A revolutionary computer language has discovered a significant error in a widely cited physics paper for the first time. Researchers highlighted the groundbreaking analysis, raising concerns about the prevalence of errors in academic literature. “How many more publications contain mistakes?” they pondered.
Advanced software is increasingly utilized to help mathematicians validate proofs for accuracy and logical consistency through a method known as formalization. This technique has been suggested as a potential solution to longstanding mathematical conundrums, including Shinichi Mochizuki’s extensive proof of the ABC conjecture.
Recently, Joseph Tooby-Smith from the University of Bath aimed a formalization language called Lean at the realm of physics. In his analysis of a 2006 study on the stability of the two Higgs doublet model (2HDM), which has been extensively referenced, he uncovered an error discrediting the theorem.
Formalizing theorems can act as foundational elements for crafting more intricate mathematical proofs. Tooby-Smith noted that his project was intended to be a simple addition to a comprehensive initiative known as PhysLib, inspired by the established MathsLib database. “We’re not setting out to disprove theories; we aim to create results that everyone can utilize,” he explained.
This error pertained to a claim made by the original author suggesting that a specific condition C would reliably resolve the problem. Yet, Tooby-Smith demonstrated that an alternative condition C fails to yield a stable solution.
While Tooby-Smith acknowledged the serious implications of the discovered error for the paper’s credibility, he indicated it’s improbable that it would significantly impact subsequent studies that referenced it. Nonetheless, he expressed concern over potential similar errors in numerous physics papers, emphasizing the need for formalization to become standard practice in research presentations.
According to Tooby-Smith, physicists often provide less detailed explanations of their theories than mathematicians, which can lead to overlooked errors. “Many physicists are less focused on the fine details; thus, mistakes are more likely to slip through,” he remarked.
Kevin Buzzard, a professor at Imperial College London, affirmed the transformative power of formalization in mathematics and encouraged similar treatment in theoretical physics. “We experimented with this style of mathematics, and it yielded fascinating results,” he stated.
The real advantage of formalization lies in the vast collection of previously formalized theorems, enabling mathematicians to efficiently build upon them and train AI models for quicker theorem formalization. However, gathering the extensive sample data needed for physics might be a considerable challenge.
“Ideally, we would amass a million lines of physics data, but achieving this could be labor-intensive. Initially, the machines may struggle, requiring human intervention, but eventually, automation will prevail,” Buzzard emphasized.
The author of the original physics paper has not yet responded to requests for comments from New Scientist. However, Tooby-Smith reported that he notified them of his findings, received their acknowledgment, and was told that an erratum would be forthcoming.
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A groundbreaking team of scientists at New York University has successfully developed a unique version of an exotic phase of matter where particles are acoustically suspended and interact through sound wave exchanges.
Morel et al. observed a revolutionary type of time crystal with particles suspended on a cushion of sound while interacting through sound waves. Image credit: David Song / New York University.
Time crystals—collections of particles that “keep time”—are poised to transform fields like quantum computing and data storage.
The particles present in this innovative time crystal defy Newton’s third law of motion, which posits that every action has an equal and opposite reaction, emphasizing a balance in forces.
Unlike traditional particles, these new particles interact independently, are not strictly bound by equilibrium forces, and exhibit non-reciprocal movement.
Remarkably, these time crystals are visible to the naked eye and are housed in a compact, one-foot-tall device that can easily be held in hand.
“The speaker emits sound waves, allowing us to place small particles at the pressure nodes, effectively suspending them against gravity,” stated Leela Elliott, an undergraduate at New York University.
The time crystal is constructed using Styrofoam beads that are suspended by these sound waves, initially employed as an acoustic levitation device to maintain the beads in the air.
“We discovered that a simple system of two particles suspended within an acoustic standing wave can spontaneously oscillate and generate time crystal effects due to their unbalanced interactions,” explained Mia Morell, a graduate student at NYU.
“When these airborne particles interact, they do so by exchanging scattered sound waves.”
“Specifically, larger particles scatter more sound than smaller ones,” she added.
“Consequently, the influence of large particles on small particles is greater than the reverse.”
“This results in an asymmetry in interactions between small and large particles.”
“Imagine two ferries of different sizes approaching a pier,” she said.
“Each ferry creates waves that displace the other, but the impact varies based on size.”
This discovery broadens the scope of potential applications for these crystals, promising advancements in technology and industry.
“Time crystals exhibit a high degree of autonomy, making independent decisions and persisting on their path,” stated Professor David Greer of New York University.
“They are intriguing not only for their potential applications but also due to their visually exotic and complex structure.”
“In contrast, our system stands out because it’s surprisingly straightforward.”
The team’s key findings were published in the Physical Review Letters.
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Mia C. Morell et al. 2026. Non-reciprocal wave-mediated interactions power the classical time crystal. Physics Review Letters, 136, 057201; doi: 10.1103/zjzk-t81n
Have you ever received an email and suspected it was crafted by AI rather than a human touch? Mathematicians have been wrestling with similar concerns for decades, and they have crucial insights to share.
This journey began in 1976 when Kenneth Appel and Wolfgang Haken published their proof of the four-color theorem. This theorem demonstrates that you can color a map with just four colors such that no two adjacent areas are the same shade. Although the theorem seems straightforward, mathematicians anticipated elegant proofs that would uncover deeper mathematical principles. Instead, they encountered 60,000 lines of complex computer code. Appel and Haken programmed a machine to systematically analyze nearly 2,000 different maps representing various configurations.
Initially, there was a feeling that something essential was lacking. However, as the years passed, mathematicians began to accept this approach and effectively resolved many philosophical objections. Consequently, when the latest wave of AI technology emerged, mathematics was ready to embrace it.
As reported, AI is rapidly evolving, pleasantly surprising many mathematicians. While Appel and Haken meticulously wrote the code, we now have large language models capable of verifying whether this code—and thus the proof—holds true, mitigating the risk of hallucinations commonly associated with AI technologies.
“ AI is advancing rapidly and surprising many mathematicians “
Yet outside the realm of mathematics, things are more complicated. The tech industry is rife with stories of AI failures, each carrying varying degrees of consequences. Recently, US research firm Gartner forecasted that half of the companies that replaced human roles with AI will reinstate those positions by year’s end.
While life is not as predictable as mathematics, the lessons learned by mathematicians suggest that AI has potential if we can find practical confidence and philosophical approval in its outcomes. It may take time for other fields to reach this understanding.
Premature ejaculation is believed to affect one in three men.
Yevgen Chabanov / Alamy
Recent preliminary results from a small randomized trial suggest that men dealing with premature ejaculation can enhance their control and prolong intercourse using a smartphone app.
Premature ejaculation (PE) is identified as the most common sexual dysfunction in men; studies estimate that it affects one in three men. While several treatment options exist, such as local anesthetics and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), these often require continuous use and can come with side effects. Furthermore, medications must be taken shortly before sexual activity, which undermines spontaneity. “Current treatments do not resolve the issue,” explains Christer Groeben from the University of Heidelberg in Germany.
The app, named Melonga, offers a comprehensive curriculum crafted by psychologists and urologists that incorporates alertness training, pelvic floor muscle exercises, mindfulness techniques, and cognitive-behavioral strategies. Participants learn to identify the “point of no return” before ejaculation, employing techniques like breathing, relaxation, and start-stop methods to manage arousal. The program also promotes open communication with partners and addresses negative thought patterns using cognitive behavioral therapy.
In a trial, eighty men were randomly chosen to either use the app or receive no structured intervention over the first 12 weeks. Among the 66 men who finished the study, those who used the app increased their vaginal ejaculation latency from an average of 61 seconds to 125 seconds, showing noticeable improvements after just four weeks. The control group exhibited minimal changes.
Men who engaged with the app reported benefits such as improved relationship dynamics and enhanced sexual enjoyment due to prolonged activity. Despite the potential causes of premature ejaculation, like prostate or thyroid issues, the study focused on healthy participants to ensure accurate results.
During a presentation at the European Urological Association Congress in London, Groeben announced significant findings.
“Healthcare professionals often favor medications over simpler solutions,” said Giorgio Russo from the University of Catania, Italy, who was not associated with the study. “During a quick appointment, pills seem like the simplest option, but they are not necessarily what patients need. The app acts as a digital doctor, empowering men and their partners to understand premature ejaculation better.”
Russo highlighted that the app, developed by the Netherlands-based health startup Prognois, had a “dramatic” effect, with 22% of participants no longer fulfilling the criteria for premature ejaculation after its usage. “Even a one- to two-minute improvement can yield significant benefits,” he stated.
“Anxiety is a major factor contributing to premature ejaculation,” Russo added. “Exercises such as Kegels can help manage anxiety and enhance muscle control.” While various similar apps exist, none have been rigorously tested in controlled environments. One key advantage of a digital solution is privacy. “Many individuals avoid seeking medical assistance due to the stigma associated with waiting in a doctor’s office,” Groeben stated.
In a groundbreaking development, researchers have designed a magnet small enough to fit in your palm that rivals the strength of the world’s most powerful magnets.
High-performance magnets are crucial in various scientific fields, being utilized in applications ranging from MRI machines and particle accelerators to advanced nuclear fusion research. The strongest magnets available typically use superconductors, which are materials that conduct electricity nearly without loss.
However, most superconducting magnets are sizable. Often, their smaller counterparts share similar dimensions with traditional superconductors. Take for instance Star Wars‘ R2D2; at its largest, it resembles a two-story structure. According to Dr. Alexander Burns from ETH Zurich, Switzerland, his team has engineered a superconducting magnet capable of matching the strength of larger counterparts, yet it’s only 3.1 millimeters in diameter. They achieved this by coiling a thin tape made of a ceramic known as REBCO, which becomes superconducting at cryogenic temperatures, generating a magnetic field when current flows through the coils.
Dr. Burns stated that the team procured REBCO tape from a commercial source, embarking on a rigorous exploration to determine the optimal magnet design, which involved creating and testing over 150 prototypes. “We adopted a ‘fail fast, fail often’ approach in our strategy,” he noted.
Design and Strength Comparison
Eventually, they refined a design using two or four pancake-shaped coils, achieving magnetic field strengths of 38 Tesla and 42 Tesla, respectively. To provide context, conventional refrigerator magnets typically generate fields less than 0.01 Tesla. The most powerful magnets currently in existence generate field strengths of around 45 Tesla, each weighing several tons and consuming up to 30 megawatts of power. In contrast, Burns and his team’s magnet is hand-sized and operates on less than 1 watt.
The ultimate goal for this groundbreaking technology is to enhance nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), a technique that utilizes magnetic fields to unveil molecular structures, including those of drugs and industrial catalysts. This technology has long been hindered by the large size and cost of traditional magnets, but the research team intends to democratize access to such advanced tools for chemists. Ongoing tests are being conducted to integrate the magnet into NMR setups.
“Historically, achieving magnetic fields exceeding 40 Tesla necessitated massive and costly facilities, making it crucial to utilize superconducting tape to attain similar strengths in a compact device,” stated Dr. Mark Ainslie from King’s College London. “This innovation indicates that ultra-high-field magnets may soon be accessible to a broader range of laboratories.”
Despite these advancements, several challenges remain before widespread adoption. Questions concerning how to maintain uniform magnetic fields and manage the electromagnetic behavior of the coils must be addressed.
Visualize this mantis shrimp donned in a spacesuit with a fascination for weaponry.
Shutterstock/Sammy Kasem
Explore the thrilling fourth installment of Adrian Tchaikovsky’s celebrated Children of Time series, Children of Conflict. I will ensure minimal spoilers while discussing all four novels.
Although the theme of “uplifted” species isn’t entirely novel, Tchaikovsky’s unique perspective sets it apart. Fans will remember that the first book in the series, Children of Time, centers around an Ark arriving at a terraformed planet.
In theory, this new world should welcome colonization—but ominously, something seems to have gone terribly wrong. Have other species been elevated to threaten humanity? Spoiler alert: this includes spiders!
The second book, Children of Ruin, shifts focus to another planet, leaving fans curious, particularly with the mention of “octopus.”
Tchaikovsky’s extensive bibliography showcases brilliance, but this series stands out as his masterpiece. These novels are must-reads for anyone passionate about science fiction and its exploration of both our past and future.
“
Science fiction regarding “uplifted” species may not be a new concept, but Tchaikovsky’s approach is refreshingly innovative. “
While many renowned science fiction authors delve into intricate physics, Tchaikovsky explores deep biological concepts. His portrayal of an octopus-led society is both enjoyable and insightful.
Although I found the third book, Children of Memory, took a different trajectory that felt less impactful than its predecessors, the arrival of Children of Conflict marks a triumphant return to form. You can grasp the plot of the fourth novel without having read the third, but missing the first two might leave you puzzled.
Children of Conflict is cleverly structured across three distinct timelines, each featuring unique characters, enhancing the narrative depth.
This time, the narrative revels around our remarkable mantis shrimp. Picture an exalted mantis shrimp in a spacesuit, towering like a human and wielding formidable, futuristic weaponry. Excitingly, this volume revisits some familiar species from earlier books, ensuring delightful moments for dedicated fans.
An outstanding aspect of Children of Conflict is its vividly depicted planet. This world appears to be a terraformed paradise akin to Earth—beautiful at first glance, reminiscent of the Garden of Eden.
Yet, this planet harbors unforeseen challenges. Tchaikovsky masterfully creates an atmosphere that feels both enchanting and unnerving.
The character development is exceptional; both human and non-human figures come across as complex and believable. As always, the biological concepts are astonishingly well conceived, and the plot progresses in a thrilling, logical way.
Notably, the climax of this book, “Planetside,” may stretch a bit long but revolves around a profound choice. Overall, this book promises an extraordinary experience.
This trilogy, set within Brin’s fascinating Uplift Universe, features uplifted dolphins, chimpanzees, and grand cosmic narratives. The three interconnected books—Brightness Reef, Infinity’s Shore, and Heaven’s Reach—tell a continuous, engaging story.
Emily H. Wilson is the acclaimed author of the Sumerian series (featuring Inanna, Gilgamesh, and Ninshbar, published by Titan) and is currently writing her debut science fiction novel. Emily is a former editor at New Scientist and can be followed on Instagram @emilyhwilson1.
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Credit: Steve Gribben/Johns Hopkins University APL/NASA
For the first time in history, humanity successfully altered the orbit of an asteroid around the sun. This groundbreaking achievement was made possible by NASA’s Double Asteroid Redirection Test (DART) mission conducted in 2022, with its effectiveness now being assessed.
DART targeted a small asteroid named Dimorphos, which orbits a larger asteroid called Didymos. The spacecraft was designed to collide with Dimorphos to test the kinetic impactor method, exploring whether this technique is a viable way to change an asteroid’s trajectory, particularly if one were to threaten Earth.
The mission proved to be a resounding success, reducing Dimorphos’ orbital period by 32 minutes. Astronomers have been monitoring the asteroid system closely since then, collecting approximately 6,000 observations. These efforts revealed a slowdown of about 11.7 micrometers per second in the overall orbit, equivalent to approximately 40 millimeters per hour. This change is projected to reduce the orbital radius by around 360 meters.
“While it may not sound significant, the concept of dynamic effects suggests that early impacts can lead to substantial changes over time,” says Rahil Makadia of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, a member of the asteroid monitoring team. “Though this number seems small, its accumulation over decades can have a considerable impact.”
The observed slowdown resulted from two main factors: the initial impact of the spacecraft and a secondary thrust caused by debris ejected from Dimorphos’ surface. Makadia and his colleagues determined that these two effects were roughly equivalent, allowing for accurate calculations of the asteroid’s mass and density. Dimorphos is approximately half as dense as Didymos, supporting the hypothesis that it is a rubble pile formed from material ejected during Didymos’s rotation.
This groundbreaking data can be invaluable in future efforts to redirect potentially hazardous asteroids. “We now possess a solid foundation for predicting the outcomes of future dynamic collision missions,” states Makadia. Additionally, the European Space Agency’s Hera spacecraft, en route to Didymos and scheduled to arrive in November, is expected to provide even more precise measurements, enhancing our ability to safeguard Earth from incoming asteroid threats.
Time crystals present a remarkable concept in quantum physics. New research indicates that these intriguing materials could play a pivotal role in the development of ultra-accurate clocks.
All crystals are characterized by a repeating structure. Traditional crystals consist of atoms organized in a repeated pattern, while time crystals exhibit structures that repeat over time. Observing a time crystal reveals a consistent repetition of configurations. This cyclical behavior occurs naturally, not because the material is forced, but because it represents its lowest energy state, much like ice is the stable phase of cold water.
Ludmila Viotti and a team from Italy’s Abdus Salam International Center for Theoretical Physics have demonstrated that time crystals could serve as excellent components for precise quantum timekeeping devices.
The researchers performed a mathematical analysis of systems with up to 100 quantum mechanical particles. Each particle displayed two states defined by its quantum spin properties, akin to how a coin has two sides. The specific spin system they investigated can exist as either a time crystal or a conventional phase that lacks spontaneous time oscillation, providing potential for clock functions in either form. The study compared the accuracy of timekeeping using spins in both the time crystal and normal phases.
As Viotti explains, “In the normal phase, seeking finer temporal resolutions results in exponentially decreased accuracy. However, the time crystal phase offers significantly improved precision at the same resolution.” For instance, standard spin-based clocks tend to lose accuracy when measuring seconds over minutes, a challenge that could be mitigated with time crystal configurations.
Mark Mitchison, a researcher at King’s College London, acknowledges the promising applications of time crystals in horology but notes that rigorous evaluations of their advantages have been scarce. His research group has previously established that random sequences can function as clocks. However, systems that maintain self-sustaining oscillations inherently possess a more clock-like nature.
“While time crystals have been theorized for nearly a decade, the methods to utilize them remain unclear,” remarks Krzysztof Sasha from Jagiellonian University in Poland. “Just as regular crystals find diverse applications in both jewelry and computing, we anticipate that time crystals will pave the way for similarly innovative technologies.”
While time crystals may not surpass the accuracy of today’s leading atomic clocks, they could offer viable alternatives to satellite-based timekeeping systems like GPS, which are vulnerable to interference. Additionally, clocks based on time crystals may lay the foundation for sensitive magnetic field sensors, as minor magnetic disruptions can affect clock performance, according to Mitchison.
Despite the potential, Viotti emphasizes that extensive research is needed before practical implementation. She indicates that their spin system should undergo comparisons with other accurate clock systems and require experimental validation involving real spins.
A newly photographed newborn marsupial, weighing less than a grain of rice, is seen crawling towards its mother’s pouch for the first time. This remarkable observation highlights the unique gestation and development process of marsupials.
Unlike placental mammals, which give birth to more developed young, marsupials experience a brief gestation period before their young must navigate to the mother’s pouch to continue their growth.
According to Brandon Menzies from the University of Melbourne, this remarkable process remains largely unknown for many of Australia’s rare marsupials, even for those in captivity. Menzies and his team care for several hundred fat-tailed dunnarts (Smithopsis crassicaudata) and aim to work with Colossal Biosciences to potentially resurrect the extinct Tasmanian tiger.
Despite establishing the colony decades ago and monitoring female fertility closely, the exact details of how marsupials give birth and the young’s attachment to the teats have never been documented before now.
Menzies explained that this phenomenon is difficult to observe due to the lack of pregnancy tests for this species, their nocturnal habits, and the fact that births occur at night. During a 12 to 24-hour period, a swarm of newborns is born, taking just 30 minutes to reach the pouch.
Adult Fat-tailed Dunnarts
Emily Scicluna
In 2024, researchers noted blood in an enclosure. An examination revealed tiny newborns, just 5 milligrams each, making their way towards their mother’s pouch.
“We observed the pouch waving, crawling, and wriggling,” Menzies stated. “It’s a freestyle swim type of crawl, similar to a commando crawl.”
Young Dunnarts in Their Mother’s Pouch
Emily Scicluna
Realizing this was a groundbreaking moment, Menzies captured 22 seconds of footage before carefully returning the mother to her enclosure. The team believes gravity plays a crucial role in guiding the young towards the pouch.
Researchers estimate the newborns achieved around 120 movements per minute while crawling.
Reaching the nipple is just the first challenge. Many marsupials, including fat-tailed dunnarts, produce more offspring than nipples available for nursing. While they can carry up to 17 pups, they can only care for 10, contrasting with the Tasmanian devil that has the capacity to produce 30 pups with just four nipples.
Menzies expressed amazement at how fat-tailed dunnarts can give birth to such mobile pups merely 14 days after conception. It was previously believed these tiny babies couldn’t independently enter the pouch without maternal assistance.
“The ability to crawl independently into the pouch underscores the remarkable developmental capabilities of this species,” he remarked. “Just a week ago, these were fertilized eggs consisting of mere cells.”
Fossil Hunting in the Australian Outback
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For an efficient labor, opt for induction early in the morning.
Yulia Burmystrova/Getty Images
Innovative research indicates that the optimal time for labor induction is early in the morning. This approach aligns with our natural circadian rhythms, potentially shortening labor duration and decreasing the likelihood of C-sections.
“This cost-effective strategy enhances the birthing experience for mothers, newborns, and healthcare providers alike,” notes Hanne Hoffman from Michigan State University.
Across the UK, US, and Australia, approximately one-third of all births are induced, utilizing medication or artificial methods instead of allowing labor to commence spontaneously. Induction generally mitigates the risk of stillbirth, especially when the baby is overdue or facing developmental issues. Another indication for induction is when the water breaks prematurely, heightening the risk of infection.
However, induced labor can often be longer than natural labor. “I know individuals who underwent labor induction and endured two lengthy days of it; I was astonished by their prolonged and painful experiences,” Hoffman shares.
This prompted Hoffman, who investigates circadian rhythms—our body’s natural oscillations—to contemplate whether a specific time of day is ideal for labor induction. “We observe that natural childbirth follows a circadian rhythm, with uterine contractions peaking in the late evening and deliveries primarily occurring at night,” she adds. This timing may have evolved as it offers a safer environment, reducing predator threats.
To further explore this, Hoffman and her team analyzed data from over 3,000 induced deliveries at Michigan hospitals from 2019 to 2022. They discovered that the shortest labor duration was for those induced between 3 a.m. and 9 a.m. For instance, inductions at 5 a.m. averaged 15 hours, while those at 11 p.m. took around 21 hours—an extension of six hours. Those induced in the morning also faced lower chances of emergency C-sections.
The early morning advantage may stem from heightened uterine receptor sensitivity to oxytocin during this timeframe, a crucial hormone that stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth. For inductions, a synthetic oxytocin is typically administered. “When a doctor initiates labor with a substantial dose of oxytocin, you may, in essence, be capitalizing on your body’s internal morning oxytocin boost and intensifying labor,” explains Satchidananda Panda from the Salk Institute for Biological Studies in San Diego, California.
The findings suggest that women with a higher BMI or first-time mothers benefit significantly from early morning inductions. The research team now aims to delve into the biological mechanisms behind these outcomes.
While organizing all labor inductions between 3 a.m. and 9 a.m. may not be feasible for all hospitals, prioritizing first-time mothers and patients with higher BMI could be beneficial, Hoffman posits.
Crucially, this study indicated no medical complications arising from early morning inductions. “We observed no rise in NICU admissions,” emphasizes Rene Cortese from the University of Kansas Medical Center. “This study sends a vital message: while one risk is diminished, no new risks are introduced.”
The research team is eager to conduct additional studies to validate that assigning early morning delivery actually enhances outcomes. “We need to establish a proof-of-concept study to replicate this finding,” shares Hoffman.
Other chronotherapy approaches, which adjust medical interventions based on circadian rhythms, are being explored across oncology, cardiology, and psychiatry, with recent findings indicating that administering cancer treatments before 3 p.m. can improve patient survival rates.
IBM Quantum System Two: The Machine Behind the New Time Crystal Discovery
Credit: IBM Research
Recent advancements in quantum computing have led to the creation of a highly complex time crystal, marking a significant breakthrough in the field. This innovative discovery demonstrates that quantum computers excel in facilitating scientific exploration and novel discoveries.
Unlike conventional crystals, which feature atoms arranged in repeating spatial patterns, time crystals possess configurations that repeat over time. These unique structures maintain their cyclic behavior indefinitely, barring any environmental influences.
Initially perceived as a challenge to established physics, time crystals have been successfully synthesized in laboratory settings over the past decade. Recently, Nicholas Lorente and his team from the Donostia International Physics Center in Spain utilized an IBM superconducting quantum computer to fabricate a time crystal exhibiting unprecedented complexity.
While previous work predominantly focused on one-dimensional time crystals, this research aimed to develop a two-dimensional variant. The team employed 144 superconducting qubits configured in an interlocking, honeycomb-like arrangement, enabling precise control over qubit interactions.
By manipulating these interactions over time, the researchers not only created complex time crystals but also programmed the interactions to exhibit advanced intensity patterns, surpassing the complexity of prior quantum computing experiments.
This new level of complexity allowed the researchers to map the entire qubit system, resulting in the creation of its “state diagram,” analogous to a phase diagram for water that indicates whether it exists as a liquid, solid, or gas at varying temperatures and pressures.
According to Jamie Garcia from IBM, which did not participate in the study, this experiment could pave the way for future quantum computers capable of designing new materials based on a holistic understanding of quantum system properties, including extraordinary phenomena like time crystals.
The model emulated in this research represents such complexity that traditional computers can only simulate it with approximations. Since all current quantum computers are vulnerable to errors, researchers will need to alternate between classical estimation methods and precise quantum techniques to enhance their understanding of complex quantum models. Garcia emphasizes that “large-scale quantum simulations, involving more than 100 qubits, will be crucial for future inquiries, given the practical challenges of simulating two-dimensional systems.”
Biao Huang from the University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences notes that this research signifies an exciting advancement across multiple quantum materials fields, potentially connecting time crystals, which can be simulated with quantum computers, with other states achievable through certain quantum sensors.
Later that year, climatologist Peter Stott from the British Met Office found himself in Italy during one of Europe’s most severe heatwaves. Instead of enjoying a vacation, he faced temperatures exceeding 40 degrees Celsius, a shocking experience for him.
Both Allen and Stott were intent on understanding climate change’s role in extreme weather events. Stott utilized existing climate models to simulate two scenarios of the 2003 heatwave: one reflecting the climate of that year and another devoid of human-induced warming.
They ran extensive model simulations and concluded that in their landmark 2004 paper in Nature, human activities have more than doubled the likelihood of experiencing a heatwave similar to that of 2003.
This groundbreaking work marked the inception of a new climate science field, which began to identify human influences on extreme weather events. Soon analyses emerged for diverse phenomena, from heatwaves to severe droughts and storms.
However, a significant challenge remained—post-event analyses often took months or years to determine the influence of climate change.
To address this, researchers, including Friederike Otto from Imperial College London, founded World Weather Attribution in 2014. This initiative facilitates swift analysis of extreme weather events, quantifying the probable impacts of climate change, with results frequently released within days.
This has dramatically altered reporting on such events globally, enabling news outlets to directly attribute deadly weather phenomena to climate change and emphasizing the real-world consequences of rising emissions.
As Otto stated, “When we began this work a decade ago, scientists and journalists maintained that individual weather events could not be blamed on climate change. That perspective has shifted immensely.”
This advancement also supports climate change litigation, with causal investigations providing evidence in numerous lawsuits against polluters worldwide. In 2022, the United Nations announced a new International Loss and Damage Fund, paving the way for climate change compensation.
In 2003, Allen queried: “Could litigation for climate change be feasible?” Thanks to developments in attribution science, the answer is now a definitive “yes.”
In a groundbreaking study published in the latest issue of Current Biology, researchers from Vienna Veterinary University present the first experimental evidence that cows (Bos taurus) can utilize a single object as a versatile tool, adapting its use according to the task at hand. The study focused on a pet Swiss brown cow named Veronica, who learned to manipulate a deck brush to effectively scratch hard-to-reach areas of her body. Through a series of controlled trials, Veronica exhibited targeted adjustments based on the sensitivity of the body parts she aimed to scratch.
Veronica’s tool technique. Image credit: Antonio Osuna-Mascaró and Alice Auersperg, doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2025.11.059.
Veronica, a long-lived Swiss brown cow, is not raised for meat or milk. She is a beloved pet of Vitger Vigele, an organic farmer and baker who cherishes her as part of the family.
Over a decade ago, Vigele observed Veronica occasionally picking up sticks to scratch herself, sparking interest in her behavior.
According to Dr. Alice Auersperg, a cognitive biologist at Vienna University, “These findings suggest that our preconceptions about domestic animal intelligence may stem more from observational gaps than from actual cognitive limitations.”
In structured trials, Dr. Auersperg and colleague Dr. Antonio Osuna Mascaro placed deck brushes at random angles. They recorded which ends Veronica selected and the body parts she targeted.
After multiple assessments, the researchers discovered that Veronica’s choices were consistent and matched the needs of the targeted areas.
“We have demonstrated that cows can engage in genuinely flexible tool use,” stated Dr. Osuna Mascaro.
“Veronica doesn’t just use objects haphazardly.”
“She effectively employs different segments of the same tool for distinct purposes, altering her techniques based on the tool’s role and the specific body part involved.”
The study revealed that Veronica typically favors the bristles of a deck brush for scratching large, hard areas like her back. For more sensitive regions, she switches to the smooth stick end.
Moreover, her handling of the tools varies; her upper body scratching movements are broad and vigorous, while her lower body motions are slower, more deliberate, and precisely controlled.
Tool use is defined as manipulating external objects to achieve a goal through mechanical means. The study found that Veronica’s behavior fulfills this definition while demonstrating flexible and versatile tool use, utilizing different features of the same object for various functional outcomes.
Such agility in tool use is exceedingly rare, with evidence only convincingly documented in chimpanzees to date.
“Using tools on her own body represents a self-directed form of tool use, which is typically considered less complex than applying tools to external objects,” remarked Dr. Osuna Mascaro.
“Veronica faces inherent physical limitations as she depends on her mouth to manipulate tools.”
“What’s remarkable is her ability to overcome these limitations, demonstrating foresight by adjusting her grip strength and movements accordingly.”
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Antonio J. Osuna-Mascalo & Alice MI Auersperg. 2026. Flexible use of multipurpose tools by cows. Current Biology 36 (2): R44-R45; doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2025.11.059
Following a recent winter storm that pummeled California with rain and snow, the state is officially drought-free for the first time in 25 years, as reported by the US Drought Monitor.
December 2000 marked the last occasion when California had no areas classified as “abnormally dry” or experiencing drought.
While this drought-free status is encouraging news for water management, many residents are still dealing with the aftermath of severe atmospheric river storms that led to significant rainfall and widespread flooding. In contrast, high-altitude regions are grappling with heavy snowfall and increased avalanche risks.
Between December 20 and the end of the year, some parts of Northern California received nearly 7 inches of rain, while Southern California saw up to 4 inches. As New Year’s approached, California faced additional rounds of significant rain and flooding, raising the levels of the state’s 17 major reservoirs to an impressive 129% of their average capacity, according to state records.
Steve Wargoman carries Christmas presents from his granddaughter’s flooded home after heavy rain on December 22 in Redding, California. Noah Berger/Associated Press
This wet winter has boosted snowfall in California, which is crucial for the state’s water supply. However, snowfall levels remain below average. In late December, the California Department of Water Resources reported that measurements from 130 stations across the Sierra Nevada reveal a snow water equivalent of 6.5 inches, which is only 71% of the expected average for this time of year.
Nonetheless, officials are optimistic. The key months for snowfall in California—January, February, and March—are still ahead.
“It’s still early in the season, and the state’s water supply this year will ultimately depend on the frequency of storms continuing throughout the winter and early spring,” stated Angelique Fabbiani-Leon, state hydrographer with the Department of Water Resources, in a statement on December 30.
Typically, the Sierra Nevada snowpack provides about 30% of California’s annual water needs.
In contrast to California, other regions in the West, including Nevada, Utah, and Colorado, are enduring persistently dry conditions with snowfall well below normal levels.
Furthermore, in Washington, Oregon, Colorado, Arizona, and New Mexico, over 80% of monitoring stations report a “snow drought,” as defined by snow water equivalents falling below the 20th percentile, according to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
Many perceive time as a finite resource that is challenging to manage. As we progress through life, the feeling that time slips away faster becomes more pronounced. Fortunately, psychological studies indicate that with a few simple changes in your daily routine, you can enhance your experience of time, making it feel more plentiful.
New Scientist engaged with Ian Taylor, an author at Loughborough University, UK. His book, Time Hack: The Psychology of Time and How to Spend It, discusses how re-evaluating our relationship with time can alleviate pressure, diminish boredom, and foster a sense of fulfillment.
Helen Thomson: Typically, physicists focus on defining time, integrating it within the equations that explain the universe. What perspective do psychologists have on time?
Ian Taylor: Time’s definition is a topic of much debate. For instance, physicists question whether time is an emergent property or a fundamental one. My focus is on the subjective perception of time, seeing it as a connective framework linking our memories to our aspirations, contributing to a sense of consistency in our lives.
How does the brain construct our perception of time?
Our brains lack a singular center for biological clocks, yet multiple processes collaborate to monitor time’s passage, creating our time sense. This perception isn’t solely dictated by our brain; it involves an intricate interplay between mind, body, and emotions. Psychologically, this internal clock accelerates or decelerates based on our cognitive engagement and attentional focus.
Reflecting on a time when my brakes failed during a car crash, I remember vividly my instructor’s advice on braking, the anxiety of informing my mother about my damaged vehicle, and regretting the song playing in the background. Calculating which cars I might hit, I even attempted to alert the couple in front of me. It seemed to take forever, but this all transpired in under a second. It felt like slowing down time—what was happening?
Emotions and motivation profoundly influence our time perception. Studies indicate that feelings of anger or sadness can distort time perception, making it feel slower, while happiness accelerates that feeling of passage. Hence, the adage: “Time flies when you’re having fun.” Yet, emotions aren’t strictly positive or negative; intensity, or level of arousal, plays a role.
In general, heightened alertness leads to a perception of slower time. Both calm and excited states are positive, but their intensities differ significantly. In crises, such as your near-accident, heightened excitement may have slowed your perception of time, acting as a survival mechanism that enhances clarity in critical moments.
Researchers are exploring various explanations for time dilation. From a motivation perspective, which is my area of focus, potential insights are emerging.
We often perceive time as fleeting when pursuing goals or engaging in enjoyable activities (approach-oriented motivational states) but experience it slowing down when avoiding unpleasant tasks (avoidance-oriented motivational states). This aligns with your crash example, where survival instincts influenced your time perception.
Is it possible to consciously manipulate your time perception based on these ideas?
Indeed. Numerous lab studies support this. For instance, participants shown appealing images, such as enticing cakes, report that time flies compared to viewing something undesirable. Participants experiencing distressing images—like mutilated bodies—report that time appears to slow due to a strong desire to evade the situation.
Feeling like you’re not having fun can increase the perception that time is passing slowly.
Martin Parr/Magnum Photos
While laboratory findings may not entirely mirror real-life scenarios, if you wish to expedite time, particularly over the next two weeks, focus on achieving what you desire, similar to the cake study. Concentrate on pursuits you value and enjoy.
On the contrary, people frequently seek ways to slow down time, often feeling rushed or time-starved. How can one cultivate a richer experience of time?
Resorting to distressing images for the sake of slowing time is not advisable. The key lies not in forcefully enriching time but in how you effectively utilize the time you have, preventing it from overwhelming you. Although today’s agenda may be identical for everyone, the difference lies in the value and enjoyment embedded in activities. If you’re merely fulfilling obligations rather than pursuing joy, you may lose the sense of time passing, leading to feelings of scarcity.
Thus, the sensation of lacking time doesn’t correspond to actual hours available but relates more to how wisely you consume that time and the feelings attached to it. In a study, researchers discovered no correlation between people’s perceived need for exercise and how busy they were objectively.
You highlight the importance of fostering a positive relationship with time in your book. What additional strategies can help cultivate this relationship?
For me, a healthy relationship with time means concluding the day without fatigue, feeling productive, and self-satisfied.
This involves being aware of time’s impact on our motivation and health. Consider the concept of ego depletion, which emerged in the 1990s. Initially, researchers posited that exerting willpower (like performing well on an exam) depleted a finite resource. However, this concept has since been dispelled. Willpower diminishes over time, as reiterated in recent studies, but it can be reactivated. This understanding aids in time management; avoid willpower-reliant tasks at night and prioritize them for mornings, when your cognitive resources are sharper.
Insights into our motivation reveal that immediate rewards drive us more than delayed ones. Whether awarding instant monetary gains for work or giving immediate gratification in exercise and diet, short-term rewards enhance motivation. Thus, it’s imperative to reward yourself right away rather than waiting for distant outcomes.
Meaningful experiences, such as traveling with loved ones, can expand your perception of time.
Martin Parr/Magnum Photos
This principle arises from the understanding that motivation is often tied to outcomes rather than actions. Individuals are driven by results, so minimizing the gap between effort and reward can amplify motivation. Immediate gains associated with actions encourage persistence.
It’s essential to recognize that busy schedules don’t equate to feeling busy. While many believe they’ll achieve satisfaction by reducing their commitments, the truth is that enhancing well-being can lead to a reduced sensation of being overwhelmed. Cultivating enjoyable activities—even without modifying your schedule—can enrich your perception of time.
What should I make of ‘dead time’? Is it advisable to eliminate it?
It largely depends on how you process ‘dead time.’ In my book, I differentiate between dead time and loneliness. Many dread being alone in their thoughts, often indulging in negative reflections.
In a revealing study, participants opted for an electric shock over 15 minutes of solitary thought. Notably, 67% of men preferred the shock, compared to just 25% of women. During idle moments, many reach for smartphones, only to find that mindless scrolling leads to greater boredom, as evidence suggests.
However, if you can navigate through anxiety and negativity during solitude, it can be transformative and generate substantial personal growth. Historical studies on solitary confinement and polar explorations reveal that the right supportive environment during isolation can foster self-sufficiency and deeper understanding.
Moreover, solitude can enhance creativity, emotional health, and clarity. Embracing traffic delays or queue times can significantly boost your well-being if you choose to confront them instead of distracting yourself.
The holiday season is often envisioned as a time of joy, filled with family gatherings, festive lights, and cherished traditions. However, experiences during this period can vastly differ, and stepping away from the hustle and bustle may offer its own unique advantages.
In a recent survey conducted by our Solitude Lab involving over 300 UK adults, a significant number reported spending Christmas with family, whether at large gatherings or in intimate settings with immediate loved ones. Despite the positives, many found that socializing—while enjoyable—can bring its own challenges. The stress of gift shopping, traveling, and altered routines can be overwhelming. When asked about their feelings during the holiday season, participants frequently mentioned emotions like love and togetherness, but a notable amount also identified calmness and relaxation. This indicates a desire for both connection and restoration, suggesting that short moments of solitude can help create balance.
Research from our lab highlights that spending around 15 minutes in solitude can effectively reduce heightened emotions. Multiple experiments indicate that feelings of excitement and irritability tend to decrease after just 15 to 30 minutes alone. Participants commonly engaged in activities such as browsing their phones, reading, or simply reflecting. Physiological studies also provide evidence that solitude aids in quicker stress recovery, helping to balance out periods of high stimulation.
These moments need not be extravagant; simple activities like enjoying a quiet cup of tea or running errands alone during early mornings can provide essential space for relaxation and mental reset before rejoining social interactions. Here, solitude isn’t a sign of avoidance, but a valuable means of recalibrating oneself.
Notably, not everyone experiences a crowded holiday season. About 9 percent of adults surveyed anticipated spending Christmas alone. Participants who embraced a solitary Christmas often reported feelings of calm and contentment, with positivity evident in their responses. Loneliness and boredom were less frequently mentioned, particularly among older adults who faced circumstances leading to solo celebrations.
Having a choice greatly influences experiences of loneliness, especially in the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic. Social norms have shifted, leading many to view solitude not as something to fear, but as an opportunity for introspection. Our perspectives play a crucial role in shaping our emotions during these moments.
Moreover, choosing how to spend alone time can enhance the experience. Engaging in reflective activities—such as contemplating positive memories from the past year—or enjoying leisurely walks can be fulfilling. Stepping outside alone also opens the door for brief interactions with strangers, which can uplift your spirits and foster a sense of belonging. This beneficial aspect of human interaction is often underestimated. Despite being physically alone, one can still nurture connections by reaching out to others, sending a card, or reminiscing about loved ones, which can enhance feelings of richness in our lives. Learn more.
Whether you choose to celebrate the Christmas season with others or in solitude, embracing brief moments of quiet brings its own rewards. These pauses allow for reflection, emotional calming, and overall ease in navigating the holiday season—a time that often demands much from us. It’s not about isolating oneself from connection; it’s about recognizing the value of both interactions and solitude.
We perceive color using input from cone cells in the retina.
Shutterstock/Kytriel
In April, researchers announced that they developed a device that allows people to see vibrant green and blue colors previously unseen by humans. Following this revelation, numerous requests poured in from the public eager to experience these colors firsthand.
This device could potentially enable individuals with certain types of color blindness to experience typical vision, while also giving those with normal vision an opportunity to perceive a broader spectrum of colors. “Our aim is to enhance the color experience,” states Austin Rolda from the University of Waterloo in Canada.
The retina at the rear of most individuals’ eyes contains three types of cone cells identified as S, M, and L. Each of these cones detects different wavelength ranges of light, aiding the brain in forming color perceptions based on signals received from them.
The M cone cells’ sensitivity range overlaps with the other two types, meaning they typically receive combined signals from multiple cone types.
Roorda and his team employed a highly accurate laser to selectively target about 300 M cones in a small area of the retina, roughly the size of a fingernail when held at arm’s length.
When five team members tested the device, they encountered a vivid blue-green hue that exceeded anything they had seen so far, which they named “olo.” This discovery was validated through a color matching experiment that compared olo to the complete visible light spectrum.
“It was truly an incredible experience,” remarks Roorda, who has witnessed olo more frequently than anyone else due to his essential role in developing the system. “The most vibrant natural light appeared dull in comparison.”
After their findings attracted media attention, the team received numerous inquiries from various individuals, including artists, interested in seeing olo. However, Roorda explained that they were unable to fulfill these requests, as setting up the device for a new person requires several days.
Instead, they are concentrating on two ongoing experiments. The first experiment aims to determine whether the device can temporarily enable individuals with color blindness to experience typical vision. Certain color blindness types arise from having only two cone types rather than the typical three. “We manipulate the signaling from specific cones within a type to simulate the existence of a third cone type,” Roorda explains. The objective is for people’s brains to interpret these signals as colors they have never experienced before.
The researchers are also exploring whether a similar technique could allow individuals with three cone types to perceive the world as if they had four cone types, potentially expanding their color perception. Results from both studies are anticipated to be available next year, Roorda indicated.
Hold on, take a moment. How often do you find yourself on your phone today? Is social media impacting your mental health negatively? We ask this frequently, but should we genuinely be concerned about screen time?
Numerous studies examine screen time, many revealing associations between screen use and an array of health issues, including depression, anxiety, sleep disturbances, obesity, diabetes, and even suicidal thoughts. The implications seem dire.
However, I have a question. Are screens themselves the root cause of these issues, or is it that poor health leads to more screen time, or could an unidentified third factor be affecting both?
Most studies merely display correlations between screen time and various health outcomes and thus are unable to establish causation. Pinpointing the true impact of screen time is a much more intricate task.
To clarify these relationships, researchers perform meta-analyses employing advanced statistical methods to unify hundreds of robust studies, which helps reduce the perceived dangers.
I have a particular interest in one meta-analysis. Conducted in 2019, researchers Amy Orben and Andrew Przybylski, then from the University of Oxford, evaluated a vast dataset of teenage surveys, allowing them to measure the effects of over 20,000 different factors on mental health.
Upon analyzing the data, they determined that only 0.4 percent of adolescent well-being is tied to screen use, revealing a level of negative impact similar to eating potatoes. In contrast, being bullied was linked to more than four times this negative effect, while sufficient sleep and a nutritious breakfast yielded significantly more positive outcomes.
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What the data appear to indicate is that, on average, at the population level, both the positive and negative effects of screens are minimal. “
So, is screen time acceptable? Again, let’s not rush to conclusions. Although this research looks at the relationship between screen time and mental health within a broader context, these findings still represent merely correlations. Human lives are complex, making it challenging to derive clear causal connections from messy data.
A helpful approach might involve reconsidering what screen time truly means. Activities like watching TV, browsing social media, gaming, reading e-books, and listening to science journalists discussing screen time all require looking at a screen, but can we assume they all exert the same influence on our health?
Many studies fail to adopt a nuanced perspective on this topic, simply tallying screen time. To complicate matters further, it’s widely known that this information is often self-reported, leading to inaccuracies. (Let’s be honest; we’ve all embellished the truth about our screen usage.)
Focusing solely on social media usage unveils further complexity. Engaging in political debates until the early hours on X while messaging friends via WhatsApp both qualify as social media activity, yet do they yield identical outcomes? The forthcoming meta-analysis will be published in a 2024 issue of SSM – mental health. Their findings indicate a slight positive correlation between happiness and using social media for communication or having a broad social media network, along with a minor negative correlation between social comparison and problematic social media practices, often referred to as social media “addiction.” None of these insights are particularly unexpected.
So where does this leave us? Given the potential risks involved, adopting a precautionary approach, especially regarding children, could be wise. Governments in the UK and Australia have implemented measures to significantly reduce screen time or to restrict specific technologies, such as social media.
Yet, there’s also the concern that imposing such limits could mean missing out on the valuable benefits screen time offers, such as access to information, social interactions, and entertainment. Data suggests that, on average, a range of factors indicates that the positive and negative effects of screens are relatively minor at the population level. However, that doesn’t mean some individuals don’t suffer more severe consequences, the so-called problematic users mentioned earlier, and we need to delve deeper to support them.
In light of all this, how concerned should you be about screen time? The answer is nuanced and continues to evolve with ongoing research. If you notice screens significantly affecting your life, altering your habits or seeking professional advice may prove beneficial. For most of us, however, the concern over screen use should not rank high on our lists of worries, nor should it dominate headlines.
Upon arriving at the Buddhist retreat, Eli Sussman anticipated immersing himself in deep meditation. The Plum Village Monastery, located east of Bordeaux, France, was established by Thich Nhat Hanh, often called the “father of mindfulness.” Eager to explore, he challenged himself to a lengthy three-hour meditation session.
Afterward, he excitedly shared his achievement with a monk: “I felt like I was awaiting a shiny badge for my accomplishments,” Sussman reflects. The monk simply smiled and asked, “Three hours, you say? Why not try just three breaths? That’s truly all it takes to center yourself in the present.”
This intrigued Sussman, leading him to investigate whether brief mindfulness exercises could genuinely shift one’s mindset and induce significant changes in emotional health during his PhD studies in psychology at UC Berkeley.
The swift conclusion is affirmative. An increasing array of studies worldwide indicate that individuals who dedicate merely 20 seconds daily to a short routine report enduring feelings of peace and joy, lingering long after their session. These micro-practices, also referred to as micro-acts, may aid in enhancing physical health by interrupting cyclical negative thinking and soothing physiological stress responses.
Beyond the brief breathing techniques from Plum Village monks, research-backed interventions also encompass short writing tasks and self-compassion exercises aimed at nurturing gratitude, awe, and a sense of direction in life.
Sussman’s book, micro practice, is set to launch next year, likely becoming a trending term in 2026. Meanwhile, several strategies are already available to instill tranquility during the holiday season.
Even small actions can yield significant outcomes
His findings draw from decades of research focusing on interventions inspired by both Eastern and Western spiritual practices. These include meditative practices like mindfulness meditation, engaging in Qigong—a Chinese discipline blending deep breaths with gentle movements—and yoga, along with introspective exercises such as gratitude journals. Evidence suggests that all these practices bolster mental well-being and mitigate the risks of conditions like depression and anxiety.
However, the precise “dosage” necessary for beneficial effects is less definitive; some studies imply that too much exposure may be counterproductive. A meta-analysis by Willoughby Britton, a professor of psychiatry and human behavior at Brown University, revealed that individuals meditating for only 5 to 10 minutes two to three times a week had better sleep quality than those engaging in meditation for over 30 minutes daily, five days a week. This could be attributed to the brain remaining alert during extended meditation, making subsequent sleep challenging.
A 2021 study directly compared short-term and long-term stress relief outcomes from mindfulness practices, led by Sarah Strohmeyer and colleagues at Canterbury Christ Church University in the UK. Participants attended four sessions over two weeks, with one group meditating for five minutes, another for 20 minutes, and a control group listening to an audiobook.
Concluding the two weeks, both meditation groups reported diminished anxiety and depression symptoms compared to the audiobook group. Notably, the shorter session participants experienced less stress than those who meditated longer.
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Brief interventions may be particularly beneficial during stressful periods. “
This difference in outcomes can be partly attributed to task difficulty. Longer sessions increased the challenge of managing a wandering mind, potentially leading to feelings of inadequacy. Conversely, participants in shorter sessions often reported pleasant surprises from their experiences. One participant mentioned previously believing that mindfulness required considerable time and effort, but the experiments indicated effectiveness even in five minutes. This participant felt more at ease following the session, a tranquility that persisted during the day.
Health psychologists assert that simple practices can be particularly advantageous during stressful periods. Andreas Schwertfeger and colleagues at the University of Graz reiterated this earlier this year.
In their research, participants wore portable monitors measuring heart rate variability (HRV), an indicator of physiological stress levels. Generally, higher HRV suggests relaxation as the heart adapts to bodily demands, whereas lower HRV indicates a readiness to confront threats. Throughout several days, participants received prompts to focus on their breathing for one minute.
Despite the brief duration, the intervention proved profoundly effective, showing noticeable calming effects on both mind and body through self-reported questionnaires and HRV records taken right after mindful moments. This effect was most prominent when participants were under significant stress. “I felt less overwhelmed and more secure,” remarked Schwertfeger, describing this as a “just-in-time adaptive intervention.”
Pathways to self-compassion
Though Sussman could have adhered strictly to mindfulness in developing his micro-practices, a question from his doctoral advisor shifted his focus: What does the world need most at this moment? He gravitated towards self-compassion, a crucial element in Buddhist philosophy that has gained prominence in psychology recently. It comprises three key components: treating oneself kindly rather than harshly, recognizing that suffering is a universal experience connecting us, and observing our negative emotions without judgment.
Studies have demonstrated that cultivating self-compassion can be achieved through focused meditation on these principles. Yet, akin to many mindfulness practices, these programs often necessitate significant dedication.
Inspired by his time at Plum Village Abbey, Sussman pondered whether a few conscious breaths could change our perspective. He and his colleagues enlisted 135 participants, showing them a 20-second video urging reflection on a recent upsetting event, like a mistake or disappointment. The video suggested, “With a nurturing touch, place one hand on your abdomen and the other on your heart, enveloping yourself in kindness and warmth,” followed by, “Consider: ‘How can I be a friend to myself in this situation?’
Just a few minutes of mindfulness can create a big impact
Randy Farris/Getty Images
Half of the participants were instructed to engage with this exercise daily for a month, while the control group practiced finger-tapping for 20 seconds each day. As is typical in month-long interventions, some participants discontinued without recognizing benefits. However, for those who consistently practiced, micro-practices resulted in significantly lower stress levels compared to those engaged in finger-tapping.
It is not surprising that micro-practices required ongoing practice, according to Sussman. He references a recent analysis of data from the popular app Headspace, which indicated that frequency of practice holds greater importance than duration in reducing stress. “Consistency outweighs length for effectiveness,” he states.
Drawing a parallel to nurturing plants, Sussman remarks, “It’s more effective to provide small amounts of water daily than to saturate the soil once a month.” This highlights the importance of engaging in enjoyable activities. “Your strongest practices are those you can consistently implement,” he asserts.
The Big Joy Project
If mindfulness or self-compassion isn’t appealing, many alternatives exist. The Greater Good Science Center at UC Berkeley offers numerous online resources detailing quick interventions aimed at enhancing well-being, many taking only a few minutes to enact.
A few years back, Emiliana Simon Thomas and her colleagues initiated the Big Joy Project, compiling easily accessible practices requiring minimal time commitment, termed “micro-acts.” These include brief reflection exercises on distressing incidents and identifying three positive outcomes, listing what evokes gratitude, and watching uplifting nature videos, along with moments of reflecting on personal values.
“We’ve termed them ‘micro-acts’ to ensure people can incorporate them into their busy lives without feeling overwhelmed,” comments Simon-Thomas. The initiative encouraged individuals to try one micro-act daily for a week, gathering well-being metrics via surveys at the beginning and conclusion of the week.
Promotion for the project included film screenings and outreach around Mission: Joy, showcasing the bond between the 14th Dalai Lama and Archbishop Desmond Tutu. Between 2022 and 2024, 17,598 participants contributed substantial data for analysis by Simon-Thomas and her team. Consequently, results published this year illustrated the efficacy of these micro-acts, with participants reporting lower stress levels and improved overall well-being compared to their initial assessments. They expressed greater agreement with sentiments like “I believe my life has purpose” and “I feel fulfilled overall.”
While micro-acts may initially appear as luxuries for those with comfortable lives, their greatest impact was realized among individuals from traditionally disadvantaged backgrounds, including those experiencing financial struggles.
Nonetheless, researchers remain cautious about portraying these interventions as cures. “Brushing your teeth won’t fix everything,” Sussman suggests. “Moreover, micro-practices are not substitutes for therapy or medication.”
Nor do they replace extended meditation practices, he explains. Lengthy meditation sessions, lasting 20 to 40 minutes, might yield long-term neurological changes linked to enhanced emotional regulation. Occasionally, as experienced during a Buddhist retreat, engaging in a three-hour session can offer profound spiritual insights.
The intention behind these micro-practices is merely to introduce brief moments of tranquility and joy in our lives when out-of-control thoughts threaten our health and well-being.
David Robson is the author of The Law of Connection: 13 Social Strategies That Will Change Your Life, now available in paperback.
Google’s newest chatbot, Gemini 3, has shown remarkable advancement on various benchmarks aimed at evaluating AI progress, according to the company. While these accomplishments may mitigate concerns about a potential AI bubble for the time being, it’s uncertain how effectively these scores reflect real-world performance.
Moreover, the ongoing issues of factual inaccuracies and problematic illusions that are often present in large-scale language models remain unaddressed, particularly in scenarios where accuracy is critical.
In a blog post announcing the new model, Google leaders Sundar Pichai, Demis Hassabis, and Koray Kavukcuoglu stated that Gemini 3 possesses “PhD-level reasoning,” a term also used by competitor OpenAI during the release of its GPT-5 model. They presented scores from several assessments aimed at measuring “graduate-level” knowledge, such as Humanity’s Last Exam, comprising 2500 research-oriented questions from fields like mathematics, science, and humanities. Gemini 3 achieved a score of 37.5 percent on this exam, surpassing the previous record held by OpenAI’s GPT-5, which scored 26.5 percent.
Such improvements could indicate that the model has developed enhanced capabilities in certain areas. However, Luc Rocher suggests caution in interpreting these outcomes. “If a model increases its score from 80 percent to 90 percent on a benchmark, what does that represent? Does it mean the model was 80 percent PhD-level and is now 90 percent? This is quite difficult to ascertain,” he remarks. “It’s challenging to quantify whether an AI model demonstrates inference, as that concept is highly subjective.”
Benchmark tests come with numerous limitations, including the requirement for single answers or multiple-choice responses that do not necessitate demonstrating how the model operates. “It’s straightforward to evaluate models using multiple-choice questions,” notes Roche. “Yet in real-world scenarios—like visiting a doctor—you are not assessed with multiple-choice questions. Likewise, a lawyer does not provide legal counsel through pick-and-choose answers.” There’s also the risk that responses to such tests could be included in the training data of the AI models being assessed, essentially allowing for cheating.
The ultimate evaluation of whether Gemini 3 and its advanced AI models justify the massive investments being made by companies like Google and OpenAI in AI data centers hinges on user experience and the perceived trustworthiness of these tools, according to Roscher.
Google asserts that enhancements to the model will assist users in developing software, managing emails, and analyzing documents more effectively. The company also emphasizes that it will enhance Google searches, providing AI-generated results alongside graphics and simulations.
Perhaps the most significant advancement, as articulated by Adam Mahdi from Oxford University, is the autonomous coding capabilities facilitated by AI tools, a technique known as agent coding. “We might be approaching the limits of what traditional chatbots can achieve, and it is here that the true advantages of Gemini 3 Pro come into play. [the standard version of Gemini 3] It’s likely that it won’t be used for everyday conversations, but rather for more intricate and potentially agent-based workflows,” he explains.
Here are some initial reactions online: People admire Gemini’s impressive coding and reasoning skills. However, as is typical with new model releases, some users pointed out failures in seemingly simple tasks like drawing an arrow or a straightforward visual reasoning challenge.
Google recognizes in Gemini 3’s technical specifications that the model continues to experience hallucinations at a rate similar to other major AI models and sometimes disseminates inaccuracies. This lack of progress is a significant concern, according to Artur Davila Garces from City St George’s, University of London. “The challenge lies in the fact that AI companies have been striving to minimize hallucinations for over two years, yet even one severely misleading hallucination can irreparably damage trust in the system,” he warns.
In his latest book, A Brief History of the Philosophy of Time, Professor Adrian Verdon from Wake Forest University suggests that our perception of time passing is an instance of psychological projection—an error in cognition that leads to misinterpreting our experiences.
Time is an example of psychological projection. Image credit: Gemini AI.
Phrases like “Time flies,” “Time waits for no one,” and “As time passes” suggest that the movement of time is a real phenomenon influencing our lives. We navigate the present, witnessing events as they transition into memory.
Yet, articulating the concept of time’s flow is challenging. What does it mean for time to ‘pass’? Rivers flow because water moves; how does time move?
While events unfold, we speak of their positions as if they shift continuously through past, present, and future. If some events approach us as future occurrences while others recede into the past, where exactly do they reside? The notions of future and past appear to lack a physical location.
Throughout history, humans have contemplated time, ingraining it into our understanding of ourselves and the surrounding world.
This is why, as a philosopher, I have always deemed advancements in our conceptualization of time—both philosophical and scientific—to be of unique significance.
The Era of Ancient Philosophers
Many ancient philosophers expressed skepticism regarding time and change. Parmenides of Elea, a Greek philosopher from the 6th to 5th centuries BC, questioned how events could transition from future to present to past when neither the future nor the past exists.
He posited that if the future is real, it must also be real at this moment. Thus, if only the present is real, the future cannot be.
This notion implies that present events inexplicably emerge from nothing.
Parmenides wasn’t alone in his doubts; similar ideas regarding the contradictions in our discussions of time can be found in the works of Aristotle, the Advaita Vedanta philosophy of ancient Hinduism, and Augustine of Hippo, known as St. Augustine, among others.
Albert Einstein and the Theory of Relativity
During the early modern period, physicist Isaac Newton operated under the assumption of an unrecognized, real flow of time—time as a dynamic entity, akin to a cosmic clock that meticulously captures all motion and acceleration.
Then came Einstein.
In 1905 and 1915, Einstein introduced his special and general theories of relativity, respectively, challenging long-held beliefs about time and change.
Einstein’s theory dismisses Newton’s view of time as a universal phenomenon.
By Einstein’s era, it had been established that the speed of light remains constant, independent of the light source’s velocity. To accept this fact necessitated an understanding of object speeds as relative.
Nothing can be categorically labeled as stationary or in motion; it all hinges on your “frame of reference.”
A frame of reference provides the spatial and temporal context an observer assigns to an object or event, assuming it is stationary in relation to everything else.
For instance, an observer drifting through space may see a spaceship pass by, yet the universe remains indifferent to whether the observer is immobile and the spaceship is moving or vice versa.
This understanding alters our perspective on the function of watches. Since light’s speed is constant, two observers in motion relative to one another will record different times for the same events.
In a classic scenario, two lightning strikes occur simultaneously. An observer at a train station sees both at the same moment, while an observer on a moving train assigns differing times to each strike based on their relative motion.
Consequently, one observer approaches light from one strike and recedes from the other, leading to the time discrepancy.
The stationary observer perceives both strikes at identical moments since light reaches him simultaneously. Neither perspective is incorrect.
The duration between occurrences and the timing of events relies on the observer’s frame of reference.
Observers in relative motion will disagree on current events; what seems immediate to one may be future to another.
Einstein’s theory posits that all moments in time are equally real. Every past event and future occurrence is currently ‘happening’ to a hypothetical observer. There is no event merely categorized as a potentiality or a distant memory. No singular, absolute present exists; therefore, time does not flow through which events are ‘becoming.’
Change signifies a difference over intervals. I remember a point, and later, I recall even more moments. That encapsulates the essence of time’s passage.
This notion has gained acceptance among both physicists and philosophers, referred to as “eternalism.”
This leads us to an important inquiry: If time’s passage is nonexistent, why do we perceive it as such?
Time as a Psychological Projection
One prevailing notion posits that the sensation of time’s passage is illusory, echoing Einstein’s famous reflections.
Characterizing it as an “illusion” implies that our conviction in time’s passage results from a deceptive perception, akin to an optical trick.
However, I propose that this belief arises from a misunderstanding.
As I illustrate in my book, A Brief History of the Philosophy of Time, our feeling of time traversing is an example of psychological projection.
A simple analogy involves colors: a red rose isn’t inherently red; it reflects specific light wavelengths that evoke the sensation of redness.
In essence, roses aren’t really red nor do they create an illusion of redness—the experience of color arises from our interpretation of objective truths about roses.
It’s valid to distinguish roses by their color; enthusiasts of roses do not claim profound truths about color itself.
In a similar vein, my findings suggest that the experience of time’s passage is neither entirely real nor an illusion; it reflects how humans interpret their environment.
Just as our visual comprehension of reality cannot be fully understood without reference to colors, our understanding of the world relies on the passage of time.
I can assert that my GPS indicates I’ve strayed off course without attributing consciousness to the GPS.
My GPS is non-sentient. Although we lack a mental map of our surroundings, we can trust that the GPS accurately represents our location and destination.
Likewise, even if physics does not accommodate the concept of a dynamic passage of time, time remains effectively dynamic in the context of my experiential reality.
The sensation of time passing is deeply interconnected with how humans articulate their experiences.
Our representations of reality are inherently colored by our perspective as perceivers and thinkers.
The error lies in conflating our perception of reality with reality itself.
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Adrian Verdon. 2025. A Brief History of the Philosophy of Time (2nd Edition). Oxford University Press, ISBN: 9780197684108
Waymo, a subsidiary of Alphabet Inc., announced on Wednesday its plans to introduce robotaxi services on highways across San Francisco, Los Angeles, and Phoenix. This marks the Google subsidiary’s inaugural effort to broaden its operations amid increasing competition in the autonomous driving sector, both domestically and globally.
Initially, Waymo will provide highway rides to select early access users. The company stated, “If the freeway route is considerably quicker, we can synchronize it with freeway travel to deliver a faster, smoother, and more efficient ride.”
Currently, Waymo operates in select areas of the San Francisco Bay, with plans to expand into San Jose, including the Mineta San Jose International Airport, which is the second largest airport in its service zone after Phoenix Sky Harbor.
This development comes as Tesla broadens its rob-taxi service with safety monitors and drivers, while Amazon-backed Zoox is providing complimentary robo-taxi rides around the Las Vegas Strip.
Waymo stands out as the sole company in the U.S. offering a paid robotaxi service with over 1,500 vehicles that operate without safety drivers or in-vehicle monitors. The company began charging for rides in Phoenix back in 2020, nearly 11 years after its inception as Google’s self-driving car initiative.
Over the years, Waymo has expanded gradually, but it, like its competitors, is currently under federal investigation for erratic driving behavior.
Although highway driving is generally less complicated compared to city navigation, it introduces a range of new challenges that require higher-speed maneuvering, such as merging and exiting. Self-driving cars find urban environments particularly tough due to numerous pedestrians, frequent intersections, and unpredictable conditions. However, errors or failures at high speeds on highways can lead to severe consequences. The company mentioned collaborating with local highway patrols and safety agencies to develop new protocols for highway travel.
While Tesla has long provided driver-assistance features on highways, this initiative positions Waymo as the first company to offer fully driverless operation on highways.
For the first time, astronomers have witnessed the real-time formation of a ring system. This particular ring encircles Chiron, a comet-like entity that orbits the sun between Saturn and Uranus. Each time you observe Chiron, its rings will appear slightly varied.
While Chiron is not the first small celestial body to display rings, it joins the ranks of the asteroid Chariklo and the dwarf planets Haumea and Quaor, which also possess small ring systems. These rings were identified using a technique called stellar occultation, where observations are made as an object passes in front of a distant star, allowing scientists to create a map of how that star’s light is obstructed by the surrounding material.
“Only about 20 objects have been observed through stellar occultations, so having four of them identified with rings represents a robust statistic,” says Bruno Sicardi from the Paris Observatory in France. “Given the countless bodies in existence, it stands to reason that hundreds of ring systems should be out there.” He anticipates that more will be discovered in the years ahead.
Sicardi and his team analyzed the 2023 occultation of a star to decode the structure of the ring surrounding Chiron. While earlier findings hinted at the existence of three rings, the new observations reveal an extra disk of material encircling those rings, extending farther from Chiron’s surface, along with an entirely new ring previously unseen.
“Nature presents us with rings in their developmental stages, which is a fortunate scenario for us. Unlike the rings of Saturn, Uranus, or even Chariklo, which generally stay consistent, we are witnessing something dynamic,” Sicardi remarks.
Rings can form through various processes, and observing their formation can deepen our understanding significantly. As Christian Pereira from the National Astronomical Observatory of Brazil notes, “[This could] unveil the specific conditions that facilitate the formation, persistence, and eventual disappearance of rings, which may ultimately elucidate why such systems are typically found only in the frigid, icy areas of the solar system.”
For centuries, the greatest minds have pondered the concept of time, yet its absolute nature remains elusive.
While physics does not dictate that time must flow in a specific direction or define its essence, it is widely accepted that time is a tangible aspect of the universe.
The two cornerstone theories of modern physics, general relativity and quantum mechanics, perceive time in distinct ways. In relativity, time functions as one coordinate in conjunction with three spatial coordinates.
Einstein demonstrated the intricate relationship between these dimensions, revealing that the flow of time is relative, not absolute. This implies that as you move faster, time appears to slow down in comparison to someone who remains “stationary.”
Interestingly, photons traveling at light speed experience no passage of time; for them, everything occurs simultaneously.
On the other hand, quantum mechanics, which pertains to the macroscopic realm, views time as a fundamental parameter—a consistent and one-way flow from past to future, disconnected from spatial dimensions and entities (like particles).
This divergence creates a conflict between these two prominent theories and poses a challenge for physicists attempting to unify gravitational and quantum theories into a singular “grand unified theory.”
Crucially, neither general relativity nor quantum mechanics defines time as a “field,” a physical quantity that permeates space and can affect particle characteristics.
Each of the four fundamental force fields (gravity, electromagnetism, strong nuclear force, and weak nuclear force) involves the exchange of particles.
These particles can be viewed as carriers of force. In electromagnetism, the carrier is a photon, while strong interactions are mediated by particles known as “gluons.”
Gravity, too, is thought to be transmitted by hypothetical particles called “gravitons,” yet a complete quantum description of gravity remains elusive.
Scientists continue to struggle with the concept of time, which appears to lack tangible properties like discrete chunks – Credit: Oxygen via Getty
Other “fields” confer specific properties to particles. For instance, the Higgs field involves the transfer of Higgs bosons, endowing them with mass.
In the realm of physics, time—regardless of its true essence—differs fundamentally from a “field.” It is not a physical quantity (like charge or mass) and does not apply forces or dictate particle interactions.
Thus, in contemporary physics, time is not characterized by mediating particles as are the four fundamental forces. The notion of “time particles” does not hold relevance.
Remarkably, recent studies indicate that time might actually be an illusion. This intriguing theory emerges from quantum “entanglement,” wherein the quantum states of particles are interlinked, regardless of their spatial separation.
This article addresses a question posed by Brian Roche from Cork, Ireland: “Is it possible for a time particle to exist?”
If you have any inquiries, please connect with us at:questions@sciencefocus.com or reach out viaFacebook,Twitter, orInstagramPage (please include your name and location).
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SI’m considering getting a new laptop. It’s a common sentiment; most people feel this way at some point, typically after the initial excitement of a new device wears off. As technology progresses, newer models beckon, making it easy to forget the device you currently own.
I’m not here to judge your choice, but as someone with a background in technology, I can offer insights that might help you resist the temptation to upgrade.
Let’s begin with the essentials. The primary reason most people don’t acquire a new laptop is simply that they don’t need one. We live in a world where technology evolves rapidly, but the tasks we perform on our laptops have changed at a much slower rate. For most of us, 99% of our time is spent on a few key applications: web browsers, video conferencing tools, word processors, and presentation or spreadsheet software.
If you’re seeking a new laptop because your current one has a subpar screen or a frustrating keyboard, you may indeed have a valid reason. However, if it’s all about that faster processor or more storage, SSD, take a breather. Do you truly believe that transitioning to a Core Ultra 5 processor from an older i3 will drastically improve your report writing speed? Before blaming your tech, consider where your productivity stands.
Additionally, having an outdated connector isn’t a strong argument either. While your laptop may not possess the latest USB ports or Wi-Fi capabilities, the beauty of modern standards lies in their impressive backward and forward compatibility. There’s no need for a new laptop just to connect with your state-of-the-art Wi-Fi 7 router—my Wi-Fi 5 card still performs fine (even though Windows updates might take longer). With the right cable or adapter, you can use any USB device dating back to 1996.
Save Money and the Environment
Laptop computers utilize materials that negatively impact the environment. Photo: Bloomberg/Getty Images
Also, consider that staying with your current laptop could save you money. Spending upwards of $10,000 on a high-spec device is significant, and the notion of a long-term investment might make it feel justified. However, that amount might be better allocated elsewhere.
If you’re facing issues with your laptop and contemplating a replacement, repairs could offer a more economical solution. Unfortunately, this isn’t always feasible due to the trend toward factory-sealed devices and soldered components. Still, sometimes, a damaged laptop can be restored for a fraction of the replacement cost.
Another point against retiring your old laptop is that producing a new one requires environmentally damaging materials, and disposing of an old laptop can be more harmful to the environment.
Finally, after unboxing your sleek new laptop, you’ll likely spend days or weeks reinstalling various software and drivers, tweaking settings until it functions just like your old laptop did.
How to Maximize Your Existing Laptop
Upgrading your hardware can give your laptop a new lease on life. Photo: baona/Getty Images/iStockphoto
If you decide to keep your laptop, there are steps to improve its performance. If you’re annoyed by constant pop-ups or sluggishness, consider reviewing your startup items and disabling those you don’t need. Windows can function smoothly without third-party apps launching at startup. Likewise for Mac users, check your login items and eliminate the unnecessary.
The same applies to browser extensions, which can accumulate, leading to a cluttered browsing experience. Each extension uses resources and can impact performance. If you use Chrome, enter chrome://extensions in the address bar to remove unmaintained extensions. For Microsoft Edge, use edge://extensions; for Safari, go to [設定] and select [拡張機能].
While you’re at it, conduct a thorough clean-up of your storage as well. Numerous effective free tools can analyze your hard drive and show you what’s consuming space. My favorites include WinDirStat for Windows and Disk Inventory X for Mac. You might be surprised by how much space is occupied by old downloads and unnecessary applications. Deleting them might not speed up your computer, but if storage is a concern, it could help stave off the urge to upgrade.
Alternatively, breathing new life into your laptop could be a matter of hardware upgrades. While this isn’t always feasible, it’s worthwhile to see if you can increase your memory, enhance storage, or replace the battery. Notably, boosting your RAM can dramatically enhance your overall experience, as modern operating systems and applications are designed with a baseline of at least 8GB in mind and often prefer 16GB or more to operate smoothly.
… Or consider giving it a thorough cleaning. Photo: d3sign/Getty Images
There’s also the comprehensive option of a complete system wipe and reinstallation. Thanks to modern technology, you don’t need to juggle floppy disks anymore; you can easily download and reinstall operating system files from the Internet. This process can refresh your laptop, but remember, it will revert your computer to the original, uncustomized state like a brand-new laptop. Before doing this, ensure you back up all your personal files, as reinstallers might suggest preserving documents and settings, but any loss will be your responsibility.
While we’re discussing this, don’t overlook the benefits of physical cleanliness. Part of the excitement of a new laptop often comes from a pristine screen and clean, responsive keys. I recommend shutting down your laptop, grabbing a non-abrasive cloth (a microfiber one is ideal), and giving it a thorough wipe down. Following that, turn it upside down and use a handheld vacuum to clean the keyboard, making sure to scrub the keys and remove any dust or small debris.
You Might Need a New One After All: Signs to Upgrade Your Laptop
In some cases, purchasing a new laptop may be unavoidable. Photo: Westend61/Getty Images
Despite these points, there are situations where investing in a new laptop is justified. As noted earlier, repairs and upgrades might not be viable options. If your screen is cracked, the only recourse may be to consult with a computer repair shop.
Another frustrating scenario arises when the hardware functions properly but is just too old to accommodate the latest operating systems and security updates. For the first time in about a decade, this issue is emerging with Apple systems, impacting millions of PCs as Microsoft will end support for Windows 10 on October 14th. Systems meeting Windows 11’s requirements can upgrade for free, leaving older models unsupported.
If your computer falls into this unfortunate category and you’re not in a position to switch to a different operating system, then acquiring a new laptop becomes crucial. Although continuing to use unsupported software is possible, we ethically cannot recommend it, as it exposes you to security vulnerabilities.
This doesn’t mean you have to dispose of your existing laptop. Almost any device can support the free Linux operating system, allowing you to use it for basic tasks like web browsing, document editing with LibreOffice, or video calls.
Alternatively, Google’s ChromeOS Flex platform presents a free version of the Chromebook OS that can be installed on various laptops. Whether you keep it for yourself or gift it, you’re contributing to its lifespan and helping mitigate the environmental impact associated with its disposal.
Lastly, it’s important to consider the social aspect of this situation. Portable computers are meant to be seen. Using an older laptop at your local café might communicate a message, but it doesn’t necessarily carry a negative connotation; it indicates loyalty and practicality, showcasing your resistance against consumerism.
For more tips, check out our guide on extending your phone’s lifespan.
Darien Graham-Smith has been a professional IT journalist for over 20 years, covering brands from Amazon to Zyxel.He has contributed to various magazines, newspapers, and websites, and as a lifelong technology enthusiast, he created the first “HELLO WORLD” program on his Sinclair ZX-80 and takes pride in having a home stocked with all the latest consumer gadgets, whether they are useful or not.
As the sun set on Wednesday, the streets surrounding Kabul, the Afghan capital, suddenly became bustling with activity.
With phones firmly pressed to their ears, Afghans spilled into the streets of Kabul, eager to see if others were online.
“Great news, the internet is back!” shouted a driver, as children received balloons and parents bought sweets to celebrate, gathering at nearby restaurants.
For 48 hours, the Afghan population had been cut off from mobile and internet services due to unexpected telecommunications shutdowns ordered by the authorities.
“It felt like we were transported back in time, contemplating sending letters to stay connected with family,” shared Mohammad Rafi, 33, a mobile phone store owner.
“The streets were deserted, resembling a holiday atmosphere, even during weekdays. But now, they’re lively again, even in the evening.”
Men attempt to connect their smart TV to the internet. Photo: Sayed Hassib/Reuters
Sohrab Ahmadi, a 26-year-old delivery driver, struggled for two days without being able to reach his clients through the app he relies on.
Now, bikes line the streets, picking up orders from restaurants adorned with bright neon signs and juice vendors playing music. “It feels like Eid al-Adah, like preparing for prayer,” he remarked.
The communications tower is slowly restoring its services after nearly three days offline. Photo: Samiullah Popal/EPA
The streets also saw a noticeable rise in the number of women facing severe limitations imposed by the Taliban regime, including a prohibition on education beyond primary school.
“I can’t describe how relieved I am. I’m finally able to breathe again,” said a young woman attending online classes, who requested anonymity. “These online lessons are our last hope.”
The UN has warned that the disruption in connectivity poses risks to economic stability, worsening one of the most dire humanitarian crises globally.
The Taliban government has yet to address the issue of the internet blackout.
An Afghan woman walks past a beauty salon in the capital. Photo: Ali Kara/Reuters
This suspension occurred shortly after the government announced plans to cut high-speed internet in certain regions to curb “immorality.”
Attaura Zaid, a spokesman for Balkh province, confirmed that the ban was initiated by Taliban shadow leader Hibatura Ahnzada.
During the Taliban’s initial rule from 1996 to 2001, the internet was still a relatively new and developing technology.
Kabul street vendors will communicate via phone once services resume. Photo: Sayed Hassib/Reuters
However, in recent years, the economy has increasingly depended on internet access. Even in rural areas, many Afghans utilize their mobile phones for business transactions.
“The world has moved forward. This isn’t like thirty years ago,” remarked Ghulam Rabbani, a mobile credit vendor who was surrounded by shops on Wednesday night. “We anticipated the internet’s return. The outage affected everyone, including the government.”
What is the quantum nature of time? We may be on the verge of discovering it
Quality Stock / Alamy
How does time manifest for a genuine quantum entity? The most advanced clocks can rapidly address this query, enabling us to test various ways to manipulate and alter the quantum realm, thereby delving into the uncharted territories of physics.
The notion that time can shift originates from Albert Einstein’s special theory of relativity. As an object approaches the speed of light, it appears to experience time more slowly compared to a stationary observer. He expands upon this with a general theory of relativity, which demonstrates a similar temporal distortion in the presence of a gravitational field. Igor Pikovsky from the Stevens Institute in New Jersey and his team aim to uncover whether a similar effect occurs within the microscopic quantum landscape, utilizing ultra-cold clocks constructed from ions.
“The experiments we’ve performed until now have always focused on classical time, disregarding quantum mechanics,” says Pikovsky. “We’ve observed a regime where conventional explanations falter with an ion clock,” he continues.
These clocks consist of thousands of ions cooled to temperatures nearing absolute zero via laser manipulation. At such low temperatures, the quantum state of an ion and its embedded electrons can be precisely controlled through electromagnetic forces. Thus, the ticks of an ion clock are governed by the electrons oscillating between two distinct quantum states.
Since their behavior is dictated by quantum mechanics, these instruments provided an ideal platform for Pikovsky and his colleagues to investigate the interplay between relativistic and quantum phenomena on timekeeping. Pikovski mentions that they’ve identified several scenarios where this blending is evident.
One example arises from the intrinsic fluctuations inherent in quantum physics. Even at ultra-low temperatures, quantum objects cannot be completely static and instead must oscillate, randomly gaining or losing energy. Team calculations indicated that these fluctuations could lead to extended clock time measurements. Although the effect is minute, it is detectable in current ion clock experiments.
The researchers also mathematically analyzed the behavior of ions in a clock when “compressed,” resulting in “superpositions” of multiple quantum states. They found that these states are closely linked to the motion of the ions, influenced by their internal electrons. The states of ions and electrons are interconnected at a quantum level. “Typically, experiments necessitate creative methods to establish entanglements. The intriguing aspect here is that it arises organically,” explains team member Christian Sanner from Colorado State University.
Pikovski asserts that it is intuitive to think that quantum objects existing in superposition cannot simply perceive time linearly, though this effect has yet to be experimentally confirmed. He believes it should be achievable in the near future.
Team member Gabriel Solch from the Stevens Institute of Technology mentions that the next step is incorporating another crucial aspect of modern physics: gravity. Ultra-cold clocks can currently detect temporal extensions caused by significant variations in the Earth’s gravitational pull, such as when elevated by a few millimeters, but the exact integration of these effects with the intrinsic quantum characteristics of the clock remains an unresolved question.
“I believe it is quite feasible with our existing technology,” adds David Hume from the U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology, Colorado. He highlights that the primary challenge is to mitigate ambient disturbances affecting the clock to ensure it doesn’t overshadow the effects suggested by Pikovsky’s team. Successful experiments could pave the way for exploring unprecedented physical phenomena.
“Such experiments are thrilling because they create a platform for theories to interact in a domain where they could yield fresh insights,” remarks Alexander Smith at St. Anselm College, New Hampshire.
“Even trying to explain ‘space’ feels challenging…”
ShutterStock/FastMotion
One of the most challenging aspects of writing a book is the need for authors to seek out blurbs. These endorsements, prominently featured on book covers, can entice readers to make a purchase. Right now, I’m at this stage with The Edge of Spacetime, reaching out for letters of recommendation, asking people to read my work and share positive thoughts in return for something more than just my good intentions.
It’s a bit nerve-wracking, yet it can also be fascinating. Those whose endorsements get published were asked in a specific format—what prompted you to use “space-time” with a hyphen rather than “spacetime”?
This seems like a question of simple grammar, but there’s a deeper issue at play. When discussing space or time individually, we have an intuitive grasp of what we mean. The term “space-time” is somewhat newer to scientific discourse. Historically, many cultures have embraced a unified concept that doesn’t differentiate between space and time as distinct entities.
For me, as a science communicator, explaining this concept is quite challenging. Even articulating “space” is complex. I might say space is where movement occurs, but movement also happens within time. I could define space as the realm where things exist, but a similar statement can be made for time. We even pondered describing space as a geographical location, yet that sounds overly academic and abstract. Essentially, we are referring to a site of spatial dimensions.
To elucidate, there are three dimensions of space and one dimension of time, but time only flows in one direction.
However, as Albert Einstein famously asserted, these aren’t separate phenomena. Observers moving at varying speeds, especially as they approach the speed of light, may disagree on when certain events transpire. They may also hold differing views on the size of objects. To truly understand everything, we must quantify space-time rather than merely space or time. This perspective might not feel intuitive, but it is the most effective way to comprehend the mechanics of the universe.
In this regard, it’s worth considering whether space-time represents a confluence of two familiar phenomena or signifies the emergence of something entirely new. This is where the nuances of grammar reflect our scientific understanding, at least from my viewpoint.
“
It’s worth considering whether space-time is a merger of two familiar phenomena or something new. “
My last name includes the very first hyphen I encountered. My parents chose to keep both surnames, so to me, Prescod Weinstein signifies both identities.
The hyphenated version of space-time can be interpreted as indicating that what we discuss encompasses both space and time. Conversely, removing the hyphen to form “spacetime” may suggest we are addressing an entirely distinct entity. It embodies attributes of both space and time while existing as a separate third entity.
Are we contemplating something that is both space and time (space-time), or are space and time merely approximations of a fundamentally different conception of space-time? I find myself somewhat ambivalent. In my earlier book, The Blurbriter, I noted this distinction without employing hyphens, thus raising the question of why I chose to make a switch this time around.
The straightforward answer is that the title of the new book appears in the introductory sections of classic cosmology texts. Large-Scale Structure of Space-Time by Stephen Hawking and Father George Ellis states in the very first chapter that solving the equations that describe the universe “in a sense, involves contemplating the edges of space-time.” Just two pages later, they posit that locations where equations deconstruct (like at the heart of a black hole) can be viewed as “representing part of the edge of space-time.”
My book includes chapters that elucidate the types of equations they reference and the role of boundaries and edges in physics. Since I was about to borrow this phrase for my book’s title, I felt compelled to adhere to their terminology.
This is a surface-level explanation. However, at a deeper level, I am unsure where I stand. Like my request for endorsements, I feel inclined to prefer “spacetime” without a hyphen. Yet, I’m also aware of how habitual language can be, given my repeated use of hyphens in the subtitles of my previous work. Scientifically, I lean toward the notion that “space-time” encompasses both space and time, asserting that it is an entirely different fourth dimension: space-time. This may seem like a complex perspective, but I desire to embrace both aspects simultaneously!
Chanda’s Week
What I’m reading
I’m quite excited about the new Charlie Jane Anders novel Lessons from Magic and Disaster.
What I’m seeing
I’ve just caught up with the sci-fi series Invasion, and it’s truly captivating.
What I’m working on
I have a new postdoctoral researcher joining my group.
Chanda Prescod-Weinstein is an associate professor of physics and astronomy at the University of New Hampshire. She is the author of Cosmos with Disabilities and her forthcoming book, Edges of Space-Time: Particles, Poetry, and the Dreams of the Universe.
Las Vegas – Once believed to be inhospitable for mosquitoes, this city proves the opposite is true.
While these pests typically thrive in tropical, humid environments, their population has surged in the Las Vegas Valley in recent years due to various factors.
Urban development, climate change, insecticide resistance, and genetic adaptation have all created a more conducive environment for these insects in southern Nevada.
Las Vegas isn’t alone in its struggle against these pests; warm temperatures and shifting weather patterns are extending the habitats where mosquitoes can breed across the southwestern United States and beyond.
Besides being a nuisance, mosquitoes also pose a significant risk of mosquito-borne diseases like dengue and West Nile virus to Las Vegas and Clark County.
This situation has taken many by surprise.
“It’s not incorrect to say that mosquitoes shouldn’t thrive in desert conditions, but it’s evident that certain species present in Clark County have adapted to the local environment.”
“Time Bomb”
Among the species found in Clark County are the Culex mosquito, known to carry West Nile virus, and the Aedes aegypti mosquito, a primary transmitter of dengue. Researchers at UNLV have also identified resistance to insecticides in local mosquito populations.
According to Messenger, “It’s a time bomb that’s been ticking for a while.”
She is particularly concerned about Las Vegas’s vulnerability to mosquito-borne diseases. Dengue fever cases are on the rise in North and South America, with more than 13 million cases reported across the continent in 2024, as noted by the CDC.
“Las Vegas receives over 48 million visitors from around the world every year,” Messenger remarked. “Local transmission can start with just a single mosquito bite.”
Last year, 26 cases of West Nile virus were reported in the city. According to the Southern Nevada Health District, 2019 had the largest outbreak, but a record number of mosquitoes tested positive for the virus in and around Las Vegas in 2024.
While some mosquitoes have tested positive for the virus this year, the public health department has not identified any human cases so far. Messenger indicated that specific factors from previous years complicate their understanding of the situation.
“We see many overlapping factors, but it’s challenging to isolate them,” she said. “There are these bumper years and then none at all, making predictions difficult.”
The Southern Nevada Health District has been monitoring mosquitoes since 2004, keeping detailed records that show the types of mosquitoes present in the Las Vegas Valley and their associated diseases.
One striking trend has been the rapid increase in Aedes aegypti mosquitoes, first spotted in Las Vegas in 2017, according to Vivek Raman, an environmental health supervisor for the Southern Nevada Health District.
“Relentless Biting” Spreads
“In 2017, we found this mosquito in just a few zip codes,” Raman noted. “A few years later, it expanded to six, then twelve, and now it has appeared in 48 different zip codes throughout the valley.”
These insects not only spread dengue fever but are also a significant nuisance.
“The Aedes aegypti is an extremely aggressive daytime mosquito,” Raman explained. “Their bites are relentless.”
Unlike Culex mosquitoes, they prefer to breed near larger water sources, such as neglected swimming pools, dark corners, and detention ponds.
“One of the reasons for their rapid spread is their ability to lay eggs in small containers, like children’s toys, tires, or wheelbarrows,” Raman added. “Just a few inches of water are enough.”
Urban development in Las Vegas has also redirected mosquito populations. According to Messenger, golf courses, artificial lakes, and other irrigation methods have transformed the Nevada desert into an inviting habitat for mosquitoes.
Climate change is another contributing factor and is under active investigation by Messenger and other scientists. Higher temperatures are broadening the areas where mosquitoes can thrive. Warm air can hold more moisture, leading to increased humidity and rainfall—all ideal for mosquito breeding.
While it’s not entirely clear how local environmental aspects interact with shifting climate trends to impact mosquito populations, the potential consequences are significant.
“Las Vegas serves as a case study for how climate change may manifest in other regions globally,” Messenger stated. “We’re witnessing record temperatures and increasingly erratic precipitation patterns. This is predictive of what much of the world may look like in the next 15-25 years.”
The implications for urban mosquito populations remain uncertain, but current trends show no signs of abating.
Health districts in southern Nevada are engaging in public outreach to help residents identify and manage mosquito breeding sites around their homes, along with strategies to prevent bites. To effectively address mosquito populations and associated public health risks, comprehensive efforts from local governments are essential, according to Messenger. Right now, this level of coordination is lacking in Las Vegas.
“We have private pest control companies, and some work is being done around wetlands, but what we lack is a centralized and coordinated reduction effort across multiple jurisdictions,” Messenger explained.
That absence of coordinated action has contributed to mosquito populations becoming increasingly resistant to insecticides. Ongoing monitoring is necessary to determine which chemicals are safe to use around humans and to evaluate the effectiveness of insecticides and pesticides to prevent mosquitoes from developing immunity.
Looking ahead, Messenger emphasized that prevention and control will be vital to protecting both Las Vegas residents and the many visitors from around the globe.
“Ultimately, this situation is entirely preventable,” she asserted. “No one in southern Nevada, including Clark County, should suffer mosquito bites or risk contracting any virus.”
I
unlocked my iPhone just as my weekly screen time notifications popped up—an accidental dismissal before I could take a screenshot—and a wave of frustration washed over me. After dedicating an exhausting week to minimizing my phone usage, aiming to reduce my daily screen time from over four hours to under one, I hoped to enhance my mental wellbeing (and maybe even launch a career as an inspirational speaker). Yet, my efforts felt futile as I couldn’t post any proof online showcasing my offline status. I even contemplated using Photoshop to fabricate a screen time report and scoured Google for a way to retrieve notifications (to no avail).
Over the last decade or so, I’ve tried various self-improvement approaches. I’ve read 105 books in a year, unintentionally eliminated sugar (even from fruit) for a spell, and dabbled in shamanism, including interpretive dance. While I might suggest mastering cooking, driving, and typing with all fingers, I can’t seem to reach myself since I’ve stopped staring at my phone.
Exchange one obsession for another… Joe Stone of Tenerife.
Photo: Courtesy of Joe Stone
“Project Screen Time” was born after I listened to a podcast where comedians recommended avoiding social media for two hours after waking. Absorbing this advice—albeit from an amateur who couldn’t quite trace its origin—I decided to avoid checking Instagram first thing in the morning… and it worked. Surprisingly, steering clear of a barrage of other people’s abs before I’d fully woken up actually lifted my spirits. Even more impressively, I found I could usually hold off until after lunch if I didn’t see anything I felt compelled to react to. This brief moment of clarity quickly morphed into a whirlwind, typical of my approach to new challenges.
I swapped one fixation (constantly checking my phone) for another (intentionally not doing so). In the second week, my screen time plummeted to two hours a day. By the third week, it was down to one-and-a-half hours, and I decided to aim for under 60 minutes. A part of me was impressed that this newfound ability was working well and I appeared to be normal. However, I couldn’t keep this “gift” to myself, gradually boring my friends, acquaintances, and even service workers with tales of my newfound discipline.
Eventually, my quest took on new disruptions. I resented having to pull up maps on my phone, and while cycling, I often found myself lost. Want to show someone a photo or meme? Sorry, you’ll have to Google it on their device instead. I even hesitated to order an Uber after a night out, enduring the agony of watching the app slowly crawl toward my location while my screen time ticked away.
My frustration amplified when my screen time statistics didn’t reflect my efforts. I barely glanced at my phone by 2 PM, yet the data indicated I had used it for 36 minutes. Conspiratorial thoughts began to surface. My screen time report was divided into blue (social), turquoise (entertainment), and orange (productivity and finance). Yet, the majority of my time appeared as a prominent gray. What on earth could that gray signify?!
Eventually, “screen time” was added to my list of taboo topics (along with Taylor Swift’s music and lore, and my interest in Ron DeSantis) that were off-limits at home. My lowest moment occurred while sharing my weekly statistics with a friend. He inquired why “Settings” was my third most-used app. That was simply where I went to check my screen time.
My meltdown over not being able to celebrate my record low screen time (51 minutes a day!) served as a wake-up call. What started as a quest to reduce screen time morphed into a new phone addiction. Instead of escaping the urge to seek validation online, I found an alternate way to gain approval. Nevertheless, all was not lost. This realization nudged me toward the acceptance that I would likely never be a moderate person. I can’t rely on self-regulation (my latest regime—skin care—involves LED masks that automatically shut off after 10 minutes; I fear wearing them in the office could evoke comparisons to a vibrant Hannibal Lecter).
Ultimately, I gave up trying to recapture the elusive Screen Time Report. Instead, I resolved to share fewer aesthetic charts from settings that I could post online. Almost instantly, my DMs exploded with queries about how I managed to refrain from scrolling. I responded to every single one, and a rush of dopamine flooded my reward centers. That day, my screen time was recorded at 3 hours and 36 minutes.
Lack of sleep is a widespread issue, often leading to a bad mood the following day and leaving you feeling somewhat awkward.
The NHS recommends that adults aim for 7-9 hours of sleep each night to feel refreshed and alert. Persistent sleep deprivation can result in severe health issues such as high blood pressure, depression, and obesity. Even just one or two nights of poor sleep can significantly impact your mood and performance.
What occurs in your brain while you sleep? And why do just a few hours less than your usual sleep amount have such a detrimental effect?
Is your brain “awake” while you sleep?
While you sleep, your brain conducts several crucial processes to help reset your body’s organs and systems.
It eliminates toxins and metabolic waste through the glymphatic system and organizes long-term memories in the neocortex.
Neural connections are reinforced, and activity in the amygdala and prefrontal cortex aids in regulating emotional responses for the following day. REM sleep is vital for problem-solving and emotional processing, while hormonal regulation during sleep promotes stress recovery and appetite balance.
Consequences of sleep deprivation
In our fast-paced world, achieving sufficient sleep can be challenging. With constant demands on our time, even short-term fatigue can set the stage for a tough day, making it important to understand the significance of sleep.
Common symptoms of sleep deprivation include:
• Impaired cognition and reduced concentration • Decreased emotional resilience • Weakened immune response • Impaired exercise adaptation • Increased appetite due to hormonal imbalances • Elevated cortisol levels • Disruption of insulin sensitivity
While it’s advisable for adults to target 7-9 hours of sleep each night, how can you ensure you get enough rest to stay alert and healthy?
Tips for Improved Sleep Quality
Silentnight has dedicated 80 years to exploring the science of quality sleep. In partnership with Central Lancashire University, the sleep brand gathers sleep biomechanics data to develop a variety of sleeper-type products.
We reached out to Silentnight for suggestions on fostering healthy sleep habits.
Maintain a Consistent Routine
Melatonin is a hormone that regulates your body’s circadian rhythm, particularly the sleep/wake cycle. It signals that it’s time for sleep, prompting a drop in body temperature and reduced alertness. Consistency is key in maintaining melatonin levels, so keep your schedule regular.
Establish a Relaxing Pre-Sleep Ritual
Cortisol levels naturally decrease at night, which is essential for sleep since high levels can disrupt melatonin production. Engage in calming activities—baths, reading, or listening to soothing music—but avoid blue light from screens as it can hinder melatonin release.
Keep your Sleep Environment Cool
The ideal room temperature for sleep is typically between 15.5°C and 21°C. Even slightly exceeding this range can negatively affect the quality and duration of your sleep.
Choose the Right Mattress
Silentnight states, “Pressure points and overheating can disrupt sleep.” They offer a range of mattresses with varying spring systems and materials to accommodate different sleeping styles.
Discover more about Silentnight products and find a mattress tailored to your sleeping needs here.
New research by neurobiologists at Northwestern University and the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign reveals that the brain’s internal GPS changes as individuals navigate familiar environments. These findings shed light on the essential mystery of how the brain encodes and retains spatial memories, influencing scientists’ perspectives on memory, learning, and even aging.
Memories navigating familiar paths are more fluid than previously thought and activate different neurons on each journey. Image credit: Zeinab vessel.
“Our study confirms that the spatial memories in the brain are not fixed but rather dynamic,” stated Professor Daniel Dombeck from Northwestern University.
“You can’t simply point to a specific group of neurons and claim that their memories are located there.”
“We are uncovering the fact that memories shift between neurons over time.”
“The same experience triggers different neurons each time. It’s not an abrupt change; it evolves gradually.”
The hippocampus, situated deep within the temporal lobe, is integral for storing memories related to spatial navigation.
For many years, neurobiologists believed that the same hippocampal neurons encoded the same memory in a consistent location.
This led to the assumption that a person’s route from the bedroom to the kitchen would activate identical neuron sequences during a midnight quest for water.
However, about a decade ago, researchers studied the brains of mice traversing a maze.
Despite running through the identical maze daily, different neurons fired with each run, prompting scientists to question whether this outcome was an anomaly. Perhaps the mice’s experiences were affected by subtle environmental cues.
To delve deeper into these inquiries, Professor Dombeck and his team devised an experiment that meticulously controlled mouse sensory input.
The mice navigated a virtual maze on a treadmill, allowing precise measurements of their speed.
The maze was presented through a multisensory virtual reality platform developed by the researchers.
This setup ensured that the mice experienced the same visual stimuli and odors during all sessions, minimizing environmental variability.
After conducting multiple trials, the results indicated a different set of neurons activated each time, even in the highly controlled virtual setting.
This revelation confirms that the brain’s spatial mapping is inherently dynamic, constantly adapting, even in supposedly stable settings.
“Our findings suggest that memory is fluid,” commented Jason Climer, a professor at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
“This ties into a broader question regarding modern AI and why the brain can learn and adapt in ways machines struggle with.”
“It may also be linked to natural forgetting, which is often overlooked but essential for healthy memory function.”
While there were few discernible patterns throughout the experiment, one consistent observation emerged. The more excitable neurons were more successfully activated, leading to stable spatial memory across multiple sessions in the virtual mazes.
Given that neuronal excitability diminishes with age, this finding aids in understanding how aging and related diseases impact the brain’s ability to form new memories.
“The small clusters of stable neurons are unique, and gaining insights into what makes them special could pave the way for new treatments for memory disorders,” stated Professor Climer.
“Memory impairment is a hallmark of Alzheimer’s disease and presents significant challenges for individuals with various neuropsychiatric conditions, such as schizophrenia.”
“By deepening our understanding of fundamental memory aspects, like temporal changes highlighted in our study, we can identify new targets for understanding brain differences in these patients and develop new treatment strategies.”
“Learning about how the brain deals with memory challenges can also inform improvements in computers and AI.”
Survey results were published in the journal on July 23, 2025, in Nature.
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JR Climer et al. The hippocampus expression drifts in a stable, multisensory environment. Nature Published online on July 23, 2025. doi:10.1038/s41586-025-09245-y
Rust-based battery systems housed within standard 12-meter shipping containers
Ore Energy
Iron-empty batteries that utilize a reversible rusting mechanism to store and release energy now stand as the first type linked to public power grids. Startup Ore Energy announced on July 30 that the battery developed by Delft University of Technology in the Netherlands is now grid-connected.
These batteries play a crucial role in maintaining a stable power supply by storing renewable energy generated from solar and wind sources, preventing immediate decreases in electricity availability during sudden changes in weather conditions.
“We need to effectively store the surplus of energy generated when the wind blows and the sun shines,” mentions John Joseph Mary from the Faraday Institute, a UK battery research facility. “Essentially, the battery stabilizes the energy output for grid usage.”
While most grid-connected batteries are lithium iron phosphate varieties produced in China, they tend to store only 4-6 hours of electricity and are quite costly, according to Mary. Conversely, the iron-empty batteries created by Ore Energy can store over 100 hours of electricity and are made from inexpensive, readily accessible materials.
“Iron is the most abundantly mined metal globally and is extremely affordable,” says Mary. “When combined with air, which is literally everywhere around us and essentially free, they are among the cheapest materials available.”
Battery systems utilize electricity to convert iron oxide (rust) back into metal iron for energy storage. The iron can discharge energy through a chemical reaction with oxygen from the air, reverting back to rust.
“During discharge, we transform the iron into an innovative kind of rust,” explains Aytac Yilmaz, CEO of Ore Energy. “When charging, we revert the rust to iron, repeating this process continuously while the battery breathes in and out atmospheric oxygen.”
The battery is housed in standard 12-meter shipping containers and holds multiple megawatt-hours of energy. One megawatt-hour can power an average US household for over a month.
Meanwhile, Massachusetts-based Form Energy is executing several iron battery projects across the US, set to be established in New England and the Midwest.
In addition to iron and air, these batteries utilize affordable, plentiful water-based electrolytes, significantly minimizing the risk of battery fires. “I hesitate to say this, but water is undeniably non-combustible,” remarks Mary.
Ultimately, the primary objective of this battery technology is to facilitate the transition of renewable energy resources to supplant fossil fuels within the electric grid.
“Energy companies are still heavily reliant on gas-fired power generation to ensure flexibility when solar and wind cannot provide enough energy,” states Bas Kil, Business Development Manager at Ore Energy. “However, a long-term solution will necessitate various types of flexibility, where these innovative batteries can significantly contribute.”
LAST week on Radio 4’s Women’s Time, we delved into the role of women in the gaming industry. We showcased insights from Game Insiders and eSports presenters like Franc Keywords, and highlighted the inclusive online community Black Girl Gamers. It was refreshing to hear varied expert opinions on gaming culture throughout the episode.
One of the highlights was when presenter Nuala McGovern shared listener responses to the question: “Why play video games?” One listener noted, “I think they don’t entirely grasp that gaming is a couple’s activity.” They explained how their shared passion for gaming, particularly during their honeymoon playing Borderlands 2 while saving for a home, brought them closer together.
I found this particularly striking since I have a friend who met their partner through gaming, and many couples view it as a richer and more immersive experience than simply watching a series together. I’ve lost count of how many couples enjoy navigating survival horror games like Resident Evil and Silent Hill together, despite their single-player nature. Facing scary scenarios allows them to bond, reducing fear while exploring eerie environments. The act of passing the controller can feel like sharing intimate gifts.
An elaborate dating site… Final Fantasy XIV.
Moreover, playing games with a partner reveals new dimensions of their character and abilities. You might discover your partner’s knack for solving spatial puzzles or their determination in facing challenges. This knowledge is invaluable—much like understanding how you both tackle assembling IKEA furniture. Recently, I learned about using video games for child therapy, and one counselor, Ellie Finch, is even considering employing Minecraft for couples therapy. The task of building a simple house together could reveal interpersonal dynamics more effectively than a lengthy conversation.
There’s a sense of romance in exploring new worlds together, getting lost, and merging skills to navigate challenges. The sweetness of escaping into shared experiences in games like Stardew Valley or Animal Crossing is matched by the intellectual engagement found in titles like Blue Prince or Split Fiction. For too long, gaming was stereotyped as a pastime for lonely young men, but now it’s accessible to everyone, opening up digital spaces for connection. Many are now utilizing online games like Final Fantasy XIV and GTA as vibrant dating platforms. Real-life relationships are blossoming through gaming. These games can eliminate many barriers that traditional dating poses, such as costs and the awkwardness of meeting strangers. They serve as unique arenas that encourage romance.
I genuinely hope that as this generation ages, they continue to game together. I can envision them sharing stories with their grandchildren about the stunning virtual home they built in Super Mario Maker, or a digital scrapbook they created in The Sims. There’s so much to discuss when playfulness thrives within gaming.
What to Play
A small fun… Neo Geo Super Pocket. Photo: Blaze Entertainment
Last year, we reviewed the Blaze Entertainment Super Pocket, a quirky handheld device for playing cartridge-based retro games. Now, there’s something new: the Super Pocket Neo Geo Edition. Sporting its classic black and gold design, this device is inspired by the iconic 1990 console from SNK. It boasts 14 Neo Geo titles, including cherished classics like Metal Slug X and the Fatal Fury fighting games, along with hidden gems like the delightful beat-‘em-up Top Hunter: Roddy & Cathy and Mutation Nation. The Super Pocket is also compatible with all cartridges designed for Blaze’s Evercade console, providing access to a vast array of iconic retro games.
Available at: Super Pocket Console Estimated playtime: Endless nostalgic hours
What to Read
There is nothing new under the sun… the Shadow of the Colossus. Photo: Sony Computer Entertainment
I came across a recent Japanese interview with Fumito Ueda, the designer of ICO and Shadow of the Colossus. His assertion is that developers focus less on creating new mechanics, placing more emphasis on existing designs and aesthetics. It’s a bold claim, reminiscent of Francis Fukuyama’s “The End of History.”
Valve has reportedly removed Adult Games from Steam due to pressure from credit card companies. An Australian group called Collective Shout recently published a letter to payment processors like PayPal and MasterCard, claiming that some games available digitally depict child abuse and incest. The reactions from Steam users have been noteworthy.
It’s surprising to learn about Nintendo’s low employee turnover. According to data shared by the gaming site GoNintendo, the average tenure of Japanese staff is about four years, while others in different offices average between eight and a half to ten years. It’s heartening to see that amid industry pressures, at least one major player knows how to nurture its workforce.
It’s reminiscent of Silent Hill… Shepton Mallet Prison. Photo: Keith Stuart/Guardian
This question comes from Jamie via email:
“I recently visited Orford Ness, a National Trust site in Suffolk, which was heavily used by the Ministry of Defense in the 20th century. It struck me how much it resembled our last game, especially with elements reminiscent of Atom Fall. The whole experience felt like it could be a level in a video game, minus the zombies. Have you been to a place that felt like being in a game? Would you recommend it?”
That’s an excellent question! First off, Holly Gramagio, a game developer and author, recommends the Kelvedon Hatch Secret Nuclear Bunker for its quintessential Cold War vibes, evoking thoughts of secret bases or Umbrella labs. Last year, I spent the night exploring Shepton Mallet Prison, which felt eerily similar to levels in Silent Hill. This location is open to the public and hosts sleepovers. If you’re looking for something grander, consider visiting Kedleston Hall in Derby, the inspiration behind Croft Manor in the Tomb Raider series, or the stunning Milan Cathedral, rich in Gothic architecture, shadowy corners, and intricate carvings that influenced Dark Souls. I also recommend visiting the Rijksmuseum in Amsterdam, which certainly feels like a magnificent adventure game. Lastly, if you’re a fan of GTA V, a visit to Los Angeles is a must. The skyline, mountainous areas, and expansive neighborhoods at sunset are nothing short of surreal and provide an open-world experience like no other.
If you have any questions or comments about the newsletter, please reply or email us at butingbuttons@theguardian.com.
Netflix has pioneered the use of artificial intelligence in its television programming. The head of the streaming service has successfully made productions both more affordable and of higher quality.
According to Netflix co-CEO Ted Sarandos, the Argentine science fiction series El Eternauta (The Eternaut) was the first to utilize AI-generated footage.
“I believe AI offers a remarkable opportunity to assist creators in enhancing the quality of films and series, rather than merely reducing costs,” he shared with analysts following Netflix’s second-quarter report on Thursday.
He explained that the series, which depicts survivors facing a rapid and disastrous toxic snowfall, showcased collaboration between Netflix and Visual Effects (VFX) artists who employed AI to illustrate the downfall of Buenos Aires.
“Utilizing AI-enhanced tools enabled them to achieve remarkable outcomes at unprecedented speeds. In fact, the VFX sequences were finalized ten times faster than with traditional VFX methods,” he noted.
Sarandos pointed out that the integration of AI tools allows Netflix to finance the show at considerably lower costs compared to conventional large productions.
“The expenses for [special effects without AI] would have been unfeasible for that budget,” Sarandos mentioned.
Concerns around job security have emerged within the entertainment sector due to the introduction of generative AI, particularly affecting production and special effects roles.
In 2023, AI was a significant point of contention during a dual strike involving Hollywood actors and writers, leading to agreements that ensured emerging technologies are harnessed for the benefit of workers rather than to eliminate jobs.
Sarandos emphasized, “These tools are for real people doing real work with enhanced resources. Our creators have begun to experience the advantages of production via pre-visualization, shot planning, and definitely visual effects. I believe these tools will empower creators to broaden their storytelling horizons on screen.”
His remarks followed the announcement of Netflix achieving $11 billion in revenue for the quarter ending in June, reflecting a 16% year-over-year increase.
The company noted that better-than-expected results were driven by the popularity of the third and final season of the Korean thriller Squid Game.
Netflix anticipates that its small yet rapidly expanding advertising division will “almost double” this year.
“The quarter’s performance that surpassed expectations can be attributed to excellent content, increased pricing, and the momentum of ads all coming together,” remarked Mike Proulx, Vice President of Research at Forrester. “There is still more work required to enhance advertising capabilities, but the toughest challenges are behind Netflix with the comprehensive launch of its own ad tech platform.”
It’s almost amusing how effortlessly this remake of skateboarding games taps into my millennial nostalgia. The moment Ace shows up in the skater montage on the title screen, I’m transported back to the early 2000s, reliving memories of playing Tony Hawk’s Pro Skater games in the messy bedrooms of teenage boys. Over two decades later, I can practically smell the lingering scent of Lynx Body Spray.
In 2020, the initial titles from Tony Hawk received a refined release driven by the resurgence of Y2K nostalgia. These games are combined into one package featuring refined controls and a refreshed aesthetic that preserves the original’s gritty vibe, a sentiment echoed in the releases of 3 and 4. Levels, skaters, and parks from the 2001 THPS3 and 2002 THPS4 are all included, alongside new faces from the sport, such as Riley Hawk.
“You can connect unconventional and dangerous combos.” Photo: Activision
I vividly recall these locations—factories, university campuses, snowy Canadian skate parks, and time capsules nestled in central London. Curiously, the zoo level features empty animal exhibits (why?), but otherwise, these tightly packed urban obstacle courses are quite familiar. (Sadly, the Skaterpunk soundtrack is not what it used to be—there are numerous omissions and disappointments, although some new tracks do help to soften the blow.) Between grabs, spins, flips, and manuals, you can string together wild and daring combos across the maps, discovering hidden semi-pipes amongst power lines and walls.
Check out the trailer for Tony Hawk’s Pro Skater 3+4
I have to admit, it’s not easy. My initial hours in these games were quite the experience. I struggled with the controller, falling over repeatedly as I tried to hit the minimum score during the two-minute runs. Have I always been this bad at these games? Regardless of my past muscle memory, I’m slowly piecing together my virtual skating abilities. There are now more complex movements and lateral tricks, making it feel like a more arcade-like experience compared to Tony Hawk’s Pro Skater 1+2, serving as a solid entry point for new players.
Like any real sport, it requires patience and practice: once the combos started flowing after several hours, it felt like a true release. I still don’t believe there’s a better skating game than the classic Tony Hawk.
In a remarkable encounter with citizen scientists off the coast of Norway, a duo of orcas was seen engaging in “kissing” behavior in the wild for the very first time.
The footage captured by the group displays the pair gently nodding at each other, accompanied by “tongue nibbling.”
While similar behaviors have been documented before, this marks the first instance of such interactions being observed in a natural habitat.
During the video, the orcas came within 10-15 meters (30-50 feet) of each other, sharing three brief moments of affection above the water’s surface for a duration of two minutes.
“This behavior has only been documented in orcas under human supervision,” said Dr. Javier Almunia from Loro Parque in Spain, as reported by BBC Science Focus. He was part of a recently published study utilizing observation videos from marine environments.
“Witnessing it in the wild indicates that such intricate social behaviors extend beyond captivity and are likely integral to the species’ natural social behavior.”
Orcas are known for their strong social structures, employing intricate behavioral systems to form and maintain social relationships.
For marine biologists, these observations are crucial for understanding orca interactions.
“Gaining insight into the social behavior of wildlife is essential for understanding their communication, bonding, and cooperation—key elements for their survival and well-being,” noted Almunia.
Unfortunately, these wild behaviors are rarely seen and require a fair amount of luck to witness at the right moment.
While studying animals in captivity is safer and more accessible, their behaviors often differ significantly from those observed in the wild.
The video was filmed on January 11, 2024, when two whales were observed by a fortunate group of snorkelers diving in Kavanangenfjord, northern Norway.
This area is known as a gathering spot for marine mammals, making it an ideal location for observing orcas due to its clear waters.
The group had the opportunity to watch the orcas under the guidance of experienced expedition leaders.
However, the study emphasized that while tourist excursions can lead to valuable scientific observations, “it is widely recognized that activities like whale watching and swimming can pose significant risks to wild populations.”
Orcas, often referred to by the misleading nickname “Killer Whale,” actually belong to the dolphin family. The latter portion of this nickname is accurate, as all dolphins are categorized as “toothed whales.”
Nevertheless, the term “killer” is misleading, as there are no documented cases of wild orcas intentionally harming humans.
The name stems from an ancient mariner who observed orcas hunting other large whales.
“They were originally called ‘whale killers,’ a term that evolved into ‘killer whale’,” explained Almunia.
“While orcas are indeed apex predators, they are also incredibly intelligent and social animals with complex cultures and strong familial bonds. They play a critical role as top predators within marine ecosystems.”
About Our Experts
Dr. Javier Almunia serves as the director of Loro Parque Fanfacion, a Spanish organization dedicated to the conservation of endangered parrot and marine species. He specializes in cetacean biology and has participated in numerous initiatives aimed at preserving biodiversity and protecting endangered species.
Where does time truly originate? This is a common inquiry I encounter when people discover my background as a physicist. While there isn’t a concise answer, exploring the arrows of time can shed light on the topic.
This concept, emerging in the 1920s, is grounded in the principles of physics governing energy, heat, and entropy. Entropy tends to increase over time, signifying a shift from a low entropy state to a high entropy state—this represents the direction of the “arrow of time.” Often misunderstood as merely obstacles, entropy is better understood as the count of larger configurations, or macrostates, that can arise from smaller ones, known as microstates.
For example, a macrostate with mixed cutlery signifies higher entropy than one where forks are on one side and spoons on the other. Opening a drawer only to find mixed cutlery implies the arrow of time has transitioned from the past to the future.
Yet, a significant issue arises when applying cutlery analogies to the universe. Why did a pristine, low-entropy state ever exist?
This is referred to as the “past hypothesis,” and physicists are generally skeptical of it. When theorizing backward through time, they envision a universe in a state of very low entropy. Given the rarity of such conditions, the existence of such a state raises questions. Moreover, it prompts speculation on whether this state aligns with the Big Bang, the universe’s genesis.
Compounding the mystery is the fact that the laws of physics at scales far smaller than the entire universe—like subatomic particles—are entirely reversible. As Pablo Arrighi from Paris Clair University puts it, this presents a major paradox within physics.
“The laws of physics are reversible, yet our daily experiences contradict this,” he notes. Arrighi and his team set out to create a simplified “toy universe” to better understand this phenomenon.
They discovered that the arrow of time is an inevitability if this toy universe mirrors our own and exhibits constant expansion. In this model, they also discard the need for past hypotheses. The Big Bang can occur without special conditions, while the arrow of time consistently moves forward.
Interestingly, Arrighi highlights that his findings challenge previous notions, such as the potential “big crunch,” where the universe might cease expansion and collapse into a singular point.
Surprisingly, in this constructed universe bound by reversible laws, the Big Bang need not represent a singularity; rather, it opens the door to entropy-driven extensions—conceptually, an alternate universe. “Our existence stems from their emergence. Our challenges are tied to their past,” Arrighi explains regarding the imagined universe beyond the Big Bang.
Though radical, the idea of two universes expanding in opposite directions, each with its own time flow, has fascinated scientists. For instance, in 2014, independent physicist Julian Barbour and his colleagues supported this theory, using gravity studies as a foundation. Unlike Arrighi’s approach, which easily lends itself to simulation, Barbour’s model focuses more on computational arguments. Others, like Sean Carroll from Johns Hopkins University, have previously proposed moving beyond past hypotheses.
Returning to our initial question, can the answer emerge from anywhere, or perhaps from a non-specific place? Philosopher David Albert from Columbia University emphasizes careful consideration of the term “special.” He casts doubt on the assumption that the low-entropic state of the past is inherently special.
“Many believe all physical states should be equally probable. However, when viewed this way, low-entropy states appear quite improbable,” he argues. “My stance is that it’s unreasonable to determine odds a priori.” He advocates for deriving probabilities through observation instead.
Albert favors omitting past hypotheses from fundamental physics concepts, believing that adhering to superior laws is essential. However, he stresses that these insights should rest on observational evidence. The gap between systems studied meticulously, such as gas particles within boxes, and the entire universe is vast. He cautions scientists to be vigilant about the assumptions made when extrapolating from small-scale observations to universal principles.
“Nonetheless, I find it intriguing to explore whether we can derive outcomes without relying on past hypotheses. If that’s feasible, it would be a remarkable discovery,” remarks Albert.
After concluding my conversation with Albert, I plan to reconnect in a year to assess how our understanding of time evolves. Even if I can’t precisely articulate the origins of time, the arrow undoubtedly propels me towards a future rich with exploration and dialogue.
Kaliane Bradley’s The Ministry of Time awarded mixed reviews at the New Scientist Book Club
One of the wonderful elements of science fiction is its vastness, a notion emphasized by our two recent readings. The New Scientist Book Club has transitioned from Larry Niven’s classic hard sci-fi piece, Ring World, to Kalian Bradley’s Time Saving, which we’ll delve into this June. The former rigorously engages with scientific principles, while the latter takes a more relaxed approach.
The narrative revolves around an obscure civil servant tasked with assisting historical figures—specifically, the Victorian explorer Commander Graham Gore from 1847. Time Saving intertwines elements of thrillers, romance, and touches of climate fiction, making it an engaging read. Although I adored it, the conclusion left something to be desired, which I’ll elaborate on later. For now, let’s explore the sci-fi elements of the book.
In Bradley’s interpretation, time travel serves as a plot device; it facilitates the transition of characters from the past to contemporary settings. As she notes, “Once you start contemplating the physics of time travel, you’ve entered a tricky realm.” I don’t necessarily view her reluctance to clarify time travel as a weakness—after all, even our greatest physicists have yet to fully understand it, a sentiment shared by many.
“I accepted time travel as a given and shaped the primary plot around it. In the end, it’s approached similarly to numerous other sci-fi narratives.” Facebook Group. “Ultimately, this emphasis on plot and character development made me feel that the novel transcended mere science fiction, transforming into a story set against a sci-fi backdrop.”
Pauline Moncrief, who previously engaged with Time Saving, praised Bradley’s portrayal of time travel as “spot-on” due to its exploration of the paradoxes surrounding it—questions like, “What happens if you travel back and eliminate your grandfather?” This intriguing concern worked well. “Thus, I appreciated the author’s decision to smoothly bypass the technical hurdles typically associated with time travel,” she remarked.
Kristen Millard Shore expressed similar sentiments: “I appreciated the author’s casual handling of time travel—’Let’s not overthink this’ was refreshing.” However, Gosia Furmanik felt differently. While she enjoyed the prose’s creativity and vividness, she found the main plot confusing and felt it lacked urgency until the very end. For someone looking for a focused sci-fi exploration, she wondered if the romance and themes of immigration and identity overshadowed the genre elements.
Gosia might have a point, but I found the romance to be a highlight of the novel, even developing an affection for Commander Gore (which Bradley seemed to share—check out my interview with her for more on this historical crush). As a fan of romantic narratives, I found this aspect delightful. Others echoed my feelings, too.
“I usually don’t gravitate towards romance in books, but I found it well-executed here. Nevertheless, I felt the story encompassed more than just romance; it was enriching overall.”
Phil Gurski, however, took a different stance: “While I enjoyed the concept, it leaned more toward romance than sci-fi,” he noted. “The lengthy sex scene felt unnecessary.” Despite this divergence of opinions, I cherished many aspects of Time Saving, particularly Bradley’s subtle yet brilliant humor. The contrast of a character from the 19th century grappling with modernity—whether it’s Spotify or dishwashers—provided a delightful layer to the storytelling.
“I found myself laughing aloud numerous times,” Kristen concurred. “Especially during the conversations among the female characters about chicken wallets!” The chicken wallet scene was memorable and the interactions among the characters stood out. I found myself smitten, much like Margaret Kemble and Graham Gore did in 1665.
Gosia nodded in agreement regarding the humor: “Initial moments were quite amusing, like the EastEnders reference, but at times, that tone was overshadowed, leading to inconsistencies that detracted from my enjoyment.”
Now, let’s discuss the ending. Provision. Spoiler alert for those who haven’t finished yet! The revelation that Adela was a future version of our narrator caught me off guard, adding an engaging twist that prompted me to revisit earlier elements of the story with this new perspective. I believed these elements held up, though the rapid pace towards the conclusion felt a bit jumbled, especially since I was invested in the romance. I recognize the inherent “time travel” aspect of the story, but I still hoped for more closure.
David Jones echoed my feelings: “I finished and felt disappointed. I loved the characters and believed they deserved a more satisfying ending.” Alan pondered, “Does the author’s craftsmanship with engaging, thoughtful narratives get compromised by editorial constraints?” He felt the conclusion appeared forced and disconnected from the author’s original vision.
“By the 80% mark, I was questioning, ‘Where is this going?’ The narrative seemed too precious until the end, without sufficient payoff.”
Phil shared his thoughts in a Facebook group, stating that the next session’s readings should return to genuine science (fiction), with Lake of Darkness—a paper edition exploring black holes and their mysterious signals—on the horizon. Adam has penned brilliantly insightful essays for our readers, while Emily H. Wilson, a reviewer for New Scientist, expressed her fondness for Lake of Darkness upon its hardcover release, calling it “smart, experimental, and full of imaginative ideas,” eagerly anticipating the journey into an advanced future.
wGlacier researcher John Moore began exploring the Arctic Circle in the 1980s. The continuous warming of this area has led to the disappearance of many glaciers, as noted in The Arctic heats 4 times faster. They have simply melted away, outpacing global averages.
Four decades later, Moore’s research network identified an Arctic university. 61 Potential Interventions aim to slow, halt, and reverse the impacts of regional climate change. These concepts are regularly updated. Some will be discussed at a meeting in Cambridge this week, where scientists and engineers will explore whether radical technical solutions can buy time and mitigate the loss of polar ice caps.
Dr. Sean Fitzgerald excavates the ice. Photo: Real Ice/Cambridge University
“We aim to distill them down to about 10 concrete ideas,” Moore asserts, although he hasn’t yet shared specific developments. He emphasizes that the study should exclude “non-starters and hopeless ideas.” If no action is taken over the next 30 years, it may indeed be too late.
The focus should be on rationally valuing these interventions; otherwise, they are merely speculation.
“None of these ideas will solve every issue,” Moore states, emphasizing the need to weigh potential costs against perceived benefits.
Dr. Sean Fitzgerald, director of the Climate Restoration Center at Cambridge University, which is hosting the conference, reflects on a 30-year journey of “unpaid progress” that has slowed the climate crisis, shifting focus towards preserving the Arctic.
“I felt obligated to expand knowledge into broader fields,” he notes. Among the more unusual ideas discussed is the concept of a 10km sunshade suspended between airships the size of Zeppelins and creating corridors for fixed rafts to assist Arctic wildlife reliant on ice. Other measures, such as the initiative by British startup Real Ice and a Dutch company, are underway, which involve pumping water onto ice to refreeze it.
Critics voice concerns about the ethical and legal implications of many proposed interventions, making geoengineering a contentious topic. For instance, in 2021, the Sami Council, representing the Saami people in Finland, Norway, Sweden, and Russia, voiced opposition against Harvard-led pilot projects that aimed to test stratospheric aerosol injection (Science), which simulates volcanic eruptions by dispersing aerosols in the stratosphere to reflect sunlight. The Sami Council branded the plan as a “real moral hazard.”
Inuit hunters navigate through meltwater in West Greenland. Photo: Lawrence Hislop/Alendal
The interventions have undergone extensive study, including those identified by Moore for mitigating the Arctic climate emergency. However, many proposals are unlikely to go beyond theoretical stages and require substantial funding or large-scale implementation.
Thus far, ocean-based concepts present additional uncertainties, limitations, and risks, and the study has deemed them “unsuitable for further consideration,” scoring very low against most evaluation criteria.
One such idea, modifying ocean currents, was first proposed during the Cold War, when suggestions were made to block the Bering Strait to enhance Arctic livability. Years later, climate activist Rolf Schttenhelm proposed a similar initiative aimed at increasing Arctic sea ice.
One small-scale solution currently being implemented involves pumping water onto ice to refreeze it. Photo: Real Ice/Cambridge University
“It’s very easy to make mistakes, and no one knows the definitive answer,” Moore reflects. “Local benefits must be balanced with the hope for global gains.”
Fitzgerald remains cautious about any solutions he considers to be frontrunners, underscoring the importance of keeping an open mind and exploring a variety of approaches.
Meanwhile, SAI and Marine Cloud Brightening (MCB) are drawing significant interest. Professor Peter Wadham, leader of the Polar Ocean Physics Group at Cambridge University, describes MCB as a “very powerful” option. “It’s advantageous because it can be implemented on a small scale, allowing for cessation of activities if negative impacts arise,” he asserts.
Wadham is less enthusiastic about SAI, labeling it a risky long-term strategy compared to MCB. Additionally, he finds the proposal to thicken sea ice unrealistic due to the sheer energy required. “It could work in limited scenarios,” he notes, “but not at an impactful scale. Marine Cloud Brightening stands out as the best and most thoughtfully designed approach.”
Hunters return to Kullorsuaq, the Inuit village in Greenland, nearby Melville Bay. Photo: Reda/Universal Images/Getty
Earlier this year, UK scientists announced plans for outdoor geoengineering trials, including Marine Cloud Brightening, funded by a £50 million government initiative. However, opposition has emerged from various sectors; a discussion was held in the UK Parliament this week, and the state of Tennessee has passed legislation banning geoengineering in the US.
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