The world’s most advanced engines are remarkably compact, achieving astonishing levels of efficiency, mirroring some of nature’s tiniest machines.
A thermodynamic engine represents the most straightforward mechanism to illustrate how the laws of physics govern the conversion of heat into useful work. These engines feature areas of heat and cold interconnected by a “working fluid” that goes through cycles of contraction and expansion. Molly’s Message and James Mirren from King’s College London and their team have constructed one of the most extreme engines yet, utilizing microscopic glass beads in place of traditional working fluids.
The researchers employed electric fields to trap and position the beads in diminutive chambers crafted from metal and glass with minimal air. To operate the engine, they varied the electric field parameters to tighten and loosen the beads’ “grip.” A handful of air particles within the chamber acted as the cold section of the engine, while manipulated spikes in the electric field represented the hot section. These spikes enabled the particles to move significantly faster than the sparse air particles in their vicinity. Notably, the glass particles experienced speeds greater than what they could achieve in gas while remaining cool to the touch, despite their temperature briefly spiking to 10 million Kelvin—approximately 2,000 times the sun’s surface temperature.
This glass bead engine functioned in an atypical manner. During certain cycles, it displayed striking efficiency, as the strength of the electric field propelled the glass beads at unexpected speeds, effectively generating more energy than was inputted. However, in other cycles, the efficiency dropped to negative levels, as if the beads were being cooled in scenarios where they should have heated further. “At times, you believe you’re inputting the correct energy. You’re attempting to run the fridge with the appropriate mechanisms designed to operate the heat engine,” explains Message. The temperature of the beads fluctuated based on their location within the chamber, an unexpected outcome given that the engine was designed to maintain specific hot or cold sections.
These peculiarities can be attributed to the engine’s minuscule size. Even a single air particle colliding randomly with the beads can drastically impact the engine’s performance. Although traditional physical laws generally prevail, sporadic extreme phenomena persist. Mirren notes that a similar situation exists for the microscopic components of cells. “You can observe all these strange thermodynamic behaviors, which make sense on a bacterial or protein level, but are counterintuitive for larger entities like ourselves,” he states.
Raul Rika from the University of Granada in Spain mentions that while this new engine lacks immediate practical applications, it may deepen researchers’ understanding of natural and biological systems. It also signifies a technical breakthrough. Loïc Rondin from Paris’ Clay University asserts that the team can further investigate numerous unusual characteristics of the microscopic realm with this relatively straightforward design.
“We are significantly simplifying what will become a biological system ideal for testing various theories,” states Rondin. The team aspires to apply the engine in the future for tasks such as modeling how protein energy varies during folding.
Journal Reference: Physical Review Letters, In print
The 1996 Dunblane massacre and the protests that followed were Textbook example of how an act of terrorism mobilized a nation to demand effective gun control.
The atrocity, in which 16 children and a teacher were killed, triggered a wave of nationwide backlash, and within weeks 750,000 people had signed a petition calling for legal reform. Within a year and a half, new laws were in place making it illegal to own handguns.
Nearly three decades after the horrific violence at a Southport dance studio, it has provoked a starkly different response. It shocked many in the UK this week, but experts on domestic extremism, particularly those who look at the intersection of violence and technology, say it’s all too common — and, in this new age of algorithmic rage, sadly inevitable.
“Radicalization has always happened, but before, leaders were the bridge-builders that brought people together,” said Maria Ressa, a Filipino journalist and sharp-tongued technology critic who won the 2021 Nobel Peace Prize. “That’s no longer possible, because what once radicalized extremists and terrorists now radicalizes the general public, because that’s how the information ecosystem is designed.”
For Ressa, all of the violence that erupted on the streets of Southport, and then in towns across the country, fuelled by wild rumours and anti-immigrant rhetoric on social media, felt all too familiar. “Propaganda has always been there, violence has always been there, it’s social media that has made violence mainstream. [The US Capitol attack on] January 6th is a perfect example. Without social media to bring people together, isolate them, and incite them even more, people would never have been able to find each other.”
The biggest difference between the Dunblane massacre in 1996 and today is that the way we communicate has fundamentally changed. In our instant information environment, informed by algorithms that spread the most shocking, outrageous or emotional comments, social media is designed to do the exact opposite of bringing unity: it has become an engine of polarization.
“It seemed like it was just a matter of time before something like this happened in the UK,” says Julia Ebner, head of the Violent Extremism Lab at the Oxford University Centre for Social Cohesion Research. “This alternative information ecosystem is fuelling these narratives. We saw that in the Chemnitz riots in Germany in 2018, which reminded me strongly of that. And [it] The January 6th riots occurred in the United States.
“You see this chain reaction with these alternative news channels. Misinformation can spread very quickly and mobilize people into the streets. And then, of course, people tend to turn to violence because it amplifies anger and deep emotions. And then it travels from these alternative media to X and mainstream social media platforms.”
This “alternative information ecosystem” includes platforms like Telegram, BitTortoise, Parler and Gab, and often operates unseen behind the scenes of mainstream and social media. It has proven to be a breeding ground for the far-right, conspiracy theories and extremist ideology that has collided this week and mobilized people into the streets.
“Politicians need to stop using the phrase ‘the real world’ instead of ‘the online world,'” Ressa said. “How many times do I have to say it? It’s the same old thing.”
A burnt-out car has been removed after a night of violent anti-immigration protests in Sunderland. Photo: Holly Adams/Reuters
For Jacob Davey, director of counter-hate policy and research at the Institute for Strategic Dialogue in London, it was a “catastrophe”: Recent mass protests in the UK have emboldened the far-right, with far-right figures like Tommy Robinson being “replatformed” on X, while measures to curb hate are being rolled back.
The problem is that even though academics, researchers and policymakers are increasingly understanding the issue, very little is being done to solve it.
“And every year that goes by without this issue being addressed and without real legislation on social media, it’s going to get significantly worse,” Ressa said. “And [Soviet leader] Yuri Andropov said: Design Information [disinformation] “It’s like cocaine. Once or twice it’s okay, but if you take it all the time it becomes addictive. It changes you as a person.”
However, while UK authorities are aware of these threats in theory, in 2021 MI5 Director Ken McCallumsaid far-right extremism was the biggest domestic terrorism threat facing the UK, but the underlying technical problems remain unresolved.
It’s seven years since the FBI and US Congress launched an investigation into the weaponisation of social media by the Russian government, and while much of the UK’s right-wing media has ignored or mocked the investigation, Daily Mail This week, a shocking headline was published about one suspicious account on X. The account may be based in Russia and may be spreading false information, but this may only be part of the picture.
And there is still little recognition that what we are witnessing is part of a global phenomenon — a rise in populism and authoritarianism underpinned by deeper structural changes in communication — or, according to Ebner, the extent to which the parallels with what is happening in other countries run deep.
“The rise of far-right politics is very similar across the world and in different countries. No other movement has been able to amplify their ideology in the same way. The far-right is tapping into really powerful emotions in terms of algorithmically powerful emotions: anger, indignation, fear, surprise.”
“And really what we’re seeing is a sense of collective learning within far-right communities in many different countries. And a lot of it has to do with building these alternative information ecosystems and using them to be able to react or respond to something immediately.”
The question is, what will Keir Starmer do? Ebner points out that this is no longer a problem in dark corners of the internet. Politicians are also part of the radicalised population. “They are now saying things they would not have said before, they are blowing dog whistles to the far right, they are playing with conspiracy theories that were once promoted by far-right extremists.”
And human rights groups such as Big Brother Watch fear that some of Starmer’s solutions – including a pledge to increase facial recognition systems – could lead to further harm from the technology.
Ravi Naik, of AWO, a law firm specialising in cases against technology companies, said there were a number of steps that could be taken, including the Information Commissioner’s Office enforcing data restrictions and police action against incitement to violence.
“But these actions are reactive,” Naik said. “The problem is too big to be addressed at the whim of a new prime minister. It is a deep-rooted issue of power, and it cannot be solved in the middle of a crisis or by impulsive reactions. We need a real adult conversation about digital technology and the future we all want.”
OpenAI is currently testing a new search engine that utilizes generative artificial intelligence to generate search results, potentially posing a challenge to Google’s dominance in the online search market. The company announced that SearchGPT will initially launch with limited users and publishers before expanding further. OpenAI plans to integrate search capabilities into ChatGPT and offer it as a standalone product in the future.
SearchGPT is described as a preliminary prototype that combines AI models (such as ChatGPT) with internet search abilities to provide search results in a conversational format with real-time information and relevant source links. This feature positions OpenAI as a direct competitor to major search engines like Google and Bing, owned by Microsoft, OpenAI’s largest investor.
Integrating generative AI into search engines has become a trend among technology companies, despite concerns about accuracy and copyright issues. OpenAI aims to make searching on the web quicker and easier by enhancing its models with real-time information from the internet.
There is a potential risk of backlash from publishers over how OpenAI uses their content in SearchGPT. Some news outlets have already filed lawsuits against the company for alleged copyright infringement, claiming that their published work was used without permission.
OpenAI denies these claims, stating that their use of copyrighted data falls under the “fair use” doctrine. Other companies have faced similar backlash from users and publishers for AI-generated search features.
OpenAI is collaborating with publishers to give them control over how their content appears in search results and promoting trusted sources of information. The company’s press release includes statements from industry leaders, endorsing AI-powered search as the future of the internet.
This development comes at a time when Google is facing an antitrust lawsuit alleging illegal monopolization of the internet search industry. The lawsuit claims that Google signed deals with major companies to make it the default browser on their devices, further solidifying its dominance.
A rocket that eats itself may be on the way. To reach orbit, a rocket must lift its own mass, the mass of its propellant, and the payload it intends to carry into space. But if rockets could burn their own parts for fuel, they could free up capacity for more important scientific projects and for transporting supplies. A team of engineers has built his first prototype of one of these “autophage engines.”
The concept of a rocket that eats its own parts was first patented in 1938, but it was difficult to implement on the huge rockets on which most launches have historically taken place, so no working prototypes were built. Not built. However, the popularity of small satellites has increased in recent years, driving demand for smaller, more efficient rockets that are not constrained by the need to carry huge weights into space.
Krzysztof Busdyk Researchers at the University of Glasgow in the UK have created a small prototype rocket engine that consumes its own fuel tank. It’s not powerful enough to launch something into space, but it still shows that the concept works. “By burning the fuselage, we are solving the problem of rocket miniaturization. So when we want to send a small payload into space, we can do it right away, without waiting for a rideshare mission on a larger rocket. ” he says.
The researchers will present their findings at the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics SciTech Forum in Florida on January 10th. This engine was called his Ouroboros-3, named after the ancient symbol of a snake eating its own tail.
Like the iconic snake, this engine is designed to devour its own backend when it uses up the rocket fuel it contains. “When you run out of propellant, you have an empty tank with all the useless structural mass,” Buzdyk says. “So what we’re doing is expending that dead weight so that we don’t have to carry it around on the way up, so we can carry more mass into space.”
In the prototype, as the oxygen and propane that make up the engine’s main fuel are burned, a plastic tube that holds the fuel is also fed into the engine. This tube makes up up to one-fifth of the total propellant used in burns and provides approximately 100 newtons of thrust. This is only about four times the force required to crack an egg.
The team is currently working on a larger prototype capable of delivering about 1,000 newtons of thrust. This is about one-sixth of the thrust required for the engine to reach suborbital space, and about one-twentieth of the thrust. To get it back on track.
“Additional testing should allow us to scale up the rocket… [but] In some cases, scaling up is not easy, easy or unlikely.” Haim Benaroya at Rutgers University in New Jersey. Challenges include ensuring that the plastic fuselage burns and feeds it to the engine at a constant rate, and testing how burning rocket debris changes its shape and thus its flight path. It is included.
In addition to increasing launch efficiency, autophage engines could also help reduce the problem of space debris, or spacecraft debris that can fly around in orbit and endanger other satellites. There is. Burning out spent fuel tanks, which are typically dropped into the atmosphere or left in orbit, could be a small step toward solving the problem, he said. hugh lewis at the University of Southampton, UK.
byRamon J. Osorio, NASA Marshall Space Flight CenterDecember 26, 2023
Engineers at NASA’s Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama, successfully completed a 251-second high-temperature combustion test of a full-scale rotary explosion rocket engine combustor in fall 2023, achieving more than 5,800 pounds of thrust. Credit: NASA
NASAMarshall Space Flight Center tested a 3D-printed Rotating Explosive Rocket Engine (RDRE) for more than four minutes and was able to generate significant thrust. This test is essential for deep space missions and represents a step forward in NASA’s development of an efficient propulsion system for the Moon. Mars vision.
NASA has achieved a new benchmark in the development of an innovative propulsion system called the Rotating Explosive Rocket Engine (RDRE). Engineers at NASA’s Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama, tested his new 3D-printed RDRE for 251 seconds (or over four minutes) and were able to generate more than 5,800 pounds of thrust.
This type of sustained burn emulates the typical requirements for a lander touchdown or deep space burn that could set a spacecraft on a course from the Moon to Mars, the center said. said Thomas Teasley, lead Marshall combustion equipment engineer.
RDRE’s first high-temperature fire test was conducted in Marshall in the summer of 2022 in partnership with In Space LLC and Purdue University (Lafayette, Indiana). The test generated more than 4,000 pounds of thrust for nearly a minute. The main objective of the latest tests was to extend the combustor to different thrust classes, support all types of engine systems, and maximize the diversity of missions it can deliver, from landers to upper stages to supersonics. Teasley said the key is to better understand how to increase the Reverse propulsion is a deceleration technique that has the potential to land larger payloads, and even humans, on the surface of Mars.
Test stand video taken at NASA’s Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama, shows the ignition of a full-size rotary-explosion rocket engine combustor that ignited for a record 251 seconds and achieved more than 5,800 pounds of thrust. It is shown.
“RDRE significantly increases design efficiency,” he said. “This shows we are getting closer to developing lightweight propulsion systems that will allow us to send more mass and payloads into deep space, a critical component for NASA. From the moon to Mars vision. “
Engineers at NASA’s Glenn Research Center in Cleveland; Venus Aerospace, Houston, Texas, is working with NASA Marshall to identify ways to scale the technology for higher performance.
RDRE is managed and funded by the Game Changing Development Program within NASA’s Space Technology Mission Directorate.
TechCrunch Early Stage returns to Boston on April 25, 2024, and the agenda for our flagship Founders event is taking shape. We’re excited to give you a sneak peek at some of the amazing speakers and sessions we’ll be attending. For builders just starting their startup journey, TechCrunch Early Stage is the place to be.
With the help of a large body of leading investors and entrepreneurs, we take a deep dive into founder-focused topics such as:
How to use Startup Accelerator.
How to raise your first funding.
How to find product-market fit.
How to make a killer pitch deck.
But wait. In addition: Want to join us for more speakers and sessions announced in the new year? Apply for content by the January 10th deadline for a chance to win a roundtable slot on TechCrunch Early Stage there is.
Early Stage is different from other TechCrunch events. Instead of panel discussions or fireside chats, speakers present on their assigned topics and answer questions from the audience. If you’re building something and want access to the brains of top startups, we’re working around the clock to introduce them to you. As always, all attendees will receive a transcript and visual assets of the presentation so they can take away what they learned.
Also, if you’re a talkative type, you’ll enjoy roundtable discussions and lots of time interacting with other founders, builders, and investors.
You’ll have a lot of questions in the early stages, and we’re here to answer them. Please come to my favorite TechCrunch event in Boston on April 25th. It’s similar to Disrupt, but incredibly focused and much more intimate. See you soon!
TechCrunch 2024 Early Agenda Preview
Working hard for $1 million in ARR: Best practices for learning fast from your launch partner
Once you secure a seed round, the race begins to prove product-market fit and grow your ARR (Annual Recurring Revenue). With the clock ticking, limited seed dollars, a difficult macroeconomic environment, and the bar rising to secure the next round, founders’ margin for error is slim and execution is critical. In this session, we’ll dive into the best practices for rapidly iterating on lessons learned from launch partners (such as early customers). Learn how to ask the right questions, get actionable answers, respond effectively, and avoid idleness at this critical juncture in your company’s growth.
Incubators and accelerators often provide a support structure for early-stage startups. Founders transitioning from academia often seek assistance in defining the potential commercial viability of their research, so specific programs are often tailored to their unique needs. Founders from academia face unique challenges stemming from higher education and national research institutions. Choosing the right startup program can help young companies navigate the known hurdles of founding. Here’s what you need to know today.
Whether you’re just staring at a blank slide deck or fine-tuning your pitch, this can’t-miss session will provide you with valuable insights and help you avoid some of the biggest pitfalls. Haje Kamps, TechCrunch’s friendly in-house pitch coach, writes his 75+ pitch deck deconstruction articles on TechCrunch+. He is a source of knowledge in the art of pitching early stage startups to venture capitalists. With Haje’s expertise in analyzing and enhancing pitch decks, this session promises to be a treasure trove of practical advice and strategies.
Raising money in the first round is tricky. Especially if you don’t want to look back years from now and regret your terms of service or side letters. In this session, Tom explains how investors think, common pitfalls that may come up later, and how to put your company in the strongest possible position to raise capital. After all, who would want to participate in his game of 2024 fundraising hanger with old information?
Early stage financing: convertible notes, SAFE, series seed financing
Learn from early-stage fractional general counsel about various financing mechanisms for early-stage companies, including convertible notes, simplified agreements for future equity (SAFE), and series seed financing rounds. This session will highlight the pros and cons of these alternatives, demystify standard terms, highlight potential pitfalls to avoid, and suggest key points to consider when negotiating.
TechCrunch Early Stage 2024 will be held in Boston on April 25th. Join other emerging founders and bring your questions, get answers directly from industry experts, and learn the next steps you need to take to build your startup. But if you buy your pass now, you’ll save at the launch price!
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A former program manager for Blue Origin’s BE-4 rocket engine has filed a lawsuit against the company, alleging whistleblowing retaliation after speaking out about safety issues.
The complaint was filed Monday in Los Angeles County Superior Court. It includes a detailed story about program manager Craig Stoker’s seven-month effort to raise concerns about Blue Origin’s safety and harsh working conditions.
Stoker reportedly told two vice presidents in May 2022 that then-CEO Bob Smith’s actions caused employees to “understand safety procedures to meet unreasonable deadlines.” “Frequently violates procedures and processes,” he said. The suit says Smith “exploded” when problems arose, creating a hostile work environment. Mr. Stoker sent a follow-up email containing a formal complaint against Mr. Smith to two vice presidents: Linda Koba, vice president of engine operations, and Mary Plunkett, senior vice president of human resources.
“Myself, my management team, and others within the company do not need to constantly apologize or make excuses to ourselves or our team for the CEO’s bad behavior,” the email said. There is. “We spend a significant amount of time trying to keep things running smoothly, boosting morale, repairing damage, and stopping people from overreacting. . . . Hostile work environment. . . . Our employees , creating a safety and quality risk to our products and customers.”
TechCrunch has reached out to Blue Origin for comment and will update this article if we hear back.
When Mr Stoker asked about a separate investigation into Mr Smith’s actions, Mr Plunkett said the investigation had concluded and Mr Smith was being “coached”.
Just months after filing a formal complaint, Stoker learned that a fellow employee had nearly suffocated while working under an engine nozzle. He expressed his concerns to Michael Stevens, vice president of safety and mission assurance. The complaint says Stoker was “ignored.” In August, Stoker sent another email to executives saying nine people on the engine team were working “over 24-hour” shifts to deliver engines on time to customer United Launch Alliance. expressed concern.
There is no doubt that the company was under pressure to deliver. Blue Origin’s BE-4 will power United Launch Alliance’s Vulcan rocket, which is expected to make its much-delayed debut around Christmas. According to the complaint, Blue Origin’s contract with ULA requires the company to provide one year’s notice of any issues that could affect the delivery of its rocket engines. Stoker wanted to tell ULA that the engine might be delayed.
However, Smith allegedly instructed Stoker not to share these production or delivery issues with ULA.
Ultimately, after an internal investigation, Blue Origin HR concluded that Mr. Smith did not create a hostile work environment or violate company policy. Stoker disagreed with this conclusion. Stoker later learned that officials from the engine program had not been interviewed as part of the investigation, according to the complaint.
The complaint alleges that the human resources department was reluctant to conduct an investigation because the accuser, Mr. Stalker, was a man. “Being a man, Human Resources expected him to deal with problems on his own and not do too much ‘whining,’ and Mr. Stoker was given no means or resources.” He expressed his concerns to the company’s most powerful executive. ”
Stoker was fired on October 7, seven months after he first raised safety concerns. The complaint makes clear who was behind this decision. “Smith spearheaded this termination due to complaints against Mr. Stoker, raising safety/ethics/legal issues, and the fact that many of these reports were intended to disrupt his production/delivery schedule. Ta. “
Blue Origin has announced that Bob Smith will step down as CEO in September after nearly six years. His tenure was a successful one, growing the team from less than 1,000 people to more than 12,000 people and signing numerous high-profile and high-paying contracts with NASA. But it has not been without serious controversy, including allegations of a culture of sexism among senior executives.
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