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Groundbreaking Discovery: Researchers Document Cows Using Tools for the First Time

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In a groundbreaking study published in the latest issue of Current Biology, researchers from Vienna Veterinary University present the first experimental evidence that cows (Bos taurus) can utilize a single object as a versatile tool, adapting its use according to the task at hand. The study focused on a pet Swiss brown cow named Veronica, who learned to manipulate a deck brush to effectively scratch hard-to-reach areas of her body. Through a series of controlled trials, Veronica exhibited targeted adjustments based on the sensitivity of the body parts she aimed to scratch.

Veronica’s tool technique. Image credit: Antonio Osuna-Mascaró and Alice Auersperg, doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2025.11.059.

Veronica, a long-lived Swiss brown cow, is not raised for meat or milk. She is a beloved pet of Vitger Vigele, an organic farmer and baker who cherishes her as part of the family.

Over a decade ago, Vigele observed Veronica occasionally picking up sticks to scratch herself, sparking interest in her behavior.

According to Dr. Alice Auersperg, a cognitive biologist at Vienna University, “These findings suggest that our preconceptions about domestic animal intelligence may stem more from observational gaps than from actual cognitive limitations.”

In structured trials, Dr. Auersperg and colleague Dr. Antonio Osuna Mascaro placed deck brushes at random angles. They recorded which ends Veronica selected and the body parts she targeted.

After multiple assessments, the researchers discovered that Veronica’s choices were consistent and matched the needs of the targeted areas.

“We have demonstrated that cows can engage in genuinely flexible tool use,” stated Dr. Osuna Mascaro.

“Veronica doesn’t just use objects haphazardly.”

“She effectively employs different segments of the same tool for distinct purposes, altering her techniques based on the tool’s role and the specific body part involved.”

The study revealed that Veronica typically favors the bristles of a deck brush for scratching large, hard areas like her back. For more sensitive regions, she switches to the smooth stick end.

Moreover, her handling of the tools varies; her upper body scratching movements are broad and vigorous, while her lower body motions are slower, more deliberate, and precisely controlled.

Tool use is defined as manipulating external objects to achieve a goal through mechanical means. The study found that Veronica’s behavior fulfills this definition while demonstrating flexible and versatile tool use, utilizing different features of the same object for various functional outcomes.

Such agility in tool use is exceedingly rare, with evidence only convincingly documented in chimpanzees to date.

“Using tools on her own body represents a self-directed form of tool use, which is typically considered less complex than applying tools to external objects,” remarked Dr. Osuna Mascaro.

“Veronica faces inherent physical limitations as she depends on her mouth to manipulate tools.”

“What’s remarkable is her ability to overcome these limitations, demonstrating foresight by adjusting her grip strength and movements accordingly.”

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Antonio J. Osuna-Mascalo & Alice MI Auersperg. 2026. Flexible use of multipurpose tools by cows. Current Biology 36 (2): R44-R45; doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2025.11.059

Source: www.sci.news

How Cows Using Tools is Revolutionizing Our Perception of Livestock

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Veronica the cow demonstrating tool use

Veronica the cow: A groundbreaking example of non-primate mammal tool use

Antonio J. Osuna Mascaro

Recently, while riding in a taxi, the driver shared a transformative experience involving a pig. My childhood with dogs shaped my expectations of animals, but my encounter with pigs was eye-opening.

The driver explained how he constructed a bell-and-string system that allowed the animals to signal when they wanted to go outside. Interestingly, both dogs and pigs learned this cue, but the pigs took it further by ringing the bell to inform their humans about the dogs waiting outside. The driver spoke of these moments with affection and pride. Remarkably, I later learned that this had changed his dietary choices—he no longer eats pork.

This narrative reflects a broader trend in research on animal cognition. Historically, scientists focused primarily on non-human primates, often deemed the “feathered apes,” like parrots and crows. Recently, however, studies have expanded to include a variety of species, such as honey bees, octopuses, and crocodiles.

In line with this expanded focus, new research conducted by Antonio Osuna Mascaro and Alice Auersperg at the University of Veterinary Medicine in Vienna investigates the cognitive abilities of cows, an often-overlooked species. Veronica, a pet cow (Bos taurus), displays remarkable innovation by using a broom to scratch her body. She employs the bristles for her back and flips it over for her more sensitive areas.

This observation marks the first documented instance of flexible tool use among non-primate mammals. What does Veronica’s tool use reveal about her cognition, and might it change how we view and treat cows?

Tool use, in broad terms, is defined as the manipulation of an object to achieve a specific goal. This definition excludes behaviors like nest-building or hiding, where actions serve static ends. Instead, true tool use involves active manipulation, such as using a stone to crack nuts or a stick to extract termites.

For many years, tool use was considered a trait unique to humans. This notion changed when Jane Goodall observed a chimpanzee named David Greybeard creating and utilizing tools to fish for termites. Subsequent discoveries revealed tool use in unexpected corners of the animal kingdom. For instance, antlion larvae throw sand at prey, while certain digger wasp species employ pebbles in their burrows. Such specialized behaviors evolved over millions of years, contrasting with the flexible tool use demonstrated by animals like Veronica.

Veronica cleverly uses different broom sides for various scratches

Antonio J. Osuna Mascaro

Remarkably, Veronica learned to use tools independently, progressing from twigs to the intelligent use of a broom without any direct teaching.

This behavior suggests that Veronica possesses cognitive traits described by psychologists, notably those identified by Josep Cole. Three key elements define a creative tool user. Firstly, the ability to gather and learn about the physical properties of objects. Secondly, combining this knowledge to navigate challenges—understanding that a hard object can provide relief for an itch. Lastly, the willingness to manipulate objects creatively, as mere physical capability is insufficient. For example, while both squirrel monkeys and capuchin monkeys possess similar hands, only capuchins tent to exhibit object manipulation.

This insight into cow cognition may revolutionize how we treat farm animals. Research indicates a correlation between perceived intelligence and how we consider animals’ worthiness of ethical treatment. In one study, participants rated animals with lower intelligence as more edible, while higher-assigned intelligence led to lower perceptions of their edibility. Participants introduced to the Bennett’s tree kangaroo perceived those identified as food as lacking in sentience.

Our treatment of animals correlates significantly with our perception of their intellect. Veronica’s story is likely the first of many that will challenge our views of “simple” domestic animals. For this knowledge to reshape our practices, we must confront our cognitive dissonance. Denial of animal consciousness allows us to overlook the ethical implications of our treatment. It requires courage to acknowledge their sentience instead of ignoring it.

Marta Halina, Professor of Philosophy of Science at Cambridge University

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Can avian influenza be spread by cows?

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Avian influenza has been a problem for poultry for over a century, causing deaths in various birds like chickens, ducks, and geese. It is caused by a type of influenza virus similar to the one affecting humans, with four different variants. The most dangerous variant, type A, has the potential to infect humans and lead to a widespread influenza outbreak due to its high transmissibility.

In February 2024, a team of researchers working alongside the CDC received reports of unusual symptoms in dairy cows. These cows displayed decreased appetite, reduced milk production, and thick, yellowish milk. Symptoms peaked between 4 and 6 days after infection and subsided within 10 to 14 days, allowing the cows to gradually resume their normal milk production.

By March 2024, similar health issues were reported in dairy cows in southwestern Kansas and northeastern New Mexico. This time, wild birds and cats also succumbed to the illness at a dairy farm where infected cows were identified. This raised concerns among scientists about a potential new pandemic spreading to humans, prompting the team to investigate the disease for better preparedness.

Researchers conducted tests at a Texas dairy farm, collecting samples from infected cows and cats to analyze for viral presence. The study revealed a possible cross-species transmission of the disease, indicating a concerning potential for spread among different animal types.

Further analysis using PCR on milk and cat tissues confirmed the presence of avian influenza virus. Samples sent to a veterinary lab validated the findings, underscoring the seriousness of the situation.

Subsequent investigations focused on understanding the digestive issues in infected cows and the presence of viral genetic material in affected animals. The team discovered digestive problems and ulcers in the cows, linking the virus’s movement from the stomach to the mammary glands.

Comparative analysis of viral gene sequences between infected cattle and cats showed a high degree of similarity, indicating a common viral strain circulating among the animals. This highlighted the rapid spread of the virus across different cattle populations.

While the transmission of avian influenza among various species is evident, the exact mechanisms remain unclear. Researchers cautioned against consuming unpasteurized milk to prevent the virus from spreading further. Continued testing and research are necessary to assess the potential threat posed by avian influenza and prevent the emergence of more harmful variants.

The research team emphasized the importance of testing cows showing symptoms to contain the virus and prevent potential mutations. Vigilance in monitoring and early detection are critical in mitigating the risks associated with avian influenza.


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Source: sciworthy.com

Denmark Makes Historic Move by Implementing Carbon Tax on Gas-Emitting Cows and Pigs

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Denmark is taking action to address methane emissions, a significant contributor to global warming. Starting in 2030, Denmark will be the first country to implement a tax on livestock farmers based on the greenhouse gas emissions produced by their cows, sheep, and pigs.

Tax Minister Jeppe Bruus aims to reduce Denmark’s greenhouse gas emissions by 70% by 2030 compared to 1990 levels.

From 2030, Danish livestock farmers will face a tax of 300 kroner ($43) per tonne of carbon dioxide equivalent, increasing to 750 kroner ($108) by 2035. However, with a 60% income tax credit, the effective cost per tonne will start at 120 kroner ($17.3) and gradually rise to 300 kroner by 2035.

While carbon dioxide is often the focus, methane is a potent greenhouse gas, trapping significantly more heat than carbon dioxide over a 20-year period, according to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.

Methane ConcentrationMethane emissions from various sources, including landfills, oil and gas systems, and livestock, have been on the rise. Livestock alone contributes to about 32% of man-made methane emissions, as reported by the United Nations Environment Programme.

Denmark’s move is a significant step towards achieving climate neutrality by 2045. The country is pioneering the implementation of a substantial carbon tax on agriculture, with hopes that other nations will also take similar actions.

In New Zealand, a similar law was passed but later revoked amid criticism from farmers. Denmark, on the other hand, reached an agreement with various stakeholders to implement the carbon tax.

The Danish Society for Nature Conservation hailed the tax agreement as a “historic compromise,” emphasizing the importance of restructuring the food industry beyond 2030.

Denmark’s decision comes after protests from farmers across Europe, who argue that climate policies are jeopardizing their livelihoods.

Despite Denmark’s status as a major dairy and pork exporter, the country plans to tax pigs alongside cows due to their significant emissions. The tax proposal is expected to receive broad support in the parliament.

Statistics Denmark reported a slight decrease in the number of cattle in the country as of June 30, 2022, with 1,484,377 cattle in total.

Source: www.nbcnews.com

Bird flu infecting cows and their milk – Are humans at risk next?

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A strain of avian influenza, known as H5N1 or highly pathogenic avian influenza, has sparked concerns in cattle herds across the United States in recent weeks. This development has raised significant alarm among health experts. The Chief Scientist at the World Health Organization (WHO) warned of the high mortality rate associated with the virus in humans.

As of now, the virus has affected more than 20 clusters in eight states of the U.S since a surge was initially reported last month.

The states that have been impacted so far include Idaho, Kansas, Michigan, New Mexico, North Carolina, Ohio, Texas, and South Dakota.

Moreover, on April 1st, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) confirmed that the virus had spread further in Texas and had infected individuals who were exposed to dairy cows.

Experts are emphasizing the need for extreme vigilance, investigation, and situational assessment due to the rapidly changing individual risk scenarios.

Infection of cattle is unprecedented.

This virus is not new – H5N1 was initially detected in 1996 in waterfowl in southern China. A new version of the H5N1 virus became widespread in 2021 and has continued to infect both wild and domestic bird populations globally.

Spread to other animals has occurred occasionally as the virus has crossed into various mammalian populations, including foxes, seals, sea lions, and humans, according to the CDC.

While the spread to mammals is a concern and can be fatal, past cases have shown that avian influenza typically stops spreading when it reaches mammalian populations, particularly humans.

However, in October 2022, a significant shift occurred when the virus spread from mink to mink at a mink farm in Spain, deviating from the usual transmission from birds to mammals. The USDA has confirmed that cows have been infected for the first time, and cow-to-cow transmission has contributed to the recent spread of avian influenza in dairy farms.

There is still uncertainty about how the disease spreads through cattle populations, with reports suggesting that the virus may be transmitted through milk due to high concentrations of the virus being shed in milk.

Is it safe to drink milk?

Most dairy products are pasteurized, which effectively eliminates the virus, making milk consumption safe for the majority of individuals. Drinking unpasteurized milk poses some risk, but experts suggest that even unpasteurized milk may be safe if not consumed immediately after milking.

Experts recommend avoiding unpasteurized milk after high concentrations of the avian influenza virus are detected. – Image credit: Getty

The presence of the virus in milk raises questions about its transmission and impact on human health, as the virus is typically a respiratory disease.

How worried should I be?

The situation is under close monitoring by authorities, with several states implementing restrictions on dairy cow imports from affected regions. Scientists are analyzing virus sequences to identify genetic changes that could impact transmission and treatment effectiveness.

Concerns have been raised about the effectiveness of biosecurity measures on farms in controlling the spread of the virus. Experts emphasize the need for increased vigilance and monitoring to prevent further transmission.

Could H5N1 cause the next pandemic?

While there is uncertainty about the future, a widespread pandemic remains unlikely at this point. Authorities are prepared with stockpiles of vaccines and antiviral drugs effective against potential influenza strains.

There are two existing vaccine candidates against H5N1 available to manufacturers, along with several FDA-approved antiviral drugs. The focus remains on combating bird flu and preparing for any potential future outbreaks.

Experts continue to monitor the situation closely and emphasize the importance of staying informed and prepared for any developments.

About our experts

Jeremy Rothman is an Honorary Senior Lecturer in Virology at the University of Kent. His research focuses on infectious diseases’ pathogenesis and has been published in various scientific journals.

Matthew Hayek is an assistant professor at New York University, specializing in the impact of food production on climate change, ecological processes, and the spread of zoonotic diseases.

Source: www.sciencefocus.com

Person confirmed to have avian influenza after contact with infected dairy cows.

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dairy cow

Shutterstock / Zhang Yuangeng

A person living in the United States contracted avian influenza from an infected dairy cow in Texas. This is the first case in which a subtype of the virus called H5N1 has been confirmed to be transmitted between humans and other mammals.

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) announced the news today after confirming a positive test result over the weekend. The patient’s only symptom was eye inflammation, and he is taking antiviral medication and is recovering. They had come into contact with cattle believed to have been infected with a virus that has decimated the world’s bird populations.

Last week, cattle in five US states (Texas, Kansas, Michigan, New Mexico, and Idaho) tested positive for H5N1. It’s unclear how they got sick, but it now appears the virus may be spreading among the animals. According to the US Department of Agriculture.

Until now, it had only been confirmed that mammals could be infected with the virus from sick birds. “There have been several non-human outbreaks where there may have been mammal-to-mammal transmission,” says Richard Webby at St. Jude Children’s Hospital in Tennessee. For example, 17,000 elephant seal pups died in Argentina late last year due to avian influenza. In 2022, there was an outbreak among farmed mink in Spain. But in these situations, it is difficult to rule out other sources of the virus, such as contaminated food, he said.

Despite recent human infections, the CDC says the risk of contracting bird flu remains low for most people. People who have had close contact with other animals, including infected birds and livestock, are at greatest risk. Although pasteurized milk is safe, you should avoid consuming or handling raw dairy products.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Important facts about bird flu found in U.S. dairy cows

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dairy farm cows

GH Photo/Alamy

Dairy cows in several US states have reportedly contracted bird flu. United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). The virus has killed millions of birds around the world, but this is the first time it has been detected in cattle.

How many cows are affected by avian influenza?

As of March 25, milk samples from two dairy farms in Kansas and one in Texas tested positive for the avian influenza subtype called H5N1. new york times. This strain is highly lethal to birds. A cow throat swab taken from a dairy farm in Texas also tested positive. So far, no cows have died from the virus.

On March 22, U.S. authorities announced a diagnosis of avian influenza in bovines after some dairy cows at farms in Texas, Kansas, and New Mexico became ill and there were reports of dead wild birds on farm grounds. The inspection has started.

About 10% of the milking cows on the affected farms appear to be sick, most of them elderly. It is unclear whether avian influenza is the cause of all animal illness. U.S. authorities are moving quickly to conduct additional testing.

How did the cow become infected with the virus?

The Department of Agriculture announced that the cows appear to have contracted the virus from infected wild birds. However, it is unclear exactly how the virus was transmitted between species.

Most mammals that contract bird flu are carnivores, such as foxes and seals, who most likely contracted the virus by eating dead or infected birds.Because cows don’t eat birds, it’s difficult to explain the source of infection. Richard Webby at St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital in Tennessee. Feces and saliva from wild birds may have contaminated the cows’ water and feed.

“The biggest question that I don’t fully understand is how do you account for transmission across the state with such geographic spread,” Webby said.

The worst-case scenario is that the virus spreads among cattle, but that’s probably unlikely, he said. This is because there is still no evidence that avian influenza can be transmitted between mammals.

Do sick cows increase the risk of avian influenza spreading to humans?

The risk of contracting bird flu remains low for most people. Initial testing of samples taken from infected cows has found no genetic changes that would suggest the virus is more transmissible to humans.

But each time a mammal gets avian influenza, Webby says, it gives the virus a chance to acquire the mutations it needs to spread between mammals. “But to put this into perspective, we still need some answers. Above all, how many cows are showing evidence of being infected with the virus?” If there are very few, the virus is likely to become a dead end again, as it did in foxes, bears, and other previously infected animals.

Is milk safe to drink?

Yes, milk is still safe to drink. The USDA already requires dairy farms to send only milk from healthy cows for processing. Milk from infected cows is also being discarded and kept out of the food supply.

Even if contaminated milk enters the supply chain, pasteurization kills bacteria and viruses, including influenza.

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Source: www.newscientist.com