Unlocking the Mystery of the ‘Third Eye’: Scientists Discover Its Purpose Hidden in Our Skull

Posted on May 19, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

When observing a tuatara, a unique lizard-like creature native to New Zealand, you might be intrigued to discover a fascinating feature: a functioning third eye on the top of its head.

Like its prominent lateral eyes, the parietal eye contains a lens, retina, and neural connections to the brain. This sophisticated eye structure in vertebrates, closely related to us on the evolutionary tree, is surprising—but humans possess a similar feature.

The pineal gland, located deep within our brains, plays a crucial role in how we respond to light and darkness, even though it is shielded from direct sunlight.

A groundbreaking new hypothesis published in Current Biology explores the origins of this gland, suggesting that our third eye traces back to some of our earliest ancestors, potentially unlocking one of the deepest mysteries in the evolution of vision.

Vertebrate Eye Problems

Many animals, from flies to octopuses, follow a consistent evolutionary plan for eye structure. Their lateral eyes use an ancient family of striated photoreceptors, while a second group known as ciliary photoreceptors usually performs non-visual tasks in the brain, such as tracking light levels.

For vertebrates—which include fish, reptiles, birds, and humans—this model is more complex. Our eyes incorporate ciliary photoreceptors at the input end and neurons of striated origin at the output, a rare configuration in the animal kingdom.

Juvenile tuatara are born with a visible third eye, which becomes covered with scales in adulthood – Photo credit: Getty

Research shows that this complex eye structure demands an explanation: “What was the original solution to vision, and how have species adapted it?” questions Professor Thomas Baden, a neuroscientist at the University of Sussex and co-author of the study.

Ancestor of the Cyclops

To investigate these questions, Baden and his team examined the evolutionary history stretching back 575 million years. Our ancestors during this time were likely simple, maggot-like creatures with dual lateral eyes for navigation and a central eye for light tracking.

As these early vertebrates buried themselves in sediment, their navigation needs evolved. The lateral eyes—now energetically costly—became obsolete, leaving behind a central sensor for determining orientation, day and night.

Approximately 560 million years ago, our ancestors began burrowing, leading to the loss of lateral eyes – Photo credit: Thomas Baden

Baden notes that even after losing the side eyes, the central sensor remained vital. “You still need to track time and know your orientation,” he states.

One Eye Becomes Three

Eventually, some ancestors resurfaced, transitioning back into an aquatic environment where navigation re-emerged as a necessity. This led to a slow evolution of the central eye into a complex structure with a cup-shaped extension sensitive to incoming light direction.

As the eye evolved, it migrated to the side of the head, allowing for directional vision and improved navigation. Remarkably, the original central eye did not vanish; it persists as the pineal gland, found in virtually all vertebrates—from lions to lizards.

In tuataras and certain reptiles, this gland functions similarly to a complete eye, while in fish it remains a basic light sensor. In mammals, we’ve lost this direct light-detecting capability; instead, we interpret light via signals relayed from our eyes.

Some reptiles, such as the silkback bearded dragon shown here, have a pineal gland located on their head – Credit: Getty

Eyes in Front of Me

This evolutionary narrative has unexpected implications. For the retina—the sheet of light-sensitive tissue at the back of the eye—a primitive version likely existed first in the median eye, influencing the development of our own eyes.

However, Baden adds, referring to the median eye as a “real eye” might be misleading. “What you see on your head is more accurately a collection of sensors, like a patch of photoreceptors,” he clarifies.

New research published in Nature suggests our ancestors may have initially possessed four eyes, all equipped with lenses and retinas. The complexity of reconstructing 500 million years of evolutionary history is no small feat, yet Baden is optimistic about uncovering more answers.

“With adequate funding and time, I believe we can test the core aspects of our proposal and possibly arrive at a definitive answer,” he affirms.

Ultimately, one fact remains clear: at the top of our skull, buried and shielded from light, lies a network of cells that once gazed toward the sky—a testament to our fascinating evolutionary journey.

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The Ultimate Weight Loss Hack Nutrition Scientists Recommend for Effortless Results

Posted on May 19, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

When you gather at the dinner table, do you taking just a few bites, burp, and quickly finish your meal, or do you savor every bite with small nibbles?

While we often know our eating speed instinctively, the pace at which you chew significantly affects digestion, weight management, and overall health.

“Research indicates that simply slowing down your eating rate can substantially decrease your energy intake,” says Professor Sarah Berry, a nutritionist at King’s College London.

Research shows that reducing your eating speed by just one-fifth can result in a significant 11% to 15% calorie reduction.

Conversely, those who eat quickly are at a higher risk for obesity, high blood pressure, and type 2 diabetes compared to slower eaters.

Eating slowly with smaller portions can enhance digestion – Credit: Getty

Taking your time at meals can lead to less food intake, weight loss, and better digestion—all without feelings of hunger.

“If there’s one thing I’d change about tonight’s meal, it’s to slow down,” Berry advises.

The Benefits of Eating Slowly

Unlike calorie counting or carb restrictions, eating slowly is a natural weight loss strategy that reduces the desire to overeat.

Simply put, it’s the act of chewing that signals fullness, not just the digestion process. Chewing causes your stomach to stretch and triggers your intestines to release satiety hormones—chemical signals that inform your brain when you’re satisfied.

However, these mechanisms don’t respond immediately.

“These natural processes take time,” notes Professor Ciaran Forde at Wageningen University in the Netherlands, whose research focuses on how sensory input affects eating behavior. “There’s often a delay between eating and when your brain receives fullness signals.”

This lag can create a disconnect between consumption and perceived satiety. Eating too quickly can lead to overconsumption of calories before the brain registers fullness.

“These signals may reach your brain well after you’ve indulged in that 18th cookie, leaving you uncomfortably full,” Forde explains. “By then, it’s too late.”

While we can’t speed up these biological signals, we can create space for them by slowing down our eating pace.

Using chopsticks may encourage smaller bites and slower eating – Credit: Getty

A significant hormone involved in satiety is GLP-1, which is mimicked in popular weight loss medications like Ozempic and Wigovy, signaling your brain that you’re full.

Research from Waseda University in Japan found that participants released more GLP-1 when chewing shredded cabbage compared to swallowing pureed cabbage.

It’s effective in curbing appetite, allowing for less food intake without additional effort. Furthermore, in a 2021 study, Forde’s team discovered that slow eaters not only felt fuller but also exhibited a stronger insulin response to meals, improving their ability to process sugars.

“The initial stage of digestion happens behind the lips, not in the stomach,” Forde explains. “The way you chew can influence how your metabolism functions and your feeling of fullness post-meal, as your body prepares to digest nutrients.”

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Tips for Eating More Slowly

Eating slowly enhances feelings of fullness and optimizes your body’s metabolism. Yet, changing ingrained habits can be challenging.

For Berry, the key is mindfulness. “I often find myself distracted by the TV, which leads me to eat too quickly,” she admits. “We miss out on the family dining experience where we put down our utensils and engage in conversation.”

Eating in front of the TV can distract you from recognizing when you’re full – Credit: Getty

A simple approach is to turn off screens and enjoy meals with family. Engaging in pleasant conversation rather than focusing solely on your plate can create natural pauses in chewing.

Berry also suggests putting down your utensils between bites to help pace yourself.

Additionally, a study revealed that using chopsticks encourages smaller bites, better chewing, and overall slower eating.

Modify Your Diet

Turn off the screen, enjoy family meals, and employ chopsticks—these tactics can significantly improve your chewing habits.

Additionally, focus on making smart food choices that promote slower eating. Opting for chewier foods can naturally extend meal duration and reduce your appetite.

Forde’s research emphasizes this approach, as detailed in a popular study involving 41 healthy adults who participated in two distinct diets for two weeks.

Participants were free to eat as much as they wished, with meals designed for nutrition and taste, differing only in texture.

“We engineered the texture of these meals so that one required slower eating and the other was consumed quickly,” Forde explains.

“To our surprise, when participants weren’t given specific instructions, simply changing their meals to textured foods led them to consume an average of 370 fewer calories per day.” [with more textured food] “When they consumed soft foods, they collectively ingested around 5,200 extra calories over the two weeks. In contrast, the slow-eating diet resulted in adults losing nearly half a kilogram (1 pound) of body fat weekly.”

“These findings are significant, and we achieved this without issuing directives,” Forde states. “There were no labels or public health warnings—only the foods themselves drove the results.”

Soft, creamy, and sugary foods can lead to excessive calorie consumption – Credit: Getty

This means prioritizing crunchy meals over softer options, such as selecting crunchy rolls instead of soft buns, crispy roasted veggies over steamed ones, and grilled chicken instead of nuggets.

Forde emphasizes avoiding energy-dense, soft-textured foods and sugary drinks that you can consume quickly.

“Using excessive oil or sauce makes dishes easier to eat rapidly,” he warns. “High-fat, sweet, and creamy options can be inhaled effortlessly, leading to overconsumption. Before you know it, you’ve devoured three marshmallow tea cakes!”

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Source: www.sciencefocus.com

Scientists Reveal the Largest Human Organ: What You Need to Know

Posted on May 16, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Some scientists propose that the stroma is the largest organ in the human body, although this perspective is somewhat debated. Stay tuned for a detailed explanation.

The stroma, a recently discovered component of our anatomy, has only been identified in the last decade, leaving many unaware of its existence.

So, what exactly is stroma, where can it be found, and what functions does it serve?

Consider the stroma a vast network of channels that navigate around and between our cells and tissues, essentially the ‘spaces within spaces.’

These fluid-filled channels perform multiple functions: they buffer and support tissues, facilitate the transport of oxygen, nutrients, and waste, and play an integral role in our immune system.

Prior to 2018, this network was primarily viewed as simple interstitial fluid. While significant, researchers did not recognize it as a distinct organ or organized system. This notion changed when a groundbreaking paper compelled biologists to rethink their understanding.

Digital illustration depicting the interstitial network beneath the skin, showcasing fluid-filled channels interwoven among connective tissue scaffolds. – Photo credit: Getty

The study employed an advanced imaging method known as confocal laser endoscopy, which allows for real-time visualization of bodily functions. The importance of this real-time aspect underlines how we’ve historically overlooked crucial components of human anatomy.

During biopsies or autopsies, researchers often find that the tissues they evaluate are in a “disintegrated” state, as the interstitial fluid is typically expelled in laboratory settings.

Confocal laser endoscopy enables a three-dimensional view of bodily functions, revealing that this fluid doesn’t merely flow through compressed tissues. Instead, researchers observed open, interconnected channels supported by a scaffold of collagen and elastin fibers—a previously unseen aspect of anatomy.

Since the discovery of the stroma, discussions regarding its nature and function have intensified. For example, it could serve as a type of intracellular buffer.

These channels drain into lymph nodes, playing a significant role in waste removal and potentially acting as communication pathways within the body. They may also be involved in immune responses or serve as transport vehicles for white blood cells and cancer cells spread throughout the body. Additionally, they may contribute to swelling and inflammation.

Since the pivotal 2018 paper, debate has arisen about whether the stroma qualifies as an organ in its own right. Its spongy structure and multifunctionality contribute to this classification.

Estimates suggest that the stroma could encompass as much as 20% of the body’s volume.

Conversely, others argue that it is not a standalone organ but rather an intricate refinement of an existing network that carries out essential bodily functions.

Regardless, we are in the early stages of research, and scientists are just beginning to unravel how the stroma impacts our health and whether it might offer new avenues for treatments and medications.

This article answers the question posed by Joel Percival from Sutton Coldfield: “What is stroma?”

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Scientists Discover Vocal Fry is More Prevalent in Men

Posted on May 14, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Vocal Fry: Challenging Stereotypes about Women’s Speech

Cavan Image/Alamy

Vocal Fry and Squeaky Voices — Vocal Fry: Challenging Stereotypes about Women’s Speech

Cavan Image/Alamy

Have you tuned into a podcast or scrolled through TikTok? If so, you’ve likely encountered vocal fry—a unique sound produced when speaking in a deep vocal range. Although commonly linked with young women, recent research reveals a lack of substantial evidence supporting this stereotype.

Vocal fry happens when vocal cords are relaxed, leading to a distinct sound as airflow decreases towards the end of a statement. However, in popular culture, this phenomenon is often viewed negatively, particularly concerning young women. A recent study by Jeanne Brown and her team at McGill University, Montreal, is encouraging a reconsideration of these biases.

The researchers analyzed voice recordings from 49 Canadians obtained online, focusing on specific acoustic markers characteristic of youthful voices, such as tonal irregularities. Surprisingly, these vocal traits were found to be more common in men. Additionally, the study indicated that vocal squeakiness tends to increase with age, demonstrating that being young or female does not define the squeakiest voices.

Professor Brown stated that previous studies also align with their findings on vocal squeaks as acoustic features, but the reason behind their association with women remains unclear. “Perhaps the way we process the acoustic signals influences our perception of women’s voices,” she noted.

To explore this further, 40 participants listened to audio samples featuring manipulated voices that varied in squeakiness and gender ambiguity. Participants could identify the squeaky sound but struggled to attribute it exclusively to either gender. Brown’s research was presented at the Acoustical Society of America meeting on May 14th in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

“Both controlled studies did not support the theory that women’s voices are inherently louder,” Brown explained.

Researchers including Lisa Davidson from New York University found that while people generally recognize squeaky voices accurately, biases based on social and cultural factors influence perception. Age also played a role; older individuals often rated squeaky voices less favorably compared to younger listeners. “It’s noteworthy that negative media portrayals rarely mention annoying male voices,” Davidson emphasized.

“Perceptions surrounding vocal fry and squeaky voices extend beyond sound,” remarked Brown. “Judgments may stem from societal interpretations about the individuals behind the voices, including the social groups they are perceived to represent.”

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Scientists Develop Advanced ‘Mind-Reading’ Hearing System to Enhance Clarity in Noisy Environments

Posted on May 12, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Groundbreaking research by American scientists has unveiled a revolutionary device that interprets brain signals to automatically amplify the desired voice. This innovative technology could serve as a vital solution for the 430 million individuals globally affected by disabling hearing loss.

Participants wearing intracranial electrodes engaged in two overlapping conversations, while their neural activity was processed in real time. The system selectively amplified the participant’s chosen speech by leveraging low frequency (LF) and high gamma (HF) features. Image credit: Choudhari et al., doi: 10.1038/s41593-026-02281-5.

Deciphering speech amidst background noise is one of the primary challenges in auditory neuroscience and technology.

In noisy settings, individuals utilize selective attention to concentrate on the target speaker while filtering out competing voices and ambient noise.

Traditional hearing aids often fall short because they lack the ability to understand the listener’s preferences, thus amplifying all sounds indiscriminately. This results in limited effectiveness in real-world environments, leading to decreased user adoption and social isolation.

“Our innovative system functions as a neural extension of the user, harnessing the brain’s inherent skill to filter sounds in complex environments and dynamically isolate the desired speech,” stated Columbia University researcher Dr. Nima Mesgarani.

“This advancement enables us to envision a future beyond conventional hearing aids, moving towards technology that can restore the brain’s sophisticated ability to selectively hear.

In their study, Dr. Mesgarani and his team collaborated with surgeons and epilepsy patients undergoing brain surgery to accurately identify seizure triggers.

Patients who volunteered for the study had pre-implanted electrodes, enabling the team to monitor brain activity while attendees focused on overlapping conversations occurring simultaneously.

The system could detect the conversation the patient concentrated on and automatically adjusted the volume in real time, amplifying the chosen dialogue while reducing others.

One volunteer described the experience of controlling a brain-activated system as astonishing, even questioning if researchers were secretly adjusting the volume.

Others expressed excitement about the potential benefits for their hearing-impaired friends and family members, with one participant remarking, “It’s like science fiction.”

“A key unanswered question was whether brain-controlled hearing technology could evolve from theoretical models to practical prototypes that enhance hearing in real time,” Dr. Vishal Chaudhary of Columbia University noted.

“We demonstrate for the first time that a system leveraging brain signals for selective speech enhancement can provide significant real-time advantages.”

“This innovation transitions brain-controlled hearing from concept to practical application.”

Researchers have developed a fast machine learning algorithm capable of identifying which conversations patients are engaged in by analyzing their brain waves.

Once implemented, the system can swiftly determine which dialogues each listener focuses on to enhance clarity.

This capability was evident both when researchers directed participants to specific conversations and when participants freely selected, mirroring real-world interactions.

“To function effectively in real time, the system must be exceptionally fast, accurate, and stable, ensuring a comfortable experience for the listener,” Dr. Mesgarani emphasized.

Find the team’s research published in the latest edition of Nature Neuroscience.

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V. Choudhary et al. Real-time brain-controlled selective hearing enhances speech recognition in multi-speaker environments. Nature Neuroscience published online on May 11, 2026. doi: 10.1038/s41593-026-02281-5

Source: www.sci.news

Exploring Eurovision: Scientists Analyze 1,763 Songs for Nostalgia and Emotional Impact

Posted on May 7, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Feedback from New Scientist

Welcome to New Scientist, your trusted source for the latest in science and technology news. If you have feedback or items that may interest our readers, please reach out via email at feedback@newscientist.com.

Eurovision 2026: Are You Ready?

The highly anticipated 2026 Eurovision Song Contest is fast approaching, with the grand finale set for Saturday, May 16th. Whether you’re a fan or not, get ready for an entertaining spectacle!

Coinciding with this buzz, a comprehensive study published in Royal Society Open Science delves into the rich history of Eurovision. Researchers analyzed data from every contest between 1956 and 2024, totaling 1,763 songs. They categorized entries by various musical attributes, including language, themes, lyrics, and genre, utilizing AI tools for analysis. It’s hard to ignore the auditory implications of such a massive dataset!

The analysis unearthed intriguing insights, revealing that past research identified 12 major themes prevalent in popular songs, such as desire, heartbreak, and pain. However, only 11 themes are reflected in the Eurovision entries, as researchers excluded the theme ‘Jaded’ for being underrepresented.

The data also shows a significant decline in songs expressing nostalgia, while themes of pain, rebellion, despair, confusion, and escapism have become more prominent over the years. The 1970s marked a notable rise in songs depicting disorder and escapism, reflecting the societal crises of that era. However, the increase in ‘pain’ themes began not until the 2000s, post-Great Recession, suggesting a correlation.

Interestingly, songs have shifted from acoustic to electronic styles, with a growing prevalence of English lyrics over national languages. This trend indicates that Eurovision participants are deliberately aligning their entries with the winning formula established by past champions.

There are notable exceptions, as countries like France, Italy, Portugal, and Spain continue to champion their native languages, suggesting a deeper cultural rationale beyond mere competition.

The researchers conclude by emphasizing the notion of “organizational learning” among Eurovision participants, reflecting an ongoing adaptation to the competition landscape. Feedback sees this as a testament to the enduring allure of the contest.

Moss Appeal: A Niche Attraction

In a previous article, we discussed a park filled with intricate foraminiferal carvings and pondered the existence of niche science-themed attractions. This inspired reader John Wilson to share information about the Serenity Moss Garden in North Carolina.

Spanning about 900 square meters, this moss-covered mountainside offers visitors a unique experience, though John humorously described it as “more like a climate-controlled box” rather than a traditional museum.

Feedback realizes that our quest for niche appeal may have been too limited. Are there any other unique attractions, such as a museum dedicated to Plecopteran (stoneflies) or specialized exhibits featuring beach pebbles?

New Math? A Logical Dilemma

Regardless of our professional backgrounds, math can sometimes overwhelm us. Navigating concepts like converting square kilometers to square meters can be perplexing.

Recently, U.S. Secretary of Health Robert F. Kennedy Jr. faced scrutiny for claiming a 600% decrease in drug prices, an assertion deemed mathematically implausible by rival politicians.

Feedback believes RFK Jr. has been misled. A 100% drop suggests prices have plummeted to zero, a mathematical limit. In theory, this could even lead to negative pricing, but the complexities of rate changes should ideally be left to mathematicians.

In a curious twist, RFK Jr. stated, “If that drug goes from $100 to $600, that’s a 600% price increase.” This form of reasoning feels like a new, perplexing brand of logic—while the premises hold, the conclusion is unmistakably flawed.

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Top 5 Secret Locations Kept Under Lock and Key by Governments and Scientists

Posted on May 2, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Curiosity often leads us to explore places deemed off-limits, yet these areas have compelling reasons for their restricted access.

From hazardous materials to priceless artifacts, uncover the science behind some of the world’s most restricted zones.

Elephant’s Foot

The Elephant’s Foot is a two-ton mass of molten material under reactor 4 at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant in Ukraine. Image courtesy of Getty Images.

Known as one of the most radioactive substances in history, the Elephant’s Foot is a two-ton mass of molten material found beneath reactor 4 at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant, Ukraine.

Composed of a rare mixture known as corium, it combines molten reactor core and nuclear fuel.

When discovered in 1986, its extreme radioactivity posed a lethal threat, with exposure times less than three minutes dangerous.

Although radioactive decay reduces its risk over time, it remains hazardous. Large-scale steel and concrete barriers have been erected to contain radiation, and access to the site is strictly controlled.

Svalbard Global Seed Vault

This secure underground facility protects some of the world’s most vital biological samples.

Located beneath permafrost on a mountainside in Spitsbergen, the Global Seed Vault safeguards over one million seeds.

The Svalbard Global Seed Vault in the Arctic contains 1.4 million seeds from over 6,000 species. Very few seeds are removed. Image courtesy of Getty Images.

Its mission is to preserve the genetic material of crops and wild species, providing a backup in case other seed banks globally suffer damage from disasters, wars, or diseases.

Lascaux Cave

Located in southern France, access to the Lascaux Cave is restricted to a select few authorized individuals, due to its archaeological significance.

This cave network was initially open to the public, attracting thousands daily. However, the influx of visitors caused significant damage to the prehistoric art.

The rise in carbon dioxide levels and heat from visitors created an ideal environment for fungi and lichens, further threatening the artwork.

In 1963, the caves were closed to protect the delicate rock art, and air conditioning was installed for preservation.

Zone Rouge

Covering over 1,200 km² in northeastern France (Zone Rouge), this region has been closed since World War I.

These former battlefields are filled with unexploded ordnance, and the soil is contaminated with heavy metals like mercury and arsenic from discarded weaponry.

The ‘Zone Rouge’ still bears the scars of World War I, filled with unexploded ordnance. Image courtesy of Alamy.

In the most affected regions, the soil contains up to 300 shells per hectare, and cleanup crews estimate it will take at least 300 years for complete remediation.

Surtsey Island

Access to this uninhabited island in the Atlantic Ocean is exclusive to a select number of scientists.

Formed during an undersea volcanic eruption in 1963, Surtsey has been carefully studied for its unique ecological significance.

Scientists continue to document the colonization of hundreds of species of plants, providing valuable insights into natural processes.

This article answers the question from Reba Ranka of Birmingham: “What is the most secret place that scientists have sealed off?”

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2026 Expected to Be Hottest Year on Record, According to Leading Scientists

Posted on May 1, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Wildfires in Patagonia, Argentina, are a significant concern in 2026 due to extreme weather conditions.

Credit: Thomas Cuesta/AFP via Getty Images

Experts predict that 2026 could become the hottest year on record, attributed to climate change and the emerging El Niño phenomenon, which is expected to elevate temperatures even further.

Records indicate that these temperatures will surpass the 1.5°C threshold above pre-industrial levels by 2024.

In the latter half of 2026, the onset of the El Niño phenomenon will likely be felt. This natural climate stage, characterized by the warming of equatorial Pacific waters, influences global temperatures. Some predictions suggest a “Super El Niño,” potentially the strongest recorded, could result in unprecedented temperature spikes in 2027.

Renowned climatologist James Hansen from Columbia University warned Congress in 1988 about human-induced climate warming. Current discussions among his colleagues reflect concerns that 2027 may become even hotter than forecasted.Read more here.

Currently, La Niña, the global climate phenomenon that cools temperatures, temporarily mitigates warming. The initial months of 2026 were approximately 0.1°C cooler than the same period in 2024. To outdo 2024, the latter half of this year must be exceptionally warm.

Based on projections from early 2026, Zeke Hausfather at Berkeley Earth estimates that 2026 will be around 1.47°C above the pre-industrial average, making it the second hottest year recorded.

However, Hansen and his team believe this is an underestimation. They argue that lowering air pollution, which allows more sunlight to warm the planet, is accelerating global warming beyond current models.

In their recent analysis, they highlighted that sea surface temperatures—which are less influenced by short-term weather fluctuations—are now 0.17 degrees Celsius warmer than in 2023. This increase is more substantial than the 0.11 °C rise observed in 2024 compared to 2023.

“The temperature gap is significant enough to suggest that 2026 may indeed become the hottest year recorded,” they assert.

Not all scientists share this certainty. The UK’s Met Office, as predicted in December, projected that 2026 temperatures would reach 1.46°C above pre-industrial levels, with variability between 1.34°C to 1.58°C. Thus, it’s still uncertain if 2026 will surpass the 1.55°C registered in 2024, according to Adam Scaife of the Japan Meteorological Agency.

“Given the temporal uncertainties, providing a probability is wise,” Scaife commented. “Absolute confidence is impossible.”

As the equatorial Pacific continues warming and El Niño probabilities increase, the likelihood of record-breaking global temperatures rises. Yet forecasters still anticipate a wide array of potential outcomes, says John Kennedy from the World Meteorological Organization. “Hansen’s projection is definitive, but it represents one of many forecasting methods.”

In a recent blog post, Hausfather revealed a 26% chance that 2026 will set a new temperature record, alongside a 56% chance of being the second hottest year.

Scaife underscores Hansen’s legitimate concern regarding rapid warming, suggesting that the increased sensitivity of the climate to carbon dioxide emissions may outpace predictions. “If humanity’s climate sensitivity is higher than assumed, we could witness serious implications for future climate patterns,” he remarked.

No matter the precise figures on Earth’s temperatures, the world is likely bracing for more extreme weather conditions as El Niño impacts escalate. Regions such as Australia, Southeast Asia, south-central Africa, India, and the Amazon rainforest are poised to face severe heatwaves, droughts, and wildfires.

“A consensus exists that El Niño will trigger unprecedented levels of global warming,” one expert concluded. “The combination of these factors could lead to extraordinary weather events later this year.”

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Scientists Uncover Terrifying ‘Kraken’: The True Apex Predator of the Dinosaur Era

Posted on April 24, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Scientists have recently uncovered that giant octopuses, reaching lengths of up to 19 meters (62 feet), were the true apex predators of the ocean during the dinosaur era.

In a groundbreaking study published in the magazine Science, researchers examined the fossilized jaws of two octopus species: Nanaimoteutis Zeretsky and N. Hagarty. These fossils were recovered from Late Cretaceous deposits dating back 100 million to 72 million years ago.

The extensive wear observed on the jaws of these adult specimens indicates that these colossal creatures were powerful, active carnivores, capable of crushing hard shells and bones. The largest octopuses of this time rivaled the size of the ocean’s largest marine reptiles.

According to Yasuhiro Iba, an associate professor at Hokkaido University, “They lived in the oceans during the age of the dinosaurs, alongside marine reptiles, large fish, sharks, ammonites, and large-shelled animals” as reported by BBC Science Focus.

Nanaimoteutis likely utilized its impressive size and extended arms for capturing prey while employing its powerful jaws to crush shells and bones, making it a formidable, intelligent predator at the top of the ocean food web.

In their research, scientists discovered 12 previously hidden octopus jaws through an innovative technique called digital fossil mining. This method transforms the interiors of rocks into high-resolution image datasets, allowing AI to create 3D models of fossils.

Unlike sharks and reptiles, this giant was at the top of the food chain despite its soft body – Photo courtesy of Hokkaido University

According to Iba, this advanced method can enhance fossil discovery rates by over 10,000 times compared to traditional techniques.

The asymmetrical wear on these jaws suggests a potential unilateral preference, indicating that these ancient octopuses may have exhibited behaviors similar to modern species, such as arm and eye preference, implying a remarkable level of intelligence.

These remarkable creatures might be the largest invertebrates ever recorded, earning Iba’s team the nickname “Cretaceous Kraken.”

However, the descendants of these octopuses now inhabit the depths of the ocean, having been displaced by newer generations of apex predators.

As Iba noted, “It was probably overtaken by a modern predator, such as a whale.”

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Source: www.sciencefocus.com

Scientists Unveil Insights into One of the Oldest Neanderthal Communities

Posted on April 21, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Recent studies of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) from eight fossils unearthed in Poland’s Stazynia Cave unveil a tightly-knit community of Neanderthals who inhabited the region approximately 100,000 years ago. This discovery offers one of the most definitive genetic insights into a singular prehistoric group in Europe.

Approximately 100,000 years ago, at least seven Neanderthals inhabited Stazynia Cave in modern Poland. Image credit: Tyler B. Tretsven.

Located at 359 meters altitude, Stazynia Cave lies between the villages of Milow and Boborice on the Krakow-Częstochowa Plateau in southern Poland.

This limestone cave is defined by its narrow entrance and is a site of significant archaeological interest.

From 2007 to 2010, excavations were meticulously conducted over an area of approximately 16 square meters in the cave’s rear.

Among the critical discoveries were nine human teeth, five of which have been confirmed as Neanderthal remains.

In this groundbreaking study, Professor Andrea Pisin from the University of Bologna and colleagues successfully extracted and analyzed mtDNA from the nine fossils.

The findings suggest these fossils belonged to at least seven, and potentially eight, Neanderthals.

Interestingly, three of the specimens shared identical mtDNA, indicating a close relation or possibly sharing maternal lineage.

Through detailed analysis of their genetic patterns, researchers estimate that this group thrived during a warm interglacial period between approximately 120,000 and 92,500 years ago.

This research makes them the oldest known Neanderthal group identified genetically in central Europe.

“This is a groundbreaking result; we can now observe a small community of at least seven Neanderthals in central and eastern Europe who lived around 100,000 years ago,” stated Professor Pisin.

“Typically, Neanderthal genetic data is derived from isolated fossils or various sites scattered over time; here at Stazynia, we can reconstruct a miniature population, presenting the first cohesive genetic perspective of Neanderthals in this European region.”

Dr. Violeta Nowaczewska from the University of Wrocław and Dr. Adam Nadaczewski from the Institute of Animal Systematics and Evolution at the Polish Academy of Sciences noted, “Stazynia Cave has long been recognized for its exceptional preservation, but these findings have surpassed our expectations.”

The identification of this small, ancient Neanderthal population at such a complex site marks a significant milestone in Polish research and Neanderthal studies in Europe.

Researchers discovered that Neanderthals sharing similar genetic traits also resided in regions as distant as southeastern France, the Iberian Peninsula, and northern Caucasus, suggesting a once-wide-ranging maternal lineage that was later supplanted by other genetic groups.

“Particularly intriguing is the shared mtDNA found in two juvenile teeth and one adult tooth, indicating they may be closely related,” remarked Dr. Mateja Hadjdinjak from the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.

Furthermore, comparisons with a Neanderthal known as Thorin, excavated from France’s Mandolin Cave, show strikingly similar mtDNA, although Thorin is estimated to be around 50,000 years old.

“This study serves as a reminder to approach ancient timelines with caution,” advised Professor Sala Talamo from the University of Bologna. “As radiocarbon dating approaches calibration limits, it becomes crucial to not assign undue precision to the data.”

“Therefore, integrating archaeology, radiocarbon dating, and genetic data is essential.”

These results were published in this week’s edition of Current Biology.

_____

Andrea Pisin et al. For the first time, multiple Neanderthal mitogenomes have been discovered in the northern Carpathians. Current Biology published online on April 20, 2026. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2026.03.069

Source: www.sci.news

Scientists Explore Plant-Based Solutions for Soil Remediation | Sciworthy

Posted on April 17, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Industrial processes like mining, smelting, and electronics manufacturing generate significant environmental waste, contaminating soil with toxic metals detrimental to plant and animal life..

The removal of contaminated soil can be complex and costly. Traditional soil disposal methods, such as landfilling, often lead to diminished soil quality. To address these challenges, scientists and agricultural experts are exploring innovative plant-based solutions for effective soil remediation. One prevalent method involves the use of metal-absorbing plants, known as phytoremediation. Enhancing these plants with growth-promoting microorganisms boosts root development and nutrient uptake, thereby fostering better plant growth.

In addition to phytoremediation, farmers utilize treatments produced by pyrolyzing organic matter under low-oxygen conditions, referred to as biochar. Biochar effectively binds heavy metals present in the soil, thus reducing their toxicity. However, research on the combined impact of microorganisms and biochar for soil remediation remains limited.

A research team in Portugal conducted experiments to explore whether the phytoremediation effectiveness of biochar could be enhanced through the addition of specific microorganisms. They investigated the effects of two microbial strains: the bacteria Pseudomonas liatans EDP28 and the fungi Rhizoglomus irregulare, both recognized for their plant growth-promoting qualities.

The research aimed to determine if treating the soil could mitigate copper contamination and enhance sunflower growth in areas impacted by mining activities. The average copper concentration in harvested soil from Portuguese mines was found to be 1,080 milligrams per kilogram (mg/kg), significantly exceeding the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s recommended range of 100 to 300 mg/kg.

The experimental setup took place in a controlled greenhouse environment. Researchers tested three microbial treatments: P. Reactance bacteria, R. Irregular fungi, and a mixture of both. They combined contaminated mine soil with each microbial treatment and introduced five sunflower seedlings per pot, along with varying doses of biochar at 0%, 2.5%, and 5% by weight. This resulted in a total of 12 experimental treatments, including controls without biochar or microorganisms.

After a 12-week growth period, the researchers assessed sunflower growth by measuring chlorophyll levels, the green pigment essential for photosynthesis. Using specialized equipment, they shined red and infrared light through the leaves and discovered that while adding biochar did not significantly alter chlorophyll levels, the microbial inoculum enhanced chlorophyll content and subsequently improved photosynthetic capacity.

Further analysis included measuring the lengths of roots and shoots, followed by drying the plants to calculate their total dry weight. Results indicated that the addition of biochar negatively impacted plant growth; sunflowers treated with 2.5% and 5% biochar exhibited 22% and 26% shorter shoots, along with 46% and 49% less shoot mass compared to controls.

Conversely, microbial inoculants, particularly the combination of bacteria and fungi, mitigated the detrimental effects of biochar on plant growth. When compared to sunflowers grown without microorganisms, the mixed inoculum enhanced shoot length by 48% and 45% and boosted shoot dry biomass by 122% and 137% at 2.5% and 5% biochar treatments, respectively.

Copper concentrations were analyzed by dissolving the soil, plant roots, and shoots in water and acid, followed by evaporating the sample using flame atomic absorption spectroscopy..

The findings revealed that copper levels were consistently higher in the roots than in the shoots across all treatments. Biochar application increased root copper concentration by an average of 38% compared to control plants lacking biochar. This finding contradicts previous studies suggesting that biochar impedes metal uptake in plants.

However, microorganisms displayed inconsistent effects on copper levels; the mixed inoculum increased root copper concentrations by 51% in the 2.5% biochar treatment, but did not influence copper levels in the 5% biochar treatment.

In conclusion, the researchers posited that biochar enhances the phytoremediation capabilities of sunflowers by increasing copper accumulation in the roots, albeit resulting in reduced sunflower growth. Conversely, the presence of microbes boosts chlorophyll content, significantly enhancing both plant growth and photosynthetic activity. The research team advocates for future large-scale field studies involving microbial inoculants and biochar to explore their practical applications in real-world soil remediation efforts.

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Breakthrough: First-Ever Mapping of All Clitoral Nerves by Scientists

Posted on April 15, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Decades after mapping the nerves of the penis, scientists have successfully mapped the nerves in the clitoris, according to new research that is pending peer review.

Researchers from the University of Amsterdam in the Netherlands utilized a groundbreaking X-ray imaging technique to produce three-dimensional maps of the clitoral nerves in two women.

The lead author, Dr. Lee Joo-young, a postdoctoral researcher in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, stated that this study could significantly enhance our understanding of clitoral function.

“A thorough comprehension of anatomy is fundamental to understanding physiological function,” she explained to BBC Science Focus. “With improved knowledge of anatomy, we can pose more insightful questions about physiology. This study is particularly intriguing from a scientific perspective.”

The researchers believe that their findings could help surgeons avoid clitoral injuries during pelvic procedures, including childbirth, gender reassignment surgery, and reconstructive surgeries following female genital mutilation.

The anatomical map was derived from specialized imaging of the pelvises of two women who donated their bodies to the University of Amsterdam after their passing.

Lee’s research team employed CT scans paired with extremely bright X-rays to trace the paths of the clitoral nerves with unprecedented precision—up to one-thousandth of a millimeter (1/25,000th of an inch).

This detailed mapping revealed that the major sensory nerve, known as the dorsal clitoral nerve (DNC), branches outwards in a tree-like pattern towards the external structures of the clitoris.

The dorsal clitoral nerve (DNC) is shown in yellow, marking a significant advancement in understanding clitoral anatomy. – Credit: Ju Young Lee et al. 2026

Contrary to previous beliefs that the DNC was tapered, this study indicates that the nerve extends toward both the clitoral foreskin and the skin above it.

Nonetheless, as this study examined only the anatomy of two postmenopausal women, the results may not accurately reflect the entirety of clitoral nerve anatomy.

This research aligns with broader studies that are reshaping our understanding of women’s reproductive biology.

For instance, recent discoveries indicate that the clitoris is at least twice the size typically depicted in anatomy textbooks, with a nerve density that can be up to 15 times greater than that of the penis.

Observations of clitoral nerves from a different perspective. – Credit: Ju Young Lee et al. 2026

Dr. Lee emphasized that her research serves as a “starting point for clitoral science,” highlighting the many mysteries yet to be unraveled. Until recently, the clitoris has received insufficient scientific focus.

“There are 20 times more scientific publications on the glans penis than on the glans clitoris,” Lee stated, referring to the highly sensitive regions of these anatomical structures that are rich in nerve endings.

“This stark contrast underscores the lack of attention given to the clitoris,” she remarked, expressing hope for the growth of clitoral science.

“I encourage readers to explore their own anatomy,” Lee added. “Unlike the penis, which is easily visible, observing the clitoris requires the aid of a mirror. We recommend using a mirror to familiarize yourself with your anatomy.”

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Source: www.sciencefocus.com

Bumblebees Astonish Scientists with Their Impressive Sense of Rhythm

Posted on April 3, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Buff-tailed Bumblebee on Artificial Flowers

Honey bee laboratory at Southern Medical University

Buff-tailed bumblebee on artificial flower — Buff-tailed Bumblebee on Artificial Flowers

Honey bee laboratory at Southern Medical University

Bumblebees exhibit remarkable abilities by recognizing Morse code-like patterns of flashing lights and vibrations, showcasing a unique sense of rhythm not previously documented in such small-brained animals.

This capacity to discern flexible and abstract rhythms, such as varying tempos or styles, has only been observed in select birds and mammals, including primates like parrots, songbirds, and chimpanzees.

Andrew Baron and his research team from Macquarie University in Sydney, Australia, found that buff-tailed bumblebees (Western bumblebee), despite their less intricate brains, can comprehend a range of diverse rhythms.

In their initial experiment, these bumblebees were trained to select between two artificial flowers with flashing LED lights. One flower emitted prolonged flashes while the other produced short pulses, reminiscent of Morse code. One flower contained a reward (sucrose) while the other housed an unpleasant substance (quinine).

After mastering the distinction between the rewarding and punishing flowers, the bees were further tested on flowers containing just water. Remarkably, nearly all bees still chose the flowers that produced the type of flashes they previously associated with sucrose.

Next, the scientists complicated the experiment by employing different flashing patterns for each flower, such as dash, dash, dot, dot, dash, dot, dash. The bees still successfully identified the variations.

However, what astonished researchers were the results that followed. The artificial flowers were substituted with a maze featuring a vibrating floor at the junction of two paths.

“If it vibrates dot-dash-dot-dash, that signals a right turn for sugar,” Baron explains. “We demonstrated to them that certain rhythms indicated left turns while others indicated right turns, and they learned this successfully.”

In the final phase, the researchers halted training and replaced the vibrating floor with LED lights that mimicked the same patterns. “Though not every bee grasped the concept individually, as a collective, we proved that they could transition from vibrations to light pulses,” Baron notes.

This indicates that the bumblebees recognized the rhythm regardless of its representation, be it through light flashes or vibrations.

Until now, abstract rhythmic understanding was thought to necessitate a larger brain, Baron stated. Understanding how bumblebees perform this with their diminutive brains could transform how small drones and similar autonomous devices perceive their environments.

“This study suggests there might be simpler cognitive mechanisms at play,” Baron reflects. “It’s extraordinary that a bee can abstract rhythm with such a small brain.”

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Scientists Discover Possible Signatures of the Universe’s First Stars

Posted on April 2, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

An Artist’s Impression of Star Formation in the Early Universe

Adolf Schaller STScI/NASA

Astronomers have gained an unprecedented insight into some of the universe’s first stars, known as “Population III” stars. These primordial stars could significantly enhance our understanding of the early universe, including their mass and influence on subsequent star formation.

Predicted to be composed almost entirely of hydrogen and helium, these ancient stars were colossal—hundreds of times the size of our Sun—and reached scorching temperatures of tens of thousands of degrees.

Despite their crucial role in cosmic history, most Population III stars had short lifespans, leading to their explosions, and astronomers have not conclusively identified galaxies rich in these stars due to their extremely early existence.

Recently, Roberto Maiorino and researchers at the University of Cambridge uncovered that the Hebe Galaxy, which formed just 400 million years post-Big Bang, aligns perfectly with characteristics of a Population III galaxy.

It contains no detectable elements heavier than hydrogen or helium, and the emitted light concentrates around specific frequencies tied to helium, a signature only achievable through extremely hot stars like the Population III. “As we understand it, a Population III star seems to be the most plausible explanation,” stated Maiorino. “Any other explanations fall short.”

The Hebe Galaxy was initially identified in 2024 through observations made with the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST). While its spectrum initially suggested lines of ionized helium indicative of a Population III star, doubt lingered regarding the reality of these lines or the presence of heavier metals.

Further JWST observations revealed a second line linked to ionized hydrogen from the same source, confirming the presence of helium.

“We invested significant time analyzing the data to validate this line detection,” said Hannah Uebler from Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich. “Discovering the peak in ionized hydrogen without additional detection was a pleasant surprise, confirming our previous claims of helium and hydrogen indicating a Population III scenario.”

The compelling results suggest we are witnessing a very hot object, consistent with expectations for a Population III star. Daniel Whalen, studying at the University of Portsmouth, UK, notes that while findings are promising, precision remains insufficient to exclude heavy elements typical of more mature Population II stars.

A galaxy populated predominantly by Population III stars, as anticipated by Maiorino and his team, poses challenges even in existing simulations of early universe conditions. These simulations indicate that initial stars typically formed in isolated, sparse clusters.

“This is not merely a quest to claim we found Population III stars,” said Maiorino. “We have gained significant insights already.” If Hebe’s stars are confirmed as Population III, it could yield vital knowledge about the universe’s infancy.

Maiorino and his team have leveraged early observations from Hebe to infer that most of the original stars had masses between 10 to 100 times that of the Sun, with significantly fewer being smaller.

Topics:

Source: www.newscientist.com

Exploring Plant-Based Soil Remediation: Insights from Scientists – Sciworthy

Posted on March 26, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Industrial activities, including mining, smelting, and electronics manufacturing, generate significant environmental waste that contaminates soil. These wastes often contain toxic metals detrimental to both flora and fauna..

Soil remediation can be a complex undertaking. Conventional methods, like landfilling contaminated soil, are costly and can degrade soil quality. To address these issues, researchers and farmers are exploring innovative plant-based solutions for soil cleanup, notably through a process called Phytoremediation, which involves the use of plants that absorb heavy metals. Enhancing these plants with growth-promoting microorganisms bolsters root development and nutrient accessibility, subsequently boosting plant vitality.

In addition to phytoremediation, farmers utilize treatments derived from burning organic matter in low-oxygen conditions, known as biochar. Biochar effectively binds heavy metals in the soil, reducing their toxicity to plants. However, there is limited research on the synergistic effects of combining microorganisms with biochar for soil remediation.

A research team from Portugal conducted experiments to determine if combining biochar with microorganisms could enhance phytoremediation effectiveness. They examined the effects of biochar augmented with two specific microorganisms: the bacteria Pseudomonas liatans EDP28 and the fungi Rhizoglomus irregulare, both recognized for their plant growth-promoting capabilities.

The objective was to assess whether soil treatments could decrease copper contamination and enhance sunflower growth in mined soil, which contained an average of 1,080 milligrams per kilogram (mg/kg) of copper—over three times the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s recommended limit of 100 to 300 mg/kg.

In a controlled greenhouse setting, the researchers established experiments involving three different microbial treatments: P. Reactance bacteria, R. Irregular fungi, and a blended microbial treatment combining both. They prepared pots with contaminated mine soil, added these microbial treatments, and introduced sunflower seedlings, along with varying doses of biochar (0%, 2.5%, and 5% by weight). This resulted in 12 unique treatments, including three with only biochar, three with just microorganisms, and one control without any additives.

After a period of 12 weeks, the researchers evaluated the growth of sunflower seedlings. They began by measuring chlorophyll, the green pigment crucial for photosynthesis. Using a specialized machine that transmits red and infrared light through the leaves, they found that while biochar did not influence chlorophyll levels, the microbial inoculum significantly increased chlorophyll content, thereby enhancing the plants’ photosynthetic capacity.

Subsequently, they measured the length of the plants’ roots and shoots before drying them to calculate total dry weight. Surprisingly, biochar addition appeared to hinder plant growth; sunflowers with 2.5% and 5% biochar exhibited shoot lengths that were 22% and 26% shorter and had shoot masses that were 46% and 49% less, respectively, compared to those grown without biochar.

However, the microbial inoculants, especially the mixed bacteria and fungi combination, mitigated the adverse effects of biochar and actually promoted plant growth. Compared to plants without microorganisms, those receiving the mixed inoculum showed an increase of 48% and 45% in shoot length and a boost of 122% and 137% in dry biomass at 2.5% and 5% biochar treatments, respectively.

Copper content was assessed by dissolving soil, roots, and shoots in water and acid, followed by flame atomic absorption spectroscopy to quantify copper atoms. Results revealed higher copper concentrations in plant roots than in shoots across all treatments, with biochar-treated plants having root copper levels that increased by an average of 38% compared to controls. This contrasted with earlier studies suggesting biochar might hinder metal uptake.

Interestingly, the effects of microorganisms on copper levels proved inconsistent. The mixed inoculum raised root copper concentrations by 51% in the 2.5% biochar treatment, while it had no significant impact in the 5% scenario.

In conclusion, biochar enhanced the phytoremediation efficiency of sunflowers by boosting copper accumulation in roots, albeit at the expense of plant growth. Conversely, microbes enhanced the chlorophyll content, benefiting both growth and photosynthesis. The research team advocates for larger-scale field studies with microbial inoculants and biochar to explore practical applications further.

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Source: sciworthy.com

New Research Challenges Common Beliefs: Are Sharks Real? Scientists Weigh In

Posted on March 25, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Thanks to a groundbreaking study from Yale University, we may need to rethink the definition of a “shark.”

Evolutionary biologists conducted a DNA comparison among various shark species and their close relatives—including rays, skates, and chimeras—to explore their evolutionary links.

Surprisingly, they found that sharks are not necessarily more closely related to one another than they are to these similar species, challenging the traditional classification of sharks as a single biological group.

According to Chase Brownstein, a doctoral candidate at Yale, “Our study casts doubt on the idea that all sharks, apart from rays and skates, share a common ancestor.” BBC Science Focus.

This research can be interpreted in two ways: either sharks do not form a natural group unless they share an exclusive common ancestor, or rays and skates may simply be categorized as another type of shark.

In total, researchers analyzed the genetic data of 48 different species, studying their complete genomes.

“The genome contains all the genetic information found in our cells,” explained Thomas Near, a professor of ecology and evolutionary biology at Yale. BBC Science Focus.

“By examining entire genomes instead of just a handful of genes, we can gain deeper insights into the relationships between organisms.”

Professor Brownstein elaborated on their approach, stating they explored “how various methods of sampling DNA sequences across the genome impact our understanding of relationships among sharks, rays, and other cartilaginous fishes.”

Evidence from their study was inconclusive. While examining specific DNA segments called exons, they found indications that all sharks might belong to the same family.

Conversely, other analyses suggest that certain shark species, like frilled and horse sharks, could be more closely related to rays than to other sharks.

This implies that these unusual sharks may be distant relatives, separated from the broader shark lineage much earlier in their evolutionary history.

Scientists previously believed that all sharks, excluding other species like rays, shared a common ancestor. The study suggests that some shark species may be genetically unique and distantly related to other sharks on the evolutionary tree. – Credit: Chase Brownstein

If sharks are indeed a distinct group, biologists can utilize this genetic data to estimate when sharks first emerged in evolutionary history.

“We estimate that this group originated roughly 300 million years ago,” stated Brownstein. “ThisTimestamp corresponds to the last time we shared a common ancestor with modern amphibians, or perhaps slightly later.”

The scientists noted that sharks, skates, and rays represent one of the most ancient lineages of vertebrates—animals characterized by stiff, segmented backbones.

“They are the earliest jawed vertebrates to diverge from their ancestors, providing crucial insights into the first animals to evolve jaws and bony skeletons,” Brownstein continued. “Our aim is to bring attention to this often overlooked segment of the vertebrate tree.”

The Yale study is currently awaiting publication.

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Source: www.sciencefocus.com

Scientists Aim to Simulate T. Rex Moon Earthquake for Groundbreaking Research

Posted on March 17, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Innovative advancements in seismic technology are paving the way for artificial earthquakes, which could revolutionize mining discovery on both Earth and the Moon, as revealed by a pioneering German startup, Imensus. This breakthrough could play a crucial role in achieving lunar mining goals, although adapting it for the Moon poses significant challenges.

Inspired by the thundering footsteps of a tyrannosaurus rex, IMENSUS engineers have developed a cutting-edge rover prototype designed to send vibrations into the ground, effectively mapping underground resources.

“You know how dinosaurs move in Jurassic Park and shake the ground? That’s what we are,” stated David Frey, head of prototyping, during an interview with BBC Science Focus. “We are shaking the ground.”

Imensus is currently designing a model intended for Earth, enabling mining companies to locate valuable materials such as copper and gold with precision.

As seismic waves slow down when passing through dense rocks enriched with valuable minerals, geologists can effectively explore below the Earth’s surface. Surface sensors can identify wave speeds, revealing hidden resources underground.

Speaking at the AI Everything Conference in Egypt, Frey highlighted the broader potential applications of this technology beyond Earth. “The entire space industry aims to establish a presence on the Moon,” he stated. “Mining resources is essential for creating sustainable habitats.”

Frey emphasized the importance of investigating the subsoil before beginning any mining operations on Earth. “Why should we treat the Moon differently? This approach is not widely considered,” he noted.

Though lunar exploration typically relies on natural seismic activity caused by temperature fluctuations creating surface cracks, Frey proposed a revolutionary method that could generate artificial “moonquakes” on demand, providing precise measurement and control.

Unlocking Lunar Treasures

The Moon’s south pole has gained significant attention due to its potential for mining. While valuable minerals like copper and gold may be scarce, ice deposits in polar regions could be crucial resources for future missions. Additionally, lunar regolith—the loose soil on the Moon’s surface—will be vital for developing space infrastructures.

“To establish a long-term presence on the Moon, we must access existing resources,” said Lunar Seismologist Dr. Nicholas Schumer in an interview with BBC Science Focus. “Technological advancements that enable resource utilization could significantly enhance human habitats and foster a burgeoning space economy.”

Schumer, an associate professor at the University of Maryland and a scientist for NASA’s Mars Insight mission, emphasized that the seismic techniques employed by IMENSUS are effective for locating subsurface structures within the top 1 km (0.6 miles) of soil.

“They may help predict changes in the regolith’s structure by identifying features like lava tubes, buried ice, or alterations in sublunar geology,” he added.

The IMENSUS sensor captures seismic waves generated by vibrations from the rover, aiding in the exploration of mining sites on Earth – Photo courtesy of IMENSUS

This innovative approach ensures thorough site assessments, preventing financial losses due to unsuitable mining locations, as Frey pointed out: “In space engineering, such considerations are often overlooked. There’s a risk of encountering unanticipated geological features.”

Frey further noted, “Understanding subsoil layers through spacecraft measurements is vital for comprehending the Moon’s structure.”

Securing the Moon’s Future

However, Schumer warns that the Moon presents a “very hostile environment,” characterized by extreme temperatures, intense solar radiation, and abrasive regolith capable of damaging machinery.

“While it’s encouraging to see forward-thinking approaches to lunar challenges, I must stress that if equipment isn’t specially designed for these conditions, it’s likely to fail,” he cautioned.

Despite the nascent stage of lunar seismic exploration technology, Schumer agrees that “future missions will undeniably require effective seismic exploration systems.”

The terrestrial pilot phase for IMENSUS is set to commence in 2027. Whether this lunar-focused technology will be integrated into future space missions will largely depend on the progression of programs like NASA’s Artemis.

Frey envisions possibilities extending even to Mars and asteroid mining projects in the future, should space exploration ambitions shift in that direction.

Ultimately, one fact remains clear: if humanity aims to return to the Moon—or venture to Mars—we must understand what lies beneath the lunar surface.

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Source: www.sciencefocus.com

Scientists Discover Potential Cure for Baldness: Here’s How It Works

Posted on March 15, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

When discussing hair removal options, many products promise quick fixes or a return to the hair’s original luster. Unfortunately, these claims often fall short, leading to subpar and temporary results.

Despite the fact that 80% of men experience male pattern baldness, our understanding of how to slow, halt, or even reverse this process has been limited until recently.

Fortunately, breakthroughs in science may reveal effective strategies to combat this issue.

The intriguing solution could involve freezing hair at extremely low temperatures to produce clones—yes, clones! Sci-fi enthusiasts, get ready to support this innovation.

What Causes Male Pattern Baldness?

The common misconception is that bald individuals lack hair entirely, but that’s not true. When hair is lost, it doesn’t disappear; instead, it shrinks.

“Baldness is a result of hair shrinking,” explains Paul Kemp, CEO of HairClone, a pioneering company dedicated to next-generation hair loss treatments. “The hair isn’t gone; it’s just becoming smaller and less visible.”

The shrinkage occurs due to a type of skin cell known as dermal papilla, which surrounds the base of hair follicles and is essential for hair formation, growth, and texture.

During hair loss, the number of these vital cells—typically around 1,000 per follicle—diminishes dramatically.

This loss is exacerbated by dihydrotestosterone (DHT), a potent derivative of testosterone that affects hair follicles differently across the scalp. Generally, dermal papilla cells on the top of the head are more susceptible to this process compared to those on the sides.

Recent research findings, published in Experimental Dermatology, explore how these skin cells differentiate during early embryonic development, suggesting a genetic basis for why some areas are more prone to hair loss.

“The dermal cells that are lost and those that remain originate from distinctly different populations,” Professor Kemp clarifies. “Essentially, where you experience hair loss can be likened to a ticking clock set from the moment your body begins to develop.”

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Why Cloning Hair Could Cure Baldness

With the loss of dermal papilla cells linked to baldness, researchers are racing to discover ways to replenish them. Hair cloning, also known as hair propagation, is gaining traction, thanks to frontrunners like HairClone.

This pioneering technology is not yet available in the UK or US, but if successful, it could come with a hefty price tag. Kemp notes, “While initial costs will be high, scaling up production should help lower prices, making it comparable to advanced hair transplant techniques.”

Unlike traditional hair transplants, hair cloning can be initiated before significant hair loss occurs, ensuring discreet treatment results.

Here’s how the process works:

1. Hair Root Collection and Preservation:

Healthy hair follicles are extracted from areas where hair is still growing and cryogenically preserved for later use. For optimal results, it’s crucial to gather these follicles while they are still young.

2. Cell Multiplication:

This step involves isolating and multiplying dermal papilla cells in a laboratory setting. As Dr. Jennifer Dillon states: “From one follicle, we can multiply these cells over 1,000 times, resulting in over a million cells.”

3. Replantation:

The cultivated dermal papilla cells are injected back into bald areas of the scalp, returning hair to its natural thickness and fullness. This step is awaiting regulatory approval, but initial clinical data is promising.

While banking hair follicles is currently possible globally, it comes with a significant cost.

What Other Treatments Are Available?

Although hair cloning is a buzz-worthy topic, it isn’t the sole treatment option. A study published in the Cosmetic Dermatology Journal suggests that fat cells harvested from the abdomen could regenerate hair. This method, known as autologous fat grafting (AFG), eliminates the need for cryogenic preservation.

AFG falls under stem cell therapy, using versatile cells that can transform into various cell types to meet regenerative needs. Instead of freezing hair cells, stem cells can be extracted from the patient’s body and directed to grow into hair cells, injected into the scalp just like in hair cloning.

Another innovative treatment in development is microRNA therapy, which fine-tunes gene expression to stimulate hair growth and has the potential to be applied topically, thus reducing invasiveness.

When Will These Treatments Be Available?

As with hair cloning, various stem cell and microRNA treatments are currently seeking clinical approval, potentially becoming available in the coming years. Despite the rising optimism for effective baldness treatments, Dr. Claire Higgins, a tissue regeneration expert at Imperial College London, warns that success in lab trials does not always translate to clinical effectiveness.

Dr. Higgins believes that understanding the specific reasons why some dermal papilla cells are more vulnerable to hair loss will be key in designing more effective treatments. “While we understand the physiological changes leading to hair loss, the underlying causes remain unclear.”

Optimistically, Kemp concludes that future generations will have revolutionary solutions for hair restoration, much like advancements in dentistry. “Rather than waiting for hair loss to occur, we envision a world where individuals can maintain their hair throughout life.”

About Our Experts

Dr. Paul Kemp is the Co-founder and CEO of HairClone. Previously, he led the development of the first multicellular therapy approved by the FDA, currently benefitting millions globally. He also serves as co-director for doctoral training in regenerative medicine at the University of Manchester.

Dr. Claire Higgins is a leading lecturer in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine at Imperial College London, focusing on hair follicles and skin regeneration.

Dr. Jennifer Dillon heads research at HairClone, specializing in the development of cell therapies for hair loss and possessing over a decade of experience in stem cell and cancer research.

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Source: www.sciencefocus.com

Scientists Discover Evidence of Man-Eating Killer Whales in Russian Waters

Posted on March 10, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Two severed killer whale fins discovered on a remote Russian island may reveal a shocking new behavior: killer whales may be hunting and consuming their own species. Each fin is newly severed, and a recent study indicates that the tooth marks belong to another killer whale.

Dr. Olga Filatova, an associate professor at the University of Southern Denmark, received the alarming photographs from her collaborator, Sergei Fomin, and was certain about the implications.

“I was astonished when he discovered the first fin,” she stated in an interview with BBC Science Focus. “We never believed we would witness this phenomenon in our lifetime, but it appears we have.”

Genetic analysis confirmed that the severed fins belonged to resident killer whales, which are fish-eating mammals living in tight family groups for generations. The likely aggressor is the transient killer whale, a separate population that preys on marine mammals such as seals, sea lions, and other whales.

From a taxonomic perspective, all killer whales belong to a single species, meaning this behavior technically qualifies as cannibalism. Killer whale.

However, Filatova emphasizes that the situation is more nuanced. Resident and transient populations do not socialize or interbreed, and in the wild, they may not even recognize one another as the same species.

Filatova suggests that the attack likely occurred during a large social gathering, where numerous resident families convened for breeding. Due to the familial ties within these groups, killer whales must seek mates from outside their family units, resulting in fragmented populations that may extend over several kilometers.

During these social events, young males may become separated from their protective family units. “This provides an opportunity for mammal-eating species to target these vulnerable young, as other adults are preoccupied,” Filatova explained.

Fomin observed one such gathering shortly before he came across the second fin.

The second fin was found in 2024, approximately 2 km (1.2 miles) from the first fin – Photo credit: Sergey Fomin/SDU

Both fins belonged to young whales, and their severed state—rather than being simply bitten off—suggests that killer whales that hunt other species typically remove fins to access the flesh beneath, leaving low-energy remains.

This discovery carries implications beyond the immediate tragedy. Filatova posits that the strong social bonds characteristic of resident killer whale communities could stem from the pressures of predation.

“These populations remain stable for a specific reason: they need to safeguard themselves,” she remarked.

She theorizes that the two populations first encountered each other around 100,000 years ago when resident whales—more genetically similar to Atlantic killer whales—migrated to the North Pacific, encroaching on territory already inhabited by transients.

The remarkable family cohesion seen in today’s killer whales may be a result of evolving under the long-term threat of predation.

With only two fins discovered thus far, Filatova is cautious about drawing definitive conclusions. It remains uncertain whether this killing behavior signifies a recent shift or if it has been occurring unnoticed.

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Source: www.sciencefocus.com

Scientists Uncover 90 Million-Year-Old Dinosaur ‘Rosetta Stone’ in Major Paleontological Discovery

Posted on March 6, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

A groundbreaking discovery of a 90-million-year-old fossil in Argentina is reshaping our understanding of the evolutionary history of a unique group of bird-like dinosaurs. This find helps settle a longstanding debate regarding their distribution across the ancient world.

The fossils detailed in Nature belong to Arunachetri seropolisiensis, a member of the Alvarezaurus family. This small dinosaur is characterized by its tiny teeth and stout arms, which end in a prominent single thumb claw.

While most well-preserved Alvarezsaurus fossils have been discovered in Asia, the existence of Alvarezsaurus in South America raises intriguing questions due to the vast ocean separating these continents.

A nearly complete skeleton uncovered at the La Buitrera fossil site in northern Patagonia has provided remarkable evidence regarding this species. This region was also home to primitive snakes and small saber-toothed mammals.

“Creating a nearly complete, articulated animal from a fragmented skeleton is akin to discovering the Rosetta Stone of paleontology,” stated Peter Makowiecki, a professor at the University of Minnesota, and the study’s first author.

Unlike their later relatives, Arunashetri had longer arms and larger teeth. This indicates that Alvarezsaurids likely reduced their body size before evolving the characteristic small limbs and teeth suited for an ant and termite diet.

“Our study suggests that alvarezsaurids form a compact group of dinosaurs, with species sizes ranging from crows to humans,” Makowiecki told BBC Science Focus. “Body size appears to fluctuate within this limited range without a clear trend.”

Peter Makowiecki discovers fossilized bones in Patagonia’s La Buitrera Fossil Field – Photo credit: Minyoung Son, University of Minnesota

This discovery also addresses an intercontinental mystery. A detailed anatomical study of Arunashetri led Makowiecki and his team to examine fossil collections globally. “We found other Alvarezaurids hiding in plain sight,” he noted.

“These species, which existed during the Jurassic period in North America and the Early Cretaceous in Europe, enhance our understanding of Alvarezsaurus’s widespread presence prior to the major rift between the Northern and Southern Hemispheres.”

Approximately 200 million years ago, all of Earth’s continents formed a single supercontinent named Pangea. This landmass gradually fragmented over tens of millions of years, evolving into its current configuration while transporting its fauna along with it.

The research team is preparing additional specimens from the same site, though Professor Makowiecki has remained tight-lipped about their specifics. “The new specimen confirms some of our findings regarding size and specialization,” he disclosed. “Currently, we have no further plans.”

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Source: www.sciencefocus.com

Scientists Unveil Digitally Reconstructed Face of Littlefoot: A Breakthrough in Paleontology

Posted on March 4, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Changes in hominid facial size and shape over time are not just significant for taxonomic and evolutionary relationships; they also indicate vital functional adaptations. Recently recovered and well-preserved, the Australopithecus skulls, especially the 3.67-million-year-old StW 573, commonly referred to as “Littlefoot,” discovered in Sterkfontein, South Africa, have greatly enriched the fossil record. Although StW 573 is nearly complete, post-depositional damage has resulted in some displacement and fragmentation of the facial skeleton. In a groundbreaking new study, paleoanthropologists set out to digitally reconstruct the surface of StW 573.

Facial reconstruction of StW 573. Image credit: A. Beaudet.

The Littlefoot fossil was uncovered in 1994 in a cave in Sterkfontein, South Africa.

This specimen, also known as StW 573, got its name from the four small leg bones discovered amidst a box full of animal fossils that ultimately led to the skeleton’s recovery.

In the 2010s, paleoanthropologist Ronald Clark suggested that Littlefoot might belong to Australopithecus prometheus, while others argued for Australopithecus africanus, a hominid species found at the same site, or even a distinct species within the Australopithecus genus.

Although many aspects of StW 573’s skeleton have been extensively studied, the face has been distorted due to millions of years of geological processes, making physical reconstruction methods ineffective.

In a recent investigation, Dr. Amélie Baudet of the Universities of Poitiers and the University of the Witwatersrand, along with her team, digitally reconstructed the facial bones, producing one of the most complete Australopithecus faces to date.

The researchers evaluated nine facial linear measurements and applied 3D geometric morphometry to compare Littlefoot with various extant great apes and three other Australopithecus fossils.

Findings indicated that Littlefoot’s overall facial size, eye socket shape, and general facial structure bore more resemblance to East African fossils than to younger South African specimens, a counterintuitive result given the lack of complete facial fossils for comparison.

“Given Littlefoot’s geographical origins, this pattern is unexpected and implies a more dynamic evolutionary history than previously believed,” remarked Dr. Baudet.

“For instance, Littlefoot may represent a lineage closely linked to East African populations, whereas later South African hominins developed more distinct facial features through regional evolutionary mechanisms.”

The study also uncovered evidence of selective pressures acting on the orbital region (around the eyes), potentially related to shifts in visual capabilities and ecological behaviors.

“Although our study is limited to a single anatomical region and a small number of comparative fossil specimens, it enriches our understanding of the links between Australopithecus populations across Africa, indicating that the orbital region may have been under evolutionary pressure during that time,” said Dr. Baudet.

“Human facial evolution suggests that our faces have become less prominent and more adaptable over time, but the timeline and inherent evolutionary mechanisms remain elusive.”

Professor Dominic Stratford from the University of the Witwatersrand and Stony Brook University commented, “This study challenges the idea that early human evolution took place in isolated regions. Instead, it supports the concept of Africa as a unified evolutionary landscape, where populations adapted to ecological pressures while remaining interconnected through common ancestry.”

“The face is crucial for primates’ interactions with their environment, serving essential functions in digestion, vision, respiration, smell, and nonverbal communication.”

“In this light, the face is an essential anatomical area for understanding how humans have adjusted and interacted with their surroundings.”

“With only a handful of Australopithecus fossils preserving nearly complete facial structures, Littlefoot offers a rare and invaluable reference point,” asserted Dr. Baudet.

“The anatomical regions of Littlefoot’s face associated with vision, respiration, and feeding will provide further vital insights into our evolutionary history.”

The study results were published in this month’s issue of Comptes rendus palevol.

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Baudet, A. & others. 2026. Virtual reconstruction and comparative study of the face of StW 573 (“Little Foot”). Comptes rendus palevol 25(3):43-56; doi: 10.5852/cr-palevol2026v25a3

Source: www.sci.news

Scientists Explore Giant Fire Tornadoes as a Revolutionary Method for Ocean Cleansing

Posted on February 28, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

An oil spill at sea represents one of the worst man-made disasters in history. Surprisingly, introducing a fire whirlpool may emerge as an innovative solution. A recent study reveals it might be an effective method to address the aftermath.

In responding to significant oil spills, emergency teams often ignite oil slicks on the ocean surface, creating fire pits “on-site” to curb the further spread of oil.

While this approach helps protect marine ecosystems, it simultaneously releases substantial amounts of smoke and toxic soot into the atmosphere.

The inspiration for this method traces back to an unusual incident in Kentucky in 2003, where a bourbon spill ignited 800,000 gallons, creating a 30-meter (100-foot) firestorm over a lake. Professor Elaine Oran and her team began exploring whether this process could be utilized more permanently.

“We were joking about what it would smell like,” she shared with BBC Science Focus. “Then we examined the event closely. The larger fire vortex was effectively consuming smaller fire vortices, drawing them in and absorbing them.”

The team constructed a 4.8-meter (16-foot) triple-walled triangular structure at a fire training facility in Texas, featuring a pool of crude oil at its center. When ignited, this setup created a roaring fire vortex approximately 5.2 meters (17 feet) high.

Initial large-scale experiments demonstrate that fire vortices burn spilled oil faster and cleaner than traditional fire pools, showcasing innovative potential for ocean cleanup. – Photo credit: Texas A&M University College of Engineering

Compared to conventional fire pools, the oil burns 40% faster, soot emissions are reduced by 40%, and up to 95% of the fuel is consumed.

The secret to this efficiency lies in the fire’s spin. Instead of spreading outward, the vortex pulls in oxygen from all angles, allowing for hotter and more complete combustion, akin to a giant incinerator rather than a simple bonfire.

However, harnessing this fire whirlpool’s power is no easy task. The structure is unpredictable; too much wind can lead to its collapse, while insufficient airflow control may revert it to a traditional fire pool.

Nonetheless, achieving a “Goldilocks Zone” on-site is “very realistic,” according to Oran, who envisions deploying a movable barrier structure directly above oil spills at sea.

“This research is more than just an experiment; it offers a glimpse into a future where fire is not merely a destructive force, but a tool to safeguard our oceans and our planet,” she stated.

The findings were published in the journal Fuel.

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Source: www.sciencefocus.com

Scientists Discover Electric Discharges in Trees During Thunderstorms

Posted on February 27, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

While most people are aware of the destructive power of lightning in forests, few know about the subtle electrical phenomenon known as corona. This weak electrical glow is believed to occur on tree leaves during thunderstorms. Researchers at Penn State University utilized ultraviolet-sensitive equipment to directly observe and measure this intriguing phenomenon in tree species such as sweetgum and celery pine across various U.S. states.

Coronae glow on the tip of a spruce needle caused by a charged metal plate in the laboratory. Image credit: William Bruun.

Lightning strikes have captivated humanity since thunderstorms began sweeping through Earth’s forests, causing everything from trunk splits to wildfires, often turning night into day.

However, scientists are now shifting their focus to the more delicate electrical phenomena that manifest on leaf tips amid thunderstorms.

Unlike lightning, which can heat the air to extreme temperatures, corona represents a weak electrical discharge with a temperature only slightly above that of the surrounding air.

Despite their gentler nature, these electrical sparks can generate significant amounts of hydroxyl, a key oxidant in the atmosphere, potentially harming tree foliage and affecting charged particles within thunderstorm cloud bases.

“We have observed these phenomena, confirming their existence,” stated Dr. Patrick McFarland, a meteorologist at Pennsylvania State University.

“Having tangible evidence is incredibly exciting,” he added.

“In a laboratory setting, when you block all light, you can barely see the corona, which appears as a blue light,” he explained.

For this study, Dr. McFarland and his team designed a portable instrument equipped with multiple components to measure tree canopies and the atmospheric conditions that influence corona formation.

The centralized component is a 25 cm diameter telescope that focuses ultraviolet (UV) radiation onto a solar-blind UV camera sensitive to wavelengths between 255 and 273 nm.

During thunderstorms in North Carolina, scientists succeeded in observing corona on sweetgum and pine trees.

“The corona could potentially travel between leaves or trace along branches swaying in the wind,” the researchers noted.

Similar observations were recorded for various tree species during four additional thunderstorms from Florida to Pennsylvania.

“Our findings illustrate that the corona exhibits glowing patterns in wooded areas during thunderstorms,” the researchers stated.

“These corona effects can alter air quality in forests, subtly damage foliage, and influence storm conditions overhead.”

For further details, refer to the study published on February 12th in Geophysical Research Letters.

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PJ McFarland et al. 2026. Corona discharges glow on trees under thunderstorms. Geophysical Research Letters 53 (4): e2025GL119591; doi: 10.1029/2025GL119591

Source: www.sci.news

Climate Change Boosts Frog Attractiveness, Say Scientists

Posted on February 23, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Climate change is potentially enhancing frogs’ mating rituals with a new study revealing fascinating insights.

Researchers from the University of California, Davis discovered that temperature significantly influences the quality of male frogs’ mating calls, with warmer weather leading to more alluring calls.

Typically, male frogs’ calls become less vibrant in early spring. However, as temperatures rise, their calls speed up, catching the attention of female frogs in search of a mate.

“Frog calls are greatly influenced by the environment’s temperature,” notes lead author Julian Pecny, a former graduate student in the Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Conservation Biology at UC Davis. Currently, she serves as the director of conservation science at the North Carolina Amphibian and Reptile Conservancy.

“As the pond warms, the male frog’s call shifts from a slow, dull sound to a quicker, almost urgent tone. Even humans can hear this change, and female frogs are attuned to it as well.”

The results of this study are published in Frontiers of Ecology and Environment, based on research conducted at Quail Ridge Ecological Reserve and Lassen Field Station, part of the UC Conservancy.

Pecny employed a microphone positioned at the edge of a pond to record the love songs of Sierran tree frogs, analyzing them against variations in water temperature.

Photo credit: Brian Todd/UC Davis. As temperatures rise, male Sierran tree frogs enhance their mating calls to signal to females that conditions for breeding are ideal.

Importantly, the researchers found that female frogs are not merely choosing the most attractive male singers; they are using call quality to assess whether environmental conditions are suitable for breeding.

“This could be a method for females to track changes in seasonality over time,” says Pekny. “As the pond gets warmer, the males’ enticing calls become faster.”

This phenomenon could have significant ramifications as our climate continues to warm. With 41 percent of amphibians at risk of extinction, understanding frogs’ breeding timing and its fluctuations is vital for conservation efforts.

Typically, male frogs arrive at the pond before females, starting their calls to compete for attention. However, females delay until conditions are right for their eggs to thrive, gathering essential information from the quality of the males’ calls.

“It’s crucial for males to reach the pond before their competitors,” stated co-author Brian Todd, a professor in the Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Conservation Biology at UC Davis. “Conversely, females should arrive only when it’s the right time for egg laying.”

This groundbreaking discovery could reshape our understanding of animal reactions to climate change and may also impact insect species that make courtship calls during this season.

Interestingly, it’s not only frogs that can hear these mating calls; humans can, too.

“If you listen carefully over several weeks, you might notice the difference,” Pekny suggests. “Imagine how female frogs identify male calls over the course of the season.”

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Source: www.sciencefocus.com

10-Year Study of the Arctic Ocean Reveals Disturbing Findings: What Scientists Discovered

Posted on February 23, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

When you envision the North Pole, you likely imagine a vast, icy wonderland devoid of life. Noise might be the last thing on your mind.

However, recent findings from a study published in npj Acoustics reveal that the underwater soundscape is far more expansive and diverse than we previously thought. This raises crucial questions about how to monitor and protect this unique environment.

Analyzing a decade’s worth of underwater sound data from Cambridge Bay in the Canadian Arctic, researchers discovered that climate change is accelerating ice loss, reshaping the region’s underwater soundscape—an alteration that could have serious ramifications for local wildlife.

“Climate change is more than tripling in the Arctic, which means ice is melting faster, melting earlier, and reforming later,” stated Dr. Philippe Blondel, the lead author of the study and a senior lecturer in the Department of Physics at the University of Bath, UK, in an interview with BBC Science Focus.

“As a result, the Arctic becomes more accessible for human activities. Navigation becomes easier for ships in an ice-free environment. A key finding from our research is that while ships generate noise, they are not the only contributors.”

The study identifies that not only large ships—often the focus of noise pollution regulations—but also other significant sources such as snowmobiles, aircraft, and smaller vessels contribute to underwater noise. Many of these smaller noise sources evade detection by satellite systems, leading to gaps in models that rely solely on vessel position data.

Vital Arctic species, including whales and seals, depend on sound for communication, navigation, finding food, and evading predators. With increasing underwater noise both in frequency and volume, these essential communication tools are increasingly compromised.

Whales rely on sound production and hearing for survival – Photo courtesy of Getty

Dr. Blondel likens the situation to standing next to a busy freeway. “You might only hear the ambient noise, but when a motorcycle rushes by, that high-frequency noise disrupts your ability to hear music.”

“When a large truck thunders past, it becomes nearly impossible to hear anything else.”

In a similar manner, one sound source could disrupt a whale trying to communicate with its calves, while another noise at a different frequency might drive the whale away from critical feeding areas.

However, the research team is not advocating for total silence in the Arctic. Instead, Blondel proposes that environmental policies should encompass a broader array of frequencies beyond the narrow “transport bands” typically measured in protection frameworks, such as the European Maritime Strategy Framework Directive.

He recommends establishing stricter shipping routes in the increasingly ice-free Arctic and implementing varying speed limits depending on wildlife presence, as potential strategies to mitigate harmful noise pollution.

Yet, enforcing such regulations poses challenges, as they would need to encompass everything from large vessels to smaller crafts, and the region is bordered by multiple nations.

“My primary goal was to demonstrate that when assessing the ocean’s soundscape, we need to consider all sound sources, not just large ships,” Blondel emphasized. “But my overarching aim is to establish some form of framework in the Arctic. We must devise effective noise guidelines before the situation worsens further.”

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Source: www.sciencefocus.com

Get Paid for Every Post: Scientists Reveal How to Monetize Your Online Content

Posted on February 22, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

You can be compensated for your online posts, provided they are utilized for AI training.

According to Dr. Margaret Mitchell, the chief ethics scientist at Hugging Face, an open-source AI company, there is a pressing need for AI firms to trace AI-generated content back to its original creators.

“Many creators—including artists, writers, and everyday users—are losing out on compensation for their contributions,” she stated during her talk at AI Everything in Cairo, Egypt.

“I envision a future where we can truly identify the sources of input that make AI outputs possible and adequately reward them.”

Generative AI heavily relies on certain creators more than others. Some AI-generated works exhibit distinct links between input and output, such as a recognizable writing style or an artist’s signature.

Recently, renowned Japanese animator and film director Hayao Miyazaki criticized AI-generated images that mimic the unique style of his Studio Ghibli films.

But the issue extends beyond musicians and artists, as large-scale language models (LLMs) like ChatGPT and Google Gemini are trained on extensive online resources.

AI companies frequently “harvest” data from the internet to train their LLMs. – Credit: Getty

“We are all creators,” Mitchell emphasized, as reported by BBC Science Focus. It is essential that reward models recognize contributions from all online users, whether it’s a poem or a vacation sunset photo taken five years ago.

Fortunately, there are emerging models that can track the relationship between input and output, rewarding creators based on their contributions.

However, such a system is not yet in place, and existing AI business models hinder the funding required to develop it, Mitchell said, although some AI companies are exploring potential solutions.

For instance, in a document from 2021, AI company Anthropic’s CEO Dario Amodei proposed a “crazy idea” for a reward distribution model akin to the monetization platform Patreon, which was recently opened by court order.

Mitchell noted that existing LLMs could implement known technological strategies to facilitate this model. Clustering algorithms, for example, could help track similarities and attribute authorship.

To maintain user privacy, this model would require consent, allowing users to opt in for their data to be linked to their identity (with compensation) or remain anonymous.

“To foster innovation, we need to pave the way for this kind of research,” Mitchell asserted. “Currently, the path forward is completely closed.”

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Source: www.sciencefocus.com

Ancient Forces Behind Antarctica’s Gravitational Hole Uncovered by Earth Scientists

Posted on February 22, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

A groundbreaking study by geoscientists at the University of Florida and the Paris Institute of Geophysics reveals the origin of Earth’s most severe gravity anomaly, known as the Antarctic Gravity Hole (or Antarctic Geoid Depression). This anomaly is attributed to millions of years of slowed underground rock flow.

Evolution of the Antarctic geoid cyclone. Image credit: P. Glišović & AM Forte, doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-28606-1.

According to Professor Alessandro Forte from the University of Florida, gaining a better understanding of how Earth’s interior influences gravity and sea levels can shed light on factors essential for the growth and stability of significant ice sheets.

“Variations in gravity due to differences in rock density beneath the surface, although small in absolute terms, can have a substantial impact on ocean levels,” he explained.

“In regions of reduced gravity, water tends to flow toward areas of higher gravity, causing sea levels to be relatively lower in those spots.”

“As a result of the Antarctic gravity hole, the sea level around Antarctica is significantly lower than it would typically be.”

In this research, Professor Forte and Dr. Petar Grišović from the Paris Institute of Geophysics have meticulously mapped out the Antarctic geoid cyclone, revealing its development throughout the Cenozoic Era, spanning from 66 million years ago to the present day.

The team utilized a global scientific initiative that integrates seismic data and advanced modeling techniques to reconstruct the 3D structure of Earth’s interior.

“It’s like performing a CT scan of the planet without the use of conventional X-rays,” Forte remarked.

“Earthquakes generate seismic waves, which act as the ‘light’ that reveals Earth’s inner structure.”

The researchers successfully created a global gravity map that aligns closely with satellite data, validating their underlying model.

The next challenge involved reversing the geophysical clock to examine how the Antarctic geoid cyclone has evolved over millions of years.

By employing physics-based reconstructions and sophisticated computer models, they retraced geological changes spanning 70 million years.

These historical analyses indicate that the Antarctic geoid cyclone began in a relatively weak state.

From approximately 50 to 30 million years ago, however, the gravity hole began to strengthen, coinciding with significant shifts in Antarctica’s climatic conditions, including the onset of a global ice age.

“We aim to test the causal relationship between this intensified gravity hole and the Antarctic ice sheet. Our new modeling will connect changes in gravity, sea levels, and continental elevation,” stated Professor Forte.

This research seeks to answer pivotal questions about the interactions between our climate and the processes occurring within Earth.

For more details, refer to the study published in December 2025 in the journal Scientific Reports.

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P. Grišović and A.M. Forte. 2025. Cenozoic evolution of Earth’s strongest geoid low reveals the dynamics of the Antarctic subsurface mantle. Scientific Reports 15, 45749; doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-28606-1

Source: www.sci.news

Scientists Discover Secrets of Swirling Plume-Like Structures Beneath Greenland Ice Sheet

Posted on February 22, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

For years, glaciologists have been intrigued by the peculiar plume-like structures hidden beneath the Greenland Ice Sheet. Recent research conducted by scientists from the University of Bergen, NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center, and the University of Oxford indicates that these enigmatic features are the result of thermal convection—an intriguing process typically associated with Earth’s mantle.

Location of a large plume-like structure (triangle) within the Greenland Ice Sheet. Credit: Leysinger Vieli et al., doi: 10.1038/s41467-018-07083-3 / Law et al., doi: 10.5194/tc-20-1071-2026.

“Typically, we perceive ice as a solid material, so the revelation that parts of the Greenland Ice Sheet experience heat convection—similar to cooking pasta— is both extraordinary and fascinating,” said study co-author Professor Andreas Born from the University of Bergen.

“The realization that thermal convection can occur within ice sheets defies our expectations,” remarked lead author Dr. Robert Loh, also from the University of Bergen.

“However, the ice is at least a million times softer than Earth’s mantle, making the physics align. It’s truly a remarkable phenomenon in nature.”

“These findings could play a crucial role in reducing uncertainties in models predicting ice sheet mass balance and sea level rise,” added Professor Born.

Deep ice is found to be approximately ten times softer than previously assumed, but this does not imply a faster melting rate.

“Enhancing our understanding of ice physics is vital for greater certainty regarding future conditions; nonetheless, softer ice alone does not guarantee accelerated melting or increased sea levels. Further studies are necessary to explore this,” Dr. Loh emphasized.

Although these findings do not predict imminent disasters in Greenland or elsewhere, they underscore the complex and dynamic nature of this region.

“Greenland and its ecosystem are indeed unique,” Dr. Loh commented.

“The ice sheet is over 1,000 years old and is the only one on Earth that coexists with a culture and established communities along its edges.”

“Understanding the processes beneath the ice will better equip us to handle the changes occurring along coastlines globally.”

Read more about the research in the upcoming publication in Cryosphere this month.

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R. Law et al. 2026. Investigating the conditions under which convection is likely to occur within the Greenland Ice Sheet. Cryosphere 20: 1071-1086; doi: 10.5194/tc-20-1071-2026

Source: www.sci.news

Scientists Propose Installing a Super Laser on the Moon for Revolutionary Research

Posted on February 18, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Explore the Dark Craters near the Moon’s South Pole

Credit: Science Photo Library / Alamy

Illustration of dark craters near the moon’s south pole — Explore the Dark Craters near the Moon’s South Pole

Credit: Science Photo Library / Alamy

Scientists aim to establish a groundbreaking laser system in one of the moon’s coldest craters to significantly enhance the navigation capabilities of lunar landers and rovers.

Ultra-stable lasers are vital for highly precise timing and navigation systems. These lasers operate by reflecting a beam between two mirrors within a cavity, maintaining a consistent beam speed. This precision is largely due to the chamber’s size stability, which neither expands nor contracts. To achieve this, mirrors are typically maintained in a cryogenic vacuum, insulated from external vibrations.

The moon hosts numerous craters at its poles, which lack direct sunlight due to minimal axial tilt. Consequently, these permanently shadowed areas are extremely cold, with some craters projected to reach temperatures around -253°C (20 Kelvin) during the lunar winter.

Junye from JILA, along with a research team in Boulder, Colorado, has proposed that these icy conditions, combined with the moon’s absence of natural vibrations and an almost non-existent atmosphere, make these craters ideal for ultra-stable lasers. The potential stability of these lunar lasers could surpass that of any terrestrial counterparts.

“The entire environment is incredibly stable,” Ye emphasizes. “Despite variations between summer and winter on the Moon, temperature fluctuations range only from 20 to 50 Kelvin, contributing to a remarkably consistent environment.”

Ye and his research team envision a lunar laser device akin to an optical cavity already developed in JILA’s lab, featuring a silicon chamber equipped with dual mirrors.

Current optical cavity lasers on Earth can maintain coherence for just a few seconds, meaning their light waves can synchronize briefly. However, the moon-based laser is projected to sustain coherence for at least a minute, which will facilitate its role as a reference laser for a variety of lunar missions. This includes maintaining the lunar time zone and coordinating satellite formations using lasers for distance measurement. Given that light from the moon takes just over a second to reach Earth, it could also serve as a reliable reference for Earth-based activities, as highlighted by Ye.

Although implementing this idea poses challenges, the rationale is sound and could greatly benefit future lunar missions. According to Simeon Barber from the Open University, UK, “Recent lunar landers have experienced suboptimal landings due to varying lighting conditions, complicating vision-based systems. Leveraging stable lasers for positioning, navigation, and timing could enhance the reliability of landings in high-latitude areas.”

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Source: www.newscientist.com

SEO Optimized Title: “New Scientist’s Top Avatar Picks: Fire, Ash, and the Fascinating World of Whales”

Posted on January 23, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

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Oona Chaplin as Varang in Avatar: Fire and Ash

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No one crafts blockbusters quite like James Cameron. Avatar: Fire and Ash, the highly anticipated third installment set on the enchanting moon of Pandora, is both spectacular and visually stunning. The narrative unfolds with captivating themes ranging from interspecies conflicts to deep family dynamics.

Around 15 years after the ex-Marine Jake Sully was embraced by the Na’vi, he now resides on Pandora with his partner Neytiri and their children, having played a crucial role in defeating the human invaders and merging with their Na’vi bodies.

However, they now face the heart-wrenching loss of their eldest son, Neteyam. Their arch-nemesis, Colonel Quaritch, has allied himself with an influential Na’vi tribe that inhabits a volcano and is led by the formidable Varan (as depicted above).

Shakespeare may not measure up (the dialogue is rather crude, to say the least), but the allure of this intricately designed universe is undeniable.

Prepare to be mesmerized by the breathtaking visuals and the story of Payakan, a member of the sentient whale-like species known as the Tulukun, who serves as the emotional core of the film.

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Bird Retinas: How Scientists Discovered Their Oxygen-Free Functionality

Posted on January 21, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Research on Zebra Finches’ Eyes Reveals Unique Mechanisms

Ger Bosma/Alamy

Zebra finches study — Research on Zebra Finches’ Eyes Reveals Unique Mechanisms

Ger Bosma/Alamy

The anatomy of zebra finches’ eyes is distinct from known vertebrate tissues. Their retinas, responsible for light detection, utilize an unusual energy source by absorbing glucose instead of the typical oxygen.

This groundbreaking discovery addresses a 400-year-old question regarding avian eye physiology. Christian Damsgaard from Aarhus University in Denmark notes, “This is compelling evidence that certain neurons can operate without oxygen, notably in common garden birds.”

The retina sends light signals to the brain, demanding considerable energy supplied by oxygen and nutrients through blood vessels. However, the thick avascular retina in zebra finches raises the question of how these essential nerve cells sustain life.

Damsgaard and his research team investigated zebra finches, or Teniopygia guttata, in the lab. By attaching oxygen sensors to their eyes, they discovered that the inner retinal layer does not receive oxygen.

“Oxygen enters through the back of the eye, but it cannot permeate the retina,” explains Damsgaard.

Analyzing metabolic gene activity in various retinal layers revealed frequent reliance on glycolysis in areas devoid of oxygen. Although this process is less efficient, it serves the retina’s energy needs.

“This method requires 15 times more glucose for equivalent energy output,” states Damsgaard. So, where does all this sugar come from?

The answer lies in the pecten, a structure of rake-shaped blood vessels found in avian eyes. Previously thought to transport oxygen, recent findings show that the pecten instead inundates the retina with glucose—four times what brain cells absorb—fueling its high-energy requirements.

According to Luke Tyrrell, researchers at the State University of New York at Plattsburgh are astonished that birds have evolved to depend on such a less efficient method for vision. “The avian retina is among the most energy-intensive tissues in the animal kingdom,” he adds.

This specialized, blood vessel-free retina may provide superior vision in birds, with the pecten sugar supply being a crucial evolutionary adaptation. An oxygen-independent retina could also contribute to their capabilities for high-altitude migratory flights.

For Pavel Niemec, findings from Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic, illustrate that evolution can yield counterintuitive solutions to physical challenges.

Damsgaard and his colleagues believe there may be future applications for modifying human cells to allow greater resilience under low-oxygen conditions, such as after a stroke.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Exploring ‘Dark Oxygen’: Scientists Research Its Impact in Deep Sea Mining Zones

Posted on January 20, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Experiment on Oxygen Production with Deep-Sea Nodule

Nippon Foundation

Experiment on Oxygen Production by Deep-Sea Nodule — Experiment on Oxygen Production with Deep-Sea Nodule

Nippon Foundation

Scientists are set to deploy instruments to the ocean floor to explore the intriguing process of metal nodules producing oxygen in the Pacific Ocean. This unexpected phenomenon has ignited significant debate regarding the ethics of deep-sea mining.

In a surprising revelation from 2024, researchers identified that a potato-sized formation in the depths of the Pacific and Indian Oceans—including the distinguished Clarion-Clipperton Zone—functions as a vital oxygen source. This discovery challenges the conventional belief that large-scale oxygen production derives solely from sunlight and photosynthesis.

Dubbed “dark oxygen,” this phenomenon sustains life within the abyss, including microorganisms, sea cucumbers, and predatory sea anemones thriving thousands of meters beneath the surface. This finding casts doubt on proposals from deep-sea mining companies aiming to extract cobalt, nickel, and manganese by removing nodules from the ocean floor. A controversial deep-sea mining company was involved in this discovery, prompting a call for further scientific investigation.

Now, the team responsible for discovering dark oxygen is returning to the Clarion-Clipperton Zone, the prime location for potential deep-sea mining, to verify its existence and comprehend the mechanisms behind its production.

“Where does the oxygen come from for these diverse animal communities to thrive?” asked Andrew Sweetman from the Scottish Marine Science Society. “This could be an essential process, and we’re focused on uncovering it.”

The researchers propose that a metallic layer in the nodule generates an electrical current which splits seawater into hydrogen and oxygen. They’ve recorded up to 0.95 volts of electricity on the surface of the nodules—just below the standard 1.23 volts necessary for electrolysis. However, the team suggests that individual nodules or clusters could produce higher voltages.

Plans are underway to deploy a lander, essentially a metal frame housing various instruments, to a depth of 10,000 meters to measure oxygen flow and pH changes, as the electrolysis process releases protons, increasing water acidity.

Research Lander Deployed Into the Ocean

Scottish Marine Science Society

Given the potential role of microorganisms in this process, the lander will also collect sediment cores and nodules for laboratory analysis. Each nodule is home to approximately 100 million microorganisms, which researchers aim to identify through DNA sequencing and fluorescence microscopy.

“The immense diversity of microorganisms is constantly evolving; we are continually discovering new species,” remarked Jeff Marlow from Boston University. “Are they active? Are they influencing their environment in crucial ways?”

Furthermore, since electrolysis is generally not observed under the intense pressures found on the ocean floor, the team intends to utilize a high-pressure reactor to replicate deep-sea conditions and conduct electrolysis experiments there.

“The pressure of 400 atmospheres is comparable to that at which the Titan submarine tragically imploded,” noted Franz Geiger from Northwestern University. “We seek to understand the efficiency of water splitting under such high pressure.”

The ultimate aim is to carry out electrochemical reactions in the presence of microorganisms and bacteria under an electron microscope without harming the microorganisms.

The United Nations’ International Seabed Authority has yet to decide on the legality of deep-sea mining in international waters, with U.S. President Donald Trump advocating for its implementation. The Canadian company, The Metals Company, has applied for authorization from the U.S. government to commence deep-sea mining operations.

A recent paper authored by Metals Company scientists contends that Sweetman and his colleagues have not produced sufficient energy to facilitate seawater electrolysis in 2024, suggesting the observed oxygen was likely transported from the ocean’s surface by the deployed landers.

Sweetman countered this claim, stating that the lander would displace any air bubbles on its descent, and asserted that oxygen measurement would not have occurred if deployed in other regions, such as the Arctic ocean floor, which is 4,000 meters deep. Out of 65 experiments conducted at the Clarion-Clipperton Zone, he noted that 10% exhibited oxygen consumption while the remainder indicated oxygen production.

Sweetman and his colleagues also discovered that the oxidation phase of the electrolysis process can occur at lower voltages than those recorded on the nodule’s surface. A rebuttal presenting this data has been submitted to Natural Earth Science and is currently under review.

“From a commercial perspective, there are definitely interests attempting to suppress research in this field,” stated Sweetman in response to the Metals Company’s opposition to his findings.

“It is imperative to address all comments, regardless of their origin,” added Marlowe. “That is our current predicament in this process.”

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Groundbreaking Moment: First-Ever Photos of a Cow Using Tools Leave Scientists Amazed

Posted on January 20, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

In a picturesque mountain pasture in Austria, a remarkably intelligent cow is reshaping our understanding of animal cognition.

Meet Veronica, a pet Swiss brown cow who has innovatively learned to use both ends of a stick to scratch her back. This impressive tool use is exceedingly rare in the animal kingdom and has never been documented in cattle before.

Dr. Antonio Osuna Mascaro, a professor at the University of Veterinary Medicine in Vienna, led the groundbreaking study published in Current Biology. The research highlights how Veronica creatively utilizes available tools to scratch herself.

Initially, researchers provided her with a broom brush, expecting her to only use the bristles. However, Veronica adapted her tool use based on the specific itch needing relief.

For larger or more intense itches on her back, she utilized the bristled end of the brush. Conversely, for lighter itches, such as on her sensitive lower abdomen, she opted for the smooth handle end.

https://c02.purpledshub.com/uploads/sites/41/2026/01/Veronika-edit-1.mp4

Veronica skillfully adjusts her scratching technique based on the area of discomfort.

“The only well-documented occurrence similar to this was when a chimpanzee cleverly manipulated the ends of a stick to forage for termites,” Osuna Mascaro stated, as reported by BBC Science Focus.

Researchers emphasize that domestic animals have often been overlooked by behavioral scientists, meaning their perceived lack of intelligence may stem more from insufficient observation than from the animals’ actual capabilities.

“Understanding that cows possess the ability to innovate and use tools flexibly sends a powerful message about our biases regarding cow intelligence and capabilities,” Osuna Mascaro added.

Osuna Mascaro (left) shared that Veronica (right) is affectionate and cherished by her human family. – Credit: Antonio J. Osuna Mascaró

Veronica: The Beloved Cow

The study emphasizes that while Veronica is unique, her intelligent behavior is not an isolated case.

As a cherished pet, Veronica enjoys access to open spaces, daily human engagement, and the freedom to explore her environment. At 13 years old, she is significantly older than the average domestic cow.

Her human companion, Witger Vigele, first observed Veronica using tools over a decade ago. Intrigued by her intelligence, researchers analyzed footage of her behavior and decided to meet this extraordinary cow.

Researchers urge everyone to appreciate intelligent cows like Veronica – Credit: AJ Osuna-Mascaró

The findings suggest that our perceptions of domestic animals’ intelligence may not relate to their actual abilities, but rather to the opportunities they are given to demonstrate their intelligence and whether we take the time to observe them.

“I would love to hear from anyone who has witnessed cows displaying similar behaviors firsthand,” Osuna Mascaro expressed.

“The key element is using an object dynamically to achieve goals that would be otherwise difficult or impossible,” he concluded.

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Source: www.sciencefocus.com

Scientists Find Woolly Rhinoceros DNA in Stomach of Mummified Wolf Pup

Posted on January 14, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Two ancient wolf cubs, discovered buried in the Siberian permafrost over a decade ago, are now shedding new light on their past through rich DNA evidence hidden in their remains.

For the first time, researchers have uncovered a piece of woolly rhino meat—an animal comparable in size to modern white rhinos but with a thick furry coat—preserved in the stomach of one of the wolf puppies. The DNA from this meat and fur has remarkably survived for over 14,000 years under the ice, enabling scientists to sequence the entire genome. They published their findings in the Wednesday Journal “Genome Biology and Evolution”.

“This is the first instance where an entire genome has been reconstructed from an Ice Age animal found within another Ice Age animal,” stated study author Camilo Chacón-Duque, an evolutionary biologist from Uppsala University in Sweden. “The genome quality is exceptional and of high resolution.”

A piece of woolly rhinoceros tissue found in the stomach of a preserved wolf pup in Stockholm in 2020.love darren

The woolly rhinoceros in question went extinct approximately 14,400 years ago, just a few hundred years prior to its disappearance from the fossil record. This gives researchers a unique glimpse into the genome of a species on the brink of extinction.

“This sample represents the youngest woolly rhinoceros ever sequenced, marking the closest proximity of the species to extinction,” Chacon-Duque noted.

Evolutionary biologists have long debated whether it was human hunters or climate change that ultimately led to the woolly rhinoceros’s extinction. New genomic data indicates that the population may have been robust until its sudden decline.

Tumat-1 wolf pup in Vienna in 2018.Miech Germonpre

The first of the two small puppies was discovered by ivory hunters searching for mammoth tusks in Siberia nearly 15 years ago, with the other being found four years later.

These mummified animals, known as the “Tumat pups,” have unexpectedly aided scientists in exploring the fate of another species.

According to the research, both puppies were female and likely littermates, found just six feet apart and sharing several DNA traits, as noted in a study published in Quaternary Research magazine last year.

A section of permafrost where a Tumat wolf pup was discovered near the Russian village of Tumato in 2011. Co-author Sergei Fedorov and his colleagues are in the foreground.Sergey Fedorov

“They died at a young age, around nine weeks,” explained Anne-Catherine Wyborg Runge, co-author of the Quaternary research paper. “At that age, they still had their baby teeth.”

Initial studies suggested that thawing permafrost may have triggered landslides, entombing the wolves in ice and snow, although it’s also possible that the puppies perished due to a collapsing burrow.

“They would have been buried instantly and then frozen for 14,000 years,” noted Runge’s co-author Nathan Wales, a senior archaeology lecturer at the University of York, UK.

Interestingly, the puppies were discovered near where ancient humans hunted woolly mammoths, suggesting they might have been domesticated dogs rather than wild wolves. However, no mammoth DNA was found in the pup’s stomach. Researchers believe one pup’s last meal was woolly rhinoceros meat, while the other had recently eaten a bird, leaving behind rhino meat and some feathers in the permafrost.

Study co-authors Sergei Fedorov and Mikkel Sinding conducted an autopsy in Vienna in 2018 on a Tumat wolf pup whose stomach contained woolly rhinoceros tissue fragments.Miech Germonpre

In a recent study published Wednesday, Chacón-Duque sequenced resilient chunks of meat from the animal’s last meal.

“This piece had remained in the pup’s stomach for years. It’s truly remarkable,” Runge remarked.

Although complete woolly rhinoceros genomes are rare, researchers compared their findings with two other high-quality genomes from rhinos that went extinct approximately 18,000 and 49,000 years ago.

Rab Dalen, co-author of the new study, poses with a woolly rhinoceros horn.Irina Kirilova

Chacón-Duque and team detected no signs of inbreeding or harmful mutations within the population, indicating it was robust.

“They haven’t identified any indicators suggesting population collapse, which is peculiar considering the species went extinct,” noted Wales, an ancient DNA expert not involved in the study.

Several centuries after the woolly rhinoceros roamed these areas, a significant warming phase commenced in the Northern Hemisphere, marking the end of the Ice Age. Study authors believe this newly sequenced DNA supports the hypothesis that climate change contributed to the woolly rhino’s extinction.

J Camilo Chacón Duque, co-author of the groundbreaking study.Natalia Romagosa

Chacón-Duque posits that the rising temperatures likely exert stress on cold-adapted populations, and human expansion could have facilitated the spread of diseases affecting the woolly rhino.

“All these factors likely interacted synergistically, contributing to the species’ ultimate demise,” Chacón-Duque concluded. “Without a doubt, climate change played a significant role.”

Mick Westbury, an associate professor and expert on ancient rhinos from the Technical University of Denmark, agrees with the theory’s plausibility.

However, Westbury points out that rare ancient DNA can pose interpretation challenges and that generational changes can heavily impact a species’ genetics. The woolly rhinoceros may have been at risk even if genetic analyses did not immediately indicate it.

“Sometimes, genomics alone doesn’t provide the complete picture,” Westbury remarked.

Nonetheless, Westbury suggests that these findings could offer vital insights for conservation efforts as human-induced climate change becomes an increasing threat to existing species.

“Our results indicate that the woolly rhino does not appear to be on the brink of extinction,” Westbury noted. “A species may seem genetically viable on the surface but still face vulnerabilities.”

Source: www.nbcnews.com

Scientists Uncover Unique Internal Drum Structure in Odd-Looking Fish

Posted on January 14, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

The Armored Rockhead Poacher (Boslagonus Swanee) possesses a mysterious anatomical feature: a bowl-shaped cavity in its skull that has puzzled marine biologists for years. This unique trait is now believed to play a critical role in an innovative form of communication.

The Rockhead Poacher (Boslagonus Swanee) at the Oregon Coast Aquarium. Image credit: Rhinopias / CC BY-SA 4.0.

Originally described by Franz Steindachner in 1876, Boslagonus Swanee belongs to the family Agonidae. This fascinating fish can be found at depths of up to 18 meters in the eastern Pacific Ocean, from Alaska down to Carmel Bay in California.

Marine experts have long speculated about the purpose of the cavernous cranial fossa, which is roughly the size of the fish’s brain. Some theories suggest it aids in camouflage among rocky environments, while others propose it enhances hearing and sensory perception.

Recent advancements in imaging technology have led Louisiana State University student Daniel Geldof to propose a groundbreaking explanation. His findings suggest it might resonate with the rhythm of rock music rather than the serenity of coral reefs.

“My dissertation project aims to uncover the reasons behind this unique feature,” Geldof explained.

Utilizing a high-resolution micro-CT scanner, his team created an intricate 3D model of the rockhead poacher’s anatomy.

These scans indicated that the fish’s initial set of ribs are notably large, flat, and free-moving, positioned near the epigastric region of the skull without direct attachment.

Located at the base of these ribs are powerful muscles and tendons resembling drumsticks.

When these ribs vibrate against the skull’s calcified cavities, they create pulses of sound that can be transmitted through the substrate.

Geldof posits that this percussive mechanism likely evolved to facilitate communication among fish in their acoustically challenging intertidal habitats, where traditional underwater communication might be hindered by crashing waves and background noise.

In this rugged, shallow environment, using substrate vibrations may provide a more efficient means of communication aligned with the fish’s unique lifestyle.

Furthermore, Professor Geldof’s research combined contrast-enhanced soft tissue scans with data on bone structures to map the nerves, muscles, and microstructures within rockhead poachers, suggesting that the cranial fossa may serve sensory functions as well.

Branches of the dorsal lateral line nerve—a crucial component of the fish’s movement-sensing system—extend into the cavity, and the arrangement of microstructures suggests a role in mechanoreception, allowing the fish to sense movement and pressure.

Geldof concludes that this anatomical feature is multifunctional, serving both communicative and sensory purposes within the dynamic intertidal ecosystem.

“The intricate details of this small structure reflect not just a scientific inquiry, but a fundamental human curiosity,” he states.

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Daniel L. Geldof 2025. The Truth About Holes: The Morphology of Rockhead Poachers’ Skull Holes, Boslagonus Swanee (Agonidae). LSU Master’s Thesis 6270

Source: www.sci.news

Scientists Decode 200,000-Year-Old Denisovan Genome: Unraveling Ancient Human Ancestry

Posted on January 2, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

A groundbreaking research team at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology has successfully generated a high-quality Denisovan genome assembly using ancient DNA extracted from molar teeth found in the Denisovan Cave. This genome, dating back approximately 200,000 years, significantly predates the only previously sequenced Denisovan specimen. The findings are prompting a reevaluation of when and where early human groups interacted, mixed, and migrated throughout Asia.

Artist’s concept of Penghu Denisovans walking under the bright sun during the Pleistocene in Taiwan. Image credit: Cheng-Han Sun.

Dr. Stéphane Peregne, an evolutionary geneticist from the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, along with his team, recovered this Denisovan genome from molars excavated in the Denisova Cave, located in the Altai Mountains of southern Siberia. This cave is historically significant as it was the site where Denisovans were first discovered in 2010 through DNA analysis of finger bones.

This cave continues to be pivotal in the study of human evolution, revealing repeated occupations by Denisovans, Neanderthals, and even offspring resulting from the interbreeding of these groups.

“The Denisovans were first identified in 2008 based on ancient DNA sourced from Denisova 3, a phalanx found in the Denisova Cave,” Dr. Peregne and his colleagues noted.

“This analysis confirms that Denisovans are closely related to Neanderthals, an extinct human group that thrived in Western Eurasia during the mid-to-late Pleistocene.”

Since then, twelve fragmentary remains and a single skull have been associated with Denisovans through DNA or protein analysis, with Denisova 3 being the only specimen yielding a high-quality genome.

The newly studied molars, belonging to a Denisovan male who lived approximately 200,000 years ago, are predating modern humans’ migration out of Africa.

“In 2020, a complete upper left molar was found in Layer 17, one of the oldest cultural layers within the southern chamber of the Denisova Cave, dating between 200,000 and 170,000 years old based on photostimulated luminescence,” the scientists elaborated.

“Designated as Denisova 25, this molar resembles others found at Denisova Cave, specifically Denisova 4 and Denisova 8, and exhibits larger dimensions compared to Neanderthal and most post-Middle Pleistocene hominid molars, indicating it likely belonged to a Denisovan.”

“Two samples of 2.7 mg and 8.9 mg were extracted by drilling a hole at the cement-enamel junction of the tooth, with an additional 12 subsamples varying from 4.5 to 20.2 mg collected by carefully scraping the outer root layer using a dental drill.”

Thanks to excellent DNA preservation, researchers successfully reconstructed the genome of Denisova 25 with high coverage, matching the quality of the 65,000-year-old female Denisova 3 genome.

Denisovans likely had dark skin, in contrast to the pale Neanderthals. The image depicts a Neanderthal. Image credit: Mauro Cutrona.

Comparisons between the genomes indicate that Denisovans were not a singular, homogeneous population.

Instead, at least two distinct Denisovan groups inhabited the Altai region at various intervals, with one group gradually replacing the other over millennia.

Earlier Denisovans possessed a greater amount of Neanderthal DNA than later populations, suggesting that interbreeding was a regular event rather than an isolated occurrence in the Ice Age landscape of Eurasia.

Even more intriguing, the study uncovered evidence that Denisovans engaged in interbreeding with “hyperarchaic” hominin groups that diverged from the human lineage before the ancestors of Denisovans, Neanderthals, and modern humans branched off.

“This second Denisovan genome illustrates the recurrent admixture between Neanderthals and Denisovans in the Altai region, suggesting these mixed populations were eventually supplanted by Denisovans from other regions, reinforcing the notion that Denisovans were widespread and that populations in the Altai may have existed at the periphery of their geographic range,” the researchers explained.

The Denisovan 25 genome presents valuable insights into the long-standing mysteries regarding the Denisovan ancestry in contemporary populations.

People in Oceania, parts of South Asia, and East Asia all carry Denisovan DNA, albeit from different Denisovan sources.

Through genetic comparison, scientists have identified at least three separate Denisovan origins, highlighted by their genetic segments found in thousands of modern genomes.

One lineage closely relates to the later Denisovan genome and is linked to widespread ancestry across East Asia and beyond.

A second, more distantly related Denisovan population contributed independently to Oceanian and South Asian ancestry.

Notably, East Asians do not share this highly divergent Denisovan ancestry, implying their ancestors may have taken a different route into Asia, potentially from the north, whereas Oceanian ancestors likely migrated through South Asia.

“Neanderthal-like DNA fragments appear in all populations, including Oceanians, aligning with a singular out-of-Africa migration; however, the distinct Denisovan gene flow points to multiple migrations into Asia,” the researchers stated.

Reconstruction of a young Denisovan woman based on skeletal profiles derived from ancient DNA methylation maps. Image credit: Maayan Harel.

The researchers believe certain Denisovan genetic traits offered advantages that increased their prevalence in modern human populations through the process of natural selection.

By analyzing both Denisovan genomes, the authors pinpointed numerous regions in present-day populations that appear to have originated from Denisovan introgression, particularly in Oceania and South Asia.

Genetic alterations observed in other Denisovans provide intriguing insights into their physical appearances.

Several unique mutations in Denisovans influence genes connected to cranial shape, jaw protrusion, and facial characteristics—attributes that align with the limited fossil record associated with Denisovans.

A shift in regulatory mechanisms is on the horizon. The Fox P2 gene, implicated in brain development and language in modern humans, raises important questions regarding the cognitive capabilities of Denisovans, although researchers emphasize that genetic data cannot replace direct fossil or archaeological evidence.

“The impact of Denisovan alleles on modern human phenotypes might also shed light on Denisovan biology,” the researchers pointed out.

“Examining alleles linked to contemporary human traits, we identified 16 associations with 11 Denisovan alleles, covering aspects like height, blood pressure, cholesterol levels, and C-reactive protein levels.”

“Additionally, we recognized 305 expressed quantitative trait loci (QTL) and 117 alternative splicing QTLs that affect gene expression across 19 tissues in modern humans, with the most significant effects observable in the thyroid, tibial artery, testis, and muscle tissues.”

“These molecular effects can be utilized to explore additional phenotypes that are not retained in the fossil record. This updated catalog provides a more reliable foundation for investigating Denisovan traits, adaptations, and disease susceptibilities, some of which may have influenced modern humans through admixture.”

A Preprint of the team’s research paper was published in bioRxiv.org on October 20, 2025.

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Stephane Peregne et al. 2025. High coverage genome of Denisovans from 200,000 years ago. BioRxiv doi: 10.1101/2025.10.20.683404

Source: www.sci.news

Did Scientists Discover Evidence of Past Life on Mars in 2025?

Posted on December 26, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

NASA’s Perseverance Rover: Pioneering Exploration for Past Life on Mars

Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech

On the surface of Mars, minute details provide critical insights into the planet’s past. In 2025, new findings will shed light on possible microbial life that may have once thrived.

NASA’s Perseverance rover has gathered samples indicating the potential for ancient life. Specifically, it uncovered a rock featuring tiny specks, known as “leopard spots,” encircled by a distinctive dark ring. These geological features resemble those associated with microbial fossils on Earth.

This year, Joel Hurowitz and his team at Stony Brook University conducted a detailed analysis of the leopard spots and identified forms of iron and sulfur commonly linked to microbial activity. “This evidence is more promising than anything I’ve encountered in the last two decades,” stated Hannah Sizemore from the Planetary Science Institute in Arizona.

Previous indications of potential life on Mars included unexpected changes in methane levels and fossil-like structures in Martian meteorites. “I am more excited about these discoveries compared to earlier findings,” Sizemore added, emphasizing that the previous data lacked the correct physical scale for microbial evidence. In contrast, the leopard spots on Mars could directly indicate microbial activity.

The Perseverance rover has also detected other potential biosignatures, such as a small greenish mineral blob typically associated with microbial life on Earth. “Life on Mars is subtle. It’s not like seeing herds of wildlife,” remarked Andrew Steele, who was instrumental in formulating the rover’s scientific objectives. “Identifying signs of life will require the best technology we have available.”

Perseverance Rover Reveals Mars Rocks with Unique ‘Leopard Spots’

Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/MSSS

Equipped with advanced scientific tools, Perseverance is crucial for identifying whether these Martian rocks exhibit signs of ancient life. The mission involves caching samples for a future retrieval back to Earth for comprehensive testing.

“These samples could provide decisive evidence regarding the existence of life on Mars,” Steele remarked. “However, before we can confirm this, we need to return the samples to our laboratories.”

Unfortunately, the prospect of retrieving these samples is growing uncertain. The 2026 NASA budget proposal under the Trump administration raises concerns about the Mars Sample Return Project’s viability. If approved, it would eliminate plans to recover the meticulously gathered samples from Perseverance.

It’s possible that evidence of past life on Mars has already been discovered, yet we may never fully understand it. “While we are making strides, the understanding of Mars’ habitability remains fluid,” Sizemore said. “We’re on the edge of a potential breakthrough. However, we can neither ignore it nor prove it without further missions.”

Explore Chile: The Astronomical Capital of the World

Dive into Chile’s astronomical wonders. Experience state-of-the-art observatories and gaze at the clearest night skies on the planet.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Why Scientists Originally Believed the Platypus Was a Hoax: Unraveling the Mystery

Posted on December 25, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

European scientists first discovered the platypus due to its unique fur and anatomy. A sketch sent from Australia in 1798 left them in disbelief.

This specimen was so extraordinary that British zoologist George Shaw initially deemed it impossible, stating there was no reason to doubt its authenticity.

Could a prankster have stitched a duck’s beak onto a beaver’s body? To verify, Shaw meticulously examined the specimen for seams, but none were found. Thus, he became the first person to officially describe the animal, naming it platypus anatinus, originally referred to as “duck-like flat feet.” Over time, the classification evolved to Ornithorhynchus anatinus, meaning “duck-billed platypus.”

The platypus resembles a whimsical creation from a children’s book, combining features from various animals. It has a duck’s beak, an otter’s body, and a beaver’s tail. Notably, it lays eggs like birds while nursing its young with milk, a trait shared with mammals.

After extensive research and debate, scientists classified the platypus as a primitive type of mammal known as monotremes.

The term “monotreme” comes from the Greek word for “single opening,” referring to a multifunctional orifice, or “cloaca,” utilized for excretion, reproduction, and laying eggs.

The platypus is among five living monotreme species, along with four echidna species, all of which lay eggs instead of giving live birth.

Image of a platypus swimming – Males possess hollow spurs on their hind legs to inject venom. Image courtesy of Getty Images

The female platypus lays two small, leathery eggs in a breeding burrow, typically surrounded by grass. After around ten days, the platypus hatchlings, known as “

About the size of a butterbean, these hatchlings are born blind and hairless, making them entirely dependent on their mother.

For the next four months, she nourishes them with rich, nutritious milk that she secretes through special pores on her hairless abdomen, which they lap up from her fur.

Furthermore, the platypus’ beak is equipped with special receptor cells that detect electric signals generated by prey movements, including crustaceans and insect larvae.

Untypically for mammals, the platypus is also venomous. Males utilize their hollow spurs to inject venom into rivals to attract female attention.

In terms of swimming style, platypuses differ from river otters, which use all four legs for propulsion or beavers that use their hind legs and tail. Instead, platypuses swim by paddling solely with their front feet, using their tails and webbed hind legs primarily for steering.

If that wasn’t strange enough, consider the platypus genome.

Unlike most mammals that have two sex chromosomes, the platypus has ten, along with genes typical of mammals, genes from reptiles, and some entirely unique genes.

If you have any questions, feel free to reach out to us at: questions@sciencefocus.com, or send us a message on Facebook, Twitter, or Instagram. (Remember to include your name and location.)

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Source: www.sciencefocus.com

Scientists Uncover Largest Protoplanetary Disk Ever Detected Around Young Star

Posted on December 23, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

IRAS 23077+6707: A Turbulent Protoplanetary Disk – Located approximately 1,000 light-years away, this young star exhibits an unexpectedly chaotic and turbulent surrounding protoplanetary disk, with material fragments extending farther than what astronomers have previously observed in similar systems. For more details, check the study here.

This Hubble image showcases the protoplanetary disk surrounding IRAS 23077+6707. Image credit: NASA / ESA / STScI / K. Monsch, CfA / J. DePasquale, STScI.

Protoplanetary disks, rich in dust and gas, form around young stars and serve as primary locations for planet formation.

The disk surrounding IRAS 23077+6707 spans approximately 644 billion km (400 billion miles), making it about 40 times the diameter of our solar system, reaching to the outer Kuiper belt.

This vast disk obscures the star, which scientists suggest could be a massive star or potentially a binary star system.

Not only is this disk the largest known for planet formation, but its unique characteristics also make it exceptionally rare.

“It’s uncommon to capture such fine detail in protoplanetary disks. The new Hubble images suggest that planetary nurseries might be much more dynamic and chaotic than we previously thought,” explained Dr. Christina Monsch, an astronomer at Harvard University and the Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics.

“Observing this disk nearly head-on reveals its delicate upper layers and asymmetrical features,” she added.

Both the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope and the NASA/ESA/CSA James Webb Space Telescope have glimpsed similar structures, but IRAS 23077+6707 allows for unmatched visibility of its substructure in visible light.

This unique perspective makes it an exceptional laboratory for studying planet formation and the environments in which it occurs.

Edge-on, these disks resemble hamburgers, with bright upper and lower layers of glowing dust and gas, separated by a dark central lane.

In addition to its significant height, the new images reveal that vertical filament-like structures only appear on one side of the disk, indicating an uneven distribution of material.

“We were astonished by how asymmetric this disk appeared,” noted Dr. Joshua Bennett Lovell from the Harvard University & Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics.

“Hubble provides us with an exceptional view of the chaotic processes involved in the formation of disks and new planets. This process remains poorly understood, but these insights allow for fresh study opportunities.”

All planetary systems originate from a disk of gas and dust surrounding young stars. Over time, gas is absorbed by the star while planets form from the remaining material.

IRAS 23077+6707 might act as an extended analog to the early Solar System, with an estimated disk mass between 10 to 30 times that of Jupiter, providing sufficient material for multiple gas giant planets.

This and other discoveries make IRAS 23077+6707 an extraordinary case for examining planetary system formation.

“Theoretically, IRAS 23077+6707 could support a vast planetary system,” Dr. Monch stated.

“While planet formation may differ in such expansive conditions, the fundamental processes are likely akin to those in smaller systems.”

“At this point, we have more questions than answers, but these new images serve as a valuable foundation for understanding how planets evolve in diverse environments.”

Findings are set to be published in the Astrophysical Journal and can be accessed here.

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Christina Monche et al. 2025. Hubble reveals the complex multiscale structure of the edge-on protoplanetary disk IRAS 23077+6707. APJ in press. arXiv: 2510.11819

Source: www.sci.news

Scientists Warn: Cannabis Reclassification Could Unlock Vast Research Opportunities

Posted on December 23, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

A long-awaited change in drug policy could pave the way for scientists to explore the benefits and risks of marijuana, the most widely used federally prohibited substance.

On Thursday, President Donald Trump signed an executive order aimed at reclassifying marijuana from a Schedule I substance to a Schedule III substance, a move initiated during the Biden administration.

“Decades of federal drug control policy have overlooked the medical applications of marijuana,” states the order. “This oversight hampers scientists and manufacturers in conducting essential safety and efficacy studies to inform healthcare providers and patients.”

This reclassification is expected to enhance research into medical marijuana, without federally legalizing the substance. However, marijuana use in the U.S. is rising significantly. Gallup data suggests that 15% of adults may smoke marijuana in 2023 and 2024, an increase from 7% in 2013.

The poll did not differentiate between medical and recreational use, revealing the highest usage (19%) among 18- to 34-year-olds—an age group that has exhibited concerning psychological side effects from cannabis use. A recent study published in the journal Pediatrics indicated that even infrequent use was linked to increased psychological distress and lower academic performance in teens.

Medical marijuana is often prescribed for chronic pain relief, to manage nausea and vomiting in cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy, and to stimulate appetite in individuals with specific medical conditions. It remains uncertain how rescheduling cannabis will impact funding for recreational cannabis research.

Scientists like Ziva Cooper are hopeful that reclassification will transform public health through in-depth marijuana research.

“Studying cannabis, also known as marijuana, for both its therapeutic and side effects has been very challenging,” said Cooper, director of the Center for Cannabis and Cannabinoids at UCLA. “The rapid evolution of this industry often outpaces consumer behavior and research developments.”

“It’s challenging to study, and as a scientist committed to public health, it’s tough to keep up with the shifting landscape.”

Schedule I is the most restrictive category within U.S. drug scheduling recognized by the Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA), applying to substances with “no currently accepted medical use and high abuse potential,” such as ecstasy and heroin. Schedule III substances, which include ketamine and anabolic steroids, are classified as having a “moderate to low potential for physical and psychological dependence.”

Even in cannabis-friendly regions, Cooper acknowledges that he faces similar research obstacles as those in states like Idaho, where cannabis use is prohibited.

“Researchers are unable to test readily available products; they can only inquire about basic characteristics of the cannabis available at compounding pharmacies visible from their lab,” Cooper said. “This creates limitations on sourcing the cannabis for research.”

Need for Thorough Research on Marijuana’s Benefits and Risks

Last year, the National Institutes of Health allocated $75 million for cannabinoid research, a slight increase from $70 million in 2023. Moreover, $217 million was directed towards cannabinoid studies, with $53 million specifically for cannabidiol (CBD), a non-psychoactive cannabinoid.

Dr. Brooke Wurster, medical director of the master’s in medical cannabis science and business program at Thomas Jefferson University, pointed out that bureaucratic challenges often confine cannabis research to observational studies rather than the rigorous clinical trials required for pharmaceuticals, resulting in mixed findings.

For instance, a study published in 2024 in the journal Current Alzheimer’s Research found a 96% reduced risk of subjective cognitive decline among recreational cannabis users aged 45 and older compared to non-users. In contrast, 2025 research in the JAMA Network Open indicated that heavy cannabis users aged 22-36 exhibited memory impairments.

A recent study in Biomedicine suggested cannabinoids as a “promising” alternative for opioid use in chronic pain management, emphasizing an urgent need for large-scale randomized controlled trials. Meanwhile, a study last year found that JAMA Network Open reported increased medical visits for cannabis-related disorders among older Medicare beneficiaries from 2017 to 2022.

The reclassification will enable researchers to examine and prepare specific marijuana formulations, Wurster noted. Even in states with medical cannabis programs, cannabis quality and potency can vary significantly across dispensaries.

“We can comprehensively monitor immediate symptoms, blood levels, and long-term effects,” she explained. “All the essential elements required for drug research mandated by the federal government.”

While cannabis has medical benefits for some individuals, Jonathan Caulkins, H. Guyford Steever Professor of Operations Research and Public Policy at Carnegie Mellon University, cautioned that administrative barriers alone do not account for cannabis not being a “miracle cure” for conditions like cancer and Alzheimer’s.

“Studies conducted in countries like Canada, France, and Israel are not under the same restrictions,” Caulkins stated. “We should not assume U.S. law is the sole reason cannabis hasn’t emerged as a definitive treatment option.”

Wurster emphasized that these changes bring new responsibilities for the medical community, as smoked and inhaled products may not be safe for all individuals.

“We still need to comprehend the best methods for delivering appropriate medications and guidance to the right patients,” she cautioned. “Available products are frequently unregulated and present significant mental health risks, particularly among young users, as well as cardiovascular concerns, necessitating greater caution.”

A Major Shift in Cannabis Policy After 55 Years

The regulatory barriers that researchers face have roots extending back over fifty years. Under the Nixon administration, the Controlled Substances Act of 1970 categorized marijuana as a Schedule I drug.

Almost six decades later, much regarding marijuana’s medicinal potential remains undiscovered. Currently, from a legal standpoint, it is viewed merely as a substance of abuse, Wurster noted.

Susan Ferguson, director of the Institute on Addiction, Drugs and Alcohol at the University of Washington School of Medicine, anticipates that obtaining cannabis research licenses will soon become easier for scientists. Presently, researchers can broadly license drugs classified from Schedule II to V, while those exploring Schedule I substances must secure individual licenses for each.

“This necessitates a detailed written protocol,” she explained. “It involves DEA personnel visiting to review research and experimental strategies, which complicates the process considerably.”

Ferguson believes that reclassifying marijuana would “open the floodgates” for clinical research. Participants may be more willing to engage in Schedule III studies than in those involving Schedule I drugs.

Ferguson compared cannabis to alcohol and tobacco, which, although common, are not benign. Due to medical research, their risks are well documented.

“We have yet to conduct that level of research on cannabis,” Ferguson concluded. “Ultimately, we aim to inform people more comprehensively about the risks and benefits associated with its use.”

Source: www.nbcnews.com