Introducing Gen X: How the Internet’s Toxicity Has Fueled Anger and Radicalization Among Middle-Aged People

IThis might come off as unusual, but discussing the weather was common for us. If not that, we tend to contemplate the trivial exchanges with strangers we encounter daily, like musing over the train delays or commenting on a baby’s cuteness. However, the nature of our public conversations appears to be shifting.

Recently, while at Aldi, I engaged in the typical small talk at the checkout. When the cashier mentioned her fatigue from extra shifts to save for Christmas, a man behind me chimed in, suggesting that things would worsen if “she took all our money” (in case you’re curious, Rachel Reeves is definitely pushing her budget agenda). It seemed ordinary, until he proceeded to speak about how she and the government should go out, hinting at ex-military men who supposedly knew what to do, before escalating into graphic commentary until the line quieted down. What struck me was how calmly he articulated these thoughts, as if political violence had become just another acceptable topic for casual chats, akin to football or construction updates. It dawned on me later that this was a conversation drawn straight from Facebook, transposed into reality, where he voiced what’s often casually expressed online, seemingly unaware that such remarks can still shock in public—at least for now.

I recalled this encounter when Health Secretary Wes Streeting noted that NHS staff from ethnic minorities are facing a resurgence of openly expressed racism, a reflection of broader societal trends. Streeting’s remarks highlighted not only blatant racism but a general loss of decorum that transcends hospital waiting rooms. This atmosphere is palpable even at a bus stop, where a simple query about Route 44’s new schedule can pivot to wild theories about chemtrails and surveillance. Similarly, innocent conversations at school gates can reveal surprising and bizarre beliefs among seemingly normal parents regarding vaccines.

One of my friends dubs this phenomenon “sauna politics,” drawing from the bizarre and conspiratorial discussions he overheard at a local sauna. But whatever the name, it feels as though individuals are now externalizing their inner dialogues—thoughts they previously hesitated to voice publicly, sometimes even hiding them from themselves. After all, people can state such ideas online without a second glance. What, I wonder, is the equivalent of a young man attempting something he saw in online adult content with his girlfriend, only to be baffled when it fails? This time, however, the culprits are more likely confused teenagers than parents, grappling with the rapid dissolution of online social norms and a resurgence of slurs they haven’t heard aloud since their youth.

Midlife radicalization, which might seem paradoxical, counters stereotypes of stagnation. In our minds, if not others’, Gen Xers have been seen as the cultural peacekeepers. Too old to be labeled reactionary yet too young to be in the thick of it, we’ve inhabited this Goldilocks zone of moderation. Nevertheless, something appears to have transpired among those encountering midlife crises. Gen Xers now fear the world is evolving beyond their grasp. We worry about job security, marital stability post-children, whether our ideas are antiquated, and if we’re the subject of ridicule behind closed doors. While many navigate this phase without succumbing to political upheaval, some do seek release for their frustrations and disenchantment with unmet life expectations.

Populist insurrections now seem fueled by Generation X, rather than embittered retirees or teenagers swayed by right-wing propaganda. Only 19% of those in their 50s in the UK voted for British Reform. Surprisingly, one-third of those aged 50 to 64 would likely do the same now, marking a swift shift for the “Cool Britannia” generation that once propelled Tony Blair into office, according to YouGov—pivotal for propelling the party from fringe to mainstream. In the US, Generation X is known for being the demographic most inclined to identify as Republicans.

Still, with few exceptions such as the smidge project – a three-year international study on the dissemination of conspiracy theories and misinformation reveals an alarming lack of focus on understanding how 45 to 65-year-olds can be deradicalized, or how midlife minds react to the experiment of unregulated free speech.

My generation often believes we are immune to the influences of the online world, that we possess greater tech savvy than our parents, that we’re less fixated on TikTok than the youth, and that we can separate online discourse from reality. Yet, evidence suggests we struggle to compartmentalize more than we realize. Perhaps the only surprise is that it took this long for these boundaries to blur, given the thin fourth wall separating online and offline dialogues.

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Source: www.theguardian.com

Analyzing Post-Riot Behavior: Tracking Far-Right Radicalization Through 51,000 Facebook Messages

Over 1,100 individuals have faced charges related to the summer 2024 riots, with a small fraction being prosecuted for crimes associated with their online conduct.

Sentences varied from 12 weeks to seven years, igniting a surge of online backlash. The individuals behind the posts were varied; one notable case is that of I defended, who emerged as a cause célèbre and was labeled a “political prisoner.” Their posts were minimized and mischaracterized; their prosecution was framed as an infringement on free speech, despite the majority of online-related charges involving allegations of inciting racial hatred.

The posts did not predominantly surface in mainstream social media platforms like X, Instagram, or Facebook, but rather in niche online spaces commonly linked to fringe ideologies like Telegram, Parler, GetTr, 4Chan, and 8Kun. While many of these posts were on personal profiles, some appeared in public group forums.

This raised questions: What online communities did these individuals engage with, and who were their advocates? What type of content was circulating in these environments? It seemed that within these circles, views were so normalized that individuals felt emboldened to share content that was considered criminal by British authorities and the judiciary.

As a starting point, we utilized publicly accessible resources (police records and news reports) to track Facebook accounts of those implicated in previous investigations. Out of approximately 20 individuals charged with online offenses related to the summer 2024 riots, we followed five to three public Facebook groups. We also discovered visually similar or replicated posts defending those referenced in these groups.

This led to the mapping of a broader network of other Facebook groups, connected through shared memberships and group moderators and administrators.

In this exploration, we uncovered vibrant ecosystems characterized by a profound distrust of government and its institutions, alongside online communities preoccupied with anti-immigrant sentiments, naturalism, conspiracy theories, and misinformation.

Additionally, we found individuals who expressed genuine concerns about the society they belong to, alongside those who are deeply disillusioned and believe their freedom of expression is at risk.

Identification of Groups

Why focus on these groups?

Three groups were selected for the primary analysis because they included one or more current or former members charged in connection with the summer 2024 riots, or individuals involved in the riots who made comments either in person or online.

We established links between these and 13 additional groups, with all but three being public. These groups play significant roles, as moderators can oversee memberships, approve requests, and issue bans, with the authority to delete posts and comments. Administrators have even broader permissions, including the ability to modify group settings, update descriptions, and appoint additional moderators or administrators.

Which posts were analyzed?

To understand the type of content shared within these groups, we aimed to capture all posts made by the three largest groups from their inception until mid-May 2025.

We collected links and text from a total of 123,000 posts. However, due to the classification process (outlined below), the analysis was ultimately focused on 51,000 text-based posts.

What was the group membership size?

We did not record the names of individual group members (aside from moderators, administrators, and prominent posters). Therefore, when discussing combined memberships across groups, it is likely that individuals who belong to multiple groups were counted more than once.

Classification

First, we verified that the posts contained far-right content using established academic methods and categorized them through specific keywords indicating radicalization. We supplemented this with an AI tool that became available to data teams due to recent changes in editorial policies surrounding its journalistic use, classifying content as anti-establishment, anti-immigrant, migrant demonization, naturalism, and far-right identity/denial.

For categorizing the 51,000 social media posts, we employed ChatGPT 4.1 via OpenAI’s API. The prompts underwent rigorous testing across a random sample of 12 iterations, ensuring that at least two reviewers concurred until a consensus of over 90% was reached between the model and three human reviewers.

We are confident in the model’s reliability in small batches, supporting our broader evaluation based on a statistically determined sample of posts which achieved 93% agreement between human reviewers and the AI model.

The final analysis involved a statistically validated number of posts reviewed by the same annotator.

Testing concluded that the model performed exceptionally well, matching or even exceeding human reviewer consistency across most categories.

  • Accuracy (Percentage of correctly classified instances): 94.7%.

  • Precision (Percentage of correctly assigned true label counts by GPT): 79.5%.

  • Recall (Percentage of instances classified as true by humans and also classified as true by GPT): 86.1%.

  • F1 Score (A single percentage combining accuracy and recall, with higher values indicating better classification): 82.6%.

The model’s performance was evaluated by an internal statistical analyst, concluding its results were strong, benchmarked against similar academic studies.

Despite the model’s impressive performance, misclassifications in the analysis are inevitable.

We believe the classification process employing OpenAI’s API is thorough, transparent, defensible, and bolsters rigorous journalism.

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Source: www.theguardian.com

Video games’ undeniable role in the radicalization of young men | Games

tCurrently, there is a lot of focus on young men and toxic masculinity. It’s about time. A 13-year-old accused of killing a girl after being radicalized by online manospheres has brought attention to the issue through his remarkable writing and powerful performance by teenager Owen Cooper. Former English football manager Gareth Southgate recently discussed the lack of moral leadership among young men in the UK, who turn to gambling and video games, disconnecting from society and immersing themselves in male-dominated online communities where racism is prevalent. The gaming industry has faced criticism for providing a less than ideal environment for boys, and even those who enjoy playing must acknowledge that game forums, message boards, streaming platforms, and social media groups struggle with hate speech and violent rhetoric.

This is not a new revelation. The 2014 harassment campaign Gamergate, supposedly about ethics in game journalism, was actually a response to increased inclusivity and progressive thinking in game development, leading to the radicalization of young white men by “Alt-Right” influencers and Breitbart. This toxic environment produced online harassment and doxxing aimed at women, LGBTQI+ developers, and developers of color.

Toxic fandom remains a significant issue in the gaming industry, with developers facing online abuse and death threats for diversifying characters and stories or delaying game releases. The toxicity has been ingrained in the gaming community for years.

The complexity of the problem often gets overlooked. While condemning toxic gaming communities, it’s important to acknowledge the positive impact online communities can have on teenagers’ lives, fostering connections and support. The gaming industry and social media platforms need to take responsibility for ensuring a safe environment with robust moderation and AI monitoring. However, addressing the root of the problem – the lack of direction and purpose among young men today – is essential for long-term change.

The gaming community, dominated by young men seeking power fantasies, needs to be part of the conversation about addressing toxic behavior and fostering a healthier environment. Society must address the challenges facing young men, including mental health services access, changing traditional masculine roles, and providing support and guidance in a rapidly evolving world.

Source: www.theguardian.com