‘SpudCell’ represents a significant leap in the field of synthetic biology, showcasing the potential of engineered cells. While it can replicate DNA through a primitive mechanism, it still requires significant external assistance and ceases to function after approximately five divisions. Nevertheless, this achievement stands as one of the most remarkable feats of bioengineering to date.

Inventor Kate Adamala and her team from the University of Missouri have opted for an open-source approach with the SpudCell project, facilitating further innovation and division into limitless iterations. Here’s what you should know:

What is SpudCell?

SpudCell marks a pivotal step towards creating microscopic life forms with fully understood functions. Past attempts have involved gene deletions from bacterial cells, which have inherently small genomes. For instance, in 2016, a bacterium with 901 genes was trimmed down to just 493 genes. In contrast, Adamara’s team began with only 36 essential genes, primarily sourced from Escherichia coli, alongside contributions from phages and jellyfish-derived fluorescent proteins.

Is it a Living Organism?

While SpudCell exhibits some characteristics of living cells, such as gene replication and division, it falls short in functionality and requires considerable external support. Researchers have succeeded in demonstrating rudimentary forms of evolution through the intentional introduction of beneficial mutations, but spontaneous mutations have not been observed. Adamara states, “If it can reproduce endlessly and Darwinian evolution becomes feasible, then I would consider it a living entity.”

Can We Call Them Synthetic Cells?

It depends on the definition. SpudCell qualifies as a synthetic cell because it is constructed in a laboratory and performs certain cellular functions; however, it is not created entirely from scratch but assembled with components from existing cells—specifically 36 genes, along with elements from various other organisms.

How Was SpudCell Assembled?

The research team engineered the 36 genes into seven circular DNA segments. They amplified these segments and combined them in a solution containing essential cell components—DNA, protein building blocks, and lipid molecules that auto-assemble into cell-like structures. Some of these constructs incorporated all seven parts of the genome.

Two essential genes code for proteins that create membrane pores, allowing the entry of small molecules. Larger molecules are introduced via small bubbles that merge with the synthetic cells. This methodology ensures that the cells receive the necessary building blocks, as traditional cells cannot synthesize these components independently.

How Do Cells Divide?

The researchers incorporated a large protein into the solution that attached to a membrane protein, creating spatial collisions that bend the membrane. This mechanism allows some SpudCells to bud off, forming independent bubbles, although the division process is not equitable and often results in daughter cells missing crucial genes.

Why Not Consolidate All Genes into One DNA Strand?

While consolidating all genes into a single DNA piece would enhance the chances of daughter cells receiving a complete gene set, Adamara points out that handling large DNA constructs presents significant challenges. “Once a satisfactory genome is achieved, a singular large genome piece becomes essential,” she notes.

Why Do Cells Cease Function After Approximately Five Divisions?

The researchers are uncertain of the exact cause, but it appears that SpudCells lack the machinery to produce their own ribosomes, resulting in a need for external provision. “We speculate that malfunctioning ribosomes may halt cell division. However, we believe that solutions are achievable soon,” Adamara asserts.

The Purpose Behind SpudCell’s Creation

According to Adamara, “Our goal is to harness living biology to produce petrochemicals, steering us away from oil dependency, which brings numerous climate and social benefits.” A significant portion of chemicals we use—ranging from plastics to pesticides—originates from fossil fuels, many of which are harmful and toxic to natural cells. Synthetic cells, engineered for resilience, could serve as safer alternatives.

Is There a Danger Involved?

No, SpudCell is akin to a restrained Frankenstein’s monster that requires close nurturing. There is minimal risk of it evolving unchecked. Even if it could hypothetically attain full biological capabilities, it is unlikely to thrive outside a controlled laboratory or manufacturing environment. Existing bacteria pose a far greater threat.