Astronomers utilizing ESO’s Very Large Telescope (VLT) and VLT Interferometer (VLTI) in Chile have made groundbreaking discoveries by directly observing two giant gas planets forming within a planet-forming disk around the star Whispit 2. This research offers one of the most detailed insights into planetary system formation to date, highlighted by distinctive gaps and rings of surrounding material, which suggest the likelihood of additional alien worlds in the vicinity.
Images captured by ESO’s Very Large Telescope illustrate a young planetary system orbiting the star WISPIT 2. Image credit: ESO / Lawlor and colleagues.
“WISPIT 2 represents our clearest glimpse into the early stages of planetary formation,” stated Dr. Chloe Lawler, a researcher from Galway University.
“This discovery enables us to study entire planetary systems, rather than just individual planets in isolation,” noted Dr. Christian Ginski, also associated with the University of Galway.
“Such observations are crucial for enhancing our understanding of how nascent planetary systems evolve into mature systems like our own,” he added.
The first protoplanet found in the WISPIT 2 system, designated WISPIT 2b, was identified last year and has a mass nearly five times that of Jupiter, orbiting at a distance approximately 60 times that between the Earth and the Sun.
“Discovering this new world in formation showcases the remarkable capabilities of our current astronomical instruments,” commented Dr. Richelle van Capelveen from the Leiden Observatory.
Subsequent observations detected additional objects near WISPIT 2, with measurements from the VLT and VLTI confirming their planetary nature.
The newly identified planet, WISPIT 2c, is located four times closer to its host star and is twice as massive as WISPIT 2b.
Both planets are gas giants, akin to the outer planets in our solar system.
To validate WISPIT 2c, astronomers employed the SPHERE instrument on the VLT, followed by VLTI’s GRAVITY+ instrument to confirm it as a planet.
“Our study leveraged recent enhancements to GRAVITY+, which were essential for detecting such a clear planet in proximity to its star,” stated Dr. Guillaume Bourdaro from the Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics.
Both planets orbiting WISPIT 2 manifest in distinct gaps within the surrounding dust and gas disk, a phenomenon caused by each planet’s gravitational influence.
The material remaining around each gap forms unique dust rings within the disk composition.
In addition to the gaps hosting the two planets, at least one smaller gap exists further out in the WISPIT 2 disk.
“This narrower and shallower gap may indicate the presence of a third planet, possibly with a mass akin to Saturn,” Lawler speculated.
The findings are set to be detailed in an upcoming article in the Astrophysical Journal Letters.
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Chloe Lawler and colleagues. 2026. Direct spectroscopy confirmation of the young embedded protoplanet WISPIT 2c. APJL 1000, L38; doi: 10.3847/2041-8213/ae4b3b
Image Credit: Gordon Scammell/Loop Images/Universal Images/Getty Images
Experimental stem cell therapies offer groundbreaking potential in treating frailty by targeting its biological roots. This condition, which heightens the risk of falls and infections, is traditionally managed through lifestyle changes like strength training and balance exercises. However, recent studies suggest that injecting stem cells from young, healthy donors into older adults can substantially enhance mobility.
Dr. Joshua Hare from Longeveron, a biotechnology firm based in Miami, Florida, states, “Frailty is a leading cause of disability and diminished quality of life in older adults. There exists a significant unmet need for biological treatments.”
Dr. Hare and his team are innovating therapies that focus on the essential mechanisms of aging, including inflammation and metabolic disturbances causing muscle contractions. Their treatment, Laromestrocell, is derived from mesenchymal stem cells harvested from healthy bone marrow donors aged 18 to 45.
Having achieved success in early-stage testing, they recently conducted a study assessing different dosages of Laromestrocell compared to a placebo in a cohort of 148 individuals affected by frailty, which impacts approximately one in four people over the age of 65.
The researchers measured the walking distance of participants aged 74 to 76 with mild to moderate frailty in a six-minute walk test both before and after receiving Laromestrocell. Remarkably, a single injection resulted in a dose-dependent enhancement in performance without significant safety concerns. For instance, patients receiving the highest dose walked an additional 41 meters compared to those treated with a placebo six months post-infusion, increasing to 63 meters after nine months.
According to the researchers, Laromestrocell inhibits enzymes known as matrix metalloproteinases, which negatively impact structural proteins in blood vessels and related tissues. This gene therapy has the potential to regenerate vasculature and improve muscle fibers essential for endurance, as noted by Dr. Hare.
Nevertheless, improvements in walking speed or grip strength were not observed. “The most clinically significant measurement is the six-minute walk distance, which is well correlated with health status and longevity,” Dr. Hare explained.
Dr. Daisy Wilson from the University of Birmingham, UK, commented, “This trial appears very promising. I was quite impressed by the substantial changes observed in just six minutes of walking.”
Additionally, this trial may help identify biomarkers of frailty, aiding in pinpointing individuals who stand to gain the most from this treatment, potentially before symptoms manifest. During blood analyses, the researchers discovered that levels of a fragment known as sTIE2, indicative of vascular dysfunction, decreased progressively with escalating doses of Laromestrocell.
This indicates that individuals exhibiting high sTIE2 levels may derive the most benefit from this treatment, according to Dr. Wilson. “Frailty is highly heterogeneous,” she remarked. “The critical aspect of Jello Protector Medical interventions is to slow the aging process. Moving forward, aligning the right treatment with the appropriate patient will be essential.”
However, she expressed concerns regarding both the cost and feasibility of stem cell treatments. “Considering the high expenses, justifying their use becomes challenging, especially when walking programs that enhance six-minute walk test performance are under investigation,” she added. Worryingly, the acquisition of stem cells from volunteers could pose a considerable challenge, necessitating a large pool of donors to treat all frail patients.
Dr. Hare countered this argument, asserting that various companies are making technological advancements to scale up stem cell treatments for broader access. “Substantial research is underway to increase the production of these types of stem cells in larger quantities, and I am optimistic that this requirement will be met,” he stated.
A recent research study by palaeontologists at University College London reveals that the long-necked giant hatchlings of the past frequently became prey to various carnivores, including the iconic tyrannosaurus rex.
A reconstruction of the Late Jurassic ecosystem at the Dry Mesa Dinosaur Quarry, approximately 150 million years ago in Colorado, USA. Image credit: Sergey Krasovskiy / Pedro Salas.
“Adult sauropods, such as diplodocus and Brachiosaurus, were larger than modern blue whales,” Dr. Cassius Morrison from University College London explains.
“The ground trembled when they moved. Yet, their eggs were merely a foot in diameter, taking years for the hatchlings to mature.”
“Given their immense size, it was challenging for adult sauropods to tend to their eggs without causing damage, suggesting that, like today’s baby turtles, young sauropods did not receive parental care.”
In this groundbreaking study, Dr. Morrison and his team examined fossils from the Morrison Formation dating back 150 million years and developed a detailed map of the ecosystem’s food web.
The fossils were sourced from a single site, the Dry Mesa Dinosaur Quarry, renowned for its rich assortment of dinosaur remains over a span of up to 10,000 years, including at least six sauropod species: diplodocus, Brachiosaurus, and Apatosaurus.
To analyze the dietary habits of these prehistoric creatures, paleontologists utilized various data, including dinosaur size, tooth wear, isotopic composition of remains, and, in some cases, fossilized stomach contents revealing their last meals.
With advanced software typically used in modern-day ecosystems, they visualized the intricate food web, mapping the interconnected relationships between dinosaurs, other fauna, and flora with unprecedented detail.
The findings underscored the significant ecological roles sauropods played, highlighting their closer associations with plants and animals compared to other major herbivorous dinosaur groups, such as the ornithischians (like the armored stegosaurus), which presented more formidable predation risks.
“Sauropods had a transformative influence on their ecosystems,” noted Dr. Morrison.
“This research provides a quantifiable measure of their ecological impact.”
“By reconstructing the food web, we can more effectively compare dinosaur ecosystems across different geological periods.”
Scientists suggest that the eventual decline of sauropods, which acted as readily available prey, may have influenced evolutionary adaptations in predators like tyrannosaurus rex, such as increased bite force, size, and enhanced vision. Moreover, larger and more dangerous creatures like triceratops evolved, possessing formidable defenses with their three large horns.
During the late Jurassic period, apex predators like Allosaurus or torvosaurus might have had easier access to food compared to their contemporaries like tyrannosaurus rex, according to Dr. William Hart, a paleontologist at Hofstra University.
“Fossils of Allosaurus display severe scars from encounters, including those inflicted by the spiky tail of a stegosaurus. Some injuries healed, while others did not,” he elaborates.
“However, an injured Allosaurus may have been able to survive due to the abundance of vulnerable young sauropods as easy prey.”
Cassius Morrison et al. 2026. “Size is No Accident Here”: A Novel Food Web Analysis of the Dry Mesa Dinosaur Quarry and Ecological Implications for Sauropod Fauna of the Morrison Formation. Bulletin of the New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science
Astrophysicists from the University of Copenhagen have discovered that the enigmatic “little red dots” visible in images of the early universe are rapidly growing black holes shrouded in ionized gas. This groundbreaking finding offers significant insights into the formation of supermassive black holes after the Big Bang.
The small red dot is a young supermassive black hole encased in a dense ionized cocoon. Image credits: NASA / ESA / CSA / Webb / Rusakov et al., doi: 10.1038/s41586-025-09900-4.
Since the launch of the NASA/ESA/CSA James Webb Space Telescope in 2021, astronomers globally have been studying the red spots that appear in regions of the sky corresponding to the universe just a few hundred million years after the Big Bang.
Initial interpretations ranged from unusually massive early galaxies to unique astrophysical phenomena that challenged existing formation models.
However, after two years of extensive analysis, Professor Darach Watson and his team from the University of Copenhagen have confirmed that these points represent young black holes surrounded by a thick cocoon of ionized gas.
As these black holes consume surrounding matter, the resulting heat emits powerful radiation that penetrates the gas, creating a striking red glow captured by Webb’s advanced infrared camera.
“The little red dot is a young black hole, approximately 100 times less massive than previously estimated, encased in a gas cocoon and actively consuming gas to expand,” stated Professor Watson.
“This process generates substantial heat, illuminating the cocoon.”
“The radiation that filters through the cocoon provides these tiny red dots with their distinctive color.”
“These black holes are significantly smaller than previously thought, so there’s no need to introduce entirely new phenomena to explain them.”
Despite being the smallest black holes ever detected, these objects still weigh up to 10 million times more than the Sun and measure millions of kilometers in diameter, shedding light on how black holes accelerated their growth during the early universe.
Black holes typically operate inefficiently, as only a small fraction of the gas they attract crosses the event horizon. Much is blown back into space as high-energy outflows.
However, during this early phase, the surrounding gas cocoon serves as both a fuel source and a spotlight, enabling astronomers to observe a black hole in intense growth like never before.
This discovery is crucial for understanding how supermassive black holes, such as the one at the center of the Milky Way, grew so quickly in the universe’s first billion years.
“We observed a young black hole in a growth spurt at a stage never documented before,” Professor Watson remarked.
“The gas-dense cocoon around them supplies the rapid growth fuel they require.”
For more details, see the findings featured in this week’s edition of Nature.
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V. Rusakov et al. 2026. A small red dot like a young supermassive black hole inside a dense ionized cocoon. Nature 649, 574-579; doi: 10.1038/s41586-025-09900-4
IRAS 23077+6707: A Turbulent Protoplanetary Disk – Located approximately 1,000 light-years away, this young star exhibits an unexpectedly chaotic and turbulent surrounding protoplanetary disk, with material fragments extending farther than what astronomers have previously observed in similar systems. For more details, check the study here.
This Hubble image showcases the protoplanetary disk surrounding IRAS 23077+6707. Image credit: NASA / ESA / STScI / K. Monsch, CfA / J. DePasquale, STScI.
Protoplanetary disks, rich in dust and gas, form around young stars and serve as primary locations for planet formation.
The disk surrounding IRAS 23077+6707 spans approximately 644 billion km (400 billion miles), making it about 40 times the diameter of our solar system, reaching to the outer Kuiper belt.
This vast disk obscures the star, which scientists suggest could be a massive star or potentially a binary star system.
Not only is this disk the largest known for planet formation, but its unique characteristics also make it exceptionally rare.
“It’s uncommon to capture such fine detail in protoplanetary disks. The new Hubble images suggest that planetary nurseries might be much more dynamic and chaotic than we previously thought,” explained Dr. Christina Monsch, an astronomer at Harvard University and the Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics.
“Observing this disk nearly head-on reveals its delicate upper layers and asymmetrical features,” she added.
Both the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope and the NASA/ESA/CSA James Webb Space Telescope have glimpsed similar structures, but IRAS 23077+6707 allows for unmatched visibility of its substructure in visible light.
This unique perspective makes it an exceptional laboratory for studying planet formation and the environments in which it occurs.
Edge-on, these disks resemble hamburgers, with bright upper and lower layers of glowing dust and gas, separated by a dark central lane.
In addition to its significant height, the new images reveal that vertical filament-like structures only appear on one side of the disk, indicating an uneven distribution of material.
“We were astonished by how asymmetric this disk appeared,” noted Dr. Joshua Bennett Lovell from the Harvard University & Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics.
“Hubble provides us with an exceptional view of the chaotic processes involved in the formation of disks and new planets. This process remains poorly understood, but these insights allow for fresh study opportunities.”
All planetary systems originate from a disk of gas and dust surrounding young stars. Over time, gas is absorbed by the star while planets form from the remaining material.
IRAS 23077+6707 might act as an extended analog to the early Solar System, with an estimated disk mass between 10 to 30 times that of Jupiter, providing sufficient material for multiple gas giant planets.
This and other discoveries make IRAS 23077+6707 an extraordinary case for examining planetary system formation.
“Theoretically, IRAS 23077+6707 could support a vast planetary system,” Dr. Monch stated.
“While planet formation may differ in such expansive conditions, the fundamental processes are likely akin to those in smaller systems.”
“At this point, we have more questions than answers, but these new images serve as a valuable foundation for understanding how planets evolve in diverse environments.”
Christina Monche et al. 2025. Hubble reveals the complex multiscale structure of the edge-on protoplanetary disk IRAS 23077+6707. APJ in press. arXiv: 2510.11819
Numerous factors are contributing to the decrease in sexual activity among young individuals.
Frazao Studio Latino/Getty Images
The comedy film No sex please – we’re British. debuted in 1973, featuring a predominantly young cast and a plethora of double entendres. Fast forward fifty years, and the title seems more relevant than ever, especially among younger generations. A notable decline in sexual activity among teenagers and young adults has been observed over recent decades. For more insights, check out what’s happening in the UK.
According to the General Social Survey, a longstanding sociological project, 12 percent of 18- to 29-year-olds in the United States reported not engaging in sexual activity in 2010. By 2024, this figure has doubled.
Similar trends are apparent in high-income nations such as Australia and Germany. Japan stands out in this trend, with recent reviews indicating that about half of its populace has limited sexual experience until their mid-20s. This phenomenon could contribute to Japan witnessing more deaths than births, as projected by then-Prime Minister Shigeru Ishiba, who labeled 2024 a “quiet emergency.” So, what’s triggering this situation, and is it genuinely an emergency?
Kay Wellings of the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine notes that the frequency of sexual activity is always in flux. In the 1950s, many people postponed sexual relations until marriage, but the introduction of contraceptives in the 1960s spurred a “buzz” around guilt-free sexual experiences. The AIDS crisis in the 1980s shifted attitudes once again, leading to more cautious behaviors, but the 1990s seemed to herald a return to a more open approach.
A definitive cause for the current decrease in sexual activity remains elusive. Some experts suggest that today’s challenging economic landscape hinders young people’s independence. By 2023, 18% of individuals aged 25 to 34 in the U.S. lived with their parents—up from 9% in 2000. “Living at home doesn’t typically create the ideal setting for sexual activities,” states Luke Branning from the University of Leeds, UK.
High youth unemployment rates, especially in regions like the UK, could partly elucidate why many young individuals seem to be experiencing increased sexual inactivity. This relative decline is notably pronounced among men, with studies indicating that unemployment or low income elevates the chances of sexual inactivity. “A man’s financial situation shouldn’t enhance his attractiveness, yet research shows this trend is prevalent,” remarks Peter Ueda from Karolinska Institutet, Sweden.
Rising alcohol consumption could also render young people more inhibited. A study by Gallup revealed that the percentage of Americans aged 18 to 34 who consume alcohol has dropped from 72% to 62% in the last two decades. Conversely, the proportion of those aged 55 and older who drink surged from 49% to 59%. “This change is seen as ‘generationally sensitive’,” Wellings explains. “Young people drinking less correlates with less sexual activity.”
Additionally, technological advancements may have led to a shift in interactions. A study indicated that younger individuals might prioritize digital communication over face-to-face interactions. While digital encounters facilitate connections, sexual activity typically necessitates physical closeness. “Gen Z is often dubbed the most connected yet loneliest generation, as they engage primarily through screens,” states Natasha McKeever from the University of Leeds. “Such circumstances may exacerbate anxieties regarding personal interactions.”
While dating apps have simplified the process of connection, they have existed since the early 2010s and haven’t necessarily driven up sexual activity among young individuals. “These applications don’t inherently promote sexual encounters; their design often encourages repeated engagement with the app,” says Andrus Colt from the University of Galway, Ireland. Presently, an increasing number of users are choosing to log off, with studies hinting at a link between dating app usage and rising levels of depression and anxiety .
Mental health issues may also be a significant factor in declining sexual activity, as noted in a report by The Lancet Psychiatry, which cautions that young people might be entering a perilous phase regarding these challenges. “If individuals are feeling low, they may lack the motivation for sexual encounters,” Branning asserts. This anxiety can become self-perpetuating—”the less sexual experience one has, the more daunting the act may become,” McKeever adds. “So, for those who haven’t engaged in sexual activity for an extended period, the desire might still be there, combined with anxiety about the experience.”
For many, this decline raises concerns, given that sexual activity is linked to improved health and enhanced quality of life, with roughly half of women and two-thirds of men expressing a desire for more sexual encounters . “A decline in sexual activity suggests that increasing numbers of people are struggling to find meaning and value in their lives,” asserts Lyman Stone of the Virginia Family Institute.
Conversely, some individuals argue that young people aren’t adversely affected by this trend, as many appear content with their circumstances. A study surveying straight Japanese men aged 18 to 39 showed that approximately half of unattached individuals are disinterested in romantic relationships. “Today’s youth are likely more engaged in work opportunities than ever before,” McKeever observes. “There’s an expanded array of travel possibilities and career paths available. Sex is just one of many fulfilling aspects of life.”
Shifts in societal attitudes may also account for the decreasing stigma surrounding those who choose not to engage in sexual activity. McKeever notes that rising awareness around consent, influenced perhaps by the #MeToo movement, could lead to more young people feeling comfortable identifying as asexual. “In the past, many felt that having sex was a necessary milestone or something to prove one’s worth. Now, I believe youth today possess a greater understanding of personal choices.”
Understanding how sexual behaviors have evolved among youth is limited by data challenges. Responses may vary significantly based on question formats—be it verbal, online surveys, or influenced by societal taboos. “In environments with a lot of stigma, individuals tend to underreport their experiences. Conversely, if sexual activity is viewed positively, there’s a likelihood of overreporting,” explains Wellings. Additionally, study outcomes often vary in how they define gender and the youth demographic.
Moreover, volunteer bias complicates the reliability of findings. Certain demographic groups are more inclined to participate in research, resulting in findings that may not accurately represent the general population. “The online demographic often skews towards younger, childless individuals,” adds Stone.
Regardless of precise statistics, researchers agree that young people today engage in sexual activity less frequently compared to older generations at the same age, similar to trends observed in Japan, where this has occurred alongside historically low birth rates in places like England and the U.S..
As the number of births declines, can we classify this phenomenon as a societal emergency? “No, historical patterns suggest that activity levels will rebound as conditions evolve,” states Colt. “The decline in youth sexual activity isn’t an endpoint for humanity,” he concludes.
“I find no convincing evidence that this situation signifies a crisis,” McKeever remarks. However, if policymakers are genuinely concerned about declining sexual activity, they should consider solutions. “Engaging in less sexual activity than previous generations may demonstrate a broader issue of alienation. Politicians ought to address these challenges—sexual activity tends to follow as a natural consequence,” Colt asserts.
Video games have evolved significantly since their rise in popularity in the 1970s, leading to a remarkable surge in players. Today, there are around 3 billion gamers globally, with estimates indicating that over 90% of Gen Z engage in gaming for more than 12 hours a week. Contemporary gaming blockbusters are vibrant and imaginative, immersing young people in dynamic and expansive worlds they can explore and influence.
This burgeoning creative talent has caught the attention of criminals, who target children and teenagers within popular online games, transforming them into skilled hackers.
The financial and societal repercussions of cybercrime are staggering. It is predicted that global costs of cybercrime will reach: 12 trillion dollars by 2025. Moreover, research indicates that 69% of youth in Europe report having engaged in some form of cybercrime. In the UK, the last statistics released by the National Crime Agency in 2015 revealed that the average age for cybercrime suspects is 17, which is notably younger than for other criminal activities like drug offenses (37 years old).
“If you’re facing arrest at 17, it likely began around age 11,” states Fergus Hay, co-founder and CEO of The Hacking Games, an initiative aimed at helping young individuals channel their coding talents into legitimate paths. “This transition doesn’t happen instantly. Games are often the gateway that enables skill development and experimentation in a controlled setting. These young hackers are continually modifying and hacking games to exploit vulnerabilities.”
He further noted that social media platforms are integral, offering tools and steps for hacking while also fostering a desirable lifestyle and community belonging.
This challenge coincides with a notable uptick in serious cyber-attacks within the UK. The National Cyber Security Center (NCSC) recently reported a historic surge in large-scale cyber assaults. In the year leading to August 2025, GCHQ categorized 204 incidents as being of ‘national significance,’ an increase from 89 the prior year.
In response to these threats, Hay initiated the Hacking Games and collaborated with John Madeline, a cybersecurity expert, to realize a vision of “cultivating a generation of ethical hackers who will enhance global safety.”
“This is a generation of inherent hackers. They can either serve society positively or become a liability. If we can engage them, we can guide them towards becoming ethical rather than criminal hackers,” Madeline emphasizes.
The Hacking Games recently unveiled the HAPTAI platform, which assists in creating hacking aptitude profiles for youths by evaluating their performance in popular games and aligning those results with psychometric data. Subsequently, candidates are matched with suitable job roles and teams where they can flourish.
The projected global average annual cost of cybercrime is $23 trillion by 2027, fueled by threats from state entities and organized crime groups worldwide. These groups often seek out young individuals, steering them towards criminal activities.
For youths approached by these “cyber Fagins,” there is a lure of significant financial gain. Initial payments often come in the form of virtual currencies for gaming but can escalate to tens of thousands in real money or its virtual equivalent.
They approach young hackers and offer payment for their abilities, often using cryptocurrencies. Composite: Stocksy/Guardian Design
“When they identify talent displaying genuine hacking or game modification skills, they engage them under the guise of another youth, asking, ‘How would you utilize cryptocurrency?'” Hay explains. “Many are exceptionally bright, sometimes neurodivergent, employing games as a medium to push creative boundaries. They do not inherently possess a criminal mindset.”
The scale of the cybercrime issue in the UK has become increasingly evident over the past year, with businesses experiencing significant disruption and monetary loss. Major corporations, including Co-op, have reported losses amounting to millions due to hacking incidents, one of which saw four arrests as part of an ongoing investigation by the National Crime Agency.
Social Issues Behind Crime
As a socially conscious organization, Co-op is dedicated to community enhancement and has partnered with The Hacking Games to mitigate future cyber threats and foster opportunities for vulnerable youth.
“When they experienced a cyberattack, Co-op sought to understand the nature of the issue. Upon discovering underlying societal factors, they recognized their responsibility to grasp the root causes impacting youth and to collaborate with us to address these challenges, not just the technical aspects,” Madeline clarifies.
The Co-op has a longstanding tradition of community initiatives addressing issues like social mobility and isolation. Together, Co-op and The Hacking Games aim to establish a pilot program within the Co-op Academies Trust across Northern England. Sponsored by Co-op Group, the Trust encompasses a network of 38 academies with around 20,000 students, including primary, secondary, special schools, and universities, dedicated to guiding aspiring hackers towards legitimate career trajectories.
For this pilot, students will be selected based on their interests in gaming and technology. Through interactive and creative sessions, participants will delve into the principles of ethical hacking and understand its crucial role in cybersecurity. The program will also highlight career education, with reputable industry partners introducing talented youths to the vast prospects available in this rapidly expanding domain.
“Our academy students’ curiosity about technology-related roles is on the rise, yet there is scant data regarding their home gaming environments and whether these interests extend to hacking,” remarks Joe Sykes, careers director at Co-op Academies Trust. “As educators, we must confront these challenges directly—this initiative will undoubtedly provide fresh perspectives and foster insights for students eager to explore these pathways.”
Hay and Madeline aspire to bridge the cybersecurity skills gap by showcasing the potential of gifted young developers. Composite: Stocksy/Guardian Design
A Path to a Legitimate Career
Young gamers may find themselves simply altering game experiences without authorization or creating cheat codes to sell them on the dark web.
Some parents associated with The Hacking Games have only discovered their child’s online activities when asked about tax implications after their digital wallets reached $400,000 (£298,000).
“For the youth unsure about further education, many are starting to realize that substantial earnings can come from just a few keystrokes,” explains Madeline.
According to Hay and Madeline, it’s essential to engage young individuals before they stray too far, to identify their skills, recognize their potential, and integrate these into an educational framework that aims to fill the cybersecurity skills gap in the UK and globally—a concept Hay refers to as “intergenerational opportunities.”
“Many of these youths have felt marginalized in school and, at times, victimized. They possess a deep disdain for wrongdoers and bullies. If you understand their motivations, you can channel that into something positive,” he concludes.
The rapid technological advancements can widen the gap between parents and teens. Gen
Moreover, a rise in cyberattacks affecting major companies has been frequently reported. Interestingly, many of those who face these hacks are young individuals equipped with advanced digital skills. In fact, the National Crime Agency reports that one in five children engages in unlawful activities under the Computer Fraud Act, which penalizes unauthorized access to computer systems or data. This statistic rises to 25% among gamers.
To combat this, co-ops adopt a unique preventive strategy. As part of our long-term mission to empower young people to harness their technology skills, Co-op has teamed up with a hacking game aimed at helping talented gamers secure positions in the cybersecurity sector.
This collaborative model is crucial because, as Greg Francis, former senior officer at the National Crime Agency and director of 4D Cyber Security, puts it, “A digital village is necessary to nurture digital natives.” Early intervention is essential, and parents play a pivotal role. “Parents are vital as they wield significant influence, but they shouldn’t remain passive. They should grasp the fundamentals of the hacker universe,” notes Francis, who also serves as Hacking Game’s Cyber Ambassador. So, where to begin?
Show Interest Without Judgment
First and foremost, having an interest in hacking isn’t inherently negative.
“Ethical hacking is an exhilarating and rapidly evolving domain, making it completely understandable for children to find it intriguing,” says Lynne Perry, CEO of children’s charity Barnardo’s. The organization collaborates with co-ops to generate funds to support young individuals in forging positive futures.
Maintaining an open dialogue is just as critical as beginning discussions early. “The ideal moment to start is now,” states Perry. “Once your child shows an interest in online technology, it’s time. Frequent, age-appropriate discussions are essential to keep the lines of communication open.”
Activities that seem innocuous can lead to a path towards cybercrime. Composite: Stocksy/Guardian Design
Perry advises involving children in online activities from a young age. “Explore technology together and discuss what to do if something unusual or concerning occurs. As kids mature, they may seek more independence, but regular interaction allows them to steer conversations, ask questions, and express concerns.”
For parents who grew up in a simpler digital age, grasping the complexities of today’s online gaming, dominated by franchises like Roblox, Minecraft, and Call of Duty, might seem daunting. However, both Francis and Perry emphasize that you don’t need to have all the answers to provide support.
Parents should check game age ratings and utilize parental controls, such as friend-only features, to enhance the security of in-game chats. For online resources, check Ask About Games for detailed information on popular games and guides to setting up safety measures.
It’s also beneficial to inquire if your young gamer has ever experienced being “booted” offline. Booting refers to a DDoS (Distributed Denial of Service) attack, where someone hacks another gamer’s IP address and floods it with data, causing an Internet outage. While booting may seem innocuous among gamers, it is a serious issue. Francis clarifies: “They may not realize this infringes on the Computer Misuse Act.” In fact, booting is identified as one of the initial steps towards cybercrime, as noted during Francis’s work with various prevention programs.
Asking questions aligns with observing potential warning signs like excessive gaming, social withdrawal, unexplained tiredness, unusual purchases of equipment or technology (especially if you’re unaware of how it was paid for), and multiple email addresses. While one sign alone might not be serious, a combination of them can be concerning.
Mary* faced these warning signs firsthand. “I had a son engaged in hacking on the darknet. He isolated himself and avoided sleep. I truly had no clue about his activities,” she shares. “After consulting a cybersecurity expert and discussing my challenges, I discovered he was attempting to delve into the cryptocurrency world on the darknet at just 13 years old.”
Guidance from trusted sources inspires talented young individuals to utilize their skills positively. Composite: Getty Images/Guardian Design
A Transformative Path for Neurodivergent Youth
Particularly for neurodivergent youth, engaging with games and spending time online can yield significant advantages in terms of socialization and emotion regulation. Yet, it’s crucial to recognize that with these benefits come potential drawbacks, including the considerable risks of internet or gaming addiction and the associated allure of cybercrime.
However, over 50% of technology professionals identify as neurodivergent, according to the Tech Talent Charter, indicating vast opportunities for neurodivergent young individuals in this sector. This is why The Hacking Games directly targets “digital rebels” showcasing “raw talent” and “unconventional thinking,” matching them with cybersecurity job opportunities, mentors, and fostering community through Discord group chats.
As Mary can confirm, mentorship and career awareness can be life-changing. “Cyber experts supported my son as a credible source of information and ultimately coached him on my behalf,” she states. “They helped him realize that he could channel his skills for impactful purposes. Consequently, he began assisting others.”
While this situation may seem alarming, there are numerous ways for parents to intervene positively. Approaching the subject with curiosity and care, rather than judgment, is paramount for guiding your child in the right direction. Here are some suggestions for parents who are concerned about their kids.
1 Begin conversations regarding online gaming safety early, approaching the topic with sensitivity rather than judgment. Remaining calm fosters open communication.
2 You don’t need to be fully informed, but a genuine interest can lead to insightful discussions. Ask your child about their games and online activities. Just as you would inquire about who they play with at a park, ask the same about their online friends. Be vigilant for warning signs like strangers trying to befriend them, offering freebies, or inviting them to unfamiliar worlds or games, as these could indicate grooming.
3 Take proactive measures. Pay attention to age ratings for games, which are significant. The best way to ascertain what is suitable for your child is to play the game together or at least observe them while they play. Remember, just like in Call of Duty, children can also be recruited in games like Minecraft. Games with community or “freemium” options can entice young players seeking extra income through in-game purchases or upgrades.
4 Monitor for warning signs such as social withdrawal, excessive gaming, lack of sleep, unusual tech purchases, and multiple email accounts.
5 Engage with your child’s school. Consult their computer science teacher to learn how they promote digital responsibility. Teachers often have insight into which students may require specific support to enhance their skills. This could serve as an early opportunity to channel their talents positively through initiatives like Cyber First and Cyber Choices or coding communities such as Girls Who Code.
*Mary’s name has been changed to protect her family’s anonymity.
The Australian Federal Police is set to create an AI tool designed to understand Gen Z and Alpha slang and emojis as part of its efforts to combat sadistic online exploiters and “criminal influencers”.
During a speech at the National Press Club on Wednesday, AFP Commissioner Chrissy Barrett highlighted the increasing presence of online criminal networks predominantly led by boys and men who target vulnerable teenage and pre-teen girls.
The police chief detailed how these individuals, mainly from English-speaking nations, groom their victims, coercing them into “engaging in severe acts of violence against themselves, their siblings, other individuals, and even their pets”.
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“They act as criminal influencers, driven by chaos and the desire to inflict harm, with most of their victims being teenagers, specifically teenage girls,” she remarked, addressing parents and guardians.
“The motivations behind these networks are not financial or sexual in nature; they are purely for entertainment, fun, or gaining online popularity, often without an understanding of the repercussions.”
“This perverse form of gamification encourages the production of increasingly extreme and depraved content, allowing offenders to elevate their status within the group.
“In some instances, these perpetrators will swap victims much like in online gaming scenarios.”
The Federal Police confirmed they have identified 59 suspects involved in these networks, taking action against an undisclosed number of them, all aged between 17 and 20.
Barrett mentioned that AFP is collaborating with Microsoft to create artificial intelligence tools capable of “interpreting emojis and Gen Z and Gen Alpha slang in encrypted communications and chat groups to detect sadistic online exploitation.”
“This prototype is intended to assist our teams in swiftly removing children from dangerous situations,” she stated in a pre-released version of her speech.
“While it may feel like an endless struggle to safeguard children, I urge parents and caregivers to understand they are not alone and that there are straightforward steps they can take.”
Barrett also addressed the radicalization of youth, noting that four young individuals faced terrorism-related charges this year due to 10 investigations.
Since 2020, a total of 48 youths aged between 12 and 17 have been investigated for suspected terrorist activities, resulting in 25 charges.
She pointed out that 54% had a religious motivation, 22% had an ideological motivation, 11% had a mixed or unclear ideology, and 13% had undetermined motives.
In one notable case from 2022, a 14-year-old was investigated after posting on Snapchat about violent extremism, Barrett revealed.
This 14-year-old boy had access to firearms and explosives, with a tip-off suggesting he was plotting a school shooting in Australia.
During his arrest, police discovered a tactical vest, a bulletproof helmet, and “extremist-style” drawings.
Barrett’s address also referred to the AFP’s ongoing investigation into the arson at the Adas Israel synagogue, asserting that the suspect is linked to several incendiary bombings targeting tobacco shops.
“This individual represents a national security threat to our nation,” she stated.
“Among all the criminals who pose a threat to Australia, he is my primary concern, and I have directed my most seasoned investigators to focus on him.”
Barrett’s recent appointment as AFP’s chief, succeeding the retiring Reece Kershaw, suggests a shift in the police’s mission.
The AFP is now mandated to “protect Australia and its future from both domestic and global security threats,” implying increased international actions and operations.
Barrett mentioned the AFP’s collaboration with Colombian law enforcement, highlighting that AFP personnel were dispatched to a remote area of the Colombian jungle to “deliberately dismantle a cocaine manufacturing facility.”
“The AFP is determined to prevent criminal organizations from targeting Australia and will persist in collaborating with local law enforcement to confront criminals in our own vicinity when legally feasible,” she said.
“In recent years, AFP and Colombian cooperation has led to the seizure of over eight tonnes of cocaine.”
In partnership with Colombian authorities, a cache of arms and explosives from narco-terrorist groups, employed in assaults on police and military personnel, was also confiscated.
Barrett stated that AFP assisted in the seizure of 295 military grenades, 200 detonators, firearms, and ammunition.
On Earth, we may not often realize it, but the sun regularly ejects massive clumps of plasma into space known as coronal mass ejections (CMEs). Astronomers, utilizing the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope along with ground-based telescopes in Japan and South Korea, have begun to detect signs of multi-temperature CMEs. EK Draconis, a young G-type main sequence star, is located 112 light-years away in the northern constellation Draco.
Artist’s depiction of the coronal mass ejection from EK Draconis. Image provided by: National Astronomical Observatory of Japan
“Researchers believe that CMEs may have significantly impacted the development of life on Earth, given that the Sun was quite active in its early days,” stated Kosuke Namegata, an astronomer at Kyoto University, along with his colleagues.
“Historically, studies have indicated that young stars similar to our Sun often produce intense flares that surpass the largest solar flares recorded in contemporary times.”
“The massive CMEs from the early Sun could have drastically influenced the primordial conditions on Earth, Mars, and Venus.”
“Nevertheless, the extent to which these youthful stellar explosions produce solar-like CMEs remains uncertain.”
“Recent years have seen the detection of cold plasma in CMEs via ground-based optical methods.”
“However, the high speeds and frequent occurrences of significant CMEs predicted in earlier studies have yet to be confirmed.”
In their investigation, the authors concentrated on EK Draconis, a youthful solar analog estimated to be between 50 million and 125 million years old.
Commonly referred to as EK Dra and HD 129333, the star shares effective temperature, radius, and mass characteristics that make it an excellent analog for the early Sun.
“Hubble captured far-ultraviolet emission lines sensitive to high-temperature plasma, while three ground-based telescopes simultaneously recorded hydrogen alpha lines tracking cooler gas,” the astronomers explained.
“These synergistic multi-wavelength spectroscopic observations enabled us to observe both the hot and cold components of the eruption instantaneously.”
This research presents the first evidence of a multitemperature CME originating from EK Draconis.
“Our findings indicate that high-temperature plasma at around 100,000 K was ejected at speeds ranging from 300 to 550 km/s, followed approximately 10 minutes later by a lower-temperature gas around 10,000 K ejected at a speed of 70 km/s,” the astronomers reported.
“The hotter plasma contained significantly more energy than the cooler plasma. This implies that frequent intense CMEs in the past may have sparked strong shocks and high-energy particles capable of eroding or chemically altering the early atmospheres of planets.”
“Theoretical and experimental research suggests that robust CMEs and high-energy particles could play a key role in generating biomolecules and greenhouse gases vital for the emergence and sustainability of life on early planets.”
“Consequently, this discovery carries substantial implications for understanding the habitability of planets and the conditions under which life may have arisen on Earth—and potentially elsewhere.”
The team’s study was published in the journal Nature Astronomy.
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Namekata K. et al. Signs of multi-temperature coronal mass ejections identified in a young solar analog. Nat Astron published online on October 27, 2025. doi: 10.1038/s41550-025-02691-8
Exterior: To be fair, it doesn’t really appear that way.
What is it? Initially, raw dogging referred to engaging in sex without a condom.
Is that why there are marathons? However, over time, it has evolved to mean undertaking activities without preparation, protection, or distractions.
What else fits this description? Pretty much everything: Taking an exam unprepared can jeopardize your success. Facing a long flight without entertainment could be challenging. Are you venturing out alone? Or remaining sober? That’s raw dogging.
So, should you run a marathon without any training, a raw marathon? Sometimes, people may interpret it that way, but such behavior is discouraged and not the focus of our discussion.
So, does a raw dog marathon imply doing something for an extended duration? No, it means doing nothing for a prolonged period.
I’m a bit lost. Specifically, it refers to remaining still for long spans while staring into space. Most importantly, avoid using your cell phone.
Can I listen to music? No.
Can I read a magazine? No.
Can I shower or stay in bed? No.
Why not? Because we’re engaging in raw sex!
How long should I do it? That’s up to you. Recently, a “Productivity Influencer” named Rowan filmed himself live with a dog while studying for an hour daily to enhance his focus.
What happened to the footage? He shared it on TikTok.
How can others view what he’s doing on his phone? No need to worry. To prevent boredom, he condensed the hour into a 30-second timelapse.
The irony of that isn’t lost on me. What were the outcomes? He discovered it helped improve concentration and productivity, inspiring many of his followers.
It seems like the TikTok generation has somehow reinvented meditation. This may come off as a bit arrogant, but today’s youth face overwhelming distractions. While older generations learned to endure boredom, this generation must learn to cultivate it.
But who enjoys being bored? Many neuroscientists believe that boredom is beneficial and a vital stimulus for creative thinking.
Remember: “Time spent away from your phone is never wasted.”
Please avoid saying: “Hey, I just completed a raw dog marathon. No headphones, no water, no shoes. I got discharged from the hospital on Tuesday.”
Complex problem solving can arise sooner in child development than previously believed
PlusOnevector/Alamy
Research reveals that four-year-olds can devise efficient strategies for complex challenges, such as independently creating sorting methods akin to those used by computer scientists. The researchers assert that these abilities appear much earlier than once thought, warranting a reevaluation of developmental psychology.
Past experiments led by Swiss psychologist Jean Piaget popular in the 1960s, required children to physically arrange sticks by length. His findings indicated that structured strategies didn’t emerge until around age seven, as children tended to experiment haphazardly through trial and error.
Contrarily, recent work by Huiwen Alex Yang and his team at the University of California, Berkeley, shows that a notable fraction of four-year-olds can create algorithmic solutions for the same task, with more than a quarter exhibiting these skills by age five.
“Perhaps we haven’t given our children enough credit,” Yang states. “We must delve deeper into their reasoning capabilities.”
In a study involving 123 children aged 4-9, researchers asked them to sort digital images of bunnies by height. Initially, they could view groups of bunnies and directly compare their heights, allowing all children to sort them aptly using straightforward methods.
However, once the heights were obscured, the children had to compare only two bunnies at a time while being informed whether their order was correct. This approach necessitated the development of new strategies, as they couldn’t see the entire group simultaneously.
The researchers examined the children’s application of these new strategies, looking for evidence of known solutions and demonstrated instances where children utilized established algorithms. It was found that overall, children frequently outperformed random chance. Remarkably, they independently identified at least two efficient sorting algorithms recognized in computer science: Selection Sort and Shaker Sort.
In 34% of trials, children employed various comparisons, signaling their use of known sorting algorithms for a portion of the time. Out of a total of 667 tests run, the children utilized selection and shaker sorting in 141 instances, with some employing combinations of both strategies. Notably, 67 out of 123 children demonstrated at least one recognizable algorithm, and 30 children used both at different stages in the experiment.
Nonetheless, the age of the children directly influenced how many used algorithms. Only 2.9% of four-year-olds applied identifiable methods, while this rose to 25.5% among five-year-olds and 30.7% for six-year-olds. By age nine, over 54% were using identifiable algorithms.
“This has long been a challenge to Piaget,” remarks Andrew Bremner from the University of Birmingham, UK. He acknowledges Piaget’s groundbreaking contributions to developmental psychology in setting stages for learning but emphasizes that Piaget often designed experiments without proper controls. “Critics have been eager to illustrate that children can achieve more than Piaget claimed.
Essentially, while Piaget initially had a correct understanding of child development, his assessments of the ages at which children achieve certain milestones were overly pessimistic. This latest study strengthens the evidence supporting earlier development stages. Interestingly, it revolves around sorting. Bremner indicates this as the last bastion of Piaget’s work, proving applicable to younger children than once believed.
“Children can successfully navigate this particular problem much sooner than we anticipated,” states Bremner. “They do not approach the world as mere blank slates, but rather implement strategic techniques in problem-solving.”
Sam Wass from the University of East London points out that Piaget contended that children needed a comprehensive grasp of complex systems before they could devise strategies to engage with them, a notion he is finding increasingly unnecessary.
“This research signifies a significant trend in psychology that contests the assumption that intricate thoughts and understanding are prerequisites for executing complex behaviors,” notes Wass. “The study illustrates that complex behaviors may emerge from a far simpler array of rules.”
Combination Asthma Inhalers are likely the best treatment choice for individuals of all ages
sbdigit/getty images
Inhalers, providing both immediate and long-term relief, are already the standard treatment for mild asthma among individuals over 12 in the UK, US, and other regions. A recent study involving nearly 400 children in New Zealand indicates these inhalers are even more effective for younger kids, nearly halving the number of asthma attacks.
Team members have stated that whether these findings will prompt changes in national and international guidelines remains uncertain. Andy Bush from Imperial College London asserts that the evidence is compelling. “If you’re a child with asthma, I have those combinations,” he remarks.
The traditional treatment for mild asthma involved an inhaler containing salbutamol, which relaxes airway muscles for about 3-4 hours. These “rescue” inhalers were to be used as needed.
If the rescue inhaler was inadequate, patients were provided with a separate inhaler containing steroids that help reduce inflammation caused by asthma. These “preventive” inhalers required regular usage to ensure protective benefits. Bush comments, “Previously, I had to take inhaled steroids twice a day for them to work, but it’s now evident that’s not always necessary.”
Studies involving teenagers and adults have indicated that combination inhalers outperform the previous treatment method, even when used on an as-needed basis. The steroids found in these combination inhalers are budesonide, while the reliever is formoterol, which acts similarly to salbutamol but lasts for 12 hours.
Concerns regarding the use of combination inhalers by children have emerged due to potential growth effects from steroid components; however, the latest research showed no negative impact during the trial period. The study involved 360 children randomly assigned to use either budesonide-fluticasone or steroid fluticasone twice daily, with additional relief administered as required during severe asthma episodes.
In other studies, the use of combination inhalers led to a decrease in overall steroid intake, according to Bush. This is because using the inhalers on an as-needed basis causes the dosage of inhaled steroids to adapt according to symptom severity. Fewer attacks mean fewer individuals need to “step up” to the combination inhaler two times daily or rely on steroid pills.
Paleontologists from the University of Leicester studied two immature fossilized skeletal remains of Pterodactylus antiquus, individuals whose wings were damaged and were discovered in Solnhofen limestone, southern Germany. Their findings reveal that these creatures were sadly victims of a powerful Jurassic storm, which created the perfect conditions for fossilization, leading to the preservation of hundreds of similar specimens.
Artistic representation of the hatchling Pterodactylus antiquus, inspired by fossil discoveries, struggling through a tumultuous tropical storm. Image credit: Rudolf Hima.
“Dating back 153-148 million years, the Jurassic Solnhofen limestone deposits in Bavaria, southern Germany, are renowned for their remarkably preserved fossils, including many examples of various pterosaurs, flying reptiles from the Mesozoic era.”
“A puzzling aspect of this site is that while Solnhofen is home to hundreds of pterosaur fossils, almost all are small, immature specimens that are remarkably intact.”
“In stark contrast, larger adult pterosaurs are infrequently found and typically represented by isolated fragments, such as skulls or limbs.”
“This trend contradicts expectations, as larger, more resilient animals should theoretically have a greater chance of fossilization than fragile juveniles.”
In their latest study, the researchers examined the fossilized remains of two immature pterosaurs from the Solnhofen limestone.
These individuals belong to Pterodactylus antiquus, a species that inhabited Germany during the late Jurassic period.
With a wingspan of under 20 cm (8 inches), these hatchlings represent the smallest known pterosaurs.
Both specimens exhibit identical injuries: a clean, sloping fracture in the humerus.
Newborn specimens of Pterodactylus antiquus from Solnhofen limestone, Germany. Scale bar – 20 mm. Image credit: Smyth et al., doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2025.08.006.
One specimen’s left wing and another’s right wing appear broken in a manner consistent with a strong twist, likely caused by a sudden gust of wind rather than impact with a hard object.
The unfortunate pterosaur was likely submerged beneath the lagoon’s surface, overwhelmed by storm waves, and swiftly sank to the seabed, where it was quickly buried by a fine layer of mud stirred up by the tempest.
This rapid entombment facilitated the exceptional preservation observed in the fossils.
It’s reminiscent of a scene only days or weeks after the animals’ demise, with preservation so remarkable that while no significant skeletal trauma is evident, many other small, very young pterosaurs are found within the Solnhofen limestone.
These juvenile pterosaurs, unable to withstand the storm’s ferocity, were also drawn into the lagoon.
This discovery clarifies why smaller fossils are so well preserved—due to the direct aftermath of the storm, which was a common cause of death for pterosaurs in the region.
“For centuries, scientists believed the Solnhofen lagoon ecosystem was primarily composed of small pterosaurs,” stated Dr. Smith.
“However, we now recognize that this perspective was quite skewed; many of these pterosaurs were not lagoon dwellers.”
“Most were likely immature individuals that lived on nearby islands, inadvertently caught in a powerful storm.”
A study detailing these findings was published today in the journal Current Biology.
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Robert S. Smith et al. Fatal incidents in juvenile pterosaurs and selective sampling within fossil Solnhofen communities. Current Biology, published online September 5th, 2025. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2025.08.006
Astronomers utilizing the NASA/ESA/CSA James Webb Space Telescope captured stunning new images of the Star Cluster Pismis 24, located in the heart of the nearby Lobster Nebula.
This web image showcases Pismith 24, with young stars clustering around the 5,500 light-year-old star in the Psycholpius constellation. Image credits: NASA/ESA/CSA/STSCI/A. PAGAN, STSCI.
Pismis 24 is located roughly 5,500 light years away from the Scorpius constellation.
This cluster, part of the Lobster Nebula, is the largest known star cluster to date.
“As a vibrant stellar nursery and one of the closest locales for the birth of a massive star, Pismith 24 provides unusual insights into the characteristics of large-scale stars,” Webb astronomers noted in a statement.
“This region serves as an excellent venue for exploring the traits of hot, young stars and their evolutionary paths.”
“It’s remarkable to be at the center of this dazzling cluster Pismith 24-1.”
“Within a mass of stars towering above the jagged orange peak, the tallest spire points directly at it.”
“Initially appearing as a massive single star, Pismis 24-1 was once considered the largest known star.”
“In reality, it comprises at least two stars, which cannot be resolved in a Webb image.”
“With respective masses of 74 and 66 solar masses, the two known stars rank among the largest and brightest ever observed.”
This latest image from Webb’s Nircam (near-infrared camera) reveals thousands of gem-like stars of varying sizes and colors.
“The largest and most astonishing, with six diffraction spikes, is the biggest star in the cluster,” an astronomer commented.
“The numerous small members of the cluster appear as white, yellow, or red, differing by star type and surrounding dust levels.”
Webb also highlights tens of thousands of stars positioned behind clusters that belong to the Milky Way galaxy.
A very hot infant star—almost eight times the temperature of the Sun—creates powerful winds and radiation, shaping a cavity in the walls of the star-forming nebulae.
The nebula far exceeds what Nilkham can observe.
Only a few of these are visible at the bottom right and top right of the image.
“Streams of hot ionized gas from the nebula ridge and a faint veil of star-lit gas and dust surround the towering peak,” the researchers explained.
“A dramatic spire protrudes from the glowing gas walls, resisting the relentless radiation and winds.”
“These spires resemble fingers pointing towards the hot young stars that carved them.”
“The intense forces that shape and compress these spires will likely lead to the formation of new stars within them.”
“The tallest spire measures approximately 5.4 light years from its tip to the bottom of the image.”
“Over 200 solar systems in Neptune’s orbit could fit within its tip, which is 0.14 light-years wide.”
“In this image, cyan represents hydrogen gas that has been heated or ionized by a large young star.”
“Dust molecules akin to Earth’s smoke are depicted in orange. Red signifies cold, dense molecular hydrogen; the darker the red, the thicker the gas. Black indicates dense gas that does not emit light.
Astronomers have successfully captured direct images of the 4.9 Jupiter Mass Protoplanet using ESO’s Very Large Telescope (VLT) sphere instruments, revealing clear gaps in the multi-ring protoplanetary disk. The star Whispit 2 (TYC 5709-354-1) is a solar analog, approximately 5 million years old, located 133 parsecs (434 light-years) away in the constellation Aquila.
This image taken with the ESO’s Very Large Telescope captures the first clear observation of a protoplanet within a disk featuring multiple rings. Image credit: ESO/Van Capelleveen et al.
A protoplanetary disk is typically accompanied by a ring and is a disc-shaped structure of gas and dust surrounding a young star.
These disks are the birthplaces of planets, with rings often suggesting the presence of hungry planets within the disk.
Initially, particles within the spinning disk begin to accumulate, drawing in more material from the surrounding disk until gravitational forces take hold, leading to the formation of an embryonic planet.
“Discovering Wispit 2B was an extraordinary experience. We were incredibly fortunate,” stated Dr. Richelle Van Capelleveen, an astronomer at the Leiden Observatory.
“Wispit 2, a younger version of our Sun, belongs to a small group of young stars, and we didn’t anticipate uncovering such an impressive system.”
“This system will serve as a benchmark for many years to come.”
“We’ve encountered many instances in our research,” remarked Christian Ginsky, a researcher at Galway University.
“However, in this case, we detected a remarkably unexpected and beautiful multi-ring dust disk.”
“Upon first encountering this multi-ring disk, I realized I had to attempt to detect the planets within it, immediately requesting follow-up observations.”
Astronomer captured a stunning transparent image of Whispit 2B situated in the gap of the disk, confirming that the planet orbits its host star.
“Wispit 2B marks the first clear detection of a planet on a multi-ring disk, providing an ideal setting for studying the interactions of planetary disks and their evolution,” they noted.
The Wispit 2B was observed in near-infrared light, retaining its brightness and heat from the initial formation phase.
The same is true for planets detected in visible light using the 6.5m Magellan Telescope MAGAO-X AO system and the large binocular interferometer (LBTI) Lmircam instrument.
This detection at specific wavelengths indicates that the planet is actively gathering gas as it develops its atmosphere.
“Located within the birth disk, Wispit 2B exemplifies a planet that can be utilized to explore current models of planet formation,” stated PhD student Chloe Lawler from Galway University.
The researchers estimated the radius of the disk surrounding Wispit 2B to be 380 AU (astronomical units) or about 380 times the distance between the Earth and the Sun.
“The discovery of Wispit 2B is remarkable,” commented Jake Byrne, a student pursuing an M.Sc. at Galway University.
Richelle F. Van Capelvein et al. 2025. Wide separation planet (Wispit): A gap clear planet Wispit 2 of a multi-ring disc around a young solar-shaped star. apjl 990, L8; doi: 10.3847/2041-8213/ADF721
Laird M. Crows et al. 2025. Wide Separate Planet (Wispit): Discovery of GAPHα Protoplanet Wispit 2B Magao-X. apjl 990, L9; doi: 10.3847/2041-8213/adf7a5
Angela Rayner has stated that Nigel Farage has “failed a generation of young women” with his plan to abolish online safety laws, claiming it could lead to an increase in “revenge porn.”
The Deputy Prime Minister’s remarks are the latest in a series of criticisms directed at Farage by the government, as Labour launches a barrage of attack ads targeting British reform leaders, including one featuring Farage alongside influencer Andrew Tate.
During a press conference last month, reform leaders announced initiatives that encourage social media companies to restrict misleading and harmful content, vowing not to promote censorship and avoiding the portrayal of the UK as a “borderline dystopian state.”
In retaliation, Science and Technology Secretary Peter Kyle accused Farage of siding with child abusers like Jimmy Savile, prompting a strong backlash from reform leaders.
In comments made to the Sunday Telegraph, Rayner underscored the risks associated with abolishing the act, which addresses what is officially known as intimate image abuse.
“We recognize that the abuse of intimate images is an atrocity, fostering a misogynistic culture on social media, which also spills over into real life,” Rayner articulated in the article.
“Nigel Farage poses a threat to a generation of young women with his dangerous and reckless plans to eliminate online safety laws. The absence of a viable alternative to abolish safety measures and combat the forthcoming flood of abuse reveals a severe neglect of responsibility.”
“It’s time for Farage to explain to British women and girls how he intends to ensure their safety online.”
Labour has rolled out a series of interconnected online ads targeting Farage. An ad launched on Sunday morning linked directly to Rayner’s remarks, asserting, “Nigel Farage wants to make it easier to share revenge porn online,” accompanied by a laughing image of Farage.
According to the Sunday Times, another ad draws attention to Farage’s comments regarding Tate, an influencer facing serious allegations in the UK, including rape and human trafficking, alongside his brother Tristan.
Both the American-British brothers are currently under investigation in Romania and assert their innocence against numerous allegations.
Labour’s ads depict Farage alongside Andrew Tate with the caption “Nigel Farage calls Andrew Tate an ‘important voice’ for men,” referencing remarks made during an interview on last year’s Strike IT Big podcast.
Lila Cunningham, a former magistrate involved in the reform, wrote an article for the Telegraph on Saturday, labeling the online safety law as “censorship law” and pointed out that existing laws already address “revenge porn.”
“This law serves as a guise for censorship, providing a pretext to empower unchecked regulators and to silence dissenting views,” Cunningham claimed.
Cunningham also criticized the government’s focus on accommodating asylum seekers in hotels, emphasizing that it puts women at risk and diverting attention from more pressing concerns.
Classical type 1 diabetes may not be the most prevalent diabetes subtype in sub-Saharan Africa
Milomei/Aramie
Recent studies suggest that some individuals in sub-Saharan Africa diagnosed with type 1 diabetes may actually have a newly identified, non-autoimmune variant, necessitating a reassessment of current treatment approaches.
Diabetes affects every individual’s ability to produce or utilize insulin, a hormone essential for regulating blood sugar levels. However, the underlying causes differ. In classic type 1 diabetes, an autoimmune reaction destroys insulin-secreting beta cells within the pancreas, aided by “autoantibodies.”
Research led by Jean Claude Nyabou Cut from the University of Exeter reveals that approximately two-thirds of young sub-Saharan Africans diagnosed with type 1 diabetes lack these autoantibodies. This indicates that their insulin shortage might not be immune-related. Additionally, these individuals exhibit a lower predisposition to type 1 diabetes, suggesting an entirely new diabetes variant.
Studies have indicated autoantibodies are less prevalent among sub-Saharan Africans compared to their counterparts in affluent regions such as Europe. The reasons behind this discrepancy remain unclear, primarily due to the scarcity of comprehensive data regarding type 1 diabetes in Africa.
To address this gap, Kat and his colleagues conducted the first multicountry investigation of the condition across sub-Saharan Africa. They assessed three diabetic autoantibodies and the associated genetic factors in 894 Black Africans from Uganda, Cameroon, and South Africa, all of whom were diagnosed with type 1 diabetes and receiving insulin treatment.
The findings revealed that 35% of participants possessed autoantibodies, low insulin levels, and an elevated risk of type 1 diabetes. Conversely, the remaining 65% exhibited no autoantibody production, slightly higher insulin levels, and a median genetic risk score that was 18% lower. Despite this, they still experience insulin deficiency and a higher risk of type 1 diabetes compared to non-diabetic individuals. Notably, features typical of type 2 or malnutrition-related diabetes were absent.
Researchers including Silvana Obici from Stony Brook Medicine in New York contend that the predominant form of diabetes in sub-Saharan Africa is fundamentally different from classic type 1 diabetes.
The research team additionally compared their findings with data from over 3,000 participants in the US from the Search for diabetes in youth study. Autoantibody-negative type 1 diabetes was identified in only 15% of Black American participants and 9% of White American participants. Intriguingly, among Black Americans without autoantibodies, the genetic risk for type 1 diabetes was similarly low as that observed in the African cohort. This indicates that among White individuals, autoantibody absence does not equate to a non-autoimmune form of diabetes.
The presence of this new non-autoimmune diabetes subtype among both Black Africans and Black Americans highlights the potential influence of both genetic and environmental factors. Some hypotheses suggest it could be linked to an unidentified gene that induces “beta cell vulnerability,” as noted by Soumya Adhikari from Texas Children’s Health. Other possibilities include chronic infections, childhood malnutrition, environmental toxins disrupting beta cells, or the existence of atypical autoantibodies.
This emerging diabetes subtype may necessitate tailored treatment protocols, emphasizing the need for further research, according to Dana Douberry at the Colorado School of Public Health.
“Currently, insulin remains the primary treatment for this new diabetes subtype due to insulin insufficiency,” Katt acknowledges. However, identifying the fundamental causes of these subtypes is critical for improved management, asserts Daverea.
Researchers have established a connection between being overweight or obese and various illnesses and health issues. Heart disease, some types of cancer, and additional conditions such as mental health disorders, including depression, anxiety, and substance abuse. Beyond specific diseases, obesity is also associated with an increased risk of premature death.
Health organizations in the US and around the world utilize the Body Mass Index, or BMI, to assess whether individuals are overweight or obese. For instance, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the World Health Organization both classify overweight as having a BMI over 25 and obesity as a BMI exceeding 30. In simple terms, a person who is 1.8 meters tall (approximately 5’11”) and weighs 90.7 kilograms (about 200 lbs) has a BMI of 28.
While doctors recognize that BMI can serve as a valuable metric in healthcare, some point out its limitations. Athletes with considerable muscle mass may be classified as overweight due to their muscle’s greater weight compared to fat. Additionally, body fat percentages can vary based on ethnicity and gender, suggesting that the standard BMI approach may not accurately reflect every individual’s health.
Recently, researchers from the University of Florida explored whether alternative body composition measurements provide a better prediction of mortality risk in young adults compared to BMI. They analyzed data from the National Health Nutrition Test Survey (NHANES), which was conducted in the US between 1999 and 2004 and connects to an index that indicates if participants had passed away by 2020. The study included data from 4,252 adults aged 20 to 49.
The researchers assessed whether high BMI, elevated body fat percentage, or increased waist circumference were more effective predictors of mortality within 15 years. They defined higher-risk body composition as (1) a BMI over 25, categorizing this as overweight or obese. Causes of mortality they investigated included deaths from any cause, referred to as all causes, heart disease, and cancer.
Findings revealed that body fat percentage is a stronger predictor of mortality in young adults than BMI. Specifically, there was no statistically significant link between overweight or obese BMI and cancer-related or all-cause mortality. In contrast, both high body fat percentage and large waist circumference were significantly related to deaths from all causes and heart disease. However, none of the three body composition measurements were found to be statistically related to cancer mortality.
Researchers acknowledged certain limitations in their study. First, the body fat percentage thresholds they applied were derived from another research and are not universally accepted metrics like BMI. Second, as they focused solely on mortality risk in young adults, BMI could still be a strong mortality predictor in older adults. Lastly, while they observed mortality rates, various diseases and health issues, such as cardiovascular disease, are still linked to higher BMI.
Nevertheless, the research team concluded that BMI may not provide a comprehensive view of body composition, suggesting that other measures, such as body fat percentage, could be more beneficial in healthcare settings. They proposed that future studies should investigate these findings in older populations and explore additional health outcomes, including cardiovascular disease.
NHS Talking Therapies: Access to Science-Based Self-Help and Psychotherapy
Galina Zhigalova/Getty Images
A specific type of psychotherapy offered by the UK’s National Health Service (NHS) seems to benefit teenagers and young adults with anxiety and depression more than it does for older individuals.
In 2008, NHS England initiated a program designed to enhance access to scientifically informed self-help resources and psychotherapy. Currently referred to as NHS talk therapy for anxiety and depression, this initiative has generated a substantial database of anonymous user information, detailing treatments and outcomes.
Stringaris and his colleagues harnessed this data to evaluate the results from over 1.5 million individuals who accessed the therapy between 2015 and 2019. More than 1.2 million participants were aged between 25 and 65, leaving the younger cohort aged 16 to 24.
The researchers assessed changes in symptom severity pre- and post-treatment by utilizing two standard self-assessment tools: a patient health questionnaire-9 and a seven-item general anxiety disorder scale.
The results indicated that these scores exhibited approximately 35% improvement in individuals aged 16 to 24, compared to around 41% for those aged 25 to 65. Young people were roughly 20-25% less likely to be classified as recovered or to achieve significant improvements.
This could potentially result in thousands of young individuals recovering each year if they responded to treatment as effectively as their older counterparts, Stringaris remarks. “It is crucial to consider how mental health services might adapt to provide better care pathways for younger populations.”
Various factors could contribute to these discrepancies, including generational differences influenced by social media and online dating. Data further suggest that younger clients tend to miss scheduled appointments without prior notification, which may lead to poorer outcomes.
The study highlights the imbalances that warrant further exploration, says David Clark from Oxford University. “Research often reveals numerous insights that can be addressed. This paper marks the beginning of what could be a fruitful path ahead.”
Despite this, it remains essential to acknowledge the “gradual benefits” of the therapy. This relates to how clients fare compared to those who do not undergo treatment, he adds. “You start getting [younger] patients who are trying to establish themselves in life and pursue employment, indicating they may not have worse outcomes than older individuals,” Clark says.
Adrian Whittington from NHS England explains that talk therapy assists over a million individuals annually, most receiving treatment within six weeks. “We encourage them to take proactive steps towards care,” he states.
This week marks my birthday, and while it might not seem like a fitting topic for an article about pressing a button, bear with me.
At 54, I find myself officially in my mid-50s, yet I’m still pursuing video game journalism as my career. I indulge in gaming every single day. My workspace is a home office filled with games, and when I’m not playing, I’m usually contemplating them. During moments like these, I wonder: Should I ever consider stopping? Is there an expiration date on someone’s journey in game journalism? I can think of only a handful of peers my age who are still writing about games full-time. While some of my friends outside the industry still play, it’s usually limited to just a couple of titles each year, perhaps EA Sports FC or the latest Nintendo hit with kids. Life has a funny way of pulling you away from your passions if you’re not careful.
Right now, keeping pace with certain parts of the industry feels overwhelming. The realm of esports is almost unrecognizable to me, filled with numerous leagues, emerging stars, controversies, and more. It requires a full-time dedication that seems more suited for sports journalists. Then there are influencers and content creators—I’m not familiar with KaiCenat, Lazarbeam, or QuarterJade, though I have a vague awareness of their immense importance as tastemakers. During press trips to preview new games, I often find that I’m old enough to be the parent of many younger writers and creators I meet.
Despite this, I remain captivated by the mechanics of games and the craft behind them. I grew up in a time when games were perceived as exclusively for kids, but that’s certainly no longer the case. From nostalgic adventures like Lost Records: Bloom and Anger that reflect on middle age’s regrets to the God of War series examining parental and heritage themes (part of the “Game Dad” trends emerging as a new generation of developers embrace parenthood), video games encapsulate a lifelong narrative. This is why journalists of all ages should be engaged in writing about them. Consider film journalism: Roger Ebert wrote for the Chicago Sun-Times until his passing in 2013. The late Philip French, a noted critic for The Observer, officially retired at 80, yet continued writing about film for two more years before his death. They never ceased enjoying and engaging with cinema, so why should they stop writing about it?
A nostalgic adventure… Lost Records: Bloom and Anger. Photo: Don’t Nod
I now have more history with gaming than most young writers I admire. I was there for the arrival of Pac-Man, owned a Commodore 64 and a Mega Drive, and reviewed Virtual Boy games for a living. It raises the possibility of self-satisfaction similar to Roy Batty’s closing monologue, “I’ve seen things you wouldn’t believe,” but I truly value that experience. If history teaches us anything, it’s that firsthand experience enriches our understanding of sociocultural impact. Nowadays, anyone can load up Space Invaders on an emulator, but the emotional context of that game during the era of the Home Computing Revolution and Star Wars Mania is challenging to convey in 2025.
I frequently emphasize the importance of continuing to play—whether it’s video games, chess, soccer, or reenacting historical events. Equally crucial is the continued questioning of our world and our preferences. After spending enough time engaged in something, you’ll often discern how the story unfolds. Currently, I have reservations about gaming censorship prompted by payment processing companies. However, I’ve navigated similar moral panics before, from Mary Whitehouse to Jack Thompson and multiple tabloids. It’s reassuring to know, like before, this too shall pass.
You remain the positive aspect of your passions—the books you read, the teams you support, the concerts you attend. Life is a tapestry of experiences from which we extract our own insights and form our personal maps of the vast cultural terrain we inhabit. This holds true whether you’re 95, 16, or in my case, 54.
In short, you’re stuck with me. I hope the game isn’t over.
What to do
Retro… the origin of Gradius. Photo: Konami
Feeling nostalgic, I recommend the retro collection Gradius Origins from Konami and Developer M2, an undeniable master at bringing classic titles to modern consoles. Origins collates all six entries in this esteemed arcade shoot-’em-up series, encompassing Gradius 1-3 and various spinoff Salamanders, featuring Japanese, North American, and often prototype versions with impressive new features.
These provide exhilarating side-scrolling experiences with striking spaceships, superb weapon upgrade systems, surreal biomechanical landscapes, and challenging bosses. The intricately choreographed enemy attack patterns are intense, but fair, and this time you can save your progress—unlike in the original. Alongside the game, there’s a delightful digital gallery, showcasing arcade flyers, concept art, and guides for all enemy ships. It’s a fantastic trip down memory lane.
Available on: PC, PS5, Switch, Xbox Estimated playtime: Over 20 hours
What to read
Breaking the fourth wall… Death Stranding 2. Photo: Kojima Production
I found this article about the fourth-wall-breaking moments in Death Stranding 2 by Maddie Myers to be quite enjoyable. I spent 100 hours in Hideo Kojima’s unique masterpiece, and the game’s awareness of its artificiality was a refreshing reminder of the hyper-realistic nature of contemporary games and the roles players have to play to sustain their illusions.
Check out this diverse range of interviews with Laura Miele, president of Electronic Arts Entertainment. It seems plans are in motion for an Apex Legends Movie, alongside Sims-related films by the publisher. Personally, I’d love to see adaptations of Mirror’s Edge or Titanfall instead, or perhaps new games in those franchises.
This past weekend, the video game retail site GOG offered 13 mature games for free, including Postal 2 and House Party, with a million players taking advantage of the deal. The intent was to raise awareness of censorship in gaming following disputes over payment processing terms affecting NSFW titles. You can find more details here on Eurogamer.
Return to the 90s… fear the spotlight. Photo: Blumhouse Games
Here’s a thought from Bluesky’s Kohigh Mathy:
“Why do certain genres seem to fade away, like music, real-time tactics, or point-and-click adventures? Will they only resurface years later? Is it market fatigue, changes in technology, or something else?”
I see multiple factors at play. Similar to how certain movie genres come and go, there’s a generational cycle of influence. Game developers who grew fond of a genre as children often attempt to recreate it as adults. The prevalence of low-poly survival horror games can be attributed to creators who fondly remember Resident Evil from the original PlayStation.
There’s also a cultural and sociopolitical dimension— developers are inspired by their environment, and prevailing global themes may be best expressed through specific game genres. Consequently, during times of global unrest and conflict, military real-time strategy games may see a resurgence. Additionally, technological advancements play a role. The arrival of new consoles or graphics cards leads to a rush to recreate beloved genres on those platforms. Veterans who enjoy revamping these genres contribute to this wave.
Last but not least, there’s the interaction of nostalgia and innovation. Rediscovering outdated genres can yield fresh perspectives. In a market flooded with souls-likes, hero shooters, and deck-builders, there’s merit in creating new takes on 1990s-style interactive movies, graphic adventures, or multi-sport simulators. This situation is advantageous for all parties involved.
If you have a question for the question block, or anything to say about the newsletter –Please email pushbuttons@theguardian.com.
Using Enhanced Resolution Imagers and Spectrographs (ERIS) from ESO’s Very Large Telescope (VLT), two teams of astronomers have discovered a protoplanet candidate nestled within a spiral disk surrounding the young star HD 135344B.
This image depicts a spiral disk surrounding Young Star HD 135344b. The observations made using the Enhanced Resolution Imager and Spectrograph (ERIS) identified a candidate planet contributing to the spiral structure in the disk, marked by a white circle. Image credits: ESO/Maio et al.
“While we may never witness the formation of Earth, this is a significant finding,” says Francesco Maio, a doctoral researcher at the University of Florence in Italy and lead author of a paper published in the journal Astronomy and Astrophysics.
Maio and his colleagues identified protoplanet candidates in the surrounding protoplanetary disks of HD 135344b. This F8V star, approximately 11.9 million years old, is situated 135 parsecs (440 light-years) from the Sun, in the Lupus constellation.
The protoplanet is estimated to be twice the size of Jupiter, located at a distance from its host star comparable to that of Neptune from the Sun.
It has been observed maturing at the periphery of the protoplanetary disk as it evolves into a fully-fledged planet.
Similar protoplanets have been detected around other young stars, often exhibiting intricate features such as rings, gaps, and spirals.
Astronomers long suspected that these structures were sculpted by forming planets, clearing away material as they orbit their parent stars.
Until now, however, no one has identified a planet actively shaping these features.
In the discs of HD 135344B, previous observations of swirling spiral arms were made by another team using VLT’s Sphere instrument.
Yet prior observations did not find evidence of any planets forming within this disk.
Utilizing VLT’s ERIS instrument, Maio and his collaborators may have discovered their primary suspect.
They identified a planetary candidate located at the base of one of the spiral arms of the disk, aligning with theoretical predictions about potential planets responsible for such patterns.
“What marks this detection as potentially groundbreaking is our ability to directly observe the signal from the protoplanet, unlike many earlier observations,” he notes.
“This gives us greater confidence in the existence of this planet, as we can see the light it emits.”
This image illustrates possible sub-brown dwarf companions orbiting Young Star V960 Mon. Candidate objects were detected using ESO’s Very Large Telescope (VLT) and the new Enhanced Resolution Imager and Spectrograph (ERIS). The ERIS data is shown in orange, overlaid with prior dusty disk images from VLT’s Sphere instruments (yellow) and ALMA (blue). Image credits: ESO/A. Dasgupta/ALMA/ESO/NAOJ/NRAO/Weber et al.
In a separate study, Anuroop Dasgupta, a doctoral researcher at ESO and Diego Portales University, along with colleagues, observed another young star using the ERIS instrument. V960 is located 1637.7 parsecs (5,342 light-years) away in the Monoceros constellation.
Prior observations using Sphere equipment and large millimeter/sub-millimeter arrays (ALMA) revealed that the material orbiting V960 Mon is shaped into complex spiral arms.
These observations also indicated that large clumps of material around the star undergo gravitational instability, contracting and collapsing—each capable of forming a planet or larger body, thus fragmenting the material.
Dasgupta and his collaborators managed to identify a brown dwarf or sub-brown dwarf companion around V960 Mon.
“Using ERIS, we aimed to discover compact, bright fragments indicative of companions in the disk,” he explains. Their findings are detailed in a paper published in the Astrophysical Journal Letters.
“One potential companion object was found very close to one of the observed spiral arms in the Universe and in ALMA data.”
“This object could represent a planet or a brown dwarf—larger than a planet but lacking sufficient mass to shine like a star.”
“If confirmed, this companion could be the first clear identification of a planet or brown dwarf formed via gravitational instability.”
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F. Maio et al. 2025. Development of Protoplanet candidates embedded using VLT/ERIS on HD135344B disks. A&A 699, L10; doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202554472
Anuroop Dasgupta et al. 2025. VLT/ERIS observations for the V960 series: dust-embedded sub-brown dwarf objects formed by gravitational instability? ApJL 988, L30; doi: 10.3847/2041-8213/ade996
All organs seem to be equally unimportant for longevity
westend61 gmbh / alamy
In the quest for a long life, it appears that not all organs hold equal significance. Research indicates that maintaining a youthful brain and immune system is crucial, overshadowing even the aging of the heart or lungs.
We already know that different organs age at varying rates, but the factors that most significantly affect lifespan remain elusive. Hamilton Sehawee from the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, leads this inquiry.
To explore this, his team assessed the levels of around 3,000 proteins in blood samples from over 44,000 participants aged between 40 and 70 years, all part of the UK Biobank Study.
Leveraging genetic data from earlier studies, the researchers mapped the locations of these proteins in the body, identifying several that were notably concentrated in 11 regions, including the immune system, brain, heart, liver, lungs, muscles, pancreas, kidneys, intestines, and adipose tissue. Elevated levels of these proteins suggest vital roles in the proper functioning of these organs and systems.
The team then employed machine learning models to estimate the ages of participants based on half of the data, developing distinct models for each of the 11 body areas. Generally, these predictions were consistent with the actual ages of the participants, although some models did occasionally overestimate or underestimate, supporting the notion that organs indeed age differently, according to Oh.
Using their trained model, the researchers predicted the organ and immune system ages of the other half of participants who were monitored for an average of 11 years after blood samples were taken.
They discovered that having even one organ showing signs of premature aging or an aging immune system correlated with a 1.5 to 3 times higher risk of death during follow-up, with the stakes increasing alongside the number of aging organs.
Interestingly, exceptions arose in cases where the heart and lungs appeared considerably younger than anticipated, which did not correlate with a lower mortality risk during the study period. However, possessing a youthful brain or immune system was associated with a roughly 40% reduction in death risk. These areas also intensified the overall risk reduction to 56%, particularly when both were young.
“The brain and immune system influence numerous other bodily functions, so it’s expected that their deterioration could significantly impact life expectancy,” remarked Alan Cohen from Columbia University in New York.
Nonetheless, Cohen cautions that protein markers may not entirely encapsulate the aging process. “There may be gaps in our understanding of the exact origins of these proteins. Certain organs may release their proteins into the bloodstream more readily than others, skewing perceptions of their importance,” he notes.
Moreover, further research involving a broader demographic that includes more ethnic and economically varied populations is necessary, as the current study participants were predominantly affluent individuals with European ancestry, according to Richard Shiou of King’s College London. Oh and his team are planning additional studies to explore this further.
Even if these findings hold true, concrete methods for curbing the aging processes in the brain and immune system remain elusive. Oh mentions that pinpointing aging markers in these areas could pave the way for medication targeting.
Astronomers utilize the exceptional sensitivity of the Mid-infrared instrument (Miri) on the NASA/ESA/CSA James Webb Space Telescope to investigate exoplanets within the three-ring debris disks surrounding the 6.4 million-year-old star TWA 7.
This Webb/Miri image shows the exoplanet TWA 7b, comparable in mass to Saturn. Image credits: NASA/ESA/CSA/WEBB/AM LAGRANGE/M. ZAMANI, ESA & WEBB.
Debris disks, comprised of dust and rocky materials, can exist around both young and evolved stars, but they are more luminous and detectable around younger celestial bodies.
These disks are often identified by their visible rings and gaps, which are believed to be shaped by planets that form within them.
The star TWA 7 is a low-mass (0.46 solar mass) M-type star situated approximately 111 light-years away in the constellation of Antlia.
Also referred to as Ce Antilae or Tyc 7190-2111-1, it is part of the TW Hydra Association.
The nearly edge-on three-ring fragmented disks make TWA 7 an optimal target for Webb’s highly sensitive mid-infrared observations.
“Our observations indicate a strong candidate for the planet that influences the structure of the TWA 7 debris disk, located precisely where we anticipated finding a planet of this mass,” states Dr. En Marie Lagrange, an astronomer at the Observatoire de Paris-PSL.
On June 21, 2024, Dr. Lagrange and colleagues employed a coronagraph with Webb’s Miri instrument to effectively suppress the bright glare of the host star, uncovering faint nearby objects.
This method, known as high contrast imaging, enables astronomers to directly observe planets that would otherwise be obscured by the overwhelming light of their host stars.
After eliminating residual starlight through advanced image processing, a faint infrared source was detected near TWA 7, distinguishable from background galaxies or other solar system objects.
This source is located within one of the three dust rings previously identified around TWA 7 by earlier ground-based investigations.
Its brightness, color, distance from the star, and position within the ring align with theoretical expectations for a young, cold Saturn-mass planet that shapes the surrounding debris disks.
“They are also the most popular and highly skilled professionals,” remarked Dr. Matilde Marin, an astronomer at Johns Hopkins University and the Institute for Space Telescope Science.
The team’s preliminary analysis suggests that the object known as TWA 7B has a mass approximately 0.3 times that of Jupiter (about 100 times that of Earth) and may be a young, cold exoplanet with a temperature of 320 K (around 47°C).
Its positioning (approximately 52 AU from the star) corresponds with a gap in the disk, indicating a dynamic interaction between the planet and its surroundings.
Once corroborated, this discovery marks the first direct link between a planet and the structure of debris, offering initial observational insights into the Trojan disk.
“These findings underscore Webb’s capability to probe previously unobservable low-mass planets orbiting nearby stars,” the astronomer commented.
“Ongoing and future observations will seek to more accurately characterize candidates, investigate the state of their atmospheres, and enhance our understanding of planet formation in young systems and the evolution of disks.”
“This preliminary result represents an exciting new frontier where Webb sheds light on the discovery and characterization of exoplanets.”
These findings are detailed in a publication in the journal Nature.
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Lagrange et al. Evidence of sub-Jovian planets within the young TWA 7 disk. Nature Published online on June 25th, 2025. doi:10.1038/s41586-025-09150-4
a Amir* hasn’t slept in days. From his apartment in northern Tehran, the 23-year-old has spent nights searching for a vulnerable digital connection that can temporarily bypass the internet blackouts.
For 13 days, Iran has faced a nearly complete internet shutdown, severely limiting access to information since the onset of Israel’s strike until the latter part of Wednesday. However, a group of young Iranians tirelessly works to ensure their voices are heard beyond their borders.
“Using a VPN is no longer effective. To navigate this internet blackout, we’re relying on a special proxy link—essentially a ‘secret tunnel’ that channels messages through non-Iranian servers.
“These links are built into the app’s features […] They direct traffic from internal servers. Each link only works for a few hours before it fails. So, I’m constantly on the lookout for new ways to communicate with my people.”
The Iranian government blames external forces for restricting internet access during the conflict with Israel, claiming the network is being exploited for military purposes. A local source informed the Guardian that only correspondents from approved foreign media can access the internet.
While domestic messaging apps are operational, many young Iranians lack confidence in their security.
Amir remarked: “We have local apps, but they’re utterly unreliable. The government takes every opportunity to surveil us, particularly targeting student leaders.”
Last week, Amnesty International urged the authorities to lift the communication blackouts, stating it would “prevent individuals from finding safe routes, accessing vital resources, and sharing information.”
Another student leader, Leila*, 22, residing in Abbas Abado, north of Tehran, mentioned that she managed to connect again during the shutdown thanks to assistance from abroad. “My boyfriend in Europe sent me a composition link via text. Without it, nothing works. The internet sporadically operates for a few minutes before shutting down again.”
The blackout not only severed connections with the outside world but also complicated life amid the ongoing Israeli bombardment. “It feels like being enclosed by a wall,” remarked Tehran student Arash*. “We’ve lost the ability to assist each other with independent news while the sound of bombs contrasts sharply with the silence of state media.”
For Amir, the most alarming aspect is how the perception of war is becoming normalized. “We’re starting to treat this as normal,” he expressed, “but war is anything but normal.” He noted their recognition that the rattling of windows signifies either an air raid or an explosion.
The blackouts intensified his fears amid the war. “That’s what erases us… it makes us invisible. Yet here we are. We still wish to connect with a free world.”
Astronomers utilizing the NASA/ESA/CSA James Webb Space Telescope have discovered a silicate cloud in the atmosphere of the exoplanet YSES-1C and a disk in the evasion facility surrounding the planet YSES-1B.
Artist rendering of the YSES-1 system, featuring a central sun-like star, YSES-1B with its dusty evasive disc (right), and YSES-1C’s atmospheric silicate clouds. Image credit: Ellis Bogut.
YSES-1 is a solar-type star located approximately 309 light-years away in the constellation of Masca.
Also referred to as TYC 8998-760-1 or 2mass J13251211-6456207, this star is roughly equivalent in mass to our Sun but is only 16.7 million years old.
The system comprises two planets, YSES-1B and YSES-1C.
These planets orbit their parent star at distances of 160 and 320 AU, making them more distant from their star than Jupiter and Saturn are from the Sun.
YSES-1B and C could exhibit redder hues compared to other exoplanets (or brown dwarfs), indicating distinct atmospheric properties.
While the system has been observed with various telescopes before the Webb, comprehensive observations were not achievable prior to the Webb program.
“Directly imaged exoplanets are the only types we can truly photograph,” stated Dr. Ebert Nazkin, a postdoctoral researcher at Trinity College Dublin.
“Typically, these exoplanets are younger, hotter from their formative layers, and astronomers observe this heat in the thermal infrared spectrum.”
Utilizing Webb’s spectroscopic capabilities, Dr. Nasedkin and his team obtained detailed spectra of the planets YSES-1B and YSES-1C.
These observations include the first direct detection of atmospheric silicate clouds on YSES-1C, validating prior hypotheses regarding its atmospheric structure.
These silicate clouds likely contain iron, which might contribute to rainfall on the planet.
Astronomers estimate that the cloud particles are less than 0.1 μm in size.
“Upon observing a smaller, more distant companion identified as YSES-1C, I detected a silicate cloud signature in the mid-infrared,” Dr. Nasedkin remarked.
“Composed primarily of sand-like particles, this represents the strongest silicate absorption feature documented in an exoplanet.”
“We believe this is connected to the planet’s youth. Younger planets tend to have slightly larger radii, and this expanded atmosphere enables clouds to absorb more light emitted by the planet.”
“We were able to employ detailed modeling to uncover the chemical makeup of these clouds as well as the size and shape of the cloud particles.”
The team also identified silicate disks surrounding YSES-1B, marking a rare observation of a substellar companion exoplanet.
This finding suggests that YSES-1B may be a relatively recently formed planet.
The discoveries enhance our understanding of the early stages of planetary formation and atmospheric development.
“The planets within the YSES-1 system are so widely separated that current formation theories cannot explain them. The discovery of distinct silicate clouds around YSES-1C and additional findings of small, hot, dusty materials around YSES-1B introduces further mystery and complexity regarding how planets form and evolve.”
The team’s results will be featured in the journal Nature this week.
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kkw hoch et al. Silicate cloud and evasive agent disks in the YSES-1 exoplanet system. Nature Published online on June 10th, 2025. doi:10.1038/s41586-025-09174-w
John L. Young, a computer-savvy architect, utilized his expertise to establish Encryption, a significant repository of sensitive documents that predates WikiLeaks and often surpasses it with an unrestricted approach to disclosing government secrets. He passed away on March 28th at a rehabilitation facility in Manhattan, at the age of 89.
His death went largely unreported at the time and was attributed to complications from large-cell non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, as confirmed by his wife, Deborah Nazzios.
Founded in 1996 by former CIA executives, Cryptome offers a collection of leaked, obscure documents in the public domain, organized in reverse chronological order, displayed in a minimalist style reminiscent of typewriter output.
Over time, the site has amassed about 70,000 documents, spanning from innocuous National Intelligence University course catalogues to sensitive disclosures, including the identities of numerous intelligence agents from the US, UK, and Japan.
“I am a steadfast opponent of all forms of government secrecy,” he stated to The Associated Press in 2013. “I’m pleased with the exposure and advocate for complete transparency.”
Young often received visits from the FBI and his internet service provider. At times, he would temporarily shut down the website to avoid legal issues, yet he was never charged with a crime, and Cryptome consistently returned online.
Around a decade ago, Cryptome had already been operating alongside WikiLeaks and other whistleblowing sites. Young initially supported WikiLeaks and even co-registered its domain, but later became critical of its leader, Julian Assange.
Unlike Assange, who considered himself a journalist, Young identified as an archivist, asserting that as long as a document was authentic, it deserved encryption. He maintained that he held vast amounts of information without being responsible for its content.
Young, who had been a leftist radical during the 1960s, retained his critical perspective of the government, often suggesting to journalists that they could be spies and accusing former associates of being double agents.
With degrees in philosophy and architecture, Young spent the 1970s leading a design nonprofit in New York.
In the 1980s, he specialized in ensuring that building systems and infrastructures complied with legal codes, a mission that would eventually parallel Cryptome’s objectives.
“As architects, we are mandated by state law to prioritize public health, safety, and welfare,” he explained to the website’s assistant in 2014. “In the interest of public welfare, we should act as architects who monitor those in authority.”
Young was an early proponent of computer-aided design, sparking discussions around digital privacy that began gaining traction in the late 1980s.
He joined the mailing list of cypherpunks, a collective of hackers and programmers advocating for internet openness and resisting government surveillance of online activity.
During a time when most government documents were only available in hard copy, Young made a scanner available for free to anyone wishing to leak secret documents online.
“Cryptome played a crucial role in demonstrating the potential for internet transparency,” he remarked, according to the Electronic Frontier Foundation, a nonprofit organization dedicated to defending civil liberties in the digital domain.
Despite having admirers, Young faced criticism, even from those who appreciated his work, for not considering national security implications while uploading documents online.
Nonetheless, he countered that his efforts were, in fact, beneficial to the government.
“Understanding your vulnerabilities and confronting them is essential; you shouldn’t conceal them,” he told The Associated Press.
John Lee Young was born on December 22, 1935, in Millersview, a small town in central Texas. His mother, Beatrice (Rhodes) Young, was a homemaker, while his father, Orby Young, worked as a patrol construction worker. They divorced when John was young, and he spent his childhood living with various relatives throughout the state.
After graduating from school at 14, he spent three years picking cotton, peddling religious icons, and selling Fuller Brush products door-to-door before enlisting in the US military in 1953.
Assigned to the German Corps of Engineers, he traveled across Europe during his downtime, absorbing the extensive architectural heritage of the continent.
In 1956, despite not having a high school diploma, Young enrolled at Texas Tech. He later transferred to Rice University in Houston, graduating in 1963 with degrees in philosophy and architecture. He subsequently worked on a historic preservation project in the city.
Young pursued further education at Columbia University in 1967, where he enrolled in the inaugural Historical Preservation Program at the School of Architecture.
A year later, he joined fellow students in occupying Avery Hall, the university’s main building, in protest against the plans for a new gym.
Despite emerging as a leader among protesters, he graduated in 1969 without facing expulsion.
Young’s first wife, Martha (Calhoun) Young, passed away in 1968, leaving him to raise four children. His second marriage to Marjorie Hoogue ended in divorce. In 1990, he met Nazzios, and they married in 1998.
Surviving him are three children and two grandchildren from his first marriage—Malcolm, Lilac, and Anina Young—as well as the memory of his deceased daughter, Dara. He resided in Manhattan.
Even after founding Cryptome, Young continued his architectural practice, collaborating with Nazzios to maintain the website in a cost-effective manner, contributing roughly $2,000 a year for upkeep.
He regarded it as a public service, a means of giving back to society.
“Individuals like John Young contributed significantly to the internet and its unique offerings during the ’90s and early 2000s,” Cohn remarked.
A recent study indicates that nearly half of young individuals desire a world devoid of the internet.
The findings show that about 70% of people aged 16 to 21 feel increasingly negative about themselves after using social media. Additionally, 50% are in favor of implementing a “digital curfew” that limits access to specific apps and websites after 10 PM, while 46% express a wish to be younger in an internet-free environment.
One-quarter of participants reported spending over four hours daily on social media, and 42% confessed to deceiving their parents and guardians regarding their online activities.
Of those surveyed, 42% admitted to fibbing about their age, 40% owned a fake or “burner” account, and 27% claimed to pose as someone else entirely.
These results followed the technology secretary Peter Kyle’s comment suggesting that the government should consider mandatory time limits for specific apps like TikTok and Instagram.
Rani Govender, NSPCC’s policy manager for child safety, noted that a digital curfew alone cannot shield children from harmful online content without implementing additional measures.
“We must recognize that digital curfews won’t fully safeguard children from online threats. They can encounter these risks at different times throughout the day, and the consequences will remain,” she explained.
Govender emphasized that the primary goal of both businesses and the government should be to provide children with “a much safer, less addictive platform.”
The study, carried out by the UK Standards Agency, surveyed 1,293 young people, revealing that 27% disclosed their locations online to strangers.
Moreover, three-quarters of young respondents said they increased their online time during the pandemic, and 68% felt that this increased screen time adversely affected their mental health.
“It’s evident that young people recognize online risks and are calling for action from tech companies to safeguard them,” stated Andy Burrows, CEO of the suicide prevention charity The Molly Rose Foundation.
He remarked that algorithms could lead users to “harmful and distressing content unintentionally,” and that new regulations urgently need to adopt a design approach prioritizing the safety of children and society over the interests of large tech corporations.
Water ice plays a crucial role in the formation of giant planets and can also be delivered by comets to fully developed rocky planets. Utilizing data from the Near-infrared spectrometer (NIRSPEC), which is part of the NASA/ESA/CSA James Webb Space Telescope, astronomers have identified crystallized ice on a dusty fragment disk surrounding HD 181327.
Artist impression of a debris disk around the sun-like star HD 181327. Image credits: NASA/ESA/CSA/STSCI/RALF CRAWFORD, STSCI.
HD 181327 is a young main sequence star located approximately 169 light years away in the constellation Pictor.
Also referred to as TYC 8765-638-1 and WISE J192258.97-543217.8, the star is about 23 million years old and roughly 30% larger than the Sun.
Astronomer Chen Zai and a team at Johns Hopkins University utilized Webb’s NIRSPEC instrument to study HD 181327.
“The HD 181327 system is highly dynamic,” Dr. Xie noted.
“There are ongoing collisions occurring within the debris disk.”
“When these icy bodies collide, they release tiny particles of dusty water ice, which are ideally sized for Webb to detect.”
Webb’s observations reveal a significant gap between the star and its surrounding debris disk, indicating a considerable area devoid of dust.
Moreover, the structure of the fragment disk is reminiscent of the Kuiper Belt within our Solar System, where we find dwarf planets, comets, and various icy and rocky bodies that may also collide.
Billions of years ago, the Kuiper Belt in our own Solar System could have resembled the HD 181327 debris disk.
“Webb clearly detected crystallized water ice not only present in the debris disk but also in places like Saturn’s rings and the icy bodies of the Kuiper Belt,” Dr. Xie stated.
The water ice is not uniformly distributed across the HD 181327 system.
The majority is found in the coldest and most distant regions from the star.
“The area beyond the debris disk contains over 20% water ice,” Dr. Xie explained.
Near the center of the debris disk, Webb detected approximately 8% water ice.
In this region, frozen water particles may form slightly faster than they are destroyed.
Closest to the star, Webb’s detection was minimal.
Ultraviolet radiation from the star can evaporate the nearby water ice deposits.
It is also possible that the interiors contain rocky bodies, referred to as planets, which are “confined” such that their frozen water remains undetectable by Webb.
“The presence of ice facilitates planetary formation,” said Dr. Xie.
“Icy materials can ultimately contribute to the delivery of resources to terrestrial planets that may form over hundreds of millions of years in such systems.”
Survey results were published in the May 14, 2025 issue of the journal Nature.
____
C. Xie et al. 2025. Water ice on debris disks around HD181327. Nature 641, 608-611; doi:10.1038/s41586-025-08920-4
sWith the introduction of ChatGpt in late 2022, generative artificial intelligence moved from adult users in office settings to college students in campus libraries and even teenagers in high school hallways. As the youngest among us start exploring AI technologies, parents and teachers are grappling with the responsibility of introducing children under 13 to these transformative tools. Though tools like Google’s Gemini and other AI models set age restrictions, many parents and teachers are taking it upon themselves to educate children about AI.
Inspired by stories of parents teaching their children AI skills to prepare them for success in school and beyond, we reached out to Guardian readers to learn how and why others are doing the same. While our original stories focused on parents, we also included responses from teachers, recognizing their role in preparing children for the future.
Some parents and teachers have embraced AI fully, integrating ChatGpt into everyday interactions with children, using it to explain concepts, answer questions, and share imaginative stories. Others approach AI cautiously, limiting its use to controlled settings due to the potential risks it may pose to young users.
On the other hand, some parents and teachers choose not to expose their children to AI at all, expressing concerns about potential harm and ethical implications that remain unresolved. While differing in their approaches, each perspective contributes valuable insights to the ongoing dialogue about AI education.
The responses below have been edited for brevity and clarity.
Parents Explain the World with AI’s Help
I’ve discovered that introducing AI to my children has been an unexpected joy of parenting. Instead of saying “Let’s google,” my 9 year old now asks, “Daddy, can you chat?” when he needs help with homework. He’s learning to seek guidance rather than just answers.
My 6 year old’s endless questions often test my patience. In those moments, AI comes to the rescue, keeping him engaged and imaginative with topics like dinosaurs and space. It’s a mental recharge for me.
With three daughters, we’ve moved from reading princess stories to creating our own imaginative adventures, thanks to AI.
– Matt, Consultant, 44, Palm Beach Gardens, FL
I use AI as an intellectual backup when I can’t answer my kids’ questions. We have AI voice assistants at home and in the car, helping us with random queries and homework tasks. It streamlines our discussions and keeps learning active. However, I caution my kids about the accuracy of AI responses, as they can sometimes be misleading.
– Graham, Writer, Lumberhurst Quarter
I incorporate AI tools into my daily interactions with my 3 year old, using them to explore nature and answer his questions about the world. I encourage his curiosity and engagement while limiting screen time and passive activities.
While AI is a part of our routine, it’s not the sole focus.
– Nate, Data Scientist, East Bay, California.
I’m introducing my eldest to Openai’s ChatGpt, portraying it as a creative assistant for generating ideas and resources. I teach her to approach AI skeptically and not to rely solely on its responses.
– Ben, 47, Entrepreneur, Germany
To showcase AI to my children, I use ChatGPT to generate stories and engage them in critical thinking by analyzing the authenticity of AI-generated content.
I also encourage them to question misleading information and develop a healthy skepticism towards online content.
– David, Software Developer, Ireland
For students struggling with writing, I recommend using AI for sentence-level feedback and grammar explanations, but caution against relying on AI to create complete essays.
– Jenny, English and Drama Teacher, Valencia, Spain
In my household, AI is used sparingly, with the children understanding it as a tool to enhance their learning and curiosity. We emphasize the importance of personal effort and creativity in achieving success.
– Anton, Fintech Director, Geneva
Rather than introducing AI directly, I stimulate my students’ imagination by using AI tools like Adobe Firefly to inspire descriptive writing and Character.ai to bring historical figures to life. I emphasize the creative potential of AI while also highlighting its limitations.
– Angie, Primary Teacher, Tunbridge Wells
I approach AI education as a generative tool, emphasizing its role as an aid rather than a replacement for imagination. By demonstrating AI’s creative capabilities, students learn to use it responsibly while appreciating its limitations.
– Adam, 28, High School Teacher, Christchurch, New Zealand
tCurrently, there is a lot of focus on young men and toxic masculinity. It’s about time. A 13-year-old accused of killing a girl after being radicalized by online manospheres has brought attention to the issue through his remarkable writing and powerful performance by teenager Owen Cooper. Former English football manager Gareth Southgate recently discussed the lack of moral leadership among young men in the UK, who turn to gambling and video games, disconnecting from society and immersing themselves in male-dominated online communities where racism is prevalent. The gaming industry has faced criticism for providing a less than ideal environment for boys, and even those who enjoy playing must acknowledge that game forums, message boards, streaming platforms, and social media groups struggle with hate speech and violent rhetoric.
This is not a new revelation. The 2014 harassment campaign Gamergate, supposedly about ethics in game journalism, was actually a response to increased inclusivity and progressive thinking in game development, leading to the radicalization of young white men by “Alt-Right” influencers and Breitbart. This toxic environment produced online harassment and doxxing aimed at women, LGBTQI+ developers, and developers of color.
Toxic fandom remains a significant issue in the gaming industry, with developers facing online abuse and death threats for diversifying characters and stories or delaying game releases. The toxicity has been ingrained in the gaming community for years.
The complexity of the problem often gets overlooked. While condemning toxic gaming communities, it’s important to acknowledge the positive impact online communities can have on teenagers’ lives, fostering connections and support. The gaming industry and social media platforms need to take responsibility for ensuring a safe environment with robust moderation and AI monitoring. However, addressing the root of the problem – the lack of direction and purpose among young men today – is essential for long-term change.
The gaming community, dominated by young men seeking power fantasies, needs to be part of the conversation about addressing toxic behavior and fostering a healthier environment. Society must address the challenges facing young men, including mental health services access, changing traditional masculine roles, and providing support and guidance in a rapidly evolving world.
After facing opposition from education secretaries Peter Kyle and Bridget Phillipson, the bill seeking to ban addictive smartphone algorithms targeting young teenagers was weakened.
The Safer Phone Bill, introduced by Labour MP Josh McAllister, is set to be discussed in the Commons on Friday. Despite receiving support from various MPs and child protection charities, the government has opted to further investigate the issue rather than implement immediate changes.
Government sources indicate that the new proposal will be accepted, as the original bill put forward by McAllister did not receive ministerial support.
The government believes more time is needed to assess the impact of mobile phones on teenagers and to evaluate emerging technologies that can control the content produced by phone companies.
Peter Kyle opposes the major bill, which would have been the second online safety law some advocates were hoping for.
Although not fundamentally against government intervention on this issue, a source close to Kyle mentioned that the work is still in its early stages.
The original proposal included requirements for social media companies to exclude young teens from their algorithms and limit addictive content for those under 16. However, these measures were removed from the final bill.
Another measure to ban mobile phones in schools was also dropped after objections from Bridget Phillipson, who believes schools should self-regulate. There are uncertainties regarding potential penalties for violations.
Health Secretary Wes Streeting has been vocal about addressing the issue of addictive smartphones, publicly supporting McAllister’s bill.
The revised Private Membership Bill instructs Chief Medical Officer Chris Whitty to investigate the health impacts of smartphone use.
McAllister hopes that the bill will prompt the government to address addictive smartphone use among children more seriously, rather than just focusing on harmful or illegal content.
If the Minister commits to adopting the new measures as anticipated, McAllister will not push for a vote on the bill.
The government has pledged to “publish a research plan on the impact of social media use on children” and seek advice from the UK’s chief medical officer on parents’ management of their children’s smartphone and social media usage.
Polls indicate strong public support for measures restricting young people’s use of social media, with a majority favoring a ban on social media for those under 16.
A controversial app aimed at empowering women to manage their sex lives by predicting fertile days is being criticized for making inaccurate claims that could lead to unintended pregnancies.
Many women in the UK, including 69% of 18-24 year olds, use smartphone apps to track their menstrual cycles and identify their most fertile and least fertile days. However, experts caution that the data used by these apps to make predictions is often unreliable and limited.
Despite these concerns, one app, called the Period & Fertility Tracker, falsely promotes itself as a reliable method of contraception. Another app, Cycles, claims to accurately predict pregnancy chances daily but offers a disclaimer on its website stating it is for informational purposes only.
While some apps offer features to manage fertility goals and check chances of pregnancy each day, their effectiveness is doubted by experts. The increasing use of “natural contraception” methods raises further concerns, as studies show a rise in unintended pregnancies among users of these apps.
The accuracy of these apps in predicting fertile windows is also questioned, as they rely on traditional methods that have a high risk of error. Despite some apps requiring daily data entry for improved accuracy, the overall effectiveness of these methods remains low.
Regulators are urged to address the potential dangers posed by unregulated apps that claim to be contraceptives. While only one app is authorized to be sold as a contraceptive in some countries, the overall lack of regulation raises concerns about the safety and accuracy of these apps.
In conclusion, the growing trend of relying on period tracking apps for contraception raises serious issues about women’s health and the need for more reliable contraceptive methods.
The leader of counter-terrorism in Britain has expressed concern that more young people, including children as young as 10, are being lured towards violence through the “mix of fear” they encounter on the internet.
Vicky Evans, the deputy commissioner of the Metropolitan Police and senior national co-ordinator for counter-terrorism, noted a shift in radicalization, stating, “There has been a significant increase in interest in extremist content that we are identifying through our crime monitoring activities.”
Evans highlighted the disturbing trend of suspects seeking out material that either lacks ideology or glorifies violence from various sources. She emphasized the shocking and alarming nature of the content encountered by law enforcement in their investigations.
The search history reveals a disturbing fascination with violence, misogyny, gore, extremism, racism, and other harmful ideologies, as well as a curated selection of frightening content.
Detectives from the Counter-Terrorism Police Network are dedicating significant resources to digital forensics to apprehend young individuals consuming extremist material, a troubling trend according to Evans.
The government introduced measures to reform the Prevent system, aimed at deterring individuals from turning to terrorism. They are also reassessing the criteria for participation in Prevent to address individuals showing interest in violence without a clear ideological motive.
Evans emphasized the persistent terrorist threat in the UK, particularly in “deep, dark hotspots” that require urgent attention. Despite efforts to prevent terrorism, the UK has experienced several attacks in recent years.
There have been 43 thwarted terrorist plots since 2017, with concerns over potential mass casualty attacks. The counter-terrorism community is also monitoring the situation in Syria for any potential threats from individuals entering or leaving the country.
Nuclear reactions can be categorized as either fission (when an atomic nucleus splits into two lighter nuclei) or fusion (when two atomic nuclei combine to form a heavier nucleus). You can explore both of these reactions with a simple setup.
Small amounts of radioactive materials can be found in everyday objects, making nuclear fission a practical demonstration. For example, smoke detectors contain about 0.2 milligrams of americium-241, camping gas lanterns are coated with approximately 250 mg of thorium-232, and glow-in-the-dark gun sights contain around 1.2 micrograms of thorium-232. These materials are all radioactive and could potentially be combined to create a breeder reactor that uses neutrons emitted from one source to convert thorium-232 into the more radioactive uranium-233.
For a fusion reaction to occur, the temperature inside a fusion reactor must be hotter than the core of the sun – about 150 million °C (270 million °F) – Photo courtesy of Getty
David Hahn, a boy scout from Michigan, attempted this in 1994, but did not progress beyond the neutron generator stage before drawing attention from authorities. It is unlikely that his setup ever reached a stage where it could generate useful power.
Creating a functioning nuclear reactor from nuclear fission requires the ability to slow and control neutrons to maintain a self-sustaining fission reaction. Achieving this balance is challenging, especially in small reactors, and proper shielding and cooling are essential for safety.
While modern “microreactors” are available in the 5 megawatt range, they are still the size of a shipping container, making them unsuitable for small-scale setups.
Building a fusion reactor that uses an electric field to accelerate deuterium ions and fuse them into helium 3 is possible at home, resulting in a cold purple plasma. However, the energy required for the electric field exceeds the useful energy obtained from nuclear fusion, making it impractical as a reactor.
This article, by Tim Hurst from Sheffield, provides an answer to the question “Can I build a nuclear reactor in my shed?”
If you have any questions, please email us at:questions@sciencefocus.comor contact us onFacebook,Twitter, orInstagram(remember to include your name and location).
Explore more exciting science pages and fun facts on our website.
It’s not entirely clear why colorectal cancer is increasing among adults under 50
Steve Gschmeisner/Science Photo Library
The incidence of colorectal cancer in young adults is increasing worldwide, but this trend appears to be most prevalent in high-income countries.
Previous studies have shown that the incidence of bowel or colorectal cancer is increasing. Over the past few decades, it has increased in this age group in Western countries, including the United States, Canada, Australia, and the United Kingdom. This has led to speculation that Western lifestyles, including a diet high in meat and processed foods, may be to blame.
To better understand the extent of the problem, song hyunah Researchers from the American Cancer Society in Atlanta, Georgia, and colleagues looked at the incidence of colorectal cancer in 50 countries and territories around the world. They typically used the World Health Organization’s database to collect data on incidence rates from 1975 to 2017, although some countries started reporting this information several years after 1975. Ta.
The research team found that the incidence of colorectal cancer among people aged 25 to 49 is rising in 27 countries and territories. These also include non-Western countries such as Japan and less wealthy countries such as Turkey, raising the possibility that Western lifestyles are not solely behind this trend.
The increase is also unlikely to be related to improved screening tests, the researchers said in the paper, as most countries do not routinely test people for colorectal cancer until age 50.
However, all 27 countries and territories have high or very high scores on the United Nations Human Development Index, which is based on life expectancy, education level, and per capita income.
Additionally, all but six are considered high-income earners, according to the World Bank. Unlike most of the high-income countries studied, in these six countries, cases of colorectal cancer among older people are increasing at the same or faster rate than among younger people.
“I think there’s still evidence of trends that economic development and westernization of lifestyles are really having an impact,” he says. Andrew Chan The Harvard University researchers noted that many countries are adopting aspects of this lifestyle as their economies grow. for example, Japanese meat intake It increased more than seven times between 1961 and 2021.
“Having said that, I think we need to take into account the fact that there are probably other factors at play, such as environmental contaminants,” Chan says.
The researchers note that their study has several limitations, the most obvious being that countries in Africa, Asia and small islands were underrepresented. For example, only one African country was included: Uganda. Some countries did not have complete datasets. For example, India’s figures represent only 4 percent of the population.
Still, these findings could improve our understanding of how colorectal cancer incidence varies in many countries and help devise new ways to prevent the disease, Zhang said. say.
Vice presidential candidates Tim Walz and Rep. Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez announced on Sunday that they will be playing American football as part of their efforts to secure votes from young people, just nine days before the White House election. The game was streamed live on Twitch.
Ocasio-Cortez and Walz will compete in the latest Madden game series as Democrats aim to regain control of the House of Representatives, maintain a Senate majority, and challenge Donald Trump in the upcoming presidential election. They also emphasized the importance of Kamala Harris’s victory.
“While we may not all share the same beliefs, defeating Trump this year is our main priority,” said Ocasio-Cortez.
Ocasio-Cortez criticized President Trump as an authoritarian ruler and a facist supported by special interests who are exacerbating the ongoing climate crisis. She also condemned the billionaire owners of the Los Angeles Times and Washington Post for not allowing their editorial teams to endorse Harris over Trump.
During the broadcast, Ocasio-Cortez also called out comedian Tony Hinchcliffe for making derogatory comments about Puerto Rico at a Trump rally.
Ocasio-Cortez and Walz decided to play Madden together a few weeks ago, as Walz had previous experience with the game and had worked as a football coach.
Following a recent NBC news investigation, Democratic candidate Kamala Harris is leading Donald Trump among young male registered voters.
Despite their lead, Democrats have historically struggled with public opinion during past election cycles. The Trump campaign recently criticized the former president during a three-hour appearance on Joe Rogan’s podcast, which primarily attracts young male viewers.
Sunday’s event with Ocasio-Cortez followed her initial appearance on Twitch, which was one of the platform’s most-watched events at the time.
Harris’s campaign strategy also focuses on targeting young people, with ads on sports gambling platforms such as DraftKings and Yahoo Sports.
According to some researchers, the moon may have been captured during a close encounter between young Earth and the Earth binary (a system consisting of the moon and other rocks). new paper Published in Planetary Science Journal.
Darren Williams and Michael Zugger explored the concept of collisionless binary exchange for capturing large satellites (comparable to or larger than the Moon) around Earth-mass objects inside and outside the solar system.
During six missions to the Moon from 1969 to 1972, Apollo astronauts collected more than 360 kg (800 pounds) of lunar rocks and soil.
Chemical and isotopic analysis of the material showed it to be similar to rocks and soils on Earth. It was found to be calcium-rich, basaltic, and dated to about 60 million years after the formation of the solar system.
Using that data, planetary scientists gathered at the Kona conference in Hawaii in 1984 reached a consensus that the moon formed from debris after it collided with a young Earth.
“The Kona conference set the story for 40 years,” said Darren Williams, a professor at Penn State University.
“But questions still remained. For example, a moon formed by a collision of planets, with the debris clumped together in a ring, should orbit above the planet's equator. Earth's moon should orbit above the planet's equator. It's circling around.
“The moon is more in line with the sun than the Earth's equator.”
“In an alternative binary exchange capture theory. Earth's gravity separated the binary star and latched onto one of the objects, the moon, which became a satellite orbiting its current plane.”
“There is evidence that this is happening elsewhere in the solar system.”
“The leading hypothesis in this field is that Triton, the largest of Neptune's moons, was drawn into orbit from the Kuiper belt, where one in 10 is thought to be a binary star. There is.”
“Triton orbits Neptune in a retrograde orbit, moving in the opposite direction of the planet's rotation.”
“Its orbit is also highly tilted, making an angle of 67 degrees from Neptune's equator.”
Professor Williams and Professor Michael Zager of Pennsylvania State University argue that Earth could have captured an even larger satellite than the moon, an object the size of Mercury or Mars, but the resulting orbit would not be stable. It was determined that there was a possibility that the
The problem is that the Moon's “capture” orbit started out as an elongated ellipse, not a circle.
Over time, the shape of the orbit changed under the influence of extreme tides.
“Today Earth's tides are more advanced than the Moon's,” Professor Williams said.
“The high tide accelerates the orbit. It gives it a pulsation and gives it a little bit of a boost. Over time, the moon moves away a little bit.”
When the Moon approaches the Earth, the effect is reversed, as it was immediately after capture.
By calculating tidal changes and the size and shape of the orbit, the researchers determined that the moon's initial elliptical orbit had shrunk over a timescale of several thousand years.
The orbit also became more circular, until the moon's rotation became fixed in its orbit around the Earth, as it is now.
“At that point, the tides likely reversed and the moon began to gradually move away,” Professor Williams said.
“Each year, the Moon moves 3 centimeters away from Earth. At its current distance from Earth – 385,000 km (239,000 miles) – the Moon feels a significant pull from the Sun's gravity.”
“The moon is so far away right now that both the sun and Earth are competing for your attention. They're both being pulled by it.”
Mathematically, the researchers calculated, a satellite captured in a binary exchange could behave similarly to Earth's moon. However, it is not certain whether this is the origin of the moon.
“No one knows how the moon formed,” Professor Williams says.
“For the past 40 years, we've had one possibility as to how it got there.”
“Now we have two. This opens up a treasure trove of new questions and opportunities for further research.”
_____
Darren M. Williams and Michael E. Zagar. 2024. Formation of large-scale terrestrial satellites through binary exchange acquisition. Planetary Science Journal 5(9):208;doi: 10.3847/PSJ/ad5a9a
Many young climate advocates believe Kamala Harris is stronger on environmental issues than Joe Biden.
The Biden administration’s Inflation Control Act was the largest climate change investment in U.S. history, but young environmentalists want even more.
They cited Harris’ record of prosecuting oil companies and her co-sponsorship of the Green New Deal as reasons to support her.
President Joe Biden may have passed the most significant climate change bill in U.S. history, but many young environmental activists say they believe Kamala Harris has a stronger case on the issue.
The heads of 11 groups dedicated to raising young voters’ concern about climate change said Harris’ track record going after big oil companies as a prosecutor and her co-sponsoring of the Green New Deal as a senator made her a more appealing candidate than Biden, despite her victories on environmental issues.
“She has a track record of holding big oil accountable in a way that we haven’t been able to do for the last four years,” said Al-Shainee Ajay, 26, executive director of the Sunrise Movement, which advocates for government intervention to combat climate change.
The Green New Deal Network is a coalition of 19 progressive environmental and social justice organizations, including the Sunrise Movement. I endorsed Harris this week. However, he has never previously voiced his support for Biden.
The Biden administration’s record on climate is relatively good. The biggest investment in climate change For the first time in U.S. history, we have allocated nearly $370 billion to environmental protection efforts; and Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act These include investments in clean energy, electric vehicle infrastructure, public transport and strengthening climate resilience.
But several young environmental activists, ages 16 to 29, said those successes have been clouded by the expansion of the fossil fuel industry during Biden’s term.
“Frankly, I’m frustrated that this administration claims to be showing leadership on climate change yet approves so many fossil fuel projects,” said Keanu Arpels Josiah, 19, an organizer with Fridays for Future, an international youth-led climate change group started by Greta Thunberg.
The White House did not respond to a request for comment.
Vice President Harris visited Lake Mead in 2021 and delivered a speech there. Kent Nishimura/Los Angeles Times via Getty Images file
Dana Fisher, director of the Center for Environment, Community and Equity at American University, said it’s not that young voters are ignoring Biden’s climate change efforts, they just want to see more of them.
“Young people are aware of how serious the climate crisis is, and they know that this is not enough,” Fisher said.
She also said several young environmental activists told her in the spring that they were encouraging their members to refrain from voting in the presidential election altogether.
“I was like, ‘Are you kidding me? Don’t you remember what happened in 2000?'” Fischer said, referring to the slim margin that decided that year’s presidential election. “Of course they didn’t know, because if they were alive, they were in diapers. It’s very hard to take the long view when you’re young.”
Fischer said the young environmental activists she has spoken to seem more likely to vote since Biden dropped out of the race.
Harris’ younger supporters highlight the settlements she won as California’s attorney general. Chevron, BP and ConocoPhillips Regarding handling of hazardous materials.
“Biden is much more moderate in terms of his policy approach, but Kamala is not afraid to really get to the bottom of environmental and climate policy, especially against polluters,” said Iris Zhang, 20, a youth advisory board member at the Global Youth Storytelling and Research Lab, which engages young leaders in climate and environmental justice research.
Harris referenced that early work at several points during her campaign’s early days.
“As District Attorney, I created one of the first Environmental Justice Units in the nation to go after polluters,” she says. July 22 in WilmingtonThe Delaware native spoke about her time as district attorney in San Francisco, when “Donald Trump stood at Mar-a-Lago and told lobbyists for Big Oil that he would do what they said for $1 billion in campaign contributions.”
On September 15, 2020, then-Senator Kamala Harris met with Governor Gavin Newsom and Cal Fire officials to assess the damage caused by the Pine Ridge Creek Fire in California. Carlos Avila Gonzalez/San Francisco Chronicle via Getty Images file
Harris’s California background also appears to be resonating with young environmentalists.
Zanagie Artis, 24, co-founder of the climate justice group Zero Hour, said that because California regularly experiences the effects of the climate crisis, including droughts, heat waves and wildfires, “there is a lot of value in empathizing with young people who are fighting so hard for climate justice.”
Young activists pointed to Harris’ climate change policies. 2020 Presidential ElectionAt the time, she pledged to invest $10 trillion over 10 years in climate change efforts, and set a goal of transitioning to a 100% clean energy economy by 2045.
“We want her to be able to set the standard and not just follow the Biden administration’s lead,” said Natalie Bookout, who turned 18 in October and leads the Sunrise Movement chapter in Charlotte, North Carolina.
Sunrise Movement protesters gathered near VP Harris’ Brentwood home on April 14, demanding that she urge President Biden to declare a climate emergency. Robert Gautier/Los Angeles Times via Getty Images file
Heather Hargreaves, executive director of campaigns at Climate Power, a communications organization focused on electing climate change leaders, said that among young people, “there may just be a knowledge gap about what President Biden has done over the last three years.”
A Harris campaign spokesman said she plans to strengthen climate change efforts in the Inflation Control Act, but declined to answer a question about whether she has more support than Biden among younger environmentalists.
The spokesperson also said Harris Said in 2019 If elected president, she would ban fracking.I no longer support such bans.
“She doesn’t want to alienate people from fossil fuel states,” Fischer said. “She’s not going to be as progressive as she was in California. But will she be more progressive than Biden? I expect she will.”
Vice President Kamala Harris looks out at the Hyperwall during a discussion on climate change at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland, on November 5, 2021. Olivier D’Uglier/AFP via Getty Images file
Harris represents dozens of environmental groups and more than 350 www.nbcnews.com
Astronomers have discovered an exoplanet that’s five times the mass of Jupiter and follows a very unusual orbit around its star.
Artist’s impression of TIC 241249530b. Image courtesy of NOIRLab / NSF / AURA / J. da Silva, Spaceengine.
TIC 241249530b was first detected in January 2020 by NASA’s Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS).
To confirm that the object is a planet, astronomers used two instruments on NSF Kitt Peak National Observatory’s WIYN 3.5-meter telescope, a program of NOIRLab.
They first harnessed the NN-EXPLORE Exoplanet and Stellar Speckle Imager (NESSI) with a technique that “freezes” atmospheric glitter, eliminating extraneous light sources that could confuse the signal source.
The team then used the NEID spectrometer to carefully observe how the host star’s spectrum, or the wavelengths of light it emits, changes as a result of the exoplanet orbiting TIC 241249530b, and measure the radial velocity of TIC 241249530b.
“NESSI provided much sharper images of the star than was possible with any other method, while NEID precisely measured the star’s spectrum and detected changes in response to the exoplanet orbiting it,” said Dr. Arvind Gupta, a postdoctoral researcher at NOIRLab.
“The unique flexibility of NEID’s observing schedule framework allows the team to quickly adjust their observing plans in response to new data.”
Analysis of the spectrum confirmed that TIC 241249530b has a mass about five times that of Jupiter.
The spectrum also revealed that the exoplanet orbits along a highly eccentric, or elongated, orbit.
The eccentricity of a planet’s orbit is measured on a scale from 0 to 1, with 0 representing a perfectly circular orbit and 1 representing an elliptical orbit.
The exoplanet’s orbital eccentricity is 0.94, higher than any exoplanet discovered so far by the transit method.
By comparison, Pluto orbits the Sun in an elliptical orbit with an eccentricity of 0.25. Earth’s eccentricity is 0.02.
If the planet were part of the solar system, its orbit would stretch from its closest point, ten times closer to the Sun than Mercury, to its farthest point, about the same distance as Earth.
This extreme orbit would cause the planet’s temperatures to vary from mild to hot enough to melt titanium.
In addition to the unusual nature of the exoplanet’s orbit, the team also discovered that it orbits in a retrograde direction, meaning it moves in the opposite direction to the rotation of its host star.
This is a phenomenon astronomers have not seen in most other exoplanets or in our own solar system, and it helps the research team interpret the history of exoplanet formation.
The exoplanet’s unique orbital properties also hint at its future trajectory.
Because its initial orbit is highly eccentric and it is so close to the star, the planet’s orbit is expected to become “circular” because the planet’s tidal forces will sap energy from the orbit, causing it to gradually shrink and become circular.
Discovering this exoplanet before this migration occurs is valuable because it will give us important insight into how hot Jupiters form, stabilize, and evolve over time.
“While we can’t hit the rewind button and watch the planetary migration process in real time, this exoplanet serves as a kind of snapshot of the migration process,” Dr Gupta said.
“Planets like this are extremely rare and hard to find, so we hope they will help shed light on how hot Jupiters form.”
“We’re particularly interested in what we can learn about the dynamics of the planet’s atmosphere after it gets so close to its star,” said Professor Jason Wright of Pennsylvania State University.
“With telescopes like the NASA/ESA/CSA James Webb Space Telescope having the sensitivity to study atmospheric changes on newly discovered exoplanets undergoing rapid heating, there is still much more for research teams to learn about exoplanets.”
TIC 241249530b is the second exoplanet discovered so far that represents the pre-transitional stage of a hot Jupiter.
Together, these two examples provide observational support for the idea that high-mass gas giants evolve into hot Jupiters as they move from highly eccentric orbits to tighter, more circular orbits.
“Astronomers have been searching for exoplanets for over 20 years that could be precursors to hot Jupiters or intermediate products in the migration process, so I was very surprised and excited to find one – it’s exactly what I was hoping to find,” Dr Gupta said.
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