate.
A large study in Belgium discovered that uncircumcised men reported experiencing greater sexual pleasure, attributed to stimulation of the zonular delta compared to circumcised men. Conversely, a US survey indicated that there was no discernible difference in orgasm quality, suggesting that circumcised individuals might compensate for any sensitivity loss in the zonular delta region.
The existence of the female G-spot, similarly, has faced skepticism in the medical community, with some practitioners denying its occurrence altogether. This skepticism stems from the lack of distinct nerve structures found in expected vaginal locations. However, studies show that many women identify an erogenous zone several centimeters along the vagina’s front wall, and ultrasound research reveals that the clitoris becomes engorged with blood during sexual arousal, leading to heightened sensitivity in the vaginal walls.
Cepeda-Emiliani and his team are now embarking on similar detailed studies focused on cadaveric vaginas and clitorises to further explore sexual anatomy.
A pale cloud of water ice drapes over the Tharsis volcano on Mars
NASA/JPL/MSSS
Before humanity ventured to Mars, the planet was desolate. Yet, it underwent significant geological activity, with processes of accretion, melting, and cooling, creating its distinctive features like craters, canyons, and volcanoes—all occurring in silence, without witnesses. Aside from those observing from afar, only in the most recent chapters of its history has Mars witnessed consciousness.
The allure of Mars has captivated humanity throughout the ages. This planet, a prominent celestial body for prehistoric civilizations, displayed red hues and variations in brightness, hinting at a story. Its ancient names—Nirgal, Mangala, Aukak, and Harmakis—echo with a weight that transcends time, almost fossilized from an era long past. For millennia, Mars has symbolized profound forces, representing blood, conflict, and passion.
The advent of the telescope revealed a small, orange disk with polar ice caps and shifting dark markings, shaped by seasonal changes. Yet, these early observations led to fantastic tales of a dying world, enriched by the imagination of astronomer Percival Lowell, who spun stories of desperate Martians constructing canals to combat encroaching deserts.
This compelling narrative captivated the public. However, with the Mars Mariner and Viking missions, our understanding of the planet transformed dramatically. We now possess a wealth of knowledge about Mars, far surpassing any previous understanding, revealing an unexpected world full of new possibilities.
Despite the excitement, Mars appeared lifeless. Researchers sought any evidence of life, from microbial forms to ancient civilizations, but none was found. Just as in previous eras, stories proliferated to fill this void—tales of microfossils obscured by geological layers, ruins buried within sandstorms, and mythical figures that emerged from the Martian lore. These narratives help animate Mars, a cherished symbol echoing humanity’s innate curiosity and storytelling instincts.
Thus, we came to Mars. What began as an abstract concept now stands as a tangible destination.
This excerpt is from Kim Stanley Robinson’s thought-provoking book, Red Mars, featured in New Scientist Book Club’s latest recommendations. Join us and delve into the world of literature together here.
Experiencing water splashing on my face during a spacewalk was surreal. It swiftly migrated from my nose to my nostrils, obstructing my sight and impeding my breathing. While we knew a return to the International Space Station was urgent, a pressing question lingered: how long until the water completely blocked my airway?
Venturing outside the ISS is akin to stepping into an otherworldly realm. Within the confines of the station, you’re enveloped in a familiar safety. However, outside, you’re engulfed by the cosmic void—an environment indifferent to your existence. Without my spacesuit, survival would be impossible within mere minutes.
The vast expanse of stars seen during a spacewalk is breathtaking. On one occasion, I was maneuvered across the station using a robotic arm, feeling disoriented as Earth vanished from view. In that moment, I grasped the three-dimensional nature of space—an epiphany sparked by my understanding of astrophysics—which allowed me to perceive a sponge-like structure adorned with bubbles amidst radiant light. Reliving that moment has become a constant pursuit, yet it remains elusive.
The disaster occurred on July 16, 2013, during Luca Parmitano’s second spacewalk.
NASA Johnson
Throughout our six extravehicular activities, a significant water leak emerged on July 16, 2013. Feeling the cold liquid seep into my helmet was unsettling, yet I adhered to protocol. I reported the situation, assuring ground control that I was fit to continue.
As I awaited guidance, concern grew about the source of the water. In the absence of gravity, water behaves unpredictably due to effective capillary action moving from one surface to another.
Many visualize spacesuits as depicted in films like Gravity or The Martian, with oversized helmets obscuring the astronaut’s face. In reality, a spacesuit helmet is compact, minimizing gaps that could let water penetrate. Unfortunately, this tiny space filled quickly. Once I felt water clogging my ears, hearing became increasingly challenging, and soon, communication with ground control began to falter.
As dusk fell during my orbit of Earth, I faced yet another challenge. With sunset occurring every 45 minutes, most EVAs happen at night. While my helmet light illuminated nearby objects underwater, distant visibility dwindled with the accumulating water.
At that moment, pinpointing the water’s origin was irrelevant. What mattered was a ticking timer reminding me to act decisively. Every moment counted—time was running out.
Before venturing into space, I was trained as a pilot, fighter pilot, and test pilot. The first lesson of emergency response was clear: maintain control, assess the situation, and take decisive action.
For me, this meant charting a course back to the airlock. I utilized handrails on the ISS to navigate my way, asking myself if I could see the next handle and how to reach it. Following the tether leading to the airlock, I began my journey back.
Luca Parmitano’s spacesuit began to fill with water again during tests after abandoning the spacewalk.
NASA
Navigating in a spacesuit is more challenging than it appears. The suit is pressurized, requiring significant muscle effort to move against that pressure. This lack of strength in fingers makes grasping objects, like handles, feel akin to squeezing a tennis ball.
The final leg of the spacewalk stretched on, feeling eternal. In reality, I spent just seven fleeting minutes in the airlock without communication with ground control. I later learned they were unaware of my ordeal, as my heart rate remained steady, illustrating my controlled reactions.
I can vividly relive that spacewalk; it exists in my memory, though it hasn’t fundamentally changed me. However, operationally, this experience transformed protocols. The culprit was identified as a blocked filter, prompting changes to pre-spacewalk procedures—such as checking the filter and adding a snorkel to my suit to allow breathing even in the event of flooding. This adjustment ensures this incident will never repeat.
I challenge anyone who deems astronauts’ tasks extraordinary. What we accomplish is indeed remarkable, but it should not elevate our status. We are ordinary individuals trained for extraordinary challenges.
Data centers designed for AI operations generate substantial heat, leading to elevated temperatures in surrounding areas, creating significant data center heat islands. This phenomenon currently impacts around 340 million individuals worldwide.
The construction of data centers is projected to rise dramatically. According to JLL, data center capacity is expected to double between 2025 and 2030, with AI contributing to half of this demand.
The researcher Andrea Marinoni from the University of Cambridge observed a steady increase in energy consumption by data centers, predicting a surge in the near future and sought to evaluate the resultant impact.
Researchers analyzed land surface temperatures using satellite data over the last two decades, correlating findings with geographical coordinates from over 8,400 AI data centers. To ensure accuracy, they focused solely on data centers situated in less populated regions.
The findings revealed an average temperature rise of 2°C (3.6°F) in the vicinity of operational AI data centers, with peaks reaching as high as 9.1°C (16.4°F).
This temperature spike is not confined to the immediate area around the data center; the impact was observed up to 10 kilometers away, with a reduction in intensity of merely 30% at a distance of 7 kilometers.
“The results we obtained were quite surprising,” Marinoni states. “This could pose a significant problem.”
Using demographic data, estimates reveal that over 340 million individuals reside within a 10-kilometer radius of a data center, experiencing higher temperatures due to their proximity. Marinoni noted that regions such as Mexico’s Bajío and Spain’s Aragón recorded a temperature increase of 2°C (3.6°F) during the 20-year span from 2004 to 2024, attributable to this phenomenon.
Researcher Chris Priest of the University of Bristol highlighted the need for further investigation into whether the heat produced by structures themselves contributes to the overall thermal effects, suggesting that buildings exposed to sunlight could play a role.
Regardless, Marinoni emphasizes that data centers are still contributing to rising surface temperatures. “My key message is to proceed cautiously in the design and development of data centers.”
2026 marks a significant milestone as humanity embarks on its bold journey to colonize Mars.
Later this year, NASA’s ESCAPADE rover is set to launch towards Mars, laying the groundwork for future manned missions. For more details, read about the rover’s objectives here.
Future settlers aim to create self-sustaining cities on Mars, transforming its harsh landscape and opening new possibilities for humanity beyond Earth. This endeavor also has the potential to extend the survival of human consciousness.
Elon Musk has expressed his ambition to land on Mars within two years, as noted in 2024 on X. He has often referenced Kim Stanley Robinson’s acclaimed novel, Red Mars, published in 1992.
Set in 2026, Robinson’s narrative doesn’t rely on extraterrestrial conflicts or futuristic technologies. Instead, it delves into the ethical dilemmas faced by humans, highlighting debates surrounding the sanctity of intelligent life versus the need for solar system exploitation.
Robinson’s prophetically accurate depiction of the future includes a world dominated by powerful multinational corporations, overshadowing the United Nations. The author suggests that the UN operates as a mere tool for these corporations, predicting a future where corporate interests dictate global affairs.
His vision resonates with early predictions by Pulitzer Prize-winning science writer David Dietz, who forecasted rampant resource overexploitation and an increase in competition, leading to rising prices and a decline in luxury goods.
Robinson’s Red Mars illustrates how future generations will navigate environmental challenges. Climate change is a key factor motivating humanity to leave Earth, and the protagonist, Anne Claiborne, views Mars as a new beginning rather than a mere resource. “You can’t simply erase the surface of a planet that’s 3 billion years old,” she notes during discussions on terraforming.
The character Frank Chalmers reflects on past ecological disasters on Earth, drawing parallels to today’s ambitious “climate megaprojects,” such as glacier stabilization and large-scale re-greening efforts.
Red Mars also continues the tradition of classic speculative fiction, focusing on human conflict and societal division as the settlers grapple with how best to cultivate their new home. This central theme is further developed in Robinson’s sequels, Green Mars and Blue Mars.
Anne’s concerns about the ethical implications of creating breathable air on Mars echo a profound respect for potential undiscovered native life. “It would be unscientific and, worse, immoral,” she asserts.
The depth of Robinson’s characters and narratives makes Red Mars a treasured work, earning both the Nebula Award and the British Science Fiction Society Award, and has been subject to numerous attempts at a screen adaptation, including interest from director James Cameron before he focused on the Avatar universe.
The prequel, Green Mars, was also included in NASA’s Mars rover Phoenix lander in 2006 as part of an interplanetary library, a nod to Robinson’s influence on the genre to this day.
Outside of his Mars Trilogy, Robinson has expressed caution regarding future technological advancements and governance in his works. His novel, 2312, published in 2012, envisions a world facing extreme heat and rising sea levels while reflecting on humanity’s slow response to climate issues.
In the same year, he addressed the future of technology and society at the Humanity+ conference, emphasizing the need for inclusivity in tech advancements, stating, “[It] has to be for All People Plus,” hinting at underlying societal tensions.
The New Scientist Book Club is currently reading Red Mars by Kim Stanley Robinson. Join us for a collective reading experience here.
Scientists propose a groundbreaking method to alter the course of potentially hazardous asteroids using a giant magnet. This innovative approach, known as non-contact orbital velocity adjustment (NOVA), aims to mitigate the challenges associated with traditional kinetic impactor techniques, which involve colliding a spacecraft with an asteroid to redirect it. However, as of now, this method remains untested, leaving its effectiveness uncertain.
Günther Kletechka from the University of Alaska Fairbanks introduced the NOVA concept at the Lunar and Planetary Science Conference in Texas on March 17th. He focused on the NOVA application for the asteroid 2024 YR4, which was initially thought to be on a collision course with Earth or the Moon in 2032. Fortunately, subsequent observations indicated it would safely pass by.
This asteroid, less than 70 meters in diameter, represents a manageable target for location adjustment. The proposed spacecraft features a large, superconducting magnet that is approximately 20 meters wide, powered by a nuclear fission reactor. A small booster would maintain its orbit around the asteroid, allowing it to stay within 10 to 15 meters of the surface and interact with its iron content.
While a magnet could theoretically deflect a solid iron asteroid, most asteroids consist of smaller fragments held loosely together in what is known as a rubble pile. “It’s a pile of rubble with virtually zero tensile strength, so you can’t push the whole body effectively,” stated Kletechka during his presentation. He cautioned that kinetic impactors could fragment such asteroids, creating debris that may fall to Earth.
In contrast, the NOVA spacecraft would gradually extract pieces from the rubble pile and trap them in a magnetic field at its center. Each collected fragment would increase both the spacecraft’s mass and magnetic field strength, easing the extraction of subsequent pieces. This technique allows the spacecraft to slowly shrink and control the asteroid’s movement.
To delay the trajectory of YR4 effectively, Kletechka estimates that at least 170 days of continuous operation would be essential. Although he believes that this electromagnetic deflection strategy is feasible, he acknowledges significant uncertainties. The precise quantity of iron in 2024 YR4 remains undetermined, although educated guesses suggest it’s adequate. Furthermore, maneuvering a spacecraft so close to an asteroid for extended periods has not been attempted before and poses unique challenges.
“Including this tool in our Earth’s defense arsenal is beneficial, especially since the likelihood of exacerbating the problem is virtually nonexistent,” Kletechka remarked.
Credit: University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign/L. Brian Stauffer
During my first year of graduate studies, I shared an office with an older graduate student who was quietly conducting pivotal research. Upon conversing with him, I discovered he was “working with Tony on the theory of glasses.” It soon became evident to me that the physics behind glasses posed significant complexities and that I should have recognized Tony’s name sooner. My initial meeting with Anthony James Leggett was enlightening—a courteous British gentleman in his 70s, with the wisdom of a seasoned educator and an undeniable sparkle in his eye. He was a Nobel laureate, knighted by the British Empire, recipient of numerous accolades, and a pioneer in quantum theory, notably examining the enigmas of cold quantum realms. He passed away on March 8, leaving behind a legacy fueled by his integrity, curiosity, and numerous aspiring scientists, yet to many, he simply remained Tony.
Born in 1938 in South London, Leggett attended a Jesuit school where his father instructed in physics and chemistry. Originally earning a degree in classical literature, philosophy, and ancient history from Oxford University, he ultimately succumbed to the allure of physics, pursuing it further at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (UIUC) for his doctorate.
At that time, UIUC served as a hub for physicists delving into novel quantum materials. Many of these materials exhibited extraordinary characteristics only at ultra-low temperatures. Leveraging his prior expertise in cryogenics, Tony redirected his focus towards the peculiarities of helium-3. He recounted a memorable encounter with physicists John Bardeen and Leo Kadanoff, who introduced him to their groundbreaking experiments with ultracold helium. Although he attempted to encapsulate these discoveries mathematically, initial distractions led him to maintain an intricate relationship with helium-3 over the next decade.
In a serendipitous twist during a rain-soaked 1972 vacation, he met experimentalist Robert Richardson, whose discussion of helium-3 experiments significantly impacted Leggett’s research career. Following their conversation, Leggett aimed to develop a formal proof demonstrating the impossibility of observed phenomena aligning with established quantum mechanics. This moment hinted at potential discrepancies within the framework of quantum physics itself.
Leggett’s subsequent investigations revealed that while quantum principles held, helium-3 exhibited unprecedented traits rarely seen in other cryogenic systems. As researchers explored the unusual behavior of materials under extreme cold, they uncovered effects like superconductivity, where electrons cohesively pair in a unique quantum state—enabling perfect electrical conductivity. Intrigued by whether helium-3 could exhibit comparable superfluid qualities, Leggett meticulously delved into its properties.
Ultimately, Leggett crafted a comprehensive theory around ultracold helium-3, establishing that its atoms can form multiple types of superfluids and introducing a novel form of symmetry breaking, elucidating previously obscure experimental results.
Richardson had won the Nobel Prize for his 1966 helium-3 research, while Leggett received his Nobel Prize for groundbreaking theoretical contributions in 2003.
Anthony Leggett: Nobel Prize in Physics 2003
Credit: Jonas Ekströmmer/AFP via Getty Images
Reflecting on the announcement of his Nobel Prize in 2003, Leggett expressed the elation felt by many during that early morning news. His former graduate advisor, Smitha Vishveshwara, attested to his profound kindness and wisdom, which inspired countless individuals at UIUC. Tony joined the university in 1983, and I had the privilege of working with him as a postdoctoral fellow starting in 2002. He was often deep in thought, too busy at his roundtable in the Institute for Condensed Matter Physics, now bearing his name, to engage with anyone.
Beyond his groundbreaking work on superfluid helium-3, Leggett was passionate about broader questions that questioned the foundations of quantum physics. He delved into intriguing theories regarding whether the quantum realm might apply to large-scale objects—a notion he explored in an interview post-Nobel Prize celebration. Leggett noted, “If we genuinely adhere to quantum theories, I believe the perceptions we hold about the physical world will differ significantly by AD 3000.” He intriguingly speculated about a potential evolution in physical understanding, pondering new paradigms that may emerge.
Exploring Quantum Physics Frontiers
To probe the fascinating boundaries of quantum mechanics, Leggett, alongside Anupam Garg, developed a mathematical test in 1985 for assessing the quantum characteristics of large objects. This experiment, now known as the Leggett-Garg inequality, evaluates object behavior over time—offering insights into whether quantum laws govern these entities. Researchers worldwide have since executed the Leggett-Garg experiment on various systems, including photons and minuscule crystals—sparking advancements in quantum physics.
His inquiries regarding the intersection of macroscopic occurrences and quantum phenomena laid the groundwork for another Nobel Prize-winning experiment last year. John Martinis, from the quantum computing company QoLab, highlighted that collaboration on a large-scale circuit experiment stemmed from ideas Leggett initially discussed in the early ’80s. The work confirmed the manifestation of quantum effects in systems of superconducting circuits, echoing Leggett’s extensive knowledge that inspired Martinis and his team as they approached lab construction.
Underlining Leggett’s keen observational talents, David Waxman, a former student, noted, “Tony had an exceptional ability to perceive what others might overlook—he saw potential where many dismissed a mere fluctuation on a graph as trivial.”
Leggett consistently advised young physicists to advocate for their inquiries. He remarked, “If conventional wisdom mystifies you, take time to unravel it, and don’t succumb to peer pressure asserting that it is well understood.” He emphasized that “research conducted with integrity is never fruitless,” allowing for new perspectives to emerge from long-abandoned ideas.
Although I departed UIUC in spring 2020, I can still envision him—an intellectual giant—engaged in profound contemplation at his desk. I firmly believe he never ceased his quest for knowledge, perpetually inclined to uncover nature’s hidden secrets. I wish I had explored the unexplored research awaiting revelation within his desk drawers.
NASA/JPL-California Institute of Technology/ASU/MSS S
Thinking about the readers brings me joy. In Red Mars, the narrative unfolds in the current year, even though I penned this novel from 1989 to 1991. Reflecting on how my predictions for this decade diverge from reality adds a fascinating layer to the reading experience.
This phenomenon is common in science fiction. As years pass, the narrative evolves from envisioning a hypothetical future to representing past speculative ideas. It provides invaluable insight into the mindset of that era, which is often difficult to recover.
Exploring vintage science fiction offers a window into the hopes and fears people held about potential realities, transforming these texts from mere inaccuracies to poignant statements about their context.
Consequently, science fiction is a reflection of its time, even when set in the future. It functions as a time capsule, transporting readers to past ideologies and thoughts.
Upon revisiting Red Mars, it fascinates me how well it aligns with the actual trajectory of the 2020s, despite not being an intended prediction. The U.S. and Russia as waning powers working tandem against emerging nations? Check. The ascent of China and India? Double check.
Additionally, themes of ecological and economic fragility punctuated by climate change and geopolitical conflicts resonate eerily with current events. These issues hint at an evolving social order and ongoing discussions about its shape. Humanity has been in a state of upheaval for ages, but change is on the horizon—because stagnation is untenable in any capacity.
I find it intriguing to reflect on the technological insights from the book, noting both predicted advancements and missed opportunities. Some predictions blend past visions with the reality of today. For instance, if one considers the evolution from videotapes to platforms like YouTube, or John Boone’s fictional Dick Tracy-esque watch equipped with the AI ‘Pauline’—it serves as an early seed for the sophisticated AI in my later work, particularly in 2312. Such speculation underscores the unpredictable nature of forecasting the future.
When I crafted this trilogy, we had just begun to uncover breathtaking insights about Mars, significantly influenced by the Mariner and Viking missions. These explorations gifted us a tangible vision of a new realm—one that, while barren, held immense potential.
The emergence of the terraforming concept was timely, raising the question: could we modify Mars to allow human habitation? The newfound suitability of Mars, with its water potential, gravity, and essential nutrients, left many pondering transformation possibilities. These discussions blended speculative fiction with scientific imagination, underscoring the foundational plausibility of my narratives.
Now, after 35 years, our understanding of Mars and human biology has dramatically evolved. The aspiration for human settlement now appears considerably more daunting than before. Recent discoveries reveal that Martian sand contains toxic perchlorates, a potent reminder of the planet’s hostile environment.
Moreover, we’ve delved deeper into how Martian low gravity may impact human health and the harmful effects of unshielded cosmic radiation on our systems. Current proclamations by some billionaires about imminent Mars colonization remain ungrounded in reality. The vision of restoring Mars to a thriving environment akin to Earth’s is, unfortunately, a fantasy rather than a forthcoming reality.
Like many, I share hope for Mars’s future. While I still dream of visiting, I envision it akin to our current expeditions to Antarctica—establishing a scientific base where researchers can thrive for limited periods, akin to crews at McMurdo Station.
These visitors’ lives could parallel characters in chapters 3 and 4 of my book. Their experiences, while fraught with possible health repercussions, would be pursued for the sake of innovation and discovery. Their projects would garner interest, reminiscent of current research efforts in Antarctica—though perhaps not as intensely.
Human presence on Mars would symbolize another chapter in our Anthropocene narrative. It’s arguably the most realistic iteration of a science fiction tale available. If we extend the timeline considerably and achieve a harmonious relationship with Earth, full habitation and terraforming of Mars may one day materialize.
A significant barrier to our Mars ambitions, more pressing than toxicity, is our ongoing environmental neglect on Earth. We must resolve our self-created issues before venturing beyond our planet. Once we establish equilibrium here, Mars will remain ready for future projects—representing a reward for our success.
Keep this in mind when encountering sensational claims suggesting humanity’s imminent habitation of Mars. As the author of the Mars Trilogy, I call such assertions fantasy.
To conclude, while the speculative aspects of Red Mars are compelling, I believe the story’s heart lies in its characters and their intertwining journeys. These elements propel the narrative and shape the reader’s emotional experience.
Reflecting on my time since writing Red Mars, I recently revisited the book, finding joy in experiencing it anew—not as a memory but as fresh reading. That realization brought immense satisfaction.
The characters—Nadia, Maya, John, Frank, Sax, Anne, Michelle, Hiroko, Arkady, Phyllis, Vlad, Ursula, Spencer, and all their companions—jumped vividly to life in my imagination. They are distinct from me and their origins remain a mystery; they arrived with their tales, a beautiful gift. The intertwining of their relationships, political maneuvers, terraforming efforts, and life experiences weave together a rich history, echoing my esteemed teacher Fredric Jameson’s notion of history.
I’m incredibly grateful that this story continues to resonate with readers and I hope you find joy discovering it.
The New Scientist Book Club is currently reading Red Mars by Kim Stanley Robinson. Please join us and read together here.
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From a scientific perspective, “touching” an object is more complex than it seems. For all objects with mass, it appears they are touching, but in reality, they aren’t in physical contact. This phenomenon can be explained by two main factors.
First, the structure of atoms plays a crucial role. Atoms consist of positively charged protons and negatively charged electrons. Protons, along with neutral neutrons, form the nucleus at the center of the atom, while electrons orbit this nucleus.
According to the principles of electromagnetic force, opposite charges attract and like charges repel. When two atoms approach one another, their outer electrons typically repel due to their similar charges, leading to the sensation of not truly touching.
Another essential concept is Pauli’s Exclusion Principle. In simple terms, this principle states that no two electrons in the same atom can occupy the same quantum state, meaning their “orbitals” must differ.
This leads to a short-range repulsive force, referred to as Pauli’s Repulsion, affecting electrons and, consequently, atoms. Combined with electromagnetic forces, these interactions typically result in atoms repelling each other.
So when you “touch” an object, the atoms or molecules involved are usually repelled by one another, creating a small repulsive force that prevents real contact.
For instance, when you sit in a chair, you’re essentially floating on a cushion of subatomic repulsive forces.
While we may perceive that we are in contact with our surroundings, what we actually sense is a repulsive force – Credit: Getty
The reality is slightly more intricate. When we touch an object, a minimal chemical interaction may occur.
Some atoms can overcome electromagnetic repulsion, allowing them to exchange or share electrons with those of the object, forming bonds. This leads to the forces commonly associated with “friction,” but fundamentally, Pauli repulsion prevents true contact.
When you “touch” something, your body perceives this sensation, thanks to specialized sensory organs known as mechanoreceptors. These receptors respond to pressure and vibration, sending electrical signals to the brain, which interprets these signals as the sensation of “touch.”
Ultimately, these mechanoreceptors are detecting small repulsive forces between atoms and molecules, rather than direct physical contact. Hence, “touch” can be regarded as an illusion.
This article addresses the question raised by Josh Greene from Leeds: “Have you ever touched anything technically?”
If you have any questions, feel free to reach out to us at:questions@sciencefocus.com or send us a messageFacebook,Twitter or Instagram (please include your name and location).
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By integrating infrared observations from the NASA/ESA/CSA James Webb Space Telescope with visible-light images from the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope, astronomers have unveiled a stunning new perspective of Saturn, showcasing its atmospheric bands, storms, and brilliantly reflective rings.
Comparative images of Saturn in infrared (Webb, left) and visible light (Hubble, right). Image credits: NASA/ESA/CSA/STScI/A. Simon, NASA-GSFC/M. Wong, University of California/J. DePasquale, STScI.
A newly released image of Saturn emphasizes the dynamic features of the gas giant’s vibrant atmosphere.
Webb’s observations reveal a long-lived jet stream, referred to as a “ribbon wave,” traversing the northern mid-latitudes, influenced by atmospheric waves that are difficult to detect otherwise.
A small dot just below the jet stream indicates the remnants of the 2011-2012 “Spring Storm.”
Additionally, several storms scattered across Saturn’s southern hemisphere are evident in the Webb image.
The astronomers noted, “All these atmospheric formations are shaped by powerful winds and waves beneath the visible cloud layer, making Saturn an ideal natural laboratory for studying fluid dynamics under extreme conditions.”
“The iconic hexagonal jet stream at Saturn’s north pole, discovered by NASA’s Voyager spacecraft in 1981, displays some sharp edges that are also faintly visible in both images.”
“It continues to be one of the solar system’s most intriguing weather phenomena.”
“Its persistence over decades underscores the stability of particular atmospheric processes on giant planets.”
“These famous hexagons are likely to be observed in high resolution for the last time until the 2040s, when Arctic winters shift into 15 years of darkness.”
Recent Webb observations indicate that Saturn’s poles appear a distinct gray-green, emitting light at approximately 4.3 microns.
The researchers suggest, “This unique coloration might arise from a layer of high-altitude aerosol in Saturn’s atmosphere, scattering light differently in those latitudes.”
“Another possibility includes auroral activity, wherein charged particles interacting with the planet’s magnetic field produce a glowing luminescence near the poles.”
In Webb’s images, Saturn’s rings are notably bright due to their composition of highly reflective water ice.
The scientists explained, “Both images depict the ring’s surface illuminated by the sun; however, the Hubble image shows less illumination, creating a shadow beneath the planet.”
“Subtle features of the ring, like spokes and patterns in the B ring (the thick central region), exhibit differences between the two observatories.”
“The outermost ring, known as the F ring, appears thin and sharply defined in the Webb image, but glows only faintly in the Hubble image.”
“Saturn’s orbit around the sun, combined with Earth’s position in its annual path, dictates the varied angles from which we observe Saturn’s face and rings.”
“These observations from 2024, captured 14 weeks apart, indicate that Earth is moving away from northern summer and approaching the 2025 equinox.”
“As Saturn transitions into the southern spring and late southern summer of the 2030s, both Hubble and Webb will increasingly enhance their views of its hemisphere.”
Evidence of Ancient Human Butchery on Lehringen Elephant Bones
Image Credit: VOLKER_MINKUS
In the backroom of the distinguished Schöningen Research Museum in Germany, a collection of mismatched cardboard boxes reveals archaeological treasures. Discovered in Rehringen, a village located 150 kilometers away, these boxes hold invaluable artifacts.
In 1948, researchers uncovered 125,000-year-old bones from the Paleoloxodon antiquus species in the bed of an ancient lake at Rehringen. While elephant bones from this period are somewhat common, this particular find included a 2.3-meter-long spear lodged between the ribs, marking a significant archaeological milestone.
This yew spear, identified as the oldest complete spear ever discovered, provides powerful evidence suggesting that Neanderthals were skilled big game hunters rather than mere scavengers. However, this remarkable discovery faced challenges. Alexander Rosenbrock, a dedicated school principal and amateur archaeologist, led the excavation, but a series of complications arose during the retrieval of the bones.
After digging began, a portion of the bones was improperly extracted before Rosenbrock and his team could arrive. Some bones were even reported stolen, and without a camera, he struggled to document their positions accurately. This led to a lengthy seven-year legal battle over the remains. Ultimately, Rosenbrock secured rights to keep the artifacts in Verden, where they unfortunately faded into obscurity before his passing in the 1950s.
Over the following 75 years, doubts lingered regarding the circumstances surrounding Rehringen’s find. Were the spear and bones simply coincidentally located together? Despite two examinations, researchers initially found no clear signs of butchery on the elephant bones.
The 1948 Excavation of Rehringen
Credits: Archives of the Cultural Heritage Office of Lower Saxony
Fast forward to 2025, Ivo Verheijen, Schöningen’s resident bone expert, began a meticulous examination of the Rehringen findings.
“We were informed there were just a few boxes,” Verheijen explained. “Upon arrival at the museum to collect them, we discovered numerous boxes piled in the attic!”
The Schöningen Center, located merely 300 meters from an active archaeological excavation site, has been operational since the mid-1990s. This site is notably home to 10 spears, around 300,000 years old, along with the Clacton and Rehringen spears, forming part of a limited collection of discovered spears from the Paleolithic era.
In 2017, the Schöningen team further solidified their expertise when they discovered a complete elephant. As a result, Verheijen was well-versed in handling ancient elephant bones before teaming up with Rehringen.
As Verheijen rummaged through the boxes, he uncovered a freshwater shell along with an excavation label, which intriguingly turned out to be an old 50 million mark banknote from the post-World War I inflation period. “It’s fascinating to have such unique labels,” he remarked.
This initiative resembled a cold-case investigation for Verheijen and his team. Thankfully, the collection comprised not only bones of elephants and other species but also invaluable records of Rosenbrock’s pioneering work, preserved and shared by his daughter Waltraut Deibel-Rosenbrock after his passing.
Verheijen quickly deduced that the Lehringen elephant had been intentionally slaughtered. “I immediately identified some distinct cut marks,” he stated. “It’s astonishing that these were overlooked for so long.”
Evidence of Cut Marks on Elephant Bones
Image Credit: Ivo Verheijen
The elephant, likely a solitary male standing over 3.5 meters tall at shoulder height, may have also been over 30 years old. It is suspected that he had been slaughtered both externally and internally, with organs removed shortly after death. This implies that the elephant likely perished with the spear embedded in its side, making the proximity of the bones and weapon no mere coincidence.
Neanderthals utilized flint tools to extract what they could from the carcass, leaving behind the rest for scavengers. While some bones showed signs of butchering, remains of bears, beavers, and aurochs were also discovered, indicating that Neanderthals frequently hunted and processed animals in proximity to the lake.
Verheijen speculates that modern elephants tend to move toward water when injured. Thus, after sustaining an injury from a spear, the elephant probably made its way towards the lake. This suggests that multiple spears may have been involved, and the hunters pursued the wounded creature until it collapsed, potentially breaking one spear in the process. The investigation will continue as the team plans to re-examine the spear.
Even at this early stage, the project has painted a vivid picture of what could be one of the most detailed Neanderthal hunting scenes ever documented.
Verheijen is also working diligently to preserve the Rehringen bones for future display. “This site holds great importance in Neanderthal history in Germany,” he emphasizes. “For reasons unknown, it has been largely forgotten, and our goal is to restore its rightful recognition.”
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A female sperm whale holds her newborn calf above the water until it can swim on its own.
Project CETI
The recent birth of a sperm whale was notably supported by ten other females within its pod, marking an unprecedented instance of assisted childbirth outside of primate species.
In July 2023, researchers monitoring a sperm whale pod in the Caribbean since 2005 noticed the eleven females gathering at the surface. Remarkably, they were flying a drone at the time and captured this event on record.
As the birth commenced, the calf’s flukes gradually revealed themselves over a 30-minute period during which the accompanying females coordinated in a synchronized formation to ensure the safety of both the mother and her calf.
Upon the calf’s arrival, the female whales circled and took turns watching over it, keeping it afloat to ensure it could breathe properly, as newborn sperm whales lack buoyancy and cannot stay at the surface by themselves for the initial hours.
This groundbreaking observation of assisted childbirth in non-primates was highlighted by Shane Gero, a team member at Project CETI in New York.
Such intricate behaviors were previously believed to be exclusive to humans but are now emerging in non-human species as well.
“Sperm whale societies thrive on strong female leadership,” Gero explains. “It’s fascinating to witness intergenerational support during childbirth among females, even those not related by blood.”
When a short-finned pilot whale approached approximately 18 minutes post-birth, the adult female sperm whales exhibited defensive behaviors.
The newborn sperm whale emerges from the water after giving birth, supported by an adult female.
Project CETI
“They consistently placed at least one adult whale between the newborn calf and the approaching pilot whale,” reports Giovanni Petri from Northeastern University London. “The adult females displayed aggression towards the pilot whale, changing direction and even ramming into it.”
Researchers deployed underwater audio recording devices to monitor the vocalizations of the sperm whales. Another study highlights the significance of these findings.
“The acoustics of this event were remarkable,” states Petri. “Statistically significant shifts in vocal patterns were noted during critical moments such as labor and interactions with the pilot whale.”
These behavioral changes were unlike the usual vocal shifts observed in the pod, returning to normalcy following the birth.
By merging audio analysis with observation, the researchers “established a connection between the behaviors of the sperm whales and their vocalizations,” Petri noted.
Gero also mentioned they have yet to determine the sex of the calf but expressed hope to see it thrive in the following months, and a name will be given if they encounter the calf again. They know, however, that it has survived the crucial first year, a period characterized by high calf mortality rates.
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A revolutionary computer language has discovered a significant error in a widely cited physics paper for the first time. Researchers highlighted the groundbreaking analysis, raising concerns about the prevalence of errors in academic literature. “How many more publications contain mistakes?” they pondered.
Advanced software is increasingly utilized to help mathematicians validate proofs for accuracy and logical consistency through a method known as formalization. This technique has been suggested as a potential solution to longstanding mathematical conundrums, including Shinichi Mochizuki’s extensive proof of the ABC conjecture.
Recently, Joseph Tooby-Smith from the University of Bath aimed a formalization language called Lean at the realm of physics. In his analysis of a 2006 study on the stability of the two Higgs doublet model (2HDM), which has been extensively referenced, he uncovered an error discrediting the theorem.
Formalizing theorems can act as foundational elements for crafting more intricate mathematical proofs. Tooby-Smith noted that his project was intended to be a simple addition to a comprehensive initiative known as PhysLib, inspired by the established MathsLib database. “We’re not setting out to disprove theories; we aim to create results that everyone can utilize,” he explained.
This error pertained to a claim made by the original author suggesting that a specific condition C would reliably resolve the problem. Yet, Tooby-Smith demonstrated that an alternative condition C fails to yield a stable solution.
While Tooby-Smith acknowledged the serious implications of the discovered error for the paper’s credibility, he indicated it’s improbable that it would significantly impact subsequent studies that referenced it. Nonetheless, he expressed concern over potential similar errors in numerous physics papers, emphasizing the need for formalization to become standard practice in research presentations.
According to Tooby-Smith, physicists often provide less detailed explanations of their theories than mathematicians, which can lead to overlooked errors. “Many physicists are less focused on the fine details; thus, mistakes are more likely to slip through,” he remarked.
Kevin Buzzard, a professor at Imperial College London, affirmed the transformative power of formalization in mathematics and encouraged similar treatment in theoretical physics. “We experimented with this style of mathematics, and it yielded fascinating results,” he stated.
The real advantage of formalization lies in the vast collection of previously formalized theorems, enabling mathematicians to efficiently build upon them and train AI models for quicker theorem formalization. However, gathering the extensive sample data needed for physics might be a considerable challenge.
“Ideally, we would amass a million lines of physics data, but achieving this could be labor-intensive. Initially, the machines may struggle, requiring human intervention, but eventually, automation will prevail,” Buzzard emphasized.
The author of the original physics paper has not yet responded to requests for comments from New Scientist. However, Tooby-Smith reported that he notified them of his findings, received their acknowledgment, and was told that an erratum would be forthcoming.
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Industrial activities, including mining, smelting, and electronics manufacturing, generate significant environmental waste that contaminates soil. These wastes often contain toxic metals detrimental to both flora and fauna..
Soil remediation can be a complex undertaking. Conventional methods, like landfilling contaminated soil, are costly and can degrade soil quality. To address these issues, researchers and farmers are exploring innovative plant-based solutions for soil cleanup, notably through a process called Phytoremediation, which involves the use of plants that absorb heavy metals. Enhancing these plants with growth-promoting microorganisms bolsters root development and nutrient accessibility, subsequently boosting plant vitality.
In addition to phytoremediation, farmers utilize treatments derived from burning organic matter in low-oxygen conditions, known as biochar. Biochar effectively binds heavy metals in the soil, reducing their toxicity to plants. However, there is limited research on the synergistic effects of combining microorganisms with biochar for soil remediation.
A research team from Portugal conducted experiments to determine if combining biochar with microorganisms could enhance phytoremediation effectiveness. They examined the effects of biochar augmented with two specific microorganisms: the bacteria Pseudomonas liatans EDP28 and the fungi Rhizoglomus irregulare, both recognized for their plant growth-promoting capabilities.
The objective was to assess whether soil treatments could decrease copper contamination and enhance sunflower growth in mined soil, which contained an average of 1,080 milligrams per kilogram (mg/kg) of copper—over three times the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s recommended limit of 100 to 300 mg/kg.
In a controlled greenhouse setting, the researchers established experiments involving three different microbial treatments: P. Reactance bacteria, R. Irregular fungi, and a blended microbial treatment combining both. They prepared pots with contaminated mine soil, added these microbial treatments, and introduced sunflower seedlings, along with varying doses of biochar (0%, 2.5%, and 5% by weight). This resulted in 12 unique treatments, including three with only biochar, three with just microorganisms, and one control without any additives.
After a period of 12 weeks, the researchers evaluated the growth of sunflower seedlings. They began by measuring chlorophyll, the green pigment crucial for photosynthesis. Using a specialized machine that transmits red and infrared light through the leaves, they found that while biochar did not influence chlorophyll levels, the microbial inoculum significantly increased chlorophyll content, thereby enhancing the plants’ photosynthetic capacity.
Subsequently, they measured the length of the plants’ roots and shoots before drying them to calculate total dry weight. Surprisingly, biochar addition appeared to hinder plant growth; sunflowers with 2.5% and 5% biochar exhibited shoot lengths that were 22% and 26% shorter and had shoot masses that were 46% and 49% less, respectively, compared to those grown without biochar.
However, the microbial inoculants, especially the mixed bacteria and fungi combination, mitigated the adverse effects of biochar and actually promoted plant growth. Compared to plants without microorganisms, those receiving the mixed inoculum showed an increase of 48% and 45% in shoot length and a boost of 122% and 137% in dry biomass at 2.5% and 5% biochar treatments, respectively.
Copper content was assessed by dissolving soil, roots, and shoots in water and acid, followed by flame atomic absorption spectroscopy to quantify copper atoms. Results revealed higher copper concentrations in plant roots than in shoots across all treatments, with biochar-treated plants having root copper levels that increased by an average of 38% compared to controls. This contrasted with earlier studies suggesting biochar might hinder metal uptake.
Interestingly, the effects of microorganisms on copper levels proved inconsistent. The mixed inoculum raised root copper concentrations by 51% in the 2.5% biochar treatment, while it had no significant impact in the 5% scenario.
In conclusion, biochar enhanced the phytoremediation efficiency of sunflowers by boosting copper accumulation in roots, albeit at the expense of plant growth. Conversely, microbes enhanced the chlorophyll content, benefiting both growth and photosynthesis. The research team advocates for larger-scale field studies with microbial inoculants and biochar to explore practical applications further.
NASA officials have announced that future heat shields will be optimized with a more transparent outer material to enhance performance. However, for the Artemis II mission, the heat shield design will remain unchanged.
To mitigate risks to astronauts, mission managers are altering the Orion spacecraft’s reentry trajectory. Instead of the usual atmospheric reentry that simulates a “bouncing stone” effect to reduce thermal stress, this mission will feature a faster, steeper descent to minimize exposure to extreme temperatures.
NASA has confirmed that this revised plan is the result of extensive testing. Isaacman expressed his “complete confidence” in the heat shield during a January update.
During a media event in July, Wiseman echoed this sentiment, stating: “If we adhere to NASA’s new atmospheric entry path, this heat shield will be safe for flight.”
Countdown to the Moon Landing: Two Years Remaining
A significant critique of the Artemis program focuses on its timeline. Nearly four years have passed since Artemis I took flight, and until recently, the next launch, Artemis II, was slated for another two-year wait.
Critics argue that compared to agile private companies like SpaceX, NASA’s slower improvement cycles lead to longer wait times, jeopardizing program security.
Dryer emphasized that “the infrequent launches of space systems pose major structural and safety risks that have been acknowledged for years,” asserting, “We have a limited window to identify potential failure modes.”
NASA’s Space Launch System rolls out from the Vehicle Assembly Building at Kennedy Space Center on January 17. Joe Radle/Getty Images
To address these challenges, Isaacman has initiated vital improvements to the Artemis program, including the addition of more missions and an accelerated launch schedule.
The Artemis III mission, which was originally set to land astronauts on the moon in 2028, is now scheduled to launch into low Earth orbit in mid-2027 for essential technology tests and demonstrations. NASA’s detailed strategy for landing on the lunar surface also includes a second spacecraft—a lander developed by SpaceX or Blue Origin. This lander will rendezvous with Orion in lunar orbit to transport astronauts to the moon. Artemis III is positioned to conduct these critical maneuvers. However, challenges persist in the commercial sector, as reported in a recent report, revealing that SpaceX’s Starship lander is “at least two years behind schedule, with expectations for additional delays.”
Under the revamped strategy, NASA aims to achieve a lunar landing by the Artemis IV mission in 2028.
Key changes include the target of launching Space Launch System rockets approximately every 10 months, compared to the previous three-year intervals, according to Isaacman.
The overall progress hinges on the success of the Artemis II mission, which could provide a much-needed boost for NASA and the American public.
“Whenever the White House seeks positive news, they turn to NASA,” Melroy remarked.
When discussing psychopathy, many envision a dangerous individual whose self-serving actions harm others while benefiting themselves. This trait is more prevalent than one might think; approximately 1% of the population experiences psychopathic traits, with research indicating a significant link between psychopathy and leadership roles in corporate settings.
Yet, living with psychopathy can be challenging. Abigail Marsh, a psychology and neuroscience professor at Georgetown University, explores the lives of individuals with psychopathic traits who lead seemingly ordinary lives. Surprisingly, many do not aspire to become psychopaths.
While the precise definition of psychopathy is still under investigation, it typically includes traits such as emotional insensitivity, lack of empathy, and impulsiveness. Screening tools assess behaviors like pathological lying and manipulative tendencies.
A recent study, available here, indicates that psychopaths have an intense focus on their own goals and struggle to understand the perspectives of others. Researchers, including Marsh, have found physical differences in the brains of those with psychopathic traits.
By focusing on individuals with high psychopathy scores from the general population, Marsh’s team recently quantified how psychopathic individuals perceive others’ well-being. In an interview with New Scientist, Marsh discusses her unexpected findings and the complexity of feeling compassion towards individuals with psychopathy.
Interview with Abigail Marsh: Understanding Psychopathy
Sabrina Weiss: How do psychopaths generally perceive life?
Abigail Marsh: Psychopaths often report a lack of strong emotions, including fear, guilt, and love. While some believe this could simplify life, many find their existence more challenging, often “hiding” their identities to navigate social situations. This stigma, usually seen as a moral failing, actually stems from similar roots found in other mental health issues, involving genetics and life experiences.
Investigating the Brain: What Do We Know?
While brain scans cannot “diagnose” psychopathy, they do reveal consistent differences in certain areas such as the amygdala, which is often smaller in individuals with psychopathic traits. Research from my lab indicates that children with smaller amygdalae may show more severe psychopathic behaviors over time, coupled with reduced responsiveness to others’ emotions.
The Wolf of Wall Street: A portrayal of psychopathic traits.
Photo 12/Alamy
Treating Mental Illness: What Are the Options?
One analysis suggests that three years of therapy can aid psychopaths in managing their emotions. Unfortunately, available resources for treating personality disorders remain limited. The societal perception that psychopaths elicit no sympathy makes their need for care often overlooked, despite our moral obligation to provide it.
Can Psychopaths Change Their Behavior?
Some individuals manage significant behavior changes through personal determinations, including fostering relationships they don’t want to jeopardize or simply “faking it” until it feels natural. Others create personal moral codes to guide their behavior, demonstrating that improvement is indeed possible.
How Common is the Desire for Change?
While quantifying this desire is challenging, many individuals express discontent with their behaviors and aspire for change. This is especially evident among those who seek assessments through the organization I co-founded, raising awareness about psychopathy.
Choosing Inclusive Language: Why Does It Matter?
The field is evolving toward a more compassionate, person-centered approach. For instance, we now refer to “individuals with psychopathy” rather than using stigma-laden terms. However, the tendency to label still prevails, particularly concerning personality disorders.
Exploring the Roots of Interest in Psychopathy Research
My fascination began with understanding altruism and evolved through personal experiences that highlighted both the good and bad in human nature, leading to my current research interests.
Recruitment for Research:
My latest study involved over 700 participants with psychopathy scores, primarily recruited through the Aggressive Disorder Prevention Association. A thoughtful approach to advertising has been crucial to our participant recruitment.
Exploring Psychopathy’s Impact on Society
With around 1% of the population exhibiting psychopathic traits, it’s essential to recognize the potential presence of individuals within your social circles. These traits can lead to manipulative or harmful behaviors that significantly affect others.
What to Do If You Suspect Someone of Psychopathy?
Remember, psychopathy is a legitimate mental health issue that can be addressed. Individuals with psychopathy face numerous challenges in their lives and relationships, but dedicated therapeutic support can lead to meaningful changes. Visit the Aggressive Disorder Association website for resources and assistance.
Feedback is New Scientist A popular source for the latest science and technology news. Share your thoughts with us at feedback@newscientist.com.
Exploring Unique Units of Measurement
In our recent exploration of the world’s most unusual units of measurement, Feedback presented an interesting case involving polar bears as units of snowpack. Reader Steve Tees inquired about the meaning of “shed load” in the context of traffic delays.
Since then, we’ve received an influx of emails suggesting alternative phrases to express large quantities.
Two readers, Bryn Glover and John Newton, both linked the term to highway incidents, commenting, “The truck was certainly dropping a load.”
F. Ian Lamb proposed viewing “shed loads” as examples of “endogenous relative scaling (ERS) units,” indicating that individual perceptions of size can vary widely based on personal experiences. For instance, £1,000 could seem insignificant to a millionaire but immense to someone living in poverty. Ian invites readers to share more examples of ERS units.
William Croydon provides another perspective, noting that “shed” is a term utilized in nuclear physics. In particle physics, measuring small particles colliding requires a unit with a tiny cross-sectional area.
According to William, the “barn” unit is 100 square femtometers (10-28 square meters), which is approximately the cross-section of a uranium atom’s nucleus. Essentially, this small measurement corresponds to the ease with which a nuclear reaction may be initiated.
William also mentioned that smaller units, or “huts,” have been discussed, albeit with uncertainty regarding their dimensions. Online research led to two variants: the “outhouse,” which is one millionth of a barn, and the “yoctoban,” defined as 10-24 barn, humorously dubbed as a shed in a barn.
In any case, as William points out, even numerous sheds would be “too small to cause problems on the highway.”
Tony Lewis humorously suggests that while Steve Tees wants to know the size of the “xxxx warehouse” blocking traffic, it must indeed measure the equivalent of “xxxx warehouses.”
Pencils and Shakespeare
Feedback regarding the book Puzzle Advisor by Rob Eastaway highlights how William Shakespeare may have been influenced by the mathematics of his era.
Feeling a kinship with Shakespeare, Feedback notes the recent surge of interest in various adaptations of Hamlet, including Riz Ahmed’s modern take and the gender-swapped Scarlet, all of which delve into themes of moral corruption.
Interestingly, Rob’s book mentions that graphite was in use during Shakespeare’s lifetime for writing instruments, suggesting the Bard may have opted for a pencil over a quill for some of his witty compositions.
This was reported in Stationery News, headlined “2B or not 2B?” The article suggests any pencil Shakespeare used would likely have been of pure graphite, implying it would have been 9B rather than 2B.
The Enigma of Hexagonal Water
Reader Joseph Orechino shared an email promoting the supposed health benefits of “hexagonal water,” claiming it is “10 times healthier than lemon water.”
This type of water allegedly undergoes a treatment that arranges its molecules in a hexagonal formation, though many experts agree that such structures are unstable and short-lived.
Despite the scientific skepticism, the allure of hexagonal water persists, with our archives revealing past attempts to create wine from it and other quirky concepts like “vibrating interactive water.”
The feedback poses an intriguing question: Why hexagons? To maximize water’s potential, a pentagram might be a more magical arrangement, although it might lead to accidental symbolism when a bottle is turned upside down.
Have a story for Feedback?
Share your insights with us at feedback@newscientist.com. Don’t forget to include your address. Explore this week’s and previous feedback on our website.
Let me be upfront: I’m not an expert in gardening. In fact, I’ve managed to kill remarkably hardy plants—including a cactus! Although I appreciate the beauty of flowers, this review reflects the perspective of a novice gardener who struggles to cultivate blooms.
Despite my lack of gardening skills, David George Haskell clearly possesses deep knowledge of flowering plants. His latest book, How Flowers Created Our World, is rich with insights drawn from his own garden and his involvement in habitat restoration projects. Haskell’s deep affection for flowers shines through every page.
Haskell is a biologist at Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, and a seasoned author with several books on botany and ecology. His previous work, Wild and Broken Sounds, explored animal communications and the threats they face from human activities such as noise pollution and deforestation.
His core thesis asserts that society’s perception of flowering plants is fundamentally flawed. Haskell argues that in many Western cultures, flowers are often dismissed as fragile ornaments—pretty but devoid of strength or significance.
“
Flowering plants emerged during the dinosaur era and swiftly dominated the landscape. “
This misunderstanding contributes to flowers being viewed as “feminine,” leading many men to shy away from floral garnishes on beverages—instead opting for traditional ales, ironically brewed from flowering plants.
However, Haskell emphasizes, “Flowers have the power to change the world.” The emergence and diversification of flowering plants during the late dinosaur period were pivotal in transforming ecosystems and spurring the evolution of various life forms. Rainforests, bees, savannahs, meadows, and even humans are intricately linked to the survival of flowering plants.
To illustrate his points, Haskell dedicates eight of the book’s nine chapters to exploring different facets of flower ecology, each centered around a specific flower species.
He begins with the Magnolia, a flower that has remained largely unchanged for 100 million years, serving as a window into the history of the earliest flowering plants. Angiosperms, as flowering plants are known, appeared during the age of the dinosaurs and quickly established dominance—addressing the long-standing debates regarding their exact timeline.
As flowering plants ascended, they relegated many ancient plant groups to the periphery of ecosystems. Most of what we consider “trees” are flowering plants, as are all grasses. Haskell writes, “Earth is a planet of flowers.”
Transitioning from magnolia to goat’s beard, he showcases how rapidly and innovatively flowering plants evolve. He argues that the repeated duplication of genomic fragments is fundamental, creating a vast genetic reservoir and allowing angiosperms to develop numerous advantageous traits.
Orchids exemplify the intricate relationships flowering plants form with insects, birds, and fungi, while seagrasses illustrate how flowering plants create entire ecosystems, offering habitats for various wildlife and reshaping their environments.
In the latter half of the book, Haskell focuses on the profound connection between humans and flowering plants. Using roses as a case study, he highlights the diverse scents flowers produce and their significance in human relationships, as well as their role in the perfume industry. Linnaeus’s modern classification system was partially based on his studies of tea plants. Essentially, all major grains like wheat and corn are flowering plants. Without these vital species, sustaining the global population would be impossible.
Though Haskell passionately argues for the significance of flowering plants, this fervor can sometimes lead to overgeneralizations. He portrays a pre-angiosperm world as dull and largely devoid of color and scent, not giving credit to the ancestral visual signals that date back to early complex animals during the Cambrian period. The exact colors of primitive marine life and flora remain a mystery.
Likewise, chemical communication, an ancient evolutionary trait, is widespread and not fully understood in the vast oceans.
Despite minor critiques, Haskell rightly emphasizes the critical role of flowering plants in our ecosystems and the necessity of preserving their biodiversity. In the final chapter, he delves into the future of flowers, fluidly discussing emerging concepts such as wildflower gardens and rewilding efforts.
My only reservation regarding this book is its structure. Haskell presents the idea that “flowers are cool” in a rather simplistic manner, stringing together loosely connected essays rather than crafting a cohesive narrative. Readers shouldn’t expect a gripping story; instead, they are invited to savor Haskell’s poetic prose.
I can’t help but think Haskell may have been inspired by Marcel Proust. In In Search of Lost Time, the narrator recalls memories through the taste of a madeleine. Haskell encourages readers to appreciate the tens of millions of years of evolution evident in magnolia petals and stamens.
While Haskell’s narrative style differs from my preferred directness, his works are well-researched, insightful, and vividly articulate. They possess great depth and merit.
Michael Marshall is a science writer based in Devon, UK, and the author of Genesis Quest.
Discover how plants can “hear” caterpillars munching and even exhibit learning and memory. Gagliano emphasizes that these capabilities often remain unnoticed due to their slower pace of operation compared to humans.
Explore the concept of a “wood wide web”—a network of roots and fungi enabling trees to communicate with one another. Simard’s research has been pivotal to our understanding of this intricate natural phenomenon.
Fungi, a unique and often misunderstood group of organisms, are central to our lives. Sheldrake dives into their roles in food production and the profound experiences they can provide.
Key Components of a New Rubidium Atom Cooling Setup
Tomasz Kawalec CC BY-SA 4.0
A groundbreaking quantum device utilizing giant rubidium atoms may redefine temperature measurement.
While some nations utilize Celsius or Fahrenheit to measure temperature, physicists universally rely on Kelvin. This unit signifies “absolute temperature,” where 0 Kelvin represents the lowest temperature permitted by physical laws. However, confirming the accuracy of a 1 Kelvin measurement is a meticulous endeavor.
“When making absolute temperature measurements, one typically purchases a temperature sensor calibrated against another sensor, and the chain continues. Ultimately, one of those sensors was previously sent to the American Standards Institute,” explains Noah Schlossberger from NIST in Colorado.
Schlossberger and his team have developed an innovative device leveraging quantum mechanics to directly measure Kelvin, eliminating the need for extensive sensor calibrations.
This device, a compact metal and glass structure housing trapped rubidium atoms, employs lasers to displace outer electrons far from the atomic nucleus, resulting in significantly enlarged atoms. Subsequently, the researchers cool these atoms to roughly 0.5 milliKelvin—about 600,000 times cooler than room temperature—using lasers and electromagnetic fields.
Consequently, the outer electrons of rubidium atoms exhibit heightened sensitivity to minute temperature fluctuations. When exposed to certain quantum states, these electrons “jump,” allowing the device to function effectively as a temperature sensor. Established mathematical models can accurately relate the temperature difference necessary for such jumps, facilitating a new Kelvin definition.
The International Bureau of Weights and Measures similarly defines Kelvin via various quantum constants. Yet, institutions like NIST often resort to non-quantum devices for calibration. The new quantum device aims to deliver a calibration-free definition of Kelvin.
According to Schlossberger, “Every rubidium atom behaves identically in the same conditions. You can replicate a device anywhere in the world, and it will perform the same way.” This uniformity is crucial for maintaining high-precision instruments, such as atomic clocks, which require operation at very low Kelvin temperatures.
However, the prototype still faces challenges: it struggles with accurately detecting quantum states and is currently too cumbersome for practical use. Researchers are actively refining the design for enhanced practicality and precision.
Northern tamandua (a type of anteater) using a fig tree toilet
Tropical Canopy Ecology Project
Numerous arboreal mammals, such as opossums, three-toed sloths, and ocelots, share unique latrines found high within forest canopies.
Jeremy Quiroz Navarro, an independent ecologist from Costa Rica, initially discovered one of these latrines 30 meters above a Strangler fig tree while searching for a camera setup location. He encountered a platform scattered with feces of varying colors and textures, leading him to realize this was just one of many consistent latrine sites associated with Ficus Türkheimii.
Quiroz Navarro and his team installed a video trap at one of these latrines in the Monteverde Cloud Forest Reserve. After two months, they astonishedly identified 17 different mammal species utilizing this site.
“It was incredible,” he remarked. “This number approximates the total diversity of canopy mammals found in these cloud forests.”
The latrine received about three visits daily. Wildcats known as margays marked their territory by spraying urine, while porcupines utilized the area and rubbed their scent onto branches. Observations also included opossums, capuchin monkeys, coatis, howler monkeys, and weasels.
Even the three-toed sloth, previously believed to defecate exclusively on the ground, was observed doing so in the canopy.
Researchers explored an additional 170 trees, discovering more latrines, but exclusively on this particular species of strangler fig. Anecdotal evidence now suggests that strangler figs may serve similar purposes in other regions, including Honduras and Borneo, according to Quiroz-Navarro.
Mexican hairy dwarf porcupine
Tropical Canopy Ecology Project
This shared latrine provides a “fascinating and highly unusual” glimpse into arboreal behavior, commented Neil Jordan from the University of New South Wales, who was not involved in the study. “Studying animals at 30 meters high in the canopy is quite challenging, so it’s understandable that this has remained undiscovered until now.”
Additionally, some terrestrial animals, such as rhinos and hyenas, are known to utilize communal toilets as well. These sites serve various purposes: allowing animals to mark territory, exchange information, provide navigational cues, and concentrate scents to deter predators.
Strangler figs are impressive plants that gradually envelop their host trees, often leading to their demise. Ficus Türkheimii develops branches at the tree crown’s height, creating a structure deemed “comfortable and protective” by Quiroz Navarro.
The branches, which extend up to 12 meters, also act as vital pathways over rivers, emphasizing their significance within the forest ecosystem.
These trees attract climbers, some of whom camp on the latrine platform. Quiroz-Navarro expresses concern that such activity may disrupt the communication pathways between different forest areas, potentially causing wider ecological repercussions.
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