Exploring the Thin Atmosphere of Pluto’s Small, Frozen World

A team of Japanese astronomers has discovered a thin atmosphere surrounding the trans-Neptunian object (612533) 2002 XV93, which has an approximate diameter of 500 km. This celestial body is too small and cold to retain a substantial atmosphere.



Artist’s conception of trans-Neptunian object 2002 XV93. Image by: National Astronomical Observatory of Japan

“The cold regions of the outer solar system host thousands of small bodies known as trans-Neptunian objects (TNOs) because they orbit outside Neptune.” according to Dr. Ko Arimatsu from Ishigakijima Observatory.

“While Pluto, the most well-known TNO, has been observed with a thin atmosphere, studies of other TNOs generally yield negative results.”

“Most TNOs are extremely cold and possess weak surface gravity, making it unlikely for them to maintain an atmosphere.”

Astronomers utilized stellar occultation to study trans-Neptunian object 2002 XV93, measuring its light fluctuations as background stars passed behind it.

“With a diameter of around 500 km, 2002 XV93 is significantly smaller than Pluto, which has a diameter of 2,377 km,” they noted.

“On January 10, 2024, 2002 XV93’s orbit caused it to briefly obscure a background star.”

“As the star gradually dimmed while being obscured by 2002 XV93, it indicated the possibility of light attenuation due to the thin atmosphere, or a sudden disappearance as it moved behind the solid surface of the TNO.”

The researchers concluded that the observed behavior best supports the existence of a thin atmosphere around 2002 XV93.

They estimate that this atmosphere could vanish in approximately 1,000 years unless it is replenished in some manner.

This suggests that the atmosphere must have formed or been replenished relatively recently.

“Observations with the NASA/ESA/CSA James Webb Space Telescope reveal no indications of frozen gas that could sublimate to create an atmosphere on 2002 XV93,” the authors stated.

“One hypothesis is that deep internal processes brought frozen or liquid gas to the surface of the TNO.”

“Alternatively, a comet may have collided with 2002 XV93, releasing gas and forming a temporary atmosphere.”

“Further investigations are essential to clarify these possibilities.”

“This finding sheds light on the potential for even smaller TNOs to temporarily harbor atmospheres, challenging conventional volatile retention models,” the researchers concluded.

“Our results imply that some distant icy bodies could be sustained by ongoing cryovolcanism or exhibit atmospheres formed by recent impacts from small icy objects.”

The team’s research paper was published in the journal Nature Astronomy.

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Kazuya Arimatsu et al.. Discovery of the atmosphere surrounding a trans-Neptunian object beyond Pluto. Nat Astron, published online on May 4, 2026. doi: 10.1038/s41550-026-02846-1

Source: www.sci.news

Beautiful Aesthetic Mask Thin Gameplay in Midnight Review South | Games

sDevelopment cost. A long-term production cycle. Careful C-sweets that are trying to provide shareholders with reliable returns: For many reasons, big-budget video games lack original programming. Already this year we have seen the arrival of the 7th Mainline Civilization Game, the 14th entry in the Assassin’s Creed franchise, and the 27th Monster Hunter title of all the brain melting. But let’s take a look. This is a magical, authentic story with moody, hurricane-difficult imagination in America’s Deep South.

Midnight South gives a wonderfully atmospheric first impression. BL links with dim wind. It rains on the tin roof. The world is rendered in the creepy, bent details of Tim Burton’s films. Within minutes, the home of high school athlete Hazel and her mother, a social worker, are transported along the flooded river. Play as Hazel, you chase and run the boundaries with whimsical teenage wanderings across different platforms until the storms are harmonious. Then there are miles of stagnant, unfurried swamps. At one horrifying point, we explore a farm stacked with dead pigs that did not survive the typhoon.

As the main character, Hazel holds himself against this vivid and unusual world (at least for video games). With a mere flick of her wrist, a metaphysical sickle-like blade, Hazel tears through reality itself. This brave and determined young woman is a weaver, skilled at magically dispelling the unpleasant spirit that lurks in the shrilling glass bottles of her southern home. As a weaver, she can see a spectacular tapestry of a massive universe where myths, reality, time and space collide. Looking into the past, she learns the ancestors who helped her free slaves and tragic children die.




Vivid and unusual… Midnight South. Photo: Xbox Game Studio

Layout an energy-sprinting imaginative food stall in the south of midnight. The action-packed chapter whisks the action-packed chapter from Bios to chilly mountains, which feel like they’re bordering towards Appalachia. The atmosphere is thick – sometimes it becomes a little too thick. A friendly guide to this folktales is the giant catfish who speak in a clear Creole roll, especially about the classic Southern Dish Grits.

However, in actual performances, Midnight South is simply thin. With its almost linear mix of 3D platforms and close combat, the game evokes the PlayStation 2 era title. However, neither element has much personality. The brawl looks stylish and ends with a brutal finishing move where Hazel unleashes the very fabric of her wraith-like enemy presence. Truly, it lacks the depth and expressive possibilities of titles such as God’s War. The platform feels floating, from one prominently painted white shelf to another. And it just feels normative and clunky.

A team of visual artists, sound designers and screenwriters for the Microsoft-owned studio, Forced Games, created this sturdy, rustic place, but was able to be reverted with the gameplay of heartfelt smoothness. At various points, you have to escape from the vague, misty beings. However, these sequences are simple enough to lack dramatic tension. It is repeated many times throughout the approximately 12-hour period of the game, with the difficulty increasing slightly each time.

The other loops grate when time is stacked. Clear this area of ​​decaying material (visual symptoms of land pain and trauma). Check out another lightly animated flashback. This lovingly described portrayal of Minami is rich and arrested, but the game is memorization.

All you’re left is a game where all the best ideas are optical. The Southern style of fairy tales unfolds like modern, summoning some of the whimsical and damaged beauty of 2012’s Beast of the Southern Wild, while taking on Toni Morrison’s fiction. The soundtrack is a rough collage of Howling Blues, awful folk and light-hearted jazz. Forced Game bottled a lot of Southern magic during the creation of this seemingly dangerous gambit for Microsoft, but it couldn’t take risks where it really matters.

Midnight South will be released on April 8th with £39.99 or Game Pass subscription

Source: www.theguardian.com

Diamond Wafers for Electronics: A Thin and Adhesive Solution

Ultra-flexible thin diamond wafer

This thin diamond wafer is also very flexible

Nature, DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-08218-x

A new method of using adhesive tape to create ultrathin diamond wafers could aid in the production of diamond-based electronics, which may one day provide a useful alternative to silicon-based designs.

Diamond is an excellent insulator, and at the same time has unusual electronic properties that allow electrons with a certain energy to move with little resistance. This means it can handle high energy with higher efficiency than traditional silicon chip designs.

However, manufacturing practical diamond chips requires large, very thin wafers, similar to the thin silicon wafers used to make modern computer chips, which have proven difficult to create.

now, Chu Zhiqing and colleagues at the University of Hong Kong have discovered a way to use adhesive tape to fabricate extremely thin and flexible diamond wafers.

Chu and his colleagues first embedded nano-sized diamonds in a small silicon wafer and then sprayed methane gas at high temperatures onto them to form a continuous, thin sheet of diamond. Next, we made a small crack on one side of the pasted diamond sheet, and then used regular adhesive tape to peel off the diamond layer.

They say that this exfoliated diamond sheet is extremely thin, less than a micrometer, much thinner than a human hair, and smooth enough to use the kind of etching techniques used to make silicon chips. I discovered.

“This is very reminiscent of the early days of graphene, when cellophane tape was used to produce the first monolayers of graphene from graphite. I never imagined this concept would be applied to diamond. “I did,” he says. julie macpherson At the University of Warwick, UK.

“This new edge-exposed delamination method will enable numerous device designs and experimental approaches,” he says. Mete Atature at Cambridge University. One area that could be particularly useful is increasing control over quantum devices that use diamonds as sensors, he says.

Chu and his colleagues say the diamond films they can produce are about 5 centimeters in diameter, showing that the method works as a proof of principle. andrea ferrari But that’s smaller than the 20 to 30 centimeters that are standard in many wafer processes, and it’s not clear whether the new method can be scaled up, he says.

The manufactured wafers also appear to be polycrystalline, but they are not as smooth and regular as single-crystal diamond, which may limit their use in some applications, McPherson said.

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Source: www.newscientist.com