Mars Might Have Once Hosted Larger Moons

Gale Crater on Mars

ZUMA Press, Inc./Alamy

There may have been ancient tides on Mars, suggesting the presence of larger moons capable of influencing the planet’s waters. Currently, Mars has two small moons that aren’t sufficient for this theory.

Suniti Karunatilake and researchers from Louisiana State University discovered signs of tidal activity in Gale Crater’s sedimentary layers.

By examining these layers, they inferred the nature of the tidal cycles and the potential moon responsible for them. If such a moon existed, it would have been significantly larger than Phobos, Mars’ biggest moon, yet still smaller than Earth’s moon. The two current Martian moons might be remnants of a larger satellite.

Mr. Karunatilake is set to present the findings at the upcoming American Geophysical Union meeting in New Orleans, Louisiana.

The sedimentary rocks that supported their conclusions were captured by NASA’s Curiosity rover, displaying alternating layers of varying thicknesses and colors. These strata are termed rhythmite, indicating that they were formed by winds or ocean currents of fluctuating strength. In tidal scenarios, sand is transported back and forth, covered by fine mud when the tide recedes.

The rhythm of strong winds leaves thin, dark lines indicative of “mud drapes,” which “resemble Earth’s tidal patterns closely,” notes team member Priyabrata Das, also from Louisiana State University.

To bolster their hypothesis, Ranjan Sarkar from Germany’s Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research utilized a standard mathematical technique called the Fourier transform to evaluate the layered structures in Martian rocks. This analysis revealed additional periodicity in layer thicknesses, implying that both the sun and a past moon may have influenced the tides.

This analysis may validate the idea initially put forth by Rajat Mazumdar from the German Institute of Technology in Oman. In 2023, Mazumdar suggested that layered formations observed by NASA’s Perseverance rover in Jezero Crater could indicate tidal activity. Unfortunately, the resolution of these images was insufficient for Fourier analysis. Enthused by the Gail rhythmite findings, Mazumdar emphasizes that rhythmite on Earth is strong evidence of tidal conditions.

However, skepticism remains. The lakes in Jezero and Gale craters, sized at 45 kilometers and 154 kilometers respectively, are considered too small to exhibit significant tidal flooding. Nicholas Mangold, a member of NASA’s Perseverance Mars team at the Institute for Planetary and Earth Sciences in Nantes, France, argues that larger moons wouldn’t have left tidal traces in these locations.

Christopher Fed, a professor at the University of Tennessee working with NASA on the Curiosity mission, also finds the notion of a larger moon problematic, suggesting that tidal-like patterns could emerge from varying river inflows instead.

Nevertheless, Sarkar believes a tidal connection is feasible. “The ocean might have linked to Gale, and even subsurface porosity could create tides. Mars’ surface is extensively cracked and crated, meaning porosity isn’t an issue,” he argues.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Dwarf Planet Ceres Might Have Hosted a Lasting Source of Chemical Energy to Support Habitability

While there is no conclusive evidence of microorganisms on Ceres, recent research bolsters the theory that this dwarf planet may have once harbored conditions conducive to single-cell life.



An illustration of Ceres’ interior, highlighting the movement of water and gas from the rocky core to the saltwater reservoir. Carbon dioxide and methane are chemical energy carriers beneath Ceres’ surface. Image credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech.

Previous scientific data from NASA’s Dawn Mission indicated that bright reflective areas on Ceres’ surface were formed from salt left behind by liquid that seeped from below ground.

A subsequent 2020 analysis identified that this liquid originated from a vast reservoir of subsurface brine.

Additional studies found organic materials in the form of carbon molecules on Ceres. While this alone doesn’t confirm the existence of microbial life, it is a crucial component.

Water and carbon molecules are two fundamental aspects of the habitability puzzle for this distant world.

The latest findings suggest that ancient chemical energy on Ceres could have supported the survival of microorganisms.

This does not imply that Ceres currently hosts life, but if it did, “food” sources are likely to have been available.

In a new study led by Dr. Sam Courville from Arizona State University and NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory, a thermal and chemical model was developed to simulate the temperature and composition within Ceres over time.

They discovered that approximately 2.5 billion years ago, Ceres’ underground oceans possibly maintained a stable supply of warm water with dissolved gases emanating from metamorphic rocks in the rocky core.

The heat originated from the decay of radioactive elements within the planet’s rocky interior, a process typical in our solar system.

“On Earth, when hot water from deep underground interacts with ocean water, it frequently creates a fertility hotspot for microorganisms, releasing a wealth of chemical energy,” stated Dr. Courville.

“Therefore, if Ceres’ oceans experienced hydrothermal activity in the past, it would align well with our findings.”

As it stands, Ceres is not likely to be habitable today, being cooler and having less ice and water than it once did.

At present, the heat from radioactive decay in Ceres is inadequate to prevent water from freezing, resulting in highly concentrated saltwater.

The timeframe during which Ceres was likely habitable ranges from 5 billion to 2 billion years ago, coinciding with when its rocky core peaked in temperature.

This is when warm liquid water would have been introduced into Ceres’ groundwater.

Dwarf planets generally lack the benefit of ongoing internal heating due to tidal interactions with larger planets, unlike Enceladus and Europa, moons of Saturn and Jupiter, respectively.

Thus, the highest potential for a habitable Ceres existed in its past.

“Since then, Ceres’ oceans are likely to be cold, concentrated saltwater with minimal energy sources, making current habitability unlikely,” the authors concluded.

A paper detailing these findings was published today in the journal Advances in Science.

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Samuel W. Courville et al. 2025. Core metamorphosis controls the dynamic habitability of the medium-sized marine world – the case of Ceres. Advances in Science 11 (34); doi: 10.1126/sciadv.adt3283

Source: www.sci.news

Tired of Negativity, Tennessee Town Sets the Record Straight in Play About Hosted Scope Trials

In directing this play, which commemorates the centenary of the trial, Buck emphasizes that leaders in Dayton are pursuing the same mission as their predecessors a hundred years ago.

“I’ve generated interest in this town, and I’m thrilled about the people here, positioning Dayton on the map,” Buck stated. “Perhaps we’re utilizing this narrative and trial to shine a spotlight on this unique location.”

Descendants

Jacob Smith, 23, only realized his connection to the iconic trials after delving into history. His great-great-grandmother’s brother was Walter White, the county’s school chief and a pivotal figure who brought the trial to Dayton.

Smith portrays Dudley Field Malone, Scope’s defense attorney, who delivered equally passionate and memorable speeches during the trial, in a manner reminiscent of Brian and Darrow. One of Smith’s favorite lines references the contentious nature of the courtroom battle.

“He essentially states, ‘There’s never a duel with the truth,’” Smith explained. “He argues, ‘It always prevails. It doesn’t conspire or require suspension of laws, governments, or ‘Mr. Brian’.”

Now a county archivist, Smith is eager to see visitors discover the original courthouse in Dayton, with its creaky, polished wooden floors, lofty windows, and impressive staircase leading up to the expansive courtroom on the second level.

“Like the lawyers before them, they could ascend to that circuit court and grip the railing, and back in 1925, the entire audience would have turned their gaze,” Smith noted.

“The Great General”

Larry Jones, who has been acting in community and local theatres since childhood, thought he knew the story of the Scope Trial following his performance in “The Wind Inheritance.”

He soon realized that renowned plays often embraced creative liberties, transforming into a commentary on something else that had captivated the nation at the time, such as McCarthyism.

Jones portrays Brian, a notable Christian orator and populist politician. He mentions that the most challenging aspect wasn’t memorizing Brian’s lengthy speeches, but rather responding to Darrow’s unexpected challenges that demand a defense of the literal truth of the Bible.

“I have to react instinctively and appear spontaneous each time,” Jones remarked. “Part of me thinks, ‘Oh, is that the right cue? Will I say the correct thing?’

Jones asserts that the audience will connect to the trial’s enduring narrative as it echoes into the next century. The discourse continues.

“Discussions about the same themes persist,” Jones explained. “What role should federal or state governments play in public education? What should or shouldn’t be allowed? How should parents guide their children’s education? Whether concerning evolution, literature, or numerous contemporary political issues, the debate remains alive.”

There Is No Conclusion

The trial’s outcome came as little surprise, with the jury swiftly deeming the scope guilty after mere minutes of deliberation. Nonetheless, the defense’s aim has always focused on establishing legal precedents in higher courts.

Today, Dayton embraces its historical significance during the annual trial celebration. Businesses promote “Monkey Trials,” and locals have adopted the phrase “Dayton has evolved.”

“We’re discarding very old tales, yet they feel refreshingly new,” Buck expressed. “It’s so, so very relevant now.”

Source: www.nbcnews.com

Possible rewrite: AI tool hosted by Amazon for UK military recruitment at risk for data breach

Reports indicate that an artificial intelligence tool hosted by Amazon to enhance recruitment for the UK Ministry of Defense is potentially exposing defense workers to public identification risks. This information comes from a government evaluation.

The data utilized by automated systems in tailoring defense job advertisements to attract diverse candidates through inclusive language includes details like service member names, roles, and emails, and is stored by Amazon in the United States. A government document released for the first time today indicates that there is a risk of data breaches that could lead to the identification of defense personnel.

Although the risk has been classified as “low,” the Defense Department assured that there are “strong safeguards” in place by suppliers Textio, Amazon Web Services, and threat detection service Amazon GuardDuty.

The government acknowledges several risks associated with the use of AI tools in the public sector, as highlighted in a series of documents released to enhance transparency around algorithm use in central governments.

Ministers are advocating for the use of AI to enhance the UK’s economic productivity and deliver better public services. Safety measures are emphasized to mitigate risks and ensure resilience.

The UK government is collaborating with Google and Meta to pilot AI in public services. Microsoft is also offering its AI-powered Copilot system to civil servants, aligning with the government’s ambition to adopt a more startup-oriented mindset.

Some of the identified risks and benefits of current central government AI applications include:

  • Potential generation of inappropriate lesson material using a Lesson planning tool powered by AI, assisting teachers in customizing lesson plans efficiently.

  • Introduction of a chatbot to address queries concerning child welfare in family court, providing round-the-clock information and reducing wait times.

  • Utilization of a policy engine by the Ministry of Finance to model tax and benefit changes accurately.

  • Potential negative impact on human decision-making caused by excessive reliance on AI users in food hygiene inspections, leading to inconsistent scoring of establishments.

These disclosures will be documented in the expanded Algorithm Transparency Register, detailing information about 23 central government algorithms. Some algorithms with bias indications, like those in the Department for Work and Pensions welfare system, are yet to be recorded.

Source: www.theguardian.com