For decades, the movement of stars near the center of our Milky Way galaxy has provided some of the most convincing evidence for the existence of a supermassive black hole. However, Dr. Valentina Crespi from the La Plata Institute of Astrophysics and her colleagues propose an innovative alternative: a compact object composed of self-gravitating fermion dark matter, which could equally explain the observed stellar motions.
A compact object made of self-gravitating fermion dark matter. Image credit: Gemini AI.
The prevailing theory attributes the observational orbits of a group of stars, known as the S stars, to Sagittarius A*, the supposed supermassive black hole at our galaxy’s center, which causes these stars to move at speeds of thousands of kilometers per second.
In a groundbreaking study, Dr. Crespi and her team propose that fermions—a specific type of dark matter made from light elementary particles—can form a distinct cosmic structure that aligns with our current understanding of the Milky Way’s core.
The hypothesis suggests the formation of an ultra-dense core surrounded by a vast, diffuse halo, functioning as a unified structure.
This dense core could replicate the gravitational effects of a black hole, thereby accounting for the orbits of S stars and nearby dusty objects known as G sources.
A vital aspect of this research includes recent data from ESA’s Gaia DR3 mission, which meticulously maps the Milky Way’s outer halo and reveals the orbital patterns of stars and gas far from the center.
The mission has documented a slowdown in the galaxy’s rotation curve, known as Keplerian decay, which can be reconciled with the outer halo of the dark matter model when combined with the standard disk and bulge components of normal matter.
This finding emphasizes significant structural differences, bolstering the validity of the fermion model.
While traditional cold dark matter halos spread in a “power law” fashion, the fermion model predicts a more compact halo structure with a tighter tail.
“This research marks the first instance where a dark matter model effectively connects vastly different scales and explains the orbits of various cosmic bodies, including contemporary rotation curves and central star data,” remarked Carlos Arguelles of the La Plata Astrophysics Institute.
“We are not merely substituting black holes for dark objects. Instead, we propose that supermassive centers and galactic dark matter halos represent two manifestations of a single continuum of matter.”
Importantly, the team’s fermion dark matter model has already undergone rigorous testing.
A recent 2024 survey demonstrated that as the accretion disk illuminates these dense dark matter cores, it produces shadow-like features reminiscent of those captured by the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) collaboration at Sagittarius A*.
“This point is crucial. Our model not only elucidates stellar orbits and galactic rotation but also aligns with the famous ‘black hole shadow’ image,” stated Crespi.
“A dense dark matter core bends light to such an extent that it forms a central darkness encircled by a bright ring, creating an effect similar to shadows.”
Astronomers performed a statistical comparison of the fermion dark matter model against traditional black hole models.
While current data on internal stars cannot definitively distinguish between the two theories, the dark matter model offers a cohesive framework to elucidate both the galaxy’s center (encompassing the central star and shadow) and the galaxy at large.
“Gathering more precise data from instruments like the GRAVITY interferometer aboard ESO’s Very Large Telescope in Chile, and searching for specific features of the photon ring, an essential characteristic of black holes that are absent in the dark matter nuclear scenario, will be crucial for testing the predictions of this innovative model,” the authors noted.
“The results of these discoveries have the potential to revolutionize our understanding of the fundamental nature of the Milky Way’s enigmatic core.”
The team’s research was published today in Royal Astronomical Society Monthly Notices.
_____
V. Crespi et al. 2026. Dynamics of S stars and G sources orbiting supermassive compact objects made of fermion dark matter. MNRAS 546 (1): staf1854; doi: 10.1093/mnras/staf1854
Utilizing the ultra-sharp images from the NASA/ESA/CSA James Webb Space Telescope, astronomers have successfully crafted a highly detailed, wide-area mass map of the Universe. This groundbreaking map reveals the intricate interweaving of dark matter and ordinary matter, stretching from the filaments of galaxies to the dense clusters. Developed as part of the COSMOS-Web survey, this new map boasts more than double the resolution of previous efforts and delves deeper into the early universe’s evolution.
This web image shows about 800,000 galaxies, overlaid with a dark matter map in blue. Image credit: NASA / STScI / J. DePasquale / A. Pagan.
Dark matter constitutes roughly 85% of the universe’s total matter, yet it’s challenging to detect since it neither emits nor absorbs light, rendering it invisible to standard telescopes.
However, its gravitational influence alters the trajectory of light from far-off galaxies.
By examining subtle distortions in the shapes of numerous distant galaxies, scientists can ascertain how this unseen mass is distributed, irrespective of its nature.
When compared with known luminous structures, researchers can pinpoint the locations of dark matter.
Previous mass maps generated using the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope and other observatories suffered from limited resolution, sensitivity, and area coverage, restricting their views to only the largest cosmic structures.
Dr. Diana Scognamiglio from NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory and her team harnessed Webb’s imaging capabilities to analyze the shapes of approximately 250,000 galaxies, reconstructing the most detailed mass map of a contiguous universe region to date.
“This is the most extensive dark matter map produced in conjunction with Webb, boasting clarity unmatched by any prior dark matter maps from other observatories,” stated Dr. Scognamiglio.
“Previously, we only glimpsed blurred images of dark matter.”
“With Webb’s extraordinary resolution, we can now observe the universe’s invisible framework in unprecedented detail.”
This new map uncovers substantial galaxy clusters along with intricate networks of dark filamentary bridges and low-mass galaxies, too faint or too distant to be spotted by conventional telescopes.
These formations align with major cosmological models, suggesting that galaxies emerge at dense points between the dark matter filaments spreading throughout the universe.
Dr. Gavin Leroy, an astronomer at Durham University, remarked: “By illustrating dark matter with unparalleled precision, our map demonstrates how the unseen elements of the universe shaped visible matter, facilitating the creation of galaxies, stars, and ultimately, life itself.”
“This map highlights the crucial role of dark matter, the universe’s true architect, which gradually organizes the structures we observe through our telescopes.”
Professor Richard Massey of Durham University added, “Wherever normal matter exists in the universe today, dark matter is also present.”
“Every second, billions of dark matter particles pass through your body. They are harmless and continue on their paths unnoticed.”
“However, the entire cloud of dark matter surrounding the Milky Way possesses enough gravity to keep our galaxy intact. Without dark matter, the Milky Way would disintegrate.”
For more information, refer to the published results in this week’s edition of Nature Astronomy.
_____
D. Scognamiglio et al. Ultra-high resolution map of (dark) matter. Nat Astron published online on January 26, 2026. doi: 10.1038/s41550-025-02763-9
Image Credit: Christopher Michel/Contour RA by Getty Images
Civilizations often define their eras by significant materials. We speak of the Stone Age and the Bronze Age, and currently, we reside in the Silicon Age—marked by the prevalence of computers and mobile devices. What might the next defining era be? Omar Yagi from the University of California, Berkeley, posits that the innovative material he pioneered in the 1990s has promising potential: Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs). His groundbreaking work in this area made him a co-recipient of the 2025 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.
MOFs, along with their covalent organic frameworks (COFs) counterparts, are crystalline in structure and notable for their exceptional porosity. In 1999, Yagi and his team achieved a milestone by synthesizing a zinc-based structure known as MOF-5. This material is characterized by its numerous pores, boasting an internal surface area equivalent to that of a football field within merely a few grams (refer to the image below). Internally, the structure offers vastly more space than externally.
Over the years, Yagi has been a pioneer in the development of new MOFs and COFs, a field called reticular chemistry. Understanding how these materials can be utilized is a focal point of his research. Their porous nature allows them to absorb other molecules, making them invaluable for applications such as moisture extraction from arid desert air and atmospheric carbon dioxide capture. In an interview with New Scientist, Yagi expressed optimism about this research, discussing the past, present, and future of reticular chemistry and the impending era of these materials.
Karmela Padavic-Callaghan: What inspired your interest in reticular chemistry?
Omar Yagi: Initially, when we began our work with MOFs, we had no concept that we were addressing social issues; it was purely an intellectual pursuit. We aimed to construct materials molecule by molecule, akin to building a structure or programming using Legos. It was a formidable challenge in chemistry. Many doubted its feasibility and considered our efforts futile.
What made the design of materials seem unfeasible?
The primary hurdle in rationalizing material construction lies in the nature of component mixing, which typically results in disordered, complex arrangements. This aligns with physical laws, as nature tends to favor high entropy or disorder. Therefore, our goal was to engineer a crystal—an ordered entity with a recurring pattern.
It’s akin to instructing your children to form a perfect circle in their room—it demands significant effort. Even upon achieving that circle, if you release your hold, it may take too long to re-establish it. We were essentially attempting to crystallize materials in a day—what nature takes billions of years to accomplish. Nonetheless, I believed that with the right knowledge, anything could be crystallized.
In 1999, your intuition was validated with the publication:Synthesis of MOF-5. Did you foresee its potential utility?
We identified a valuable solvent for synthesizing stable MOFs and understanding its mechanism. This critical insight allows us to minimize disorder, effectively tuning the outcome. Subsequently, thousands of researchers have adopted this method.
Initially, I was just elated to create beautiful crystals. Observing their remarkable properties prompted thoughts of potential applications, particularly in trapping gases. Given their internal compartments, these substances can accommodate water, carbon dioxide, or other molecules.
What’s your perspective on creating these materials today?
I usually avoid elaborate cooking and prefer simple, healthy ingredients. This mindset parallels my approach to chemistry: striving for simplicity while utilizing only necessary chemicals. The first step involves selecting the backbone of material; the second, defining pore sizes; the third, administering chemistry on the backbone to incorporate trapping molecules. This process, while appearing simple, is intricately complex.
What pioneering technologies does this process enable?
By mastering molecular-level design, we foresee significant geological transformations. My vision, along with my company founded in 2020, Atco, encompasses progressing from molecules to practical societal applications—addressing material deficiencies in various tasks or enhancing poorly performed tasks with rational designs. Our advancements in material synthesis will elevate societal standards.
Recently, we unveiled COF-999, the most efficient material for capturing carbon dioxide. Undertaking extensive capture tests, we demonstrated its efficacy in collecting CO2 from the atmosphere for over 100 cycles here in Berkeley. Atoco aims to implement reticulated materials like COF-999 in carbon capture modules suitable for both industrial settings and residential buildings.
Additionally, we’ve devised a novel material capable of extracting thousands of liters of water daily from the atmosphere. This technology relies on our device which can pull moisture even in humidities below 20%, such as in desert locations like Nevada. I foresee that within the next decade, water harvesting will emerge as an everyday technology.
MOFs exhibit a crystalline structure filled with numerous small internal pores.
Image Credit: Eyes of Science/Science Photo Library
How do MOFs and COFs compare with other water and CO2 capture technologies?
We maintain a significant degree of control over the chemistry involved, allowing for sustainable device manufacturing. These devices are long-lasting, and when the MOF component eventually degrades, it can dissolve in water, thus preventing environmental contamination. Consequently, as MOFs scale to multi-ton applications, we should not anticipate a “MOF waste issue.”
For instance, we’ve developed a method to harness ambient sunlight for water release from harvesting devices, thereby enhancing energy efficiency. Similarly, carbon capture technologies can utilize waste heat from industrial processes, rendering them more economical and sustainable compared to competing systems.
However, challenges in scalability and precise molecular release control persist. While producing MOFs in large quantities is feasible, COFs production has not reached such scales yet. I am optimistic that improvements will come swiftly. Optimizing water retention is essential; we must strike the right balance between excessive and insufficient retention.
We are now leveraging artificial intelligence to streamline MOF and COF optimization, making the design process more efficient. Generally, while generating a basic MOF or COF is straightforward, achieving one with finely-tuned properties can be time-consuming, often taking a year. The integration of AI could significantly accelerate this timeline; our lab has successfully doubled the speed of MOF creation by employing large-scale language models.
What promising applications of reticular chemistry should capture public interest?
Reticular chemistry is a thriving field, with millions of new MOFs yet to be synthesized. One intriguing concept involves utilizing MOFs to replicate the catalytic functions of enzymes, enhancing the efficiency of chemical reactions important in drug development and other fields. Some MOFs have demonstrated capabilities comparable to enzymes but with improved longevity and performance, making them ripe for medical and therapeutic applications over the next decade.
An exciting future application lies in “multivariate materials.” This research, largely conducted in my lab, aspires to create MOFs with varied internal environments. By employing different modules paired with varying compounds, we can develop materials that selectively and efficiently absorb gases. This approach encourages chemists to expand their thinking beyond creating uniform structures toward designing heterogeneous frameworks that incorporate diverse elements.
What gives you confidence in the future of MOF and COF innovations?
We’ve merely scratched the surface, with no shortage of concepts for exploration. Since the 1990s, this field has flourished, and while interest in many areas declines over time, that hasn’t occurred here. An exponential rise in patents related to MOFs and COFs reflects ongoing curiosity and the pursuit of novel applications. I appreciate how this research links organic and inorganic chemistry, as well as engineering and AI, evolving beyond traditional chemistry into true scientific frontiers.
I genuinely believe we are at the cusp of a revolution. While it may not always feel that way, something extraordinary is transpiring. We can now design materials in unprecedented ways, connecting them to innovative applications that were once unimaginable.
Astronomers reveal new insights into the factors influencing star formation efficiency in the densest regions of galaxies through Caffeine research.
GAL316: A massive star-forming region. Image credit: ESO / M. Matten / André et al. / VVV.
In this groundbreaking study, astronomer Michael Mattern from the University of Paris-Saclay and his team meticulously mapped dense gas across 49 giant star-forming complexes located approximately 3,000 parsecs away within our galaxy’s disk.
“Creating stars is a challenging endeavor, and the process lacks efficiency,” the astronomers stated.
“Current understanding indicates that a certain minimum density of gas and dust is necessary for stars to form.”
“Only about 1 to 2 percent of the gas and dust in these regions is utilized in the ignition of a star.”
“Could denser regions exhibit higher efficiency in star formation?”
“We are examining GAL316, one of the remarkable stellar nurseries we observed, to explore this question,” they elaborated.
The ongoing CAFFEINE survey employs the ArTéMiS camera on the Atacama Pathfinder Experiment (APEX), a state-of-the-art radio telescope situated on the Chajnantor Plateau.
“APEX, managed by the Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy, has successfully captured the faint emissions of cold gas clouds, visible as blue glows in GAL316 images,” the researchers revealed.
“This glow overlays a starry backdrop, successfully recorded by ESO’s VISTA telescope.”
They discovered that as gas density increases past a specific threshold, the efficiency of star formation – the conversion rate of gas into stars – does not proportionately escalate.
This observation contradicts existing models that suggest a continual rise in star formation with density increases.
Conversely, the efficiency remains nearly constant in extremely dense gas, reinforcing the notion that stars primarily form within filamentous structures in clouds, a process dictated by the fragmentation of these filaments into protostar cores.
The findings suggest a potential gas density threshold for efficient star formation, bolstering the hypothesis that the physics of dense filaments governs star formation, rather than turbulence or feedback from nascent stars alone.
This research represents one of the most thorough efforts to date in connecting the physical structure of dense gas with star formation efficiency, paving the way for future observations and simulations that aim to elucidate the emergence of Sun-like stars from interstellar clouds.
“Our results indicate that the densest regions observed in this Caffeine study show similar efficiencies in star production compared to other stellar nurseries, provided they exceed the minimum density,” the scientists remarked.
Their findings are detailed in a published paper in the journal Astronomy and Astrophysics.
_____
M. Mattern et al. 2024. Investigating star formation efficiency in dense gas: Initial results from the CAFFEINE survey utilizing ArTéMiS. A&A 688, A163; doi: 10.1051/0004-6361/202449908
Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) has long been deemed irreversible. However, a groundbreaking study by scientists from Case Western Reserve University, University Hospitals, and the Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center reveals that treatment for advanced Alzheimer’s disease can be reversed. Through extensive research on both preclinical mouse models and human brain samples, the team discovered that the brain’s failure to maintain normal levels of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+), the crucial energy molecule of cells, significantly contributes to the onset of Alzheimer’s. Furthermore, sustaining an appropriate NAD+ balance may not only prevent but also reverse the progression of Alzheimer’s disease.
Alzheimer’s disease severity correlates with NAD+ homeostatic dysregulation. Image credit: Chaubey et al., doi: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2025.102535.
Historically, Alzheimer’s disease, the primary cause of dementia, has been regarded as irreversible since its identification over a century ago, and it is expected to impact more than 150 million individuals globally by 2050.
Current therapies focused on amyloid beta (Aβ) and clinical symptoms offer limited benefits, underscoring the urgent need for complimentary and alternative treatment options.
Intriguingly, individuals with autosomal dominant AD mutations can remain symptom-free for decades, while others without Alzheimer’s neuropathology maintain cognitive function despite having numerous amyloid plaques.
These insights indicate potential intrinsic brain resilience mechanisms that may slow or halt disease progression, suggesting that enhancing these processes could enhance recovery from Alzheimer’s disease.
NAD+ homeostasis plays a pivotal role in cellular resilience against oxidative stress, DNA damage, neuroinflammation, blood-brain barrier degradation, impaired hippocampal neurogenesis, deficits in synaptic plasticity, and overall neurodegeneration.
In a recent study, Professor Andrew Pieper and his team from Case Western Reserve University discovered that NAD+ levels decrease significantly in the brains of Alzheimer’s patients, a trend also observed in mouse models.
While Alzheimer’s disease is unique to humans, it can be effectively modeled using genetically engineered mice that carry mutations linked to human Alzheimer’s disease.
The researchers utilized two distinct mouse models: one with multiple human mutations affecting amyloid processing and another with a human mutation in the tau protein.
Both models exhibited Alzheimer’s-like brain pathology, including blood-brain barrier degradation, axonal degeneration, neuroinflammation, impaired hippocampal neurogenesis, diminished synaptic transmission, and excessive oxidative damage.
They also developed cognitive impairments typical of Alzheimer’s patients.
Upon discovering the sharp decline in NAD+ levels in both humans and mice with Alzheimer’s, the scientists investigated whether preserving NAD+ levels before disease onset and restoring them after significant disease progression could prevent or reverse Alzheimer’s.
This research builds upon prior work showing potential recovery by restoring NAD+ balance following severe brain injuries.
The team achieved NAD+ balance restoration using a well-known pharmacological agent, P7C3-A20.
Remarkably, maintaining NAD+ balance not only shielded mice from developing Alzheimer’s but also enabled brain recovery from key pathological changes even when treatment was delayed in advanced disease stages.
Subsequently, both mouse strains fully regained cognitive function, accompanied by normalized levels of phosphorylated tau-217—a recently recognized clinical biomarker for Alzheimer’s disease in humans—confirming the restoration of cognitive function and highlighting a potential biomarker for future Alzheimer’s disease reversal trials.
“We are excited and hopeful about these results,” said Professor Pieper.
“Restoring brain energy balance led to both pathological and functional recovery in mice with advanced Alzheimer’s disease.”
“Observing this effect across two different animal models, driven by distinct genetic causes, reinforces the notion that recovery from progressive Alzheimer’s disease may be achievable through the restoration of brain NAD+ balance.”
These findings encourage a shift in how researchers, clinicians, and patients perceive treatment options for Alzheimer’s disease moving forward.
“The key takeaway is one of hope. Alzheimer’s disease effects may not necessarily be permanent,” noted Professor Pieper.
“Under certain conditions, the damaged brain can self-repair and regain functionality.”
“Through our research, we not only demonstrated a drug-based method for promoting recovery in animal models but also identified candidate proteins in human AD brains that may aid in reversing the disease,” remarked Dr. Kalyani Chaubey, a researcher at Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals.
While current commercially available NAD+ precursors have been shown to elevate cellular NAD+ to unsafe levels—potentially promoting cancer—the pharmacological approach of this study employs P7C3-A20, which allows cells to maintain optimal NAD+ levels under stress without elevating them excessively.
“This is a crucial consideration for patient care, and clinicians should explore therapeutic strategies aimed at restoring the brain’s energy balance as a viable path toward disease recovery,” Professor Pieper concluded.
For more detailed information, see the study findings published in Cell Reports Medicine.
_____
Kalyani Chaubey et al. Pharmacological reversal of advanced Alzheimer’s disease in mice and identification of potential therapeutic nodes in the human brain. Cell Reports Medicine, published online on December 22, 2025. doi: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2025.102535
A global team of astronomers from Chile, Europe, the USA, Canada, and New Zealand has achieved an unprecedented level of detail in spectroscopic observations of an interstellar comet as it moves through our solar system. Utilizing spectroscopic data from two instruments on the ESO’s Very Large Telescope (VLT), researchers detected emissions of nickel atoms and cyan gas from the interstellar comet 3I/ATLAS, marking it as the third confirmed interstellar object recorded.
This image of interstellar comet 3I/ATLAS was taken with Hubble’s Wide Field Camera 3 (WFC3) on December 27, 2025. Image credit: NASA/ESA/CSA/Hubble.
The interstellar traveler, 3I/ATLAS, was first discovered on July 1, 2025, using the NASA-funded ATLAS (Asteroid Terrestrial Impact Last Alert System) telescope.
Also referred to as C/2025 N1 (ATLAS) and A11pl3Z, this celestial object approached from the constellation Sagittarius.
At its discovery, the comet was located 4.51 astronomical units (AU) from the Sun, with an eccentricity of 6.13.
“Understanding the volatile components of interstellar objects that pass through our solar system grants us unique insights into the chemical and physical processes occurring in distant stellar systems,” noted Dr. Rohan Rahatgaonkar of the Catholic University of Chile.
“Interstellar objects maintain remnants of the chemical and physical processes active in their protoplanetary disks during formation and may be altered by interstellar medium exposure.”
“When subjected to solar radiation, these cometary interstellar objects emit solids and gases due to their activity.”
During July and August, astronomers carried out high-resolution spectroscopic analyses as 3I/ATLAS approached between 4.4 to 2.85 AU from the Sun.
To acquire the comet’s spectrum, they employed the VLT’s X-Shooter and the Ultraviolet and Visible Echelle Spectrometer (UVES).
Observations revealed that the comet’s coma, the cloud of dust and gas enveloping its nucleus, is primarily made up of dust, with a consistent reddish optical continuum indicating organic-rich materials.
This reddish coloration resembles that of comets within our solar system and primitive Kuiper belt objects, suggesting shared physical processes across the planetary system.
3I/ATLAS spectrum showing Ni I emission over observations from VLT/X-Shooter and VLT/UVES. Image credit: Rahatgaonkar et al., doi: 10.3847/2041-8213/ae1cbc.
As 3I/ATLAS continued its journey towards the Sun, researchers identified emissions of various cyanide (CN) compounds and neutral nickel (Ni).
Interestingly, iron (Fe) was not detected, implying that nickel is efficiently released by comatose dust particles under solar radiation influence.
The rate of production for these emissions increases significantly as the comet nears the Sun, establishing a strong power-law relationship with its geocentric distance.
These observations indicate that the release of these atoms may stem from low-energy mechanisms, like photon-stimulated desorption or the breakdown of complex organics, rather than the direct sublimation of ice. This distinguishes this interstellar comet from many others within the solar system.
This spectral data not only acts as a snapshot of a transient visitor, but interstellar comets like 3I/ATLAS offer pristine samples from materials formed around other stars. Their limited processing from solar proximity preserves valuable clues about distant protoplanetary disks—the swirling clouds of gas and dust which eventually form planets.
Past interstellar discoveries, such as ‘Oumuamua in 2017 and 2I/Borisov in 2019, have exhibited surprising contrasts. ‘Oumuamua appeared inert, while 2I/Borisov showcased an abundance of carbon monoxide and complex ice.
The new insights from 3I/ATLAS contribute another intriguing layer to this expanding cosmic narrative. Its dusty constitution reveals molecular traits that challenge our understanding of typical comet behavior and introduce novel physics.
3I/ATLAS spectrum from the monitoring campaign spanning July 4 to August 21, 2025. Image credit: Rahatgaonkar et al., doi: 10.3847/2041-8213/ae1cbc.
“If 3I/ATLAS maintains the absence of iron while exhibiting nickel emissions during perihelion, it will set a precedent for observing interstellar comet metal emissions decoupled from traditional refractory trends,” the researchers stated.
“This observation suggests a distinct low-temperature organometallic pathway for nickel in exocomets and may provide fresh perspectives on how disk chemistry, metallicity, and irradiation history affect planetesimal microphysics.”
The parent star of 3I/ATLAS is presumed to be less metallic than other interstellar progenitor stars, yet more metallic than the Sun, indicating no inherent conflict between its estimated age and the presence of iron-peak elements like nickel.
“Regardless of which interpretation is accurate, 3I/ATLAS promises a critical experiment linking metal emissions with volatile activation and particle physics in interstellar bodies.”
“The findings discussed will elevate nickel from being a mere curiosity into a crucial marker for determining both parent chemistry and galactic origins, and set new standards for rapid-response spectroscopy of interstellar objects at the Rubin Observatory and ESO’s Very Large Telescope.”
For further details, see the published findings on December 10, 2025, in the Astrophysics Journal Letter.
_____
Rohan Rahat Gaonkar et al. 2025. Observations of interstellar comet 3I/ATLAS using a very large telescope: From quiescence to luminescence—Dramatic increases in Ni i emissions and initial CN outgassing at extensive heliocentric distances. APJL 995, L34; doi: 10.3847/2041-8213/ae1cbc
On November 26, 2025, astronomers utilized the Gemini Multi-Object Spectrograph (GMOS) on the Gemini North Telescope located on Mauna Kea, Hawaii, to capture images of the interstellar comet 3I/ATLAS. Recent observations demonstrate how this comet has evolved since its closest approach to the Sun.
This image, taken with GMOS on the Gemini North Telescope, depicts 3I/ATLAS traveling among stars and galaxies. Operating as part of the International Gemini Observatory, it is funded in part by NSF and managed by NSF’s NOIRLab. Image credit: International Gemini Observatory / NOIRLab / NSF / AURA / B. Bolin / J. Miller & M. Rodriguez, International Gemini Observatory & NSF’s NOIRLab / TA Rector, University of Alaska Anchorage & NSF’s NOIRLab / M. Zamani, NSF’s NOIRLab.
3I/ATLAS reached its closest approach to the Sun, termed perihelion, on October 30, 2025.
Having emerged from behind the Sun, this interstellar body was observed near Zania, a triple star system situated in the Virgo constellation.
On November 26, 2025, researcher Bryce Bolin from Eureka Scientific, along with colleagues, obtained new images of the comet as part of a public outreach initiative by NSF NOIRLab in partnership with Shadow the Scientist.
“Providing the public with a viewing experience under optimal conditions allows for a genuine front-row glimpse of interstellar visitors,” Dr. Bolin stated.
“Offering the public insight into our work as astronomers and our methodologies also serves to demystify science and the data collection process, enhancing transparency in the study of this captivating astronomical entity.”
The 3I/ATLAS image, captured using GMOS, highlights the comet’s coma—a cloud of gas and dust that forms around its icy center when approaching the Sun. Image credit: International Gemini Observatory / NOIRLab / NSF / AURA / B. Bolin / J. Miller & M. Rodriguez, International Gemini Observatory & NSF’s NOIRLab / TA Rector, University of Alaska Anchorage & NSF’s NOIRLab / M. Zamani, NSF’s NOIRLab.
The recent GMOS image comprises exposures taken through four different filters: blue, green, orange, and red.
“During the exposure, the comet remains stationary in the center of the telescope’s field of view,” the astronomers explained.
“However, the background stars shift in relation to the comet, creating colorful streaks in the final image.”
“Initial images of the comet from the Shadow the Scientist session at Gemini South, Chile, exhibited a red hue.”
“In contrast, the new images released today display a subtle greenish glow.”
“This phenomenon results from light emitted by gases in the comet’s coma containing diatomic carbon, a reactive molecule made of two carbon atoms that emits light at green wavelengths. This gas evaporates as the comet heats up.”
“What remains uncertain is how comets behave as they move away from the Sun and cool down.”
“Many comets respond slowly to the Sun’s heat, as it takes time for the warmth to penetrate the comet’s interior.”
“Such delays could accelerate the evaporation of new compounds or potentially lead to the comet’s disintegration.”
Ceramic roof tiles and tuff blocks uncovered at an ancient construction site in Pompeii
Pompeii Archaeological Park
A recently uncovered ancient building site in Pompeii, preserved since the eruption of Mount Vesuvius, has enabled archaeologists to finally understand the process behind Roman concrete production.
Located near Naples, Pompeii was entombed under layers of volcanic ash in 79 AD. Excavation efforts commenced in the 1880s but were halted until early 2023, when extensive new diggings began.
The latest excavations revealed a nearly intact concrete workshop, featuring inscriptions on the walls detailing work schedules and material quantities. Numerous concrete tools, heaps of quicklime, and salvaged roof tiles were also discovered.
Admija Masic of the MIT research team expressed amazement at the site’s remarkable preservation, stating it provides insights into Roman concrete techniques that “laboratory recreations simply cannot achieve.”
“The material was just as it was at the moment the eruption halted the city,” Masic mentioned. “Studying it felt as if I were transported back to 79 A.D., standing beside the workers mixing and pouring concrete.”
The team’s revelations indicate that established assumptions about Roman concrete production should be reconsidered.
Historical records suggest that Romans utilized slaked lime (calcium hydroxide) for concrete, combining it with water before mixing it with other components like volcanic ash.
Contrarily, chemical analyses of dry, premixed materials found in Pompeian workshops show that ancient builders actually employed a hot mixing technique using quicklime, or calcium oxide. This method involved combining the lime with all other ingredients including volcanic ash and minerals, before adding water, which was heated as a result of the chemical reaction, causing some concrete to set.
“Our findings demonstrate that quicklime was crucial to structural concrete,” Masic states. “In contrast, slaked lime was typically used for finish mortar and plaster, where a smooth surface and workability were paramount.”
The hot-mixing method offers the advantage of lime remnants, known as crusts, remaining in the concrete post-hardening, which can autonomously heal small cracks and defects.
“These lime fragments serve as reservoirs of calcium that can dissolve and recrystallize in crevices and fractures, or interact with volcanic ash to enhance the microstructure of the concrete,” Masić explains.
A modern concrete worker would easily understand the Roman concrete-making technique at Pompeii and could seamlessly transition into the workshop to start working, he states. “The chemistry is ancient, yet the technology is readily recognizable.”
Historic Herculaneum – explore Vesuvius, Pompeii, and ancient Naples
Embark on a captivating expedition through the remnants of Mount Vesuvius, Pompeii, and Herculaneum, where history and archaeology unfold.
NASA unveiled new images of an interstellar comet on Wednesday, marking it as the third confirmed visitor from elsewhere in the galaxy. The visuals depict the comet as a luminous point encircled by a halo of gas and dust.
In the eagerly awaited photograph, the comet, designated 3I/ATLAS, mainly appears as an illuminated spot, though its tail can be seen as a faint elongated streak in some frames.
Interstellar comet 3I/ATLAS (highlighted in the center) as captured by NASA’s Lucy spacecraft. This image was formed by combining multiple photos taken on September 16, as the comet approached Mars. NASA / Goddard / SwRI / JHU-APL
First identified in July, comet 3I/ATLAS has generated significant excitement among scientists and astronomy enthusiasts. The fascination arises from the unique chance to observe interstellar objects at such proximity.
The latest images were captured by an array of NASA spacecraft while the enigmatic comet circled through the inner solar system from late September to mid-October. The release was delayed due to a government shutdown that interrupted operations at NASA and other federal institutions.
The NASA missions responsible for these new images include the PUNCH satellite, which observes the Sun, the Solar Heliosphere Observatory, the MAVEN mission studying Mars’ atmosphere, and the Perseverance rover, currently on Mars’ surface.
Traveling at 130,000 miles per hour, the comet 3I/ATLAS was depicted in a series of colorized stacked visuals from September 11 to 25 using the STEREO-A (Solar Terrestrial Relations Observatory) visible-light camera. NASA / Lowell Observatory / Zhang Qicheng
Prior to 3I/ATLAS, the only confirmed interstellar objects to have entered our solar system were the cigar-shaped ‘Oumuamua in 2017 and comet 2I/Borisov in 2019.
The arrival of 3I/ATLAS in our cosmic vicinity has sparked wild speculations about the possibility of it being extraterrestrial technology or an alien spacecraft, although no scientific backing supports these ideas. NASA officials stated in a press conference on Wednesday that all current observations align with known comet characteristics.
“We certainly haven’t detected any technosignatures or anything that would suggest it is anything but a comet,” remarked Nicki Fox, associate administrator for NASA’s Science Mission Directorate.
Nonetheless, the comet’s interstellar roots indicate it possesses intriguing attributes that could yield new insights regarding star systems beyond our own, according to Fox.
“That difference is particularly fascinating to us,” she stated. “It may have existed before our solar system was formed. That’s pretty exciting.”
In the forthcoming weeks, scientists will have enhanced opportunities to study 3I/ATLAS and further analyze its appearance, speed, chemical makeup, and potential origins.
“This is a new scientific chance and an opportunity to delve into the composition and history of other solar systems,” expressed Tom Statler, NASA’s lead scientist for small solar system bodies. “We’re just beginning to understand these types of objects and determining the right questions to pose about them.”
Comet 3I/ATLAS was documented by the PUNCH satellite in low Earth orbit from September 28 to October 10, when it was between 231 to 235 million miles away. NASA/Southwest Research Institute
However, tracing the comet’s origin remains challenging, Statler noted.
3I/ATLAS came closest to the Sun at the end of October and is currently continuing its path through the inner solar system. It has been so near to the Sun that it has not been visible to terrestrial telescopes recently, but NASA anticipates it will become visible again post-December.
On December 19, 3I/ATLAS is expected to make a close pass by Earth. Although it poses no threat, NASA states that the comet will remain about 170 million miles away during this encounter.
Statler indicated that the James Webb Space Telescope will observe the comet in December, while ground-based telescopes like the W.M. Keck Observatory in Hawaii are also scheduled to capture images of the comet in the future.
An image depicting interstellar comet 3I/ATLAS as it approached Mars, captured by the European Space Agency’s ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter. European Space Agency
The photos released by NASA on Wednesday join a growing collection acquired by various spacecraft across the solar system. In early October, the European Space Agency shared 3I/ATLAS images taken by the ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter, which showed a bright point moving through the vastness of space.
This spacecraft, co-managed by the ESA and the Russian Federal Space Agency, detected a comet approaching near Mars at that time, about 18.6 million miles away according to ESA.
NASA continues to analyze additional data gathered by the fleet of spacecraft since early October.
“There’s much more to come,” Statler remarked. “Not all data has been transmitted through NASA’s Deep Space Network yet, and there are numerous observations still planned.”
Astronomers utilizing the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope have captured astonishing new images of the barred spiral galaxy NGC 4535.
This Hubble image depicts spiral galaxy NGC 4535, situated approximately 52.6 million light-years away in the constellation Virgo. Image credits: NASA / ESA / Hubble / F. Belfiore / J. Lee / PHANGS-HST team.
NGC4535 is located in the Virgo constellation, roughly 52.6 million light-years distant.
This galaxy, also referred to as LEDA 41812 and UGC 7727, spans about 115,000 light-years.
First observed by German-British astronomer William Herschel on December 28, 1785.
When viewed through smaller telescopes, NGC 4535 appears hazy and ethereal, prompting prominent amateur astronomer Leland S. Copeland to name it the “Lost Galaxy” in the 1950s.
“This galaxy is so faint when seen through small telescopes that it has been nicknamed the ‘Lost Galaxy,'” noted Hubble astronomers.
“With its 2.4-meter-diameter mirror, Hubble is ideally equipped to observe faint galaxies like NGC 4535 and reveal features such as its magnificent spiral arms and central bar of stars.”
NGC 4535 ranks among the largest galaxies in the Virgo Cluster, a massive assembly of 2,000 galaxies located near the prominent elliptical galaxy Messier 87.
The nearly circular shape of the galaxy suggests that we are viewing it almost face-on.
Its center features a distinct bar structure with a dust lane that sharply curves before branching into the spiral arm.
“The young star clusters of NGC 4535 are vividly visible in the Hubble images, scattered throughout the galaxy’s spiral arms,” the astronomers stated.
“Many clusters of bright blue stars are enveloped by glowing pink clouds.”
“These clouds, known as H II regions, indicate that this galaxy is home to particularly young, hot, and massive stars emitting high-energy radiation.”
“Massive stars significantly impact their environment by heating the clouds they are born from, producing powerful stellar winds, and ultimately exploding as supernovae.”
The new Hubble images include data from an observational program cataloging around 50,000 H II regions in nearby star-forming galaxies.
“Previous images of NGC 4535 were released in 2021,” the researchers mentioned.
“Both the 2021 images and the latest ones include observations from around the globe. The PHANGS program aims to understand the relationship between young stars and cold gas.”
“Today’s images provide a new perspective on NGC 4535 by highlighting the bright red glow of the nebula surrounding the massive star during its initial few million years of existence.”
On Wednesday, artificial intelligence firm Anthropic unveiled plans for a substantial $50 billion investment in computing infrastructure, which will include new data centers in Texas and New York.
Anthropic’s CEO, Dario Amodei, stated in a press release, “We are getting closer to developing AI that can enhance scientific discovery and tackle complex challenges in unprecedented ways.”
In the U.S., the typical timeframe to construct a large data warehouse is around two years, requiring significant energy resources to operate. “This level of investment is essential to keep our research at the forefront and to cater to the escalating demand for Claude from numerous companies,” the firm—known for Claude, an AI chatbot embraced by many organizations implementing AI—mentioned in a statement. Anthropic anticipates that this initiative will generate approximately 800 permanent roles and 2,400 construction jobs.
The company is collaborating with London-based Fluidstack to develop new computing facilities to support its AI frameworks. However, specific details regarding the location and energy source for these facilities remain undisclosed.
Recent transactions highlight that the tech sector continues to invest heavily in energy-intensive AI infrastructure, despite ongoing financial concerns like market bubbles, environmental impacts, and political repercussions linked to soaring electricity prices in construction areas. Another entity, TeraWulf, a developer of cryptocurrency mining data centers, recently stated its partnership with Fluidstack on a Google-supported data center project in Texas and along the shores of Lake Ontario in New York.
In a similar vein, Microsoft announced on Wednesday its establishment of a new data center in Atlanta, Georgia, which will link to another facility in Wisconsin, forming a “massive supercomputer” powered by numerous Nvidia chips for its AI technologies.
According to a report from TD Cowen last month, leading cloud computing providers leased an impressive amount of U.S. data center capacity in the third fiscal quarter of this year, exceeding 7.4GW—more than the total energy utilized all of last year.
As spending escalates on computing infrastructure for AI startups that have yet to achieve profitability, concerns regarding a potential AI investment bubble are increasing.
Investors are closely monitoring a series of recent transactions between leading AI developers like OpenAI and Anthropic, as well as companies that manufacture the costly computer chips and data centers essential for their AI solutions. Anthropic reaffirmed its commitment to adopting “cost-effective and capital-efficient strategies” to expand its business.
A newly released map and digital dataset called Itiner-e expands the known length of the Roman Empire’s road network by over 110,000 km.
Itiner-e is the most intricate and comprehensive open digital dataset of roads throughout the Roman Empire. Image credit: de Soto et al., doi: 10.1038/s41597-025-06140-z.
During its peak in the second century AD, the Roman Empire boasted a population exceeding 55 million and extended from present-day Britain to Egypt and Syria.
While the extensive road network facilitated development and maintenance, maps remain incomplete, and existing digitized versions are of low resolution.
“The study of Roman roads has a long-standing history,” remarked Tom Brumans, a researcher at Aarhus University, along with his colleagues.
“A plethora of information about roads has been confirmed through archaeological excavations, surveys, milestones placed regularly along Roman routes, and historical texts like the Antoninian Itinerary and the Poitingeriana Table, which offer a detailed regional overview of key connections between settlements and Roman roads.”
“However, the pursuit of identifying and locating this diverse body of research is complicated by a lack of comprehensive integration and digitization across the empire.”
Researchers employed archaeological and historical records, topographic maps, and satellite imagery to compile the Itiner-e dataset.
This dataset includes 299,171 km of roads, covering an area of approximately 4 million km, a marked increase from the prior estimate of 188,555 km.2.
The growth in road coverage is attributed to enhanced documentation in the Iberian Peninsula, Greece, and North Africa, as well as adjustments to existing road routes based on geographical realities.
This includes the provision for roads traversing mountains to follow winding paths, rather than straight lines.
Itiner-e encompasses 14,769 road segments, with 103,478 km (34.6%) classified as primary roads and 195,693 km (65.4%) as secondary roads.
Only 2.7% of the road locations are known with certainty, while 89.8% remain less precise, and 7.4% are based on hypotheses.
“Itiner-e is the most detailed and comprehensive open-access digitization of Roman roads, and it also highlights existing knowledge gaps in the road system,” the authors stated.
“They emphasize that Itiner-e does not reflect temporal changes in the road network, and further studies are necessary to explore this across the Roman Empire.”
“Itiner-e could serve as a valuable resource for future research on the impact of Roman roads on connectivity, governance, migration, and disease transmission within the empire.”
For maps and datasets, refer to the paper published in Scientific Data.
_____
P. De Soto et al. 2025. Itiner-e: A high-resolution dataset of roads in the Roman Empire. Scientific Data December 1731. doi: 10.1038/s41597-025-06140-z
Astronomers using ESO’s VLT Survey Telescope have captured a stunning image of a large nebula that strikingly resembles the silhouette of a bat.
This VST image reveals a gaseous cloud formed like a space bat. The vibrant red glow is produced by hydrogen atoms energized by the powerful radiation from young stars within the cloud. Notable features include RCW 94, which makes up the right wing, and RCW 95, which forms the body, though the remaining bat elements lack official designations. Image credit: ESO / VPHAS+ Team / VVV Team.
“Located about 10,000 light-years away, this ‘space bat’ navigates between the southern constellations Circinus and Norma,” ESO astronomers stated.
“It spans an area of the sky equivalent to four full moons, seemingly foraging in the illuminated spots above.”
“This nebula acts as a stellar nursery, a vast area of gas and dust where new stars are born.”
“The young stars emit sufficient energy to excite surrounding hydrogen atoms, causing them to produce the striking red hue evident in this captivating image.”
“The dark filaments of the nebula resemble the skeletal structure of our space bat.”
“These formations accumulate cooler, denser gas compared to their surroundings, with dust particles obstructing visible light from the stars behind.”
“Named for its extensive catalog of bright star-forming regions in the southern sky, the most prominent clouds are RCW94, representing the right side of the bat, and RCW95, forming the body; however, the other parts of the bat remain unnamed.”
This remarkable image was captured by ESO’s VLT Survey Telescope (VST) at the Paranal Observatory in Chile’s Atacama Desert.
“VST is ideally suited for capturing these large, eerie entities,” astronomers remarked.
“It features OmegaCAM, a cutting-edge 268-megapixel camera, enabling VST to photograph vast sections of the sky.”
“The image is a composite made from observations through various filters that capture different colors and wavelengths of light.”
“Most bat shapes, including the vivid red glow, were recorded in visible light as part of the VST Photometric Hα Survey of the South Galactic Plane and Bulge (VPHAS+).”
“Additional infrared data enhance the coloration of the densest regions within the nebula, obtained with ESO’s Visible Infrared Survey Telescope for Astronomy (VISTA) as part of the VISTA Variable of the Vía Láctea (VVV) survey.”
“Both surveys are accessible to anyone eager to delve into this limitless expanse of astrophotography.”
The foremost AI institute in Britain has declared a new initiative to safeguard the nation from cyber assaults targeting essential services such as energy, transportation, and utilities. This announcement follows the resignation of its chief executive, who stepped down amid pressure from government officials over allegations of a detrimental workplace environment.
On Tuesday, the Alan Turing Institute revealed that it will “launch a program of science and innovation focused on shielding the UK from hostile threats.” This initiative is part of a broader reorganization following the resignation of CEO Jean Innes last month, which came after staff discontent and the government’s directive for a state-sponsored strategic review of the institution.
This mission arises from escalating worries about online disruptions and the UK’s susceptibility to cyberattacks, particularly in light of recent incidents that impacted Amazon’s cloud operations globally, along with cyberattacks that disrupted production at Jaguar Land Rover’s facility and influenced the supply chains of Marks & Spencer and Co-op.
Bryce Crawford, the former leader of the UK Air and Space Warfare Center, is expected to deliver a report next month addressing how government-supported research institutes can “enhance the scale of the government’s AI goals in defense, national security, and intelligence.”
Chairman Doug Garr, a former president of Amazon UK, disclosed that 78 different research initiatives at the 440-member institute have been shut down, transferred, or completed due to misalignment with the new trajectory.
The institute has experienced significant internal conflict since last year as staff opposed the proposed changes, leading to a group of employees submitting a whistleblower complaint to the Charity Commission.
In a BBC interview, Garr stated that the allegations from the whistleblower were “independently investigated” by an external entity and deemed “without merit.”
Named after the mathematical pioneer who played a crucial role in decoding the Enigma machine during World War II, the institute is associated with key concepts of AI and is also known for the Turing Test, which evaluates whether computers can demonstrate human-like intelligence.
The institute will additionally emphasize applying AI to environmental and health challenges. Leveraging rapidly evolving technology, it aims to create faster and more precise methods to forecast shifts in weather, oceans, and sea ice, aiding UK government endeavors to enhance the readiness of emergency responders. Furthermore, it seeks “measurable reductions in emissions across transportation networks, manufacturing processes, and critical infrastructure.”
In the health sector, it will prioritize the creation of a digital twin of the human heart, pushing forward in AI-enabled personalized medicine to potentially enhance medical interventions and improve outcomes for patients with severe heart conditions.
Sure! Here’s a rewritten version of your content while preserving the HTML tags:
Google’s Quantum Computing Willow Chip
Google Quantum AI
Researchers at Google Quantum AI have leveraged Willow quantum computers to enhance the interpretation of data sourced from nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy—an essential research method within chemistry and biology. This significant advancement may open new horizons for the application of quantum computing in various molecular technologies.
While quantum computers have been most effectively demonstrated in cryptographic contexts, current devices face limitations in scale and error rates that hinder their competence in decryption tasks. However, they show promise in expediting the discovery of new drugs and materials, which align with the fundamentally quantum nature of many scientific procedures. Hartmut Neven and colleagues at Google Quantum AI have showcased one instance where quantum computers can mimic the complex interactions found in natural processes.
The investigation centered on a computational method known as quantum echo and its application to NMR, a technique utilized to extract detailed information regarding molecular structures.
At its core, the concept of quantum echoes is akin to the butterfly effect. This phenomenon illustrates how minor perturbations—like the flap of a butterfly’s wings—can trigger substantial changes in broader systems. The researchers exploited a quantum approach within a system made up of 103 qubits in Willow.
During the experiment, the team executed a specific sequence of operations to alter the quantum state of a qubit in a manageable way. They then selected one qubit to disrupt, acting as a “quantum butterfly,” and employed the identical sequence of operations, effectively reversing time. Finally, the researchers evaluated the quantum characteristics of the qubits to extract insights regarding the entire system.
In a basic sense, the NMR technique applied in the lab also hinges on minor disturbances; it nudges actual molecules using electromagnetic waves and examines the system’s reactions to ascertain atomic positions—similar to using a molecular ruler. If the operations on qubits can replicate this process, the mathematical scrutiny of the qubits can likewise be translated into molecular structural details. This series of quantum computations could potentially enable the examination of atoms that are relatively distant from one another, said team member Tom O’Brien. “We’re constructing longer molecular rulers.”
The researchers believe that a protocol akin to quantum echoes would require approximately 13,000 times longer on a conventional supercomputer. Their tests indicated that two distinct quantum systems could successfully perform a quantum echo and yield identical outcomes—a notable achievement given the inconsistencies faced in previous quantum algorithms supported by the team. O’Brien noted that enhancements in the quality of Willow’s hardware and reduced qubit error rates have contributed to this success.
Nonetheless, there remains ample opportunity for refinement. In their utilization of Willow and quantum echoes for two organic molecules, the researchers operated with a mere 15 qubits at most, yielding results comparable to traditional non-quantum methods. In essence, the team has not yet demonstrated a definitive practical edge for Willow over conventional systems. This current exhibition of quantum echo remains foundational and has not been subjected to formal peer review.
“Addressing molecular structure determination is crucial and pertinent,” states Keith Fratus from HQS Quantum Simulations, a German company focused on quantum algorithms. He emphasizes that bridging established techniques such as NMR with calculations executed by quantum computers represents a significant milestone, though the technology’s immediate utility might be confined to specialized research in biology.
Doris Sels, a professor at New York University, remarked that their team’s experiments involve larger quantum computers and more complex NMR protocols and molecules than prior models. “Quantum simulation is often highlighted as a promising application for quantum computers, yet there are surprisingly few examples with industrial relevance. I believe model inference of spectroscopic data like NMR could prove beneficial,” she added. “We’re not quite there, but initiatives like this inspire continued investigation into this issue.”
O’Brien expressed optimism that the application of quantum echo to NMR will become increasingly beneficial as they refine qubit performance. Fewer errors mean a greater capability to execute more operations simultaneously and accommodate larger molecular structures.
Meanwhile, the quest for optimal applications of quantum computers is ongoing. While the experimental implementation of quantum echoes on Willow is remarkable, the mathematical analysis it facilitates may not achieve widespread adoption, according to Kurt von Keyserlingk at King’s College London. Until NMR specialists pivot away from traditional methods cultivated over decades, he suggests that its primary allure will lie with theoretical physicists focused on fundamental quantum system research. Furthermore, this protocol may face competitive challenges from conventional computing methods, as von Keyserlingk has already pondered how traditional computing might rival this approach.
Nasa has unveiled a stunning close-up image of NGC 6951, the Barred Spiral Galaxy, taken by the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope.
This Hubble image portrays NGC 6951, a barred spiral galaxy situated around 70 million light years away in the constellation of Cepheus. The color images were derived from separate exposures in the visible and near-infrared spectrum using Hubble’s Advanced Camera (ACS). Two different filters were utilized to capture various wavelengths. Colors were assigned by applying distinct hues to each monochromatic image linked to an individual filter. Image credits: NASA/ESA/Hubble/LC HO/G. Brammer/A. Filippenko/C. Kilpatrick.
NGC 6951 is located approximately 70 million light years from Earth in the constellation of Cepheus.
Also cataloged as NGC 6952, LEDA 65086, IRAS 20366+6555, and UGC 11604, the galaxy spans about 75,000 light years.
This remarkable galaxy was first discovered independently in 1877 by French astronomer Jerome Kogier and later in 1878 by American astronomer Louis Swift.
Astronomers categorize it as a barred spiral galaxy, classified as a type II Seyfert galaxy and a low ionization nuclear emission line region (LINER) galaxy.
“As this Hubble image reveals, NGC 6951 is a spiral galaxy filled with fascinating structures,” noted a Hubble astronomer.
“The most striking features are the spiral arms adorned with shimmering red nebulae, bright blue stars, and wispy dust clouds.”
“The spiral arm encircling the center of the galaxy emits a golden glow, a hallmark of the older star population.”
“The central region of the galaxy appears extended, indicating the presence of a slowly rotating bar of stars.”
At the core of NGC 6951 lies an ultra-massive black hole surrounded by what is termed an annular nuclear ring.
“The bar structure in NGC 6951 may be responsible for another notable characteristic: a blue-white ring encircling the center of the galaxy,” the astronomer stated.
“This is known as the nuclear starburst ring, which acts as a strengthened circle for star formation around the galaxy’s nucleus.”
“The bars funnel gas toward the center, gathering into a ring that spans about 3,800 light years.”
“Two dark dust trails parallel to the bar signify the entry points where gas from the bar transitions into the ring.”
“The dense gas within the nuclear starburst ring creates an ideal environment for initiating a substantial number of stars.”
Utilizing Hubble data, astronomers have identified over 80 potential star clusters within the NGC 6951 ring.
“Many of these stars formed within the last 100 million years, yet the ring itself has an extended lifespan, potentially persisting for 1 to 1.5 billion years,” the researchers elaborated.
While cat videos, selfies, and dad jokes dominate social media, Mark Zuckerberg’s Meta has added an innovative twist: all content is generated by artificial intelligence.
The founder and CEO of Meta has unveiled Vibes, a fresh feed showcasing AI-produced videos from various Meta AI applications.
With the introduction of advanced video models, discussions surrounding internet phenomena like AI “slop” (referring to bizarre, mass-produced content) have intensified. A report in August from The Guardian indicated that 10% of the fastest-growing YouTube channels exclusively feature AI-generated content.
As the technology evolves, AI-generated content is becoming increasingly prominent in consumer feeds. Google’s VEO3 model, released in May, has enabled filmmakers to produce high-quality material.
Zuckerberg, in an Instagram post, described Vibes as “a feed of expressive AI-generated videos from artists and creators.” This feature will launch in the US and over 40 other countries, although it won’t be available in the UK.
In an explanatory clip featuring an AI maid titled “Dad trying to calculate tips for a $30 lunch,” Zuckerberg received a comment from an Instagram user, “The Brothers post AI Slops to their apps.”
Additional videos shared by Zuckerberg include an Egyptian princess snapping selfies, a kitten in a custom bakery outfit kneading dough, an adorable fluffy creature, and a dog dashing through a flooded area.
In a statement introducing the Vibes Feed, Meta mentioned that users can create their content and “remix” videos with fresh visuals and music. This was illustrated in videos featuring charming animals like honey monsters riding bicycles and moose bouncing on trampolines.
While Meta has its own range of AI models called llamas, Vibe leverages video generation technologies from AI Labs Midjourney and Black Forest. I’ll post it on the thread shared by Meta’s new Chief AI Officer, Alexandre Wan.
Meta’s announcement coincides with a Harvard Business Review article addressing the rise of “Workslop,” a term for low-quality documents and presentations generated by workplace AI tools. HBR’s survey of over 1,100 full-time employees revealed that four out of ten respondents reported receiving Workslop within the past month.
For the first time, real-time footage of human embryos being implanted into an artificial uterus has been recorded.
This remarkable achievement, published in the journal Advances in Science, offers an unparalleled glimpse into one of the crucial stages of human development.
Implantation failure is a leading cause of infertility, responsible for 60% of miscarriages. Researchers aim to enhance understanding of the implantation process to improve fertility results in both natural conception and in vitro fertilization (IVF).
“We can’t observe this, due to the transplantation in the mother,” stated Dr. Samuel Ojosnegros, head of bioengineering at the Institute of Bioengineering (IBEC) and the lead author of the study, as reported by BBC Science Focus.
“Thus, we required a system to observe how it functions and to address the primary challenges to human fertility.”
Implantation marks the initial phase of pregnancy, where the fertilized egg (developing embryo) attaches to the uterine lining, allowing it to absorb nutrients and oxygen from the mother—vital for a successful pregnancy.
To investigate this process, the research team developed a platform that simulates the natural uterine lining, utilizing a collagen scaffold combined with proteins essential for development.
The study then examined how human and mouse embryos implant onto this platform, uncovering significant differences. Unlike mouse embryos that adhere to the uterine surface, human embryos penetrate fully into the tissue before growing from within.
Video showing the implantation process of mouse embryos (left) and human embryos (right).
“Human embryos are highly invasive,” said Ojosnegros. “They dig a hole in the matrix, embed themselves, and then grow internally.”
The footage indicated that the embryo exerts considerable force on the uterus during this process.
“We observed that the embryo pulls, moves, and rearranges the uterine matrix,” stated Dr. Amélie Godeau, co-first author of the research. “It also responds to external force cues. We hypothesize that contractions in vivo may influence embryo transfer.”
According to Ojosnegros, the force applied during this stage could explain the pain and bleeding many women experience during implantation.
Researchers are currently focused on enhancing the realism of implantation platforms, including the integration of living cells. The goal is to establish a more authentic view of the implantation process, which could boost the likelihood of success in IVF, such as by selecting embryos with better implantation potential.
“We understand more about the development of flies and worms than our own species,” remarked Ojosnegros. “So enjoy watching the film.”
Google has announced plans to invest £5 billion in the UK over the next two years to aid the government and address the increasing demand for artificial intelligence services.
With the opening of a new data centre in Waltham Cross, Hertfordshire, this investment is anticipated to create thousands of jobs.
Prime Minister Rachel Reeves is focusing on stimulating growth amid challenges facing the UK economy, stating that research and development, capital expenditures, and engineering investments are a show of “voting for trust” in the UK economy.
US President Donald Trump began his official state visit to the UK on Tuesday, coinciding with announcements of significant investments in UK data centres from ChatGpt parent OpenAI and chipmaker Nvidia.
On Tuesday, Google disclosed that it plans to allocate £5 billion towards capital expenditures, research and development, and associated engineering efforts over the coming two years, which includes “pioneering” AI research in science and healthcare via Google Deepmind.
The Silicon Valley firm stated that the investment will foster the UK’s AI economy, spearheading technological advancements, enhancing cybersecurity, and generating jobs.
Google anticipates that the investment will create 8,250 jobs annually for UK companies.
Reeves will formally inaugurate the company’s first UK data centre at Waltham Cross on Tuesday, responding to rising demand for Google’s cloud, workspace, search, and map services.
Google has also announced a partnership with Shell to manage the UK’s renewable energy resources.
According to The Guardian, the new Google DataCentre in Essex is projected to emit over 500,000 tonnes of CO2 each year.
Reeves will also facilitate a meeting with leaders of top US and UK financial companies on Tuesday, jointly hosted with US Treasury Secretary Scott Bescent and attended by senior representatives from BlackRock, Barclays, and Blackstone.
Trump is set to visit the UK for two days starting Wednesday, featuring several business sessions and a state banquet with prominent tech leaders and senior ministers. The US President will subsequently head to Checker on Thursday for a business reception, lunch, and press conference with Keir Starmer.
Google’s £5 billion investment aims to mobilize approximately $850 billion from investors in July for the 2025 fiscal year, reflecting a significant rise in capital expenditure budgets compared to previous £750 billion forecasts.
On Monday, parent company Alphabet joined the ranks of firms beyond the $30 billion market cap, alongside giants like Nvidia, Microsoft, and Apple.
Alphabet’s shares surged earlier this month following a court decision that softened the most stringent rulings sought by US competition regulators, including the potential forced sale of Chrome browsers.
Reeves commented: “Google’s £5 billion investment is a considerable display of confidence in the UK economy and the robustness of its partnership with the US, promising job creation and economic growth in the coming years.
“This government is reversing decades of neglect that have restricted our growth by addressing the burdensome deficit, implementing transformational reforms in our planning systems, and investing in advanced technologies to unlock better employment opportunities.”
“We’re committed to delivering a range of services to our clients,” said Demis Hassabis, co-founder and CEO of Google Deepmind.
“The UK has a rich tradition of being at the forefront of technological advancement, from Lovelace to Babbage and Turing, making it fitting for its legacy to continue by investing in the next wave of innovation and scientific discovery in the UK.”
Anticipate a sleeker design for Apple’s upcoming iPhone set to launch on Tuesday. The tech giant aims to introduce the slimmest iPhone yet at its annual product event, themed “Awe-Dropping.” The showcase will take place at the Steve Jobs Theatre located at Apple’s Cupertino headquarters, starting at 10 AM.
The iPhone 17 lineup will comprise standard, Pro, and Pro Max variants, expected to feature a new member, the iPhone Air. This latest iteration of the iPhone has been dubbed Apple’s lightest flagship, reminiscent of its Slim MacBook laptops, according to industry observers. Apple has not refuted any speculations regarding future models.
Alongside mobile devices, Apple is set to unveil updates for the Apple Watch Series 11 and AirPods. There are whispers that the new AirPods may include live translation features, enabling Apple to keep pace with its rival, Google, which introduced a similar feature in its Pixel Buds a few years back.
Additionally, Apple is likely to announce launch dates for its upcoming mobile and desktop operating systems, iOS 26 and macOS Tahoe.
The tariffs imposed by Donald Trump are looming over the debut of the new product, potentially impacting the iPhone’s intricate global supply chain and leading to significant price increases for consumers looking to upgrade. Nevertheless, CEO Tim Cook has managed to evade predictions of a $2,000 iPhone lifespan, relocating much of Apple’s production from China to India and dispatching hundreds of tons of iPhones to the U.S. ahead of the tariffs’ implementation date.
Investors and iPhone users are keenly observing discussions around Apple Intelligence, a set of features introduced in October 2024, which has garnered mixed reactions concerning AI integration on the iPhone. Last year’s announcements promised a revamp of Siri, which has yet to materialize.
During the earnings call in July, Cook noted, “we’re making solid strides towards a more personalized Siri,” and affirmed its release for the following year. Reports suggest Apple is in talks with Google to enhance Siri utilizing the latter’s Gemini AI framework. Bloomberg made a similar shift when they restructured Safari’s search engine.
Wall Street analysts perceive Apple as trailing behind in artificial intelligence competitiveness, especially against major players like Google in Silicon Valley.
The world’s most advanced engines are remarkably compact, achieving astonishing levels of efficiency, mirroring some of nature’s tiniest machines.
A thermodynamic engine represents the most straightforward mechanism to illustrate how the laws of physics govern the conversion of heat into useful work. These engines feature areas of heat and cold interconnected by a “working fluid” that goes through cycles of contraction and expansion. Molly’s Message and James Mirren from King’s College London and their team have constructed one of the most extreme engines yet, utilizing microscopic glass beads in place of traditional working fluids.
The researchers employed electric fields to trap and position the beads in diminutive chambers crafted from metal and glass with minimal air. To operate the engine, they varied the electric field parameters to tighten and loosen the beads’ “grip.” A handful of air particles within the chamber acted as the cold section of the engine, while manipulated spikes in the electric field represented the hot section. These spikes enabled the particles to move significantly faster than the sparse air particles in their vicinity. Notably, the glass particles experienced speeds greater than what they could achieve in gas while remaining cool to the touch, despite their temperature briefly spiking to 10 million Kelvin—approximately 2,000 times the sun’s surface temperature.
This glass bead engine functioned in an atypical manner. During certain cycles, it displayed striking efficiency, as the strength of the electric field propelled the glass beads at unexpected speeds, effectively generating more energy than was inputted. However, in other cycles, the efficiency dropped to negative levels, as if the beads were being cooled in scenarios where they should have heated further. “At times, you believe you’re inputting the correct energy. You’re attempting to run the fridge with the appropriate mechanisms designed to operate the heat engine,” explains Message. The temperature of the beads fluctuated based on their location within the chamber, an unexpected outcome given that the engine was designed to maintain specific hot or cold sections.
These peculiarities can be attributed to the engine’s minuscule size. Even a single air particle colliding randomly with the beads can drastically impact the engine’s performance. Although traditional physical laws generally prevail, sporadic extreme phenomena persist. Mirren notes that a similar situation exists for the microscopic components of cells. “You can observe all these strange thermodynamic behaviors, which make sense on a bacterial or protein level, but are counterintuitive for larger entities like ourselves,” he states.
Raul Rika from the University of Granada in Spain mentions that while this new engine lacks immediate practical applications, it may deepen researchers’ understanding of natural and biological systems. It also signifies a technical breakthrough. Loïc Rondin from Paris’ Clay University asserts that the team can further investigate numerous unusual characteristics of the microscopic realm with this relatively straightforward design.
“We are significantly simplifying what will become a biological system ideal for testing various theories,” states Rondin. The team aspires to apply the engine in the future for tasks such as modeling how protein energy varies during folding.
Journal Reference: Physical Review Letters, In print
Potato tubers are a product of ancient hybridization events
Jackie Bale/Getty Images
The common potato has been discovered to originate from a cross between the ancient tomato and a lesser-known South American lineage called Etuverosam.
Plants from the Etuverosam group resemble potato plants but lack one significant feature: they do not yield the starch-rich tubers that make cultivated potatoes a vital food source globally.
Sandra Knapp from The Natural History Museum in London and her team examined the genetics of three groups within the Solanum genus: Petota, which includes 107 species of cultivated potatoes, alongside 17 tomato types and three Etuverosam species. All three groups are believed to have diverged from a shared ancestor roughly 14 million years ago.
The researchers analyzed 450 genomes from cultivated potatoes and 56 wild potato species, revealing a consistent genetic mixture of tomato and Etuverosam genes across all samples.
Findings suggest that the origins of potato strains result from hybridization events with tomato ancestors, likely from a lineage situated in present-day Chile, dating back about 8 million years.
These hybridization events have led to novel gene combinations and innovations like tuber formation. “This process facilitates gene sharing, enabling new strains to produce tubers and helping these plants to thrive in newly formed, cold and arid environments,” Knapp explains.
This indicates that hybridization acts as “a significant driver of diversity evolution,” according to Knapp.
“While the edible parts of tomatoes and potatoes appear quite different, the actual plants are remarkably similar,” she elaborates. “If you happen to find a potato plant that produces fruit, it will yield green, tomato-like berries, but these are inedible and taste unpleasant.”
Brett Summerrell from a Botanical Garden in Sydney, Australia, which did not participate in the study, mentions that this new research offers substantial evidence of hybridization and resultant species diversification.
“This study underscores the necessity of understanding the evolutionary importance of crops and safeguarding their wild relatives, which may be crucial for addressing future agricultural challenges,” Summerrell emphasizes.
“Many relatives of potato-like species face threats posed by habitat destruction and climate change.”
A recent study by Professor Victor Pasco from Pennsylvania and his team reveals the method for determining the robust electric field associated with thunder, which collides with molecules such as nitrogen and oxygen, resulting in x-rays that trigger intense storms through additional electrons and high-energy photons.
NASA’s high-population ER-2 plane is equipped with instruments for the fly-eye Earth Intake Mapper Simulator and the Ground Gamma Ray Flash (ALOFT) Mission, which records gamma rays from ThunderClouds (illustrated in purple). Image credit: NASA/ALOFT team.
“Our research provides an accurate and quantitative explanation of the initial processes leading to lightning,” stated Professor Pasco.
“It connects the underlying physics of X-rays, electric fields, and electron avalanches.”
In their study, Professor Pasco and colleagues employed mathematical modeling to validate and elucidate field observations related to photoelectric phenomena within the Earth’s atmosphere.
This phenomenon, known as terrestrial gamma-ray flashes, consists of invisible, naturally occurring bursts of x-rays along with their associated radio emissions.
“By creating a simulation that mirrors the observed field conditions, we offered a comprehensive explanation of the x-rays and radio emissions occurring inside Thunderclouds,” added Professor Pasco.
“Our research illustrates how electrons, accelerated by lightning’s strong electric field, can generate x-rays upon colliding with air molecules like nitrogen or oxygen, leading to an avalanche of electrons that create high-energy photons to initiate lightning.”
Through their model, the researchers analyzed field observations gathered by various research teams utilizing ground-based sensors, satellites, and high-altitude surveillance platforms to simulate thunderstorm conditions.
“We elucidated the mechanisms of photoelectric events, the triggering conditions for electron cascades in thunder, and the sources of diverse radio signals detected in clouds preceding a lightning strike,” explained Professor Pervez.
“To validate the lightning initiation explanation, I compared our findings with previous models, observational studies, and my own investigations into lightning bolts, specifically intercompact cloud discharges that typically occur within limited regions of Thunderclouds.”
This process, termed photoelectric feedback discharge, models the physical conditions where lightning is likely to happen.
The equations employed to develop the model are available in the published papers, enabling other researchers to apply them in their own studies.
Besides elucidating the onset of lightning, the scientists clarified why ground-level gamma-ray flashes can often occur without the accompanying light and radio emissions that signify lightning in rainy conditions.
“In our simulations, the high-energy X-rays generated by relativistic electron avalanches create new seed electrons driven by photoelectric phenomena in the air, rapidly amplifying these avalanches,” Professor Pasco remarked.
“Moreover, while this runaway chain reaction is generated in a compact volume, it can happen across a varied range of intensities, often with minimal optical and radio emissions but detectable X-ray levels.”
“This explains why these gamma-ray flashes originate from regions that are visually dim and appear silent in wireless frequency.”
The team’s findings will be published in the Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres.
____
Victor P. Pasco et al. 2025. The photoelectric effect in the air accounts for the initiation of lightning and the occurrence of terrestrial gamma rays. JGR Atmosphere 130 (14): E2025JD043897; doi: 10.1029/2025JD043897
Meta serves ads on Facebook, Instagram, and Threads from pro-Israel organizations soliciting funds for military assets, including drones and tactical gear for Israeli Defense Forces battalions.
“We are Sheikh’s sniper team stationed in Gaza. We require a tripod to fulfill our mission at Jabaria,” states one Facebook ad that was first posted on June 11 and remains active as of July 17.
These sponsored advertisements were initially uncovered and reported to Meta by Ekō, a global consumer watchdog. They have identified at least 117 ads beginning in March 2025 that specifically requested donations for IDF military equipment. This marks the second instance an organization has highlighted an ad by the same publisher to Meta. In a prior assessment from December 2024, Ekō flagged 98 ads, urging the tech giant to take action against many of them. Nonetheless, the company has largely permitted publishers to initiate new campaigns with similar ads since then. The IDF itself has not made any public appeals for funding.
“This proves that Meta essentially accepts funding from anyone,” remarked Maen Hamad, a campaigner with Goku. “There appears to be minimal balance in the oversight that platforms are supposed to provide. If that’s the case, those measures are only implemented post-factum.”
In response, Ryan Daniels, a spokesperson for the social media company, stated that Meta has reviewed and eliminated ads violating company policy after receiving inquiries. Any advertisement related tosocial issues, elections, or politics must undergo an approval process and contain a disclaimer disclosing advertising payments, according to the company. These particular ads, however, did not meet that criterion.
These ads garnered at least 76,000 impressions, a metric indicating the number of times an ad is shown to users solely within the EU and the UK. The group was unable to ascertain the number of impressions in the US.
At least 97 recent advertisements are soliciting donations for specific models of private drones, many of which remain operational. A new investigation by +972 Magazine reveals that these drones are utilized by Israeli combat units to drop explosives on Palestinians. Although these quadcopters can be found on Amazon, IDF units often modify civilian drones sourced via Facebook groups, primarily produced by a Chinese company called Autel, at a fraction of the cost of military-grade drones. Several IDF soldiers spoke to +972 anonymously.
“Most of our drones are damaged and in disrepair. We have no replacements.” Another ad states. “Donate now. Every second counts and every drone can save lives.”
It remains unclear if these combat units leverage the funds received from these specific ads to purchase drones, but soldiers informed +972 that they have received donations, fundraisers, and inexpensive drones sourced through Facebook groups, manufactured by Autel.
Funding advertisements from Vaad Hatzedaka, one of the publishers flagged by Ekō, link to a donation webpage detailing the equipment being funded, which includes two Autel drones. Vaad Hatzedaka, a nonprofit organization, has set a fundraising target of $300,000 and has already secured over $250,000 for these drones and other assistance for various IDF units, according to the donation page. The second publisher, Mayer Malik, is an Israel-based singer-songwriter who has run ads directing to a landing page offering sponsorship avenues for various tactical gear, raising more than $2.2 million in total donations for the IDF.
Meta’s advertising policy strictly prohibits the promotion of donation requests for “firearms, firearm parts, ammunition, explosives, or lethal enhancements,” with limited exceptions. Meta has removed some recent ads and associated funding requests for military resources that were flagged earlier, primarily due to the absence of necessary disclaimers accompanying the ads. Social issues, elections, or political ads are subject to disclose requirements as stated in Meta’s Advertising Library.
According to Ekō, these advertisements may also breach certain provisions of the EU’s Digital Services Act (DSA). Under the DSA, platforms like Meta are required to eliminate content that contravenes national or EU legislation. In France and the UK, the laws restrict how charities can fund and the means by which they can support foreign military entities. For instance, in January 2025, the Charity Commissioner in the UK issued an official warning to a London charity that raised funds for IDF soldiers, stating that it was “neither legal nor acceptable.”
A recent study reveals that Denmark boasts the most favorable environmental, social, and political conditions for aging slowly and maintaining a healthier lifestyle.
Published in Natural Medicine, this research pinpointed the elements influencing the biological processes that dictate healthy aging. An international team of researchers examined data from over 160,000 individuals across 40 nations, assessing how various factors influence aging worldwide.
To establish a baseline for the average aging rate, researchers utilized a measurement known as the “Biobiural Age Gap” clock. This AI model estimates the disparity between an individual’s chronological age and their predicted age based on surrounding risk factors. For instance, a 50-year-old person might be predicted to have a biological age of 55 based on these factors, resulting in a five-year age gap.
The findings revealed that among the four continents studied—Africa, Asia, Europe, and South America—European individuals showcased the highest levels of healthy aging. Conversely, in lower-income nations, accelerated aging was prevalent among older individuals.
“This study is significant as it reconceptualizes aging as influenced by not just biology and lifestyle, but also broader environmental and sociopolitical factors,” stated Morten Scheibye-Knudsen, an associate professor of aging at the University of Copenhagen, Denmark, who was not involved in the research, in comments to BBC Science Focus.
Egypt recorded the fastest rate of aging, with individuals showing an average biological age 4.75 years older than their chronological age. Following Egypt were South Africa and certain South American nations. Within Europe, Eastern and Southern regions displayed more rapid aging trends.
In contrast, Denmark demonstrated the slowest aging rate, with an average biological age 2.35 years younger than the actual age. The Netherlands and Finland followed in terms of healthy aging.
Key Factors for Healthy Aging
What makes Denmark and much of Northern and Western Europe conducive to healthy aging? Researchers identified crucial factors including environmental elements like air quality alongside social factors such as gender equality and socioeconomic status.
Interestingly, significant influences were also found in sociopolitical conditions. Healthy aging is closely related to political representation, freedom of parties, democratic elections, and voting rights.
“The link between politics and accelerated aging presents an intriguing puzzle in this study,” commented Scheibye-Knudsen. “Possible mechanisms include heightened chronic stress responses due to anxiety and healthcare disparities.”
This study indicated that individuals with accelerated aging face challenges in completing daily tasks and are eight times more likely to experience cognitive decline.
While the study spanned four continents, it primarily represented limited areas of Africa, focusing on Egypt and South Africa.
Researchers stress that their findings illustrate correlations rather than causative relationships. Nonetheless, they advocate for urgent action to address global health disparities.
“Remarkably, risk factors outweigh protective ones, indicating that individuals in low-income countries experience significantly accelerated aging irrespective of their socioeconomic status,” noted Scheibye-Knudsen.
“This reinforces the compelling case for investing in universal initiatives, such as access to education and healthcare, to enhance the health of populations.”
Read more:
About Our Experts
Dr. Morten Scheibye-Knudsen serves as an associate professor of aging at the University of Copenhagen and leads the Scheibye-Knudsen research group. He is also the president of the Nordic Aging Association.
Approximately 100 million years ago, dinosaurs might have congregated to engage in a mating dance in a tidal area near Denver, Colorado. Recent research published in Cretaceous Research indicates that numerous intriguing scrape marks found in the stones of Colorado’s renowned dinosaur ridges are identified as Leks, potentially the largest known dinosaur mating display sites.
“Leks, or ‘Keeping Arena,’ refers to a location where numerous individuals come together to showcase courtship behaviors to attract mates,” stated Dr. Caldwell Bunting, the lead author of the study, in a conversation with BBC Science Focus.
Many contemporary birds, including knots and feathers—descendants of dinosaurs—exhibit similar behaviors, noted Bunting.
The hypothesis that dinosaurs engaged in such rituals was initially suggested by paleontologist Dr. Martin Lockley, who had observed comparable marks in the vicinity. This new study significantly strengthens that hypothesis, uncovering over 30 different scrape marks across various sediment layers.
These scratches found on Colorado’s dinosaur ridges may have been created during mating displays akin to those of modern birds. – Getty
The marks can be classified into two types: broad, shallow bowl-like impressions and narrow scrapes. It appears many were produced during movements involving rotation and kicking actions by both feet.
Drone imagery from the 2019 US Geological Survey and subsequent follow-up surveys enabled the team to map the site accurately, as access to the area was strictly controlled.
“This was a remarkable discovery,” remarked Bunting, who collaborated with Lockley until his passing in 2023.
“Our excitement was palpable. Upon reviewing the drone footage, we immediately spotted scuffs covering the entire screen. It truly felt like a ‘Eureka!’ moment for me.”
While the exact species responsible for these markings remains uncertain, Bunting speculates that based on nearby fossil footprints, Acrocanthosaurus—a predator similar to T. Rex—and ostrich-like ornithomimids could be possible contenders.
Bunting argues that it’s improbable T. Rex would engage in similar courtship behaviors, as such rituals necessitate complex social dynamics likely associated with group herding and movement.
Bunting aims to revisit other possible LEK sites in western Colorado to reassess initial interpretations of the scuff marks found there.
If verified, these marks could provide significant insights into the reproductive behaviors of dinosaurs, revealing not only their mating practices but also their competition for partners.
Read more:
About our experts
Dr. Caldwell Bunting is an alumnus of Old Dominion University. His research has appeared in journals such as Sedimentary Geology and Cretaceous Research.
Two concentric rings surrounding the supernova remnant SNR 0509-67.5 indicate it underwent two explosions.
ESO/p. Das et al. Background stars (Hubble): K. Noll et al.
A white dwarf star located approximately 160,000 light years away has been observed to have exploded not once, but twice. Astronomers have discovered the first proof of a supernova being linked to dual explosions.
The White Dwarf Star represents a dead stellar body, much like our Sun, which has exhausted its nuclear fuel, leaving an Earth-sized core. When a white dwarf siphons material from a companion star, it can accumulate enough mass to trigger an explosion as a Type IA supernova.
The process by which a white dwarf becomes a supernova remains largely unclear. Some astronomers have theorized that two separate explosions might occur, but until now, there has been no concrete evidence supporting this.
Priyam Das, from the University of New South Wales in Canberra, along with colleagues, examined spectra acquired by a large telescope at the European Southern Observatory in Chile. Their studies of the supernova remnant in the Large Magellanic Cloud reveal two distinct concentric shells resulting from the explosions.
Das theorizes that the white dwarf must have amassed helium on its surface, potentially from a nearby helium-rich white dwarf or a giant helium-rich star, leading to its eventual explosion.
“We witness the initial helium explosion occurring very quickly, within a mere few dozen seconds; it all happens in an instant,” states Das.
The material ejected during the first explosion was recorded to be traveling at 25,000 kilometers per second. Hence, despite the second explosion taking place only seconds later, the two events are still separated by a significant distance.
The light from this cosmic explosion is believed to have reached Earth somewhere between 310 and 350 years ago. It would have shone brightly in the southern hemisphere’s night sky, but human records indicate there was no sighting, likely due to it being obscured by the Sun.
As articulated in Gray’s Anatomy, it’s no surprise that healthcare professionals have inspired numerous popular narratives. The journey of a patient through the healthcare system mirrors the structure of classic storytelling, featuring beginnings, conflicts, and resolutions, often accompanied by various tensions.
Although medicine is often perceived as grounded in hard science (blood tests, medical imaging, treatment protocols), it fundamentally involves storytelling, a theme that Pria Anand explores in her debut book, Electric of the Mind: A Tale of the Strangeness and Wonders of Our Brains.
During her time at medical school in California, Anand was concerned that her aversion to storytelling might hinder her. Yet, she found that how individuals narrate their experiences could convey as much insight as any clinical test.
Anand pays homage to her predecessor, neurologist Oliver Sacks, drawing from his personal anecdotes while diagnosing and empathizing with patients. In Electric of the Heart, she acknowledges the influence of Sacks’s iconic work, The Man Who Mistook His Wife for a Hat.
While it’s unrealistic to expect anyone to reach Sacks’s level of ingenuity, Anand embodies his empathy, curiosity, and intellectual breadth. Her writing is both polished and insightful as she navigates complex neurological concepts, addressing the narratives of individual patients with similar finesse.
However, Electric of the Heart transcends mere “clinical anecdotes.” Anand’s core message emphasizes the vital role of storytelling in medical practice. The human craving for narratives is ancient, universal, and remarkably resilient, often thriving even in the aftermath of severe brain injuries, as she notes.
Regardless of health status, how individuals articulate their condition may diverge significantly from a physician’s evaluation or observable metrics. Anand recounts the story of a patient who entered a coma following a cerebral hemorrhage but appeared to recover fully, often mistaking Anand and her colleagues for her former medical team as she made her rounds among fellow patients.
No one can match the brilliance of Sacks, but Anand embodies the writer’s humanity and broad intellect.
Anand delves into the way our brains can mislead us, highlighting both the hurdles and the character of medical practice. However, it’s not just the patients’ misconceptions that warrant attention; doctors can exhibit similar biases and errors.
The evolution of her own health conditions has profoundly informed Anand’s work ethic—from sleep deprivation during her training to the “phantom noises” she began experiencing that prompted her concern. It was later discovered that these sounds stemmed from a vascular malformation connecting her brain to her heart.
The inherent “imbalance of power” in medicine signifies an ongoing struggle between empirical evidence and narrative, as well as between objective truths and subjective experiences—this dynamic exists not only in the realm of physicians but also among the false dichotomies pervasive in healthcare. Historically, many confidently given diagnoses have been based solely on “scientific” definitions. One can reflect on the notion of a “wandering uterus.”
Although comparisons between Anand and early reviewers might not be misleading, Electric of the Heart invites parallels with Glass Body, a personal narrative by Caroline Crampton that also explores hypochondria. Like Crampton’s insightful account, Anand elucidates “a vast liminal spread between health and illness” from her perspective as a physician.
Both works suggest a growing openness in mainstream media to not only drama but the complexities of medical intricacies, challenging the traditional notion that the divides between “healthy brains and failing brains” or illnesses and wellness are as clear-cut as they seem.
In Electric of the Heart, Anand exhibits empathy, humility, and a profound interest in humanity—qualities that define outstanding doctors and ideally should be prevalent throughout the medical profession.
Elle Hunt is an author based in Norwich, UK
New Scientist Book Club
Do you enjoy reading? Join a welcoming community of fellow book enthusiasts. Every six weeks, we explore new titles, providing members with exclusive access to book excerpts, author articles, and video interviews.
The Vera C. Rubin Observatory is a groundbreaking scientific facility, funded collaboratively by the NSF and the US DOE Scientific Bureau. Explore new images showcasing a glimpse of the observatory’s decade-long mission to unravel some of the universe’s greatest enigmas.
This composite image integrates 678 individual photos captured by the NSF-DOE Vera C. Rubin Observatory over a span of just over 7 hours, showcasing the Trifid (top right) and Lagoon Nebulae. Image credits: Rubinobs/Noirlab/SLAC/NSF/DOE/AURA.
The Vera C. Rubin Observatory is named in tribute to the renowned American astronomer Vera C. Rubin, who provided crucial evidence for the existence of elusive dark matter.
Investigating the characteristics of dark matter, dark energy, and other monumental cosmic phenomena is central to the observatory’s mission.
Located atop Cerro Pachón in Chile, the observatory benefits from an optimal environment with dry air and exceptionally dark skies, making it one of the world’s premier observation sites.
Equipped with an 8.4-meter telescope that houses the largest digital camera ever constructed, the facility is supported by a robust data processing system.
In the latter half of 2025, the observation deck will embark on its primary mission: a legacy study of space and time. Each night, we will systematically scan the sky, capturing every observable change.
This approach yields a detailed time-lapse record of the cosmos at ultra-high resolution.
It brings the heavens alive, revealing immense possibilities for billions of scientific discoveries.
The imagery uncovers asteroids and comets, pulsating stars, supernovae, distant galaxies, and cosmic events that have never before been documented.
“The Vera C. Rubin Observatory illustrates the United States’ commitment to leading international basic science, showcasing remarkable achievements that arise when different facets of national research collaborate,” stated an expert.
“This observatory represents an investment in our future, laying the groundwork for the knowledge that today’s youth will cultivate tomorrow.”
“The Vera C. Rubin Observatory records more data about space than all optical telescopes in history combined,” commented Dr. Brian Stone, acting NSF Director.
“Through this exceptional scientific facility, we are investigating many of the universe’s mysteries, including the enigmatic dark matter and dark energy that fill our cosmos.”
“We are entering a golden era of American science,” remarked Dr. Harriet Kang, acting director of the DOE’s Department of Science.
“The Rubin Observatory symbolizes what can be accomplished when the federal government endorses a tool that leads world-class engineers and scientists.”
“This facility will propel discovery, inspire future innovators, and unleash America’s scientific excellence.”
The Rubin Observatory is also the most efficient solar system discovery tool ever created.
It captures approximately 1,000 images of the southern hemisphere sky each night, enabling a complete survey of the visible southern sky every three to four nights.
This capability will assist millions in detecting hidden asteroids, comets, and interstellar objects.
The observatory represents a paradigm shift in planetary defense, helping to identify potential threats to Earth or the Moon.
“The unveiling of the first images from the observatory heralds a new era in astrophysics,” remarked Dr. Patrick McCarthy, director of NSF’s NOIRLab.
“We congratulate the Rubin Observatory team on this monumental accomplishment and anticipate the initiation of a legacy study of space and time that may transform our comprehension of the universe.”
Images and videos from the Vera C. Rubin Observatory showcase over 10 hours of test observations before being revealed. The event was live streamed on Monday from Washington, DC.
Keith Bector, an associate professor from the University of Wisconsin-Madison physics department, has contributed to the Rubin Observatory for nearly a decade as a system verification scientist, ensuring that all components of the observation deck function properly.
He mentioned that the team was present as images streamed in real-time from the camera.
“In the control room, there was a moment when all engineers and scientists gazed at these images. We were able to observe more details about stars and galaxies,” Vector explained to NBC News. “Understanding this on an intellectual level is one thing, but on an emotional level, I realized I was part of something truly extraordinary, all happening in real-time.”
One of the newly released images enabled the Rubin Observatory to identify galaxies billions of light-years away, alongside asteroids in the solar system and stars in the Milky Way.
“In fact, most of the objects captured in these images exhibit light that was emitted before our solar system was formed,” highlighted Bechtol. “We are witnessing light that reflects billions of years of the universe’s history, and many of these galaxies have never before been observed.”
Astronomers are eagerly awaiting the first images from the new observatory, affirming that experts will aid in unraveling some of the universe’s greatest mysteries and revolutionizing our understanding.
“We are entering the golden age of American science,” stated Harriet Kang, acting director of the Energy Department of Science. She elaborated in a statement.
“We anticipate that the observation deck will provide profound insights into our past, future, and potentially the fate of the universe,” Kang remarked during a Monday event.
The Vera C. Rubin Observatory is collaboratively managed by the Energy Agency and the National Science Foundation.
Named after an American astronomer renowned for uncovering evidence of dark matter in space, the observatory is situated atop Cerro Pachon, a mountain in central Chile. It is designed to capture around 1,000 images of the southern hemisphere sky each night, covering the entire visible southern sky every three to four nights.
These early images stem from a series of test observations and mark the commencement of a bold decade-long mission to scan the sky continuously, capturing all visible details and changes.
“The entire observatory design is centered on this capability, enabling you to point, shoot, and repeat,” Bechtol noted. “Every 40 seconds, the view shifts to a new part of the sky. Imagine bringing the night sky back to life in a way we’ve never experienced before.”
By repeating this process nightly over the next decade, scientists aim to create extensive images of the visible southern sky, tracking bright stars, moving asteroids in the solar system, measuring supernova explosions, and observing other cosmic phenomena.
“Utilizing this groundbreaking scientific facility, we will delve into many mysteries of the universe, including the dark matter and dark energy that fills our cosmos,” stated Brian Stone, Chief of Staff of the National Science Foundation, in a statement.
This VLT/Muse image displays a detailed multi-colored view of NGC 253. Image credit: ESO/Congiu et al.
NGC 253 lies approximately 11.5 million light-years away in the Sculptor constellation.
Commonly referred to as the Silver Coin, Silver Dollar Galaxy, or Sculptor Galaxy, this galaxy was discovered on September 23, 1783, by Caroline Herschel, the sister of William Herschel.
It is one of the brightest members of the Sculptor group of galaxies.
Characterized as a starburst galaxy, it experiences unusually rapid star formation and stellar explosions.
“NGC 253 is one of the largest star-forming galaxies near the Milky Way,” noted ESO astronomer Enrico Kong and his team.
“It also ranks among the largest galaxies in the sky, with apparent dimensions of 42 x 12 arcminutes2.
“With its distinct stellar bars, well-defined spiral arms, and widespread star formation, NGC 253 exemplifies a classic spiral galaxy near the main sequence.”
To create a new image of the galaxy, astronomers dedicated over 50 hours observing it with the VLT’s Muse Instrument.
They needed to stitch together more than 100 exposures to encapsulate an area of approximately 65,000 light-years.
“You can focus on individual regions where stars form at a scale of individual stars, or you can zoom out to view the entire galaxy,” explained Dr. Kathryn Kreckel, an astronomer at the University of Heidelberg.
In their initial data analysis, researchers identified 500 planetary nebulae and regions of gas and dust within NGC 253.
“In areas outside our galaxy, we typically find fewer than 100 detections per galaxy,” remarked Fabian Schuerman, a doctoral student at Heidelberg University.
“Due to the properties of planetary nebulae, they serve as distance markers for host galaxies.”
“By locating the planetary nebulae, we can confirm the distance to the galaxy, which is crucial for other galaxy research.”
“Future projects utilizing maps will investigate gas flows and how their composition influences star formation across this galaxy.”
“It remains a mystery why such a minor process can significantly influence galaxies that are thousands of times larger,” stated Dr. Kong.
Nature of science journals aims to highlight the complexities of academic publishing.
In an editorial released on Monday, the journal revealed it will include a peer review file with the papers it plans to publish. This will grant reviewers insight into the behind-the-scenes process where authors respond to revisions.
Publishing peer review files has been an option in Nature since 2020, but as of Monday, it has become a standard practice.
“Our goal is to demystify what many refer to as the ‘black box’ of science and clarify how research papers are developed. This aims to enhance transparency and foster trust in the scientific process. We believe that publishing peer reviewer reports enriches scientific communication and contextualizes how results and conclusions are reached.”
Opening the peer review process is becoming increasingly common among scientific journals, but Nature stands out as one of the largest and most influential in adopting this practice.
Peer review occurs once scientific research is submitted to a reputable journal, where field experts evaluate the work for issues such as flawed inferences, poor research practices, and data errors. These external experts provide feedback to journal editors and authors, known as the Judge Report.
“Peer review enhances the quality of the paper,” the editorial states. “The dialogue between authors and reviewers should be regarded as a significant component of the scientific record, crucial to research andits dissemination.”
Nature’s updated process automatically publishes judge reports and author responses. Journal practices evolve particularly when public trust in science wanes; a Pew Research Center poll indicates that trust in scientists fell approximately 10 percentage points from 2019 to 2024, with only 45% of Americans considering scientists to be effective communicators.
Michael Eisen, a former editor of the scientific journal Elife and a proponent of reforming the scientific publishing process, believes Nature’s decision marks a significant step towards greater transparency in the field.
“It’s valuable for the public to witness the process,” Eisen stated. “Much of the criticism stems from misunderstanding, which often arises from a lack of transparency surrounding scientific processes.”
Eisen suggests this move could help skeptics recognize the rigorous scrutiny applied to critical topics.
“For instance, if people observe the thorough examination vaccine-related studies undergo, it can help them better understand and assess the context of scientific findings,” Eisen noted.
At the same time, this transparency may help to mitigate the sensationalism often associated with striking findings.
“It may help dispel the notion that once a paper is published, it is infallible and that all questions have been resolved,” Eisen added.
He also mentioned that Nature could publish reviewer comments on manuscripts that were ultimately rejected.
“The truly transformative step would be to disclose reviews for all submitted papers,” Eisen remarked. “While it’s insightful to understand the questions raised in reviews of accepted papers, it is equally important to see why certain papers were rejected by the journal.”
Reports indicate that Meta is preparing to unveil a substantial $15 billion (£11 billion) bid aimed at achieving computerized “Superintelligence.”
The competition in Silicon Valley to lead in artificial intelligence is intensifying, even as many current AI systems show inconsistent performance.
Meta CEO Mark Zuckerberg is set to announce the acquisition of a 49% stake in Scale AI, which is led by King Alexandre and co-founded by Lucie Guo. This strategic move has been described by one analyst in Silicon Valley as a “wartime CEO” initiative.
Superintelligence refers to an AI that can outperform humans across all tasks. Currently, AI systems have not yet achieved the same capabilities as humans, a condition known as Artificial General Intelligence (AGI). Recent studies reveal that many prominent AI systems falter when tackling highly complex problems.
Following notable progress from competitors like Sam Altman’s OpenAI and Google, as well as substantial investments in the underperforming Metaverse concept, observers are questioning whether Meta’s renewed focus on AI can restore its competitive edge and drive meaningful advancements.
Meta’s initiative has sparked fresh calls for the European government to embark on its own transparent research endeavors, ensuring robust technological development while fostering public trust, akin to the Swiss CERN European Nuclear Research Institute.
Michael Wooldridge, a professor at the Oxford University Foundation for Artificial Intelligence, stated, “They are maximizing their use of AI. We cannot assume that we fully understand or trust the technology we are creating. It’s crucial that governments collaborate to develop AI openly and rigorously, much like the importance of CERN and particle accelerators.”
Wooldridge commented that the reported acquisition appears to be Meta’s effort to reclaim its competitive edge following the Metaverse’s lackluster reception, noting that the company invested significantly in that venture.
However, he pointed out that the state of AI development remains uneven, with AGI still a distant goal, and “Superintelligence” being even more elusive.
“We have AI that can achieve remarkable feats, yet it struggles with tasks that capable GCSE students can perform,” he remarked.
Andrew Rogoiski, director of partnerships and innovation at the University of Surrey’s People-centered AI Institute, observed, “Meta’s approach to AI differs from that of OpenAI or Humanity. For Meta, AI is not a core mission, but rather an enabler of its broader business strategy.”
“This allows them to take a longer-term view, rather than feeling rushed to achieve AGI,” he added.
Reports indicate that King is expected to take on a significant role within Meta.
Meta has chosen not to comment at this time. Scale AI will be reached for additional comments.
Apple’s latest Worldwide Developers Conference saw the company’s artificial intelligence features take a back seat. While new functionalities were announced for the Apple Watch and Vision Pro, alongside enhanced software designs known as Liquid Glass, and new phone and camera applications, Apple’s AI-related announcements were limited to minor upgrades amidst pressure to keep pace with competitors heavily invested in AI.
One anticipated feature is Live Translation, offering real-time language translation across messaging, FaceTime, and phone apps, incorporating multiple capabilities powered by Apple Intelligence. It’s noteworthy that similar features have been available on the Android platform for some time. Additionally, a new Fitness app has been introduced, utilizing AI-generated voices to assist users during workouts.
Consumers may soon experience enhancements in AI for applications beyond mobile. The company revealed that it enables app developers to utilize Apple’s large-scale, on-device language model, enhancing AI experiences in third-party applications. Users will have the choice to opt in or out of sharing their data or information off-device with developers.
At last year’s WWDC, Apple announced a suite of upgrades for Siri, aiming to make the virtual assistant more engaging and dynamic. However, many of these features remain unreleased despite Apple’s assurances.
Craig Federighi, Apple’s VP of Software Engineering, previously mentioned that “this task required more time to reach a quality standard,” referring to the delay.
Forrester VP principal analyst Dipanjan Chatterjee noted that Siri’s muted presence was “deafening.”
Chatterjee stated, “This subject was quickly brushed aside, leaving next year shrouded in uncertainty. While Apple continues to refine the features of Apple Intelligence, superficial updates like text corrections and whimsical emojis cannot satisfy the demand for an intuitive, interactive AI experience. The timeline for Siri’s evolution is rapidly approaching, and Apple needs significant advancements.”
Additionally, Apple has formed a partnership with ChatGPT, a strategic move to help the iPhone maker compete with AI giants such as OpenAI, Microsoft, and Google. Dan Ives, an analyst at Wedbush Securities, suggested that Apple may need to forge more partnerships to stay competitive.
Ives concluded, “Overall, WWDC articulated the developers’ vision, but following last year’s setbacks, there was no remarkable progress in Apple Intelligence as Cupertino remains cautious.”
“We understand the strategy, but this is a significant year for Apple to capitalize on the AI front, possibly compelling us to pursue larger AI acquisitions to advance this strategy.”
On Tuesday, Google introduced a new surge of artificial intelligence capabilities, transforming how users access information and expediting a year-long evolution of search engines that has reduced internet traffic to other sites.
At its annual developer conference, Google unveiled a novel “AI Mode” in the US, designed to facilitate conversations with experts who can respond to a wide variety of questions during searches.
This AI mode will be available to all US users just two months after its initial testing in the limited Labs division.
Additionally, Google plans to integrate its latest AI model, Gemini 2.5, into the search algorithms and trial new features such as the ability to automatically purchase concert tickets and sift through live video feeds.
In a bold move, Google announced its re-entrance into the smart glasses sector, introducing a new version powered by Android XR. This announcement comes 13 years after the launch of Google Glass, which was withdrawn due to public privacy concerns.
While the release date and pricing for the Android XR glasses remain undisclosed, Google indicated they are being developed in collaboration with Gentle Monster and Warby Parker. These glasses will compete with offerings from platforms like Facebook’s parent Meta and Ray-Ban.
This expansion builds on a transformation initiated a year prior, introducing an “AI Overview” that is increasingly featuring at the top of the search results page, altering conventional web link rankings.
Google reports that approximately 1.5 billion users are currently engaging with the “AI Overview,” with many now inputting longer, more intricate queries.
“Our progress indicates that we are entering a new stage in the AI platform evolution, where years of research are turning into practical applications for people globally,” stated Google CEO Sundar Pichai during his address to attendees at the amphitheater near the company’s Mountain View, California headquarters.
Although Pichai and other executives suggested the AI overview would drive more searches and clicks to external sites, data from search optimization firm BrightEdge reveals that this has not yet been the case.
BrightEdge’s recent findings indicate that click-through rates from Google search results have dipped nearly 30% over the past year.
The decision to make AI modes widely available after a brief testing period underscores Google’s assurance that the technology won’t routinely disseminate misinformation, thus protecting its reputation amidst escalating competition from AI-enhanced search platforms like ChatGPT.
The swift emergence of AI alternatives is a consistent theme in legal proceedings allowing Google to dismantle parts of its internet dominance after a federal court deemed search engines a monopoly last year.
In testimony during a trial earlier this month, veteran Apple executive Eddy Cue mentioned a decrease in Google searches made via Safari on iPhones.
Google links this decline to the rise of AI, which is prompting necessary adaptations in how search engines function as technology reshapes the competitive landscape.
Despite its increasing reliance on AI, Google appears to maintain its position as the primary gateway to the Internet, a key reason why its parent company, Alphabet Inc., boasts a market value of $2 trillion.
According to data from oneLittleweb.com, Google attracted 136 billion visits in the year ending in March.
During an interview, an Associated Press reporter inquired whether the implementation of AI modes would strengthen Google, noting the unlikelihood of AI technology causing significant harm to its search engines.
The AI mode acknowledged that its implementation is likely to enhance Google’s influence, especially regarding information accessibility and online engagement, while cautioning web publishers about potential traffic declines from search results.
Upcoming tests in Google’s Labs division aim to introduce new waves of AI technology expected to be rolled out to consumers.
These tests include features that enable AI agents to book tickets and restaurant reservations using Project Mariner Technology, as well as experiments with live video and opt-in features, granting AI access to users’ Gmail and other Google apps for increased understanding of preferences and behaviors. Furthermore, this summer’s test lineup features a “deep search” tool and a new option for creating visual presentations of sports and finance data.
Google will also offer a subscription package called “Ultra,” providing 30 terabytes of storage for $250 a month, representing a significant upgrade from its previous “Top of the Line” offer, now known as “AI Pro,” which costs $20 a month and includes just two terabytes of storage.
Mars exhibits various aurora processes despite its thin atmosphere and absence of global magnetic fields. Previously, all aurora observations have been conducted in ultraviolet wavelengths from orbit. In a recent study, planetary scientists reported the observation of a green visible wavelength aurora, generated from the atomic oxygen line at 557.7 nanometers (nm), detected by NASA’s Perseverance rover using the Supercam and Mastcam-Z instruments.
The first visible image of the green aurora on Mars (left) taken by the NASA Perseverance rover’s Mastcam-Z instrument. On the right is a comparison image of the night sky on Mars without aurora, featuring the Moon Deimos on Mars. The moonlit Mars night sky, primarily illuminated by the larger moon Phobos (outside the frame), has a reddish-brown tint due to atmospheric dust. Consequently, the addition of green aurora light results in a green-yellow tone in the left image. Image credits: NASA/JPL-CALTECH/ASU/MSSS/SSI.
On Earth, auroras occur when solar particles interact with the magnetic field, colliding with atmospheric gases at the poles and emitting light.
Green, the most frequently observed color, results from excited oxygen atoms emitting light at a wavelength of 557.7 nm.
Researchers have theorized for years that green auroras could also manifest on Mars, but noted they would likely be more diffuse and harder to capture than those on Earth.
Due to the absence of a global magnetic field, Mars experiences a distinct type of aurora compared to Earth.
One such type is the Solar Energy Particle (SEP) Aurorae, identified by NASA’s Maven mission in 2014.
These auroras occur when high-energy particles from the sun impact the Martian atmosphere, leading to a luminous display in the night sky.
“Our findings open up new avenues for aurora research and affirm that future astronauts on Mars could witness these phenomena,” stated Dr. Ellis Knutsen, a postdoctoral researcher at the University of Oslo.
On March 15, 2024, the Sun’s solar flare production and the accompanying coronal mass ejection prompted auroras across the solar system, including Mars, with Perseverance capturing them for the first time from another planet’s surface.
Dr. Knutsen and his team utilized data from SEP instruments on NASA’s Maven spacecraft and ESA’s Mars Express spacecraft to verify the detection.
“They’re actively tracking this,” remarked Dr. Shannon Curry, a researcher at Maven and at the Institute of Atmospheric Astronomy at the University of Colorado, Boulder.
“We are thrilled to rapidly advance this observation and look forward to revealing what astronauts might see there.”
By correlating Perseverance’s observations with data from Maven’s SEP instrument, researchers can better analyze the detected 557.7 nm radiation from solar energy particles.
This emission line is identical to the green aurora on Earth, implying that future Mars astronauts may witness this type of aurora.
“The visibility of auroras from Perseverance enables new methods to study these phenomena, complementing orbital observations of Mars,” noted Dr. Katie Stack Morgan, the project scientist for Perseverance at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory.
“A deeper understanding of auroras and the conditions on Mars that facilitate their formation is crucial for preparing to send human explorers there safely.”
The team’s study was published in the journal Advances in Science.
____
Elise W. Knutsen et al. 2025. Detection of the visible wavelength aurora on Mars. Advances in Science 11 (20); doi:10.1126/sciadv.ads1563
Planetary scientists initially believed that Earth’s outer crust would become thicker over time, particularly due to the perceived absence of forces pushing it back into the planet’s interior. However, researchers from Open University, NASA’s Johnson Space Center, and the Lunar and Planetary Institute suggest that processes involved in crustal transformation, centered around rock density and melting cycles, offer a different perspective.
An artistic interpretation of active volcanoes on Venus illustrates a subduction zone where the foreground crust of a topographical groove descends into the planet’s interior. Image credits: NASA/JPL-Caltech/Peter Rubin.
The earth’s crust is rock-like and composed of massive, slowly migrating plates that fold and create faults through a process known as plate tectonics.
For instance, when two plates collide, a lighter plate can slide over a denser plate, forcing it downward towards the underlying mantle.
This phenomenon, referred to as subduction, plays a crucial role in regulating the thickness of the Earth’s crust.
As the rocks penetrate deeper into the planet’s interior, they undergo transformations due to increased temperature and pressure, a process known as metamorphosis, which is one contributing factor to volcanic activity.
“Conversely, Venus consists of a singular skin with no signs of subduction seen in Earth’s plate tectonics,” noted Justin Filibert, PhD, associate director of NASA’s Johnson Space Center for Astromaterial Research and Exploration Sciences.
Through modeling, Dr. Filibert and his team found that Venus’s crust averages about 40 km (25 miles) thick, with some areas reaching up to 65 km (40 miles).
“This is surprisingly thin compared to Earth’s conditions,” Dr. Filibert remarked.
“Our model suggests that as the crust thickens, it becomes so dense at the bottom that it either breaks off to merge with the mantle or heats up enough to melt.”
“Thus, while Venus lacks movable plates, its crust still goes through metamorphosis.”
“This finding marks a significant advancement in understanding geological processes and planetary evolution.”
“The breaking and melting of crustal materials can reintroduce water and elements back into the planet’s interior, fueling volcanic activity.”
“We are developing a new model for how materials are recycled within the planet, providing insights into the processes that can trigger volcanic eruptions of lava and gases.”
“It reshapes our understanding of how Venus’ geology, crust, and atmosphere interact.”
“The forthcoming phase involves gathering direct data on Venus’s crust to test and refine these models.”
“The extent of volcanic activity on Venus remains uncertain.”
“While we postulate numerous volcanic phenomena, research indicates a need for extensive data to validate our assumptions.”
J. Semprich et al. 2025. The thickness of the earth’s crust and the transformation of Venus as a driver for recycling. Nat Commun 16, 2905; doi:10.1038/s41467-025-58324-1
For the first time, AI tools are being utilized to evaluate public feedback on government consultations, with plans for broader adoption to help conserve money and staff resources.
The tool, referred to as “consultation,” was initially implemented by the Scottish government to gather insights on regulating non-surgical cosmetic procedures like lip fillers.
According to the UK government, this tool is employed to analyze responses and deliver results comparable to human-generated outputs, with ongoing development aimed at reviewing additional consultations.
It examined over 2,000 responses while highlighting key themes, which were subsequently verified and enhanced by experts from the Scottish government.
The government has developed the consultation tool as part of a new suite of AI technologies known as “Humphrey.” They assert it will “accelerate operations in Whitehall and decrease consulting expenditures.”
Officials claim that, through the 500 consultations conducted each year, this innovative tool could save UK taxpayers £20 million annually, freeing up approximately 75,000 hours for other tasks.
Michael Lobatos, a professor of artificial intelligence at the University of Edinburgh, notes that while the benefits of consultations are significant, the potential for AI bias should not be disregarded.
“The intention is for humans to always oversee the process, but in practice, people may not have the time to verify every detail, leading to bias creeping in,” he stated.
Lobatos also expressed concerns that domestic and international “bad actors” could potentially compromise AI integrity.
“It’s essential to invest in ensuring our systems are secure and effective, which requires significant resources,” he remarked.
“Maximizing benefits while minimizing harm demands more initial investment and training than is typically expected. Ministers and civil servants might see this merely as a cost-saving quick fix, but it is crucial and complex.”
The government asserts that the consultation tool operates 1,000 times faster than humans and is 400 times less expensive, with conclusions “remarkably similar” to those of experts, albeit with less detail.
Discussing the launch of the tool, technology secretary Peter Kyle claimed it would save “millions” for taxpayers.
“There’s no reason to spend time on tasks that AI can perform more quickly and effectively, let alone waste taxpayer money contracting out such work,” he said.
“With promising outcomes, Humphrey helps lower governance costs and efficiently compiles and analyzes feedback from both experts and the public regarding vital issues.”
“The Scottish government has made a courageous first move, and will soon implement consultations across their own department and others within Whitehall.”
While there’s no set timeline for consultations still pending governmental approval, deployment to government agencies is anticipated by the end of 2025.
On Friday, the Environmental Protection Agency announced plans to reassign scientists from independent labs to various departments.
Administrator Lee Zeldin disclosed these adjustments in a video statement, indicating that the agency is “reshaping scientific expertise” to concentrate on what are deemed “mission essentials.”
The most immediate impact will be on the Research and Development Bureau, the EPA’s primary research faction, which investigates aspects like the health and environmental repercussions of “eternal chemicals” in drinking water, as well as strategies to lessen airborne particulate pollution.
An internal document reviewed by the New York Times highlighted the Trump administration’s proposal to dissolve this office as part of a plan to eliminate 1,155 scientists, including chemists, biologists, and toxicologists engaged in health and environmental research.
While the changes weren’t enacted on Friday, the agency’s new focus areas were unveiled. According to Zeldin, 130 positions will transition to the office responsible for new chemical approvals, addressing the long-standing backlog cited by the Chemical Industry Group.
During the All Hands Staff Meeting later that day, Nancy Beck, a previous lobbyist for the American Council of Chemicals and now at the helm of the EPA’s chemicals office, reassured Scientists, remarking that it was a “very exciting time.”
She encouraged everyone in the agency to consider applying for these roles.
Officials from the Trump administration have indicated that further laboratory changes are on the horizon. A scientist on a call expressed concern that failing to transition to one of the new areas might result in job termination.
Additionally, on Friday, the EPA postponed the deadline for accepting withdrawal offers, which is now extended to May 9.
“This feels like a hunger game,” remarked a lab employee who opted for anonymity to avoid potential retaliation.
Other scientists will transition to managerial positions as part of the new office focused on applied scientific environmental solutions. Zeldin emphasized the need to “put science at the center of agency regulations.”
Democrats and environmental advocates have raised concerns that these changes could politicize scientific inquiry.
“This so-called ‘reorganization’ is merely a thinly veiled effort to diminish the agency’s globally respected scientific capacity by redistributing scientists and managing chemical assessments for the industry,” stated Deputy Director Cherry Pingley, a Democrat from Maine.
Chitra Kumar, managing director of the climate program at the federal advocacy group Concern Scientists Federal, warned that relocating scientists to policy offices “will expose these experts to political pressures, particularly in this administration.”
This shift occurs amidst the agency’s extensive deregulation initiative. Under Zeldin’s direction, the EPA has revised or rescinded over 30 regulations intended to safeguard air, water, and climate quality. Managers are also focused on dismantling the legal foundations of many climate regulations known as danger detection.
Immerse yourself in the vibrant ethos of San Francisco, where the future of cyberpunk is already unfolding. Self-driving vehicles? Boring. A venture aiming to resurrect woolly mammoths? Absolutely, why not! Summoning a god-like AI capable of eradicating humanity? Why not.
Just like you did on Wednesday evening, you might find yourself in a bustling venue in the Marina district, gazing at a luminous white sphere, commonly referred to as an orb, as it scans your eyes in exchange for your cryptocurrency and World ID.
The event was organized by World, a startup based in San Francisco, co-founded by the enterprising Sam Altman, known for his ambitious (or depending on your perspective, unsettling) technological initiatives.
This is essentially the core proposition of the company. The internet is on the brink of being overwhelmed by a multitude of realistic AI bots, making it nearly impossible to discern real individuals on social networks, dating platforms, gaming sites, and other digital realms.
To address this issue, World developed a program called World ID, akin to Internet clearance or TSA Precheck, enabling users to authenticate their humanity online.
To sign up, users gaze into the orb, which captures their iris scans. Following that, they complete a few prompts on a mobile app to attain a unique biometric identifier, stored on their device. The system includes built-in privacy features, assuring that no iris images are retained, only a numeric code linked to the user.
In return, participants earn a cryptocurrency named WorldCoin. (As of Wednesday night, the sign-up bonus was estimated to be valued at around $40.)
During the event, Altman framed the initiative as a response to a dilemma he termed “trust in the AGI era,” as artificial general intelligence is on the horizon and increasingly human-like AI systems are coming to fruition.
“We wanted to ensure that humans remain unique and pivotal in a landscape brimming with AI-generated content online,” Altman explained.
Ultimately, Altman and World’s CEO Alex Blania contend that a solution like WorldCoin is essential for redistributing wealth generated by powerful AI systems to humans, potentially in the form of a universal basic income. They delved into varied methods for establishing a “real human network,” merging proof-of-human verification with financial systems enabling validated individuals to transact with one another.
“Our initial concept seemed quite radical,” Altman remarked. “Then we embraced our craziness and evolved into World.”
Launched globally two years ago, the project initially gained traction in developing regions such as Kenya and Indonesia, where individuals queued for ORB scans in exchange for cryptocurrency incentives. The company has secured about $200 million from investors, including Andreessen Horowitz and Khosla Ventures.
However, challenges arose. The global collection of biometric data has drawn criticism from privacy advocates and regulatory bodies, leading to the company being banned or investigated in locations like Hong Kong and Spain. Reports of fraud and worker exploitation tied to the project’s crypto-based reward mechanism have also surfaced.
Despite these issues, the venture appears to be expanding swiftly. According to Blania, approximately 26 million individuals have signed up for the app worldwide since its debut, with more than 12 million undergoing ORB scans to confirm their humanity.
Initially, the world was kept separate from the US due to regulatory concerns, but the Trump administration’s crypto-friendly policies created an opportunity.
On Wednesday, World announced plans to launch in the US, with retail outlets slated to open in cities like San Francisco, Los Angeles, and Nashville. They aim to install 7,500 orbs across the country by year-end.
The company also unveiled a new version of the ORB, dubbed the Orb Mini. This device resembles a smartphone, yet performs the same function as the larger orb. World has established partnerships with gaming company Razer and the dating conglomerate Match Group.
Uncertainty lingers about the potential for profitability, or whether privacy-conscious Americans are inclined to share their biometric data for cryptocurrency, as many in developing regions have done.
Moreover, it remains to be seen if the world can overcome the inherent skepticism surrounding the peculiar and foreboding aspects of the initiative.
For my part, I recognize the necessity for a method to distinguish bots from humans. However, the proposed solution—a global biometric registry sustained by volatile cryptocurrencies and monitored by private entities—might resemble a “Black Mirror” episode that struggles to achieve widespread acceptance. Even during Wednesday’s event, I observed numerous attendees hesitating to approach the orb amidst a crowd of eager early adopters.
“You can’t easily discard your personal data. It’s essentially your eyeball data at stake,” remarked one tech worker.
Altman’s global affiliations are also under scrutiny. Attendees noted that, through his role at OpenAI, he might be perpetuating the very issue World aims to rectify (an internet flooded with engaging bots).
Nevertheless, Altman’s connections could potentially accelerate World’s growth, especially if collaborations with OpenAI come to fruition or if it becomes integrated with an AI product. Perhaps OpenAI is planning a social network feature with a “Verified Humans Only” setting. Additionally, users who contribute beneficially to OpenAI’s products might one day earn WorldCoin.
(Note: The New York Times has filed a lawsuit against OpenAI and Microsoft, claiming copyright infringement regarding news content related to AI systems, a claim which both companies deny.)
Furthermore, societal norms regarding privacy may shift in favor of the initiative, and what seems unusual today could become the norm tomorrow. (Think back to when seeing an airport biometric kiosk felt bizarre—did you vow to never share your biometric details?)
When my turn arrived to approach the orb, I removed my glasses, opened the World app, and adhered to its instructions (Look this way, adjust my position). The orb’s camera recorded the details of my iris and paused for a moment. The rings surrounding the orb glowed yellow, accompanied by a cheerful chime.
Minutes later, I had secured WorldCoin Tokens alongside a World ID and had around 39.22 tokens (valued at $40.77 at current rates). If I manage to transfer them from my phone, I will donate to charity.
My ORB scan was swift and painless, but I felt a subtle sense of vulnerability throughout the night. Conversely, many attendees appeared unfazed.
“What’s the big deal? What am I concealing?” remarked social media influencer Hannah Stocking as she prepared for her orb scan. “Who really cares? I’m all in.”
This website uses cookies so that we can provide you with the best user experience possible. Cookie information is stored in your browser and performs functions such as recognising you when you return to our website and helping our team to understand which sections of the website you find most interesting and useful.
Strictly Necessary Cookies
Strictly Necessary Cookie should be enabled at all times so that we can save your preferences for cookie settings.
