Recent discoveries by paleoanthropologists regarding Homo floresiensis—a remarkable species identified on the Indonesian island of Flores in 2003—have raised intriguing questions about its evolutionary significance. Although these small-statured hominins stood only 109 centimeters (3.5 feet) tall and possessed brains about a third the size of modern humans, they were previously believed to have hunted large animals, including elephants, and utilized fire. However, a new study from the Smithsonian Institution’s National Museum of Natural History challenges this notion.

Reconstruction of Homo floresiensis. Image credit: Elizabeth Danes.

According to lead author Dr. E. Grace Veitch and colleagues, “Homo floresiensis was initially viewed as exhibiting advanced behavioral traits for a small-brained hominid, based on evidence of fire usage and hunting of large prey.”

The study highlighted the co-discovery of Homo floresiensis and dwarf proboscidians, specifically Stegodon florensis insularis, at Liang Bua alongside significant stone artifacts, which were originally interpreted as indicative of “big game” hunting techniques.

“Some small animal remains at the site showed signs of charring, indicating they were likely cooked,” stated Dr. Veitch, reinforcing the idea that despite their limited brain size, Homo floresiensis demonstrated sophisticated fire usage.

The research involved analyzing over 3,100 Stegodon bone fragments and the remains of approximately 7,000 rodents discovered in Liang Bua Cave.

In their quest to differentiate marks made by stone tools from those left by predators, researchers conducted a feeding experiment at Zoo Atlanta, allowing captive Komodo dragons (Varanus komodoensis) to consume goat carcasses.

They then compared the resulting tooth imprints with those found on fossil bones from Liang Bua.

The results indicated that both humans and Komodo dragons fed on Stegodon carcasses, but damage patterns suggested that the giant reptiles accessed the animals first.

While Komodo dragon tooth marks concentrated on meat-rich bones, the cuts attributed to Homo floresiensis were primarily found on less valuable skeletal parts, such as ribs and phalanges.

Additionally, no evidence of projectile weapons or signs of active hunting were present, suggesting that hominins may have relied on scavenging rather than hunting large prey.

“The evidence indicates that Stegodon remains reflect a mix of primary access by Komodo dragons followed by secondary access by Homo floresiensis,” the researchers concluded.

Evidence of fire use was similarly minimal, with only one rib fragment showing burn marks, leading scientists to hypothesize that it might have been burned by modern humans much later.

Findings from rodent remains revealed a comparable narrative; around 20% of rat bones exhibited signs of burning tied to Homo sapiens, but no evidence of fire damage was found on remains attributed to Homo floresiensis.

Overall, these findings suggest that Homo floresiensis may not have been the technologically advanced hominin once envisioned, but rather a species with limited behavioral complexity.

“Originally, Homo floresiensis was characterized as capable of sophisticated behavior and cognition, potentially as a descendant of Homo erectus adapted for island living,” noted the author. “However, the evidence supporting complex behavior—such as the sophisticated use of tools and fire—has significantly diminished.”

“Lacking control of fire, Homo floresiensis likely did not develop the digestive adaptations seen in other hominids that benefit from cooked food,” the study added.

Furthermore, the postcranial anatomy of Homo floresiensis, including proportions of arms, legs, and feet, renders traditional big game hunting challenging.

“Current evidence suggests that Homo floresiensis did not possess the diverse behavioral repertoire of modern humans or Neanderthals, possibly due to their ancestors’ limited development of hunting and fire control,” the study concludes.

This groundbreaking study was published in the Journal of Scientific Progress on July 3, 2026.

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E. Grace Veitch et al. 2026. Taphonomic analysis at Liang Bua reveals human behavioral and technological capabilities of Homo floresiensis. Scientific Progress 12(27); doi: 10.1126/sciadv.aeb7219