Exploring the Impact of Illness on Our Lives: A Captivating Yet Imperfect Read

Healthcare professionals in protective masks stand near a triage tent for possible COVID-19 patients outside Santa María Hospital in Lisbon on April 2, 2020. Over 500 lives have been claimed by COVID-19 in Portugal, with more than 6,000 confirmed cases. (Photo by PATRICIA DE MELO MOREIRA/AFP via Getty Images)

Healthcare professionals stand near a COVID-19 triage tent in Lisbon, Portugal, April 2020.

Patricia de Melo Moreira/AFP via Getty Images

The Great Shadow
by Susan Wise Bauer, St. Martin’s Press

Publishing a book on the history of disease seems timely given the ongoing challenges with public health. As we face yet another tough winter in the Northern Hemisphere, we reflect on the previous harsh winter during the COVID-19 pandemic. Our vulnerability to illness has never been more evident.

Introducing The Great Shadow: A History of How Disease Shapes Our Actions, Thoughts, Beliefs, and Purchases, authored by Susan Wise Bauer. This work chronicles how disease influences individual lives and collective societal behaviors over centuries. From our guilty pleasures to our shopping habits, microbial influences are always at play.

However, the subject isn’t entirely new; similar works have emerged since the pandemic, such as Jonathan Kennedy’s comprehensive essays, along with updated versions of Sean Martin’s A Short History of Disease and Frederick F. Cartwright and Michael Biddis’s Disease and History. So, what sets this work apart?

The distinction lies in Bauer’s emphasis. She explores the shift from the “Hippocratic universe” to our contemporary understanding steeped in “germ theory.” The former relies on antiquated beliefs regarding bodily humors and inner balance, while the latter focuses on scientific evidence.

A key revelation of this book is the prolonged timeline for this transition; the acknowledgment that microbes cause disease took centuries to establish and only gained traction in the late Victorian era—resulting in millions of unnecessary deaths.

Yet, have we completely moved past Hippocratic medicine? The Great Shadow doubles as a discussion piece. Each chapter unveils a timeline, navigating through urbanization, the Black Death, and the trenches of World War I, before linking historical events to current beliefs surrounding disease.

At its best, this research provokes contemplation. Are we surprised that 19th-century anti-vaccination advocates resemble today’s skeptics? At its worst, some discussions may prove perplexing. For instance, Bauer confesses that following COVID-19, she avoided checkups out of fear of being criticized for her weight gain—a worrying reflection on the pressures surrounding health discussions.

Nevertheless, glimmers of insight are present in The Great Shadow. Despite moments of verbose writing, Bauer efficiently crafts narratives from historical archives. Her account of early germ theory proponents like Alexander Gordon and Ignace Semmelweis, often marginalized for their views, merits cinematic adaptation.

The final, memorable aspect of this book discusses our shift from superstition to science, presenting the current crisis termed the Third Epidemiological Transition. Bauer notes that we face not only epidemic failures with antibiotics but also the rapid emergence of novel diseases for which vaccines and treatments are yet unavailable, facilitated by modern global travel.

Peter Hoskin is the Books and Culture Editor at Prospect magazine.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

How AI is Set to Revolutionize Mental Illness Diagnosis

Vibrant chatbot icon representing AI in mental health

The most significant advancements in depression treatment have not occurred since the 1980s. Prozac, the first SSRI (Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor), marked a pivotal moment when it was introduced. This medication quickly spread globally, leading to hundreds of millions of individuals relying on SSRIs. Despite three-quarters of users reporting positive effects, not everyone experiences success with these treatments. As rates of depression continue to rise and with no substantial breakthroughs in therapies since SSRIs, an increasing number of people hope AI could revolutionize psychiatric care.

However, concerns remain. The effectiveness of chatbots hinges on the quality of data used for training. These AI tools are also susceptible to inherent biases and errors, often referred to as “hallucinations.” A recent study revealed that many well-known AI models fell short in providing reliable advice for 60% of women’s health inquiries.

Yet, AI could offer much-needed objectivity in the challenging realm of mental health diagnosis. Currently, depression diagnoses rely on ambiguous symptoms. By harnessing AI’s ability to analyze minor physical indicators, such as facial expressions and vocal patterns, psychiatry is on the path to establishing clearer biomarkers urgently needed in the field.


AI can finally impart the objectivity needed to tackle the challenging nature of diagnosis.

The consequences of inadequate treatment are profound. In the absence of novel biomarkers, recent studies have highlighted the crucial influences of relationships and exposure to nature in the prevention of depression. Notably, a recent review provided compelling evidence that physical exercise can be as effective as antidepressants and cognitive behavioral therapy in treating depression, although the reasons and ideal candidates for this approach remain unclear.

If AI can effectively determine which treatments suit individuals best, it may transform the lives of millions. Developers can learn to mitigate the numerous pitfalls associated with AI from the outset, ensuring that no patient encounters a “hallucinating” psychiatrist in the process.

Source: www.newscientist.com

DNA Uncovers the Illness that Plagued Napoleon’s Defeated Army

As Napoleon advanced into Russia in 1812, he commanded the largest army ever assembled in Europe. However, his return was marked not by gunfire, but by the chilling impact of microscopic foes.

Scientists examining DNA from the teeth of soldiers who perished during the retreat from Moscow have uncovered two diseases that devastated the Tsar’s grand army.

Historically, “typhus has been regarded as the most widespread illness in the military,” stated Nicolas Raskovan, director of the microbial paleogenomics department at the Pasteur Institute and lead author of the research. The findings were published in “Current Biology”.

Employing a method known as shotgun sequencing, Raskovan and his team investigated ancient DNA from the dental remains of 13 soldiers discovered near Vilnius, Lithuania, and identified two “previously undocumented pathogens.”

“We have confirmed the presence of Salmonella enterica, which is part of the Paratyphoid C strain,” he explained to NBC News, noting this bacteria is responsible for paratyphoid fever, along with Borrelia ricerentis, the agent of relapsing fever.

These diseases would likely have thrived in environments where “sanitation and hygiene were severely lacking,” he added.

The results align with historical accounts detailing symptoms like fever and diarrhea that plagued Napoleon’s troops, according to the study.

A “reasonable scenario” for the fatalities might include “extreme fatigue, cold weather, and multiple illnesses, such as paratyphoid fever or louse-borne relapsing fever,” the researchers noted.

“Although not necessarily deadly, louse-borne relapsing fever can be profoundly debilitating for someone already worn down,” they added.

In contrast to a 2006 study that discovered traces of bacteria causing typhus and trench fever in four out of 35 individuals, this research found no evidence of those illnesses.

However, Raskovan noted that while early research was constrained by the technology at the time, both old and new findings paint a clearer picture of the factors that led to the downfall of Napoleon’s forces.

“The discovery of four different pathogens in such a significant number of individuals strongly indicates that a variety of infections were widespread,” he remarked.

Approximately 300,000 lives were lost before Napoleon’s army retreated. It appears even an emperor cannot conquer the realm of microorganisms.

Source: www.nbcnews.com

Exploring a Unique XR Experience on Mental Illness in Melbourne’s Abandoned Mall

I recently explored Footscray, located just outside central Melbourne, and last week, I perceived it in an entirely new way. As a surreal, nightmarish realm, it’s unlike any ordinary reality. The idea of rejuvenating areas through art isn’t new, yet it’s captured in the profound dimensions of the door in question, characterized by intense, sometimes precariously unstable augmented reality, and productions that merge XR, immersive theatre, escape rooms, virtual reality, and mixed reality.

Creator and director Troy Rainbow labeled the door an “immersive journey into mental illness,” drawing from both his own experiences and those of his mother, who dealt with schizophrenia.


At 37, Rainbow utilized a letter he had penned to his mother, reflecting “her style of thought and the mindset I found myself in,” which shaped the central challenge of “adapting a paranoid belief system into the narrative.” The storyline features four delusional characters, each convinced that a man named Anton met his demise in a unique manner.

The term “immersive” has been thrown around frequently, yet this doorway truly embodies it, crafting an all-encompassing experience that captivates every sense—sight, touch, and even smell.

The experience unfolds within and around Footscray’s largely vacant Metro West Shopping Centre. Photo: Lauren Maa

The journey kicks off in a small room at the Metro West Shopping Centre, which Rainbow describes as filled with “lost dreams.” After a short guided meditation, I donned a VR headset, stepping out of that room to virtually navigate through the transformed center, discovering unique objects that hadn’t existed before. Some will later revisit these in physical form, blurring the lines between reality and illusion, triggering an uncanny sense of déjà vu.

Exchanging my headset for headphones, I ventured outside where a mysterious woman narrated stories related to the various locations around me.

Participants traverse a series of surreal outdoor rooms filled with dilapidated and decaying elements. One area resembles a lab, featuring dental chairs, while another is a security room where one can converse with an AI that mimics their voice. An unkempt kitchen is scattered with broken and oddly arranged objects, and a disquieting children’s room is filled with beautiful snakes and makeshift board games strewn across the bed.

Participants navigate through a multitude of surreal rooms throughout their adventure. Photo: Lauren Maa

The experience unfolds with voices emerging from unexpected corners, some activated by directional speakers. “It genuinely sounds like the thoughts in my head,” remarks Rainbow. These voices deliver peculiar and at times frenzied rants—one man discusses our souls transitioning into data, while a child marvels at God’s miracles. As you navigate these settings, you encounter unusual photographs and written materials, including religious texts, handwritten notes on the walls, and documents tucked into folders. It feels reminiscent of stepping into horror films or video games.


The door in question (which debuted in 2021 and has undergone several iterations since) resonates powerfully due to its intimate format. Throughout the experience, participants find themselves alone—with the exception of actors offering guidance—and left with their inner thoughts (and all the wild ideas bouncing off the walls). This intimacy, coupled with the participant’s role as co-author, renders the experience profoundly personal.

This approach to storytelling diverges significantly from traditional media, such as films and live theatre, with their fixed representational frameworks. Beyond the stark differences in dialogue, this form of storytelling uses space to unveil information and facilitate interactions between narratives and locations.

Troy Rainbow’s creations draw from personal letters and writings of his mother, who faced schizophrenia. Photo: Lauren Maa

Tech plays a crucial role in this endeavor, with Rainbow asserting, “I see technology as more than just a tool; it’s a co-creator.”

Selecting the appropriate real-world setting is equally vital, as utilizing abandoned, deteriorating spaces allows Rainbow to explore the question, “What does this inform the experience?” He adds, “Imagine how thrilling it would be if a more artistic endeavor was embedded within dormant spaces.”

Source: www.theguardian.com

Kennedy embarks on tour despite ongoing battle with chronic illness

Health Secretary Robert F. Kennedy Jr. will embark on a tour of the Southwest on Monday, focusing on nutrition and lifestyle choices as tools to combat disease. This tour, known as the Make America Healthy Tour, will take Kennedy through parts of Utah, Arizona, and New Mexico. The opening day of the tour is expected to be controversial.

Questions about the federal government’s response to the measles outbreak in West Texas have been raised, with the recent death of an unvaccinated child adding to the concerns. Kennedy attended the child’s funeral before continuing to Utah.

During the three-day tour, Kennedy’s staff plans to visit multiple health centers, a medical school teaching kitchen, meet with Navajo leaders, and visit a charter school in New Mexico to promote healthy lifestyles for students.

Since taking office, Health Secretary Robert F. Kennedy Jr.’s policies have stirred controversy, particularly his stance on vaccinations. His recent public statements indicate a shift towards supporting vaccines as an effective way to prevent diseases like measles.

While some public health experts remain skeptical of Kennedy’s position on vaccines, he plans to address the issue during a press conference in Salt Lake City. Kennedy will also discuss the importance of removing fluoride from drinking water, a topic he has advocated for in the past.

Kennedy’s views on vaccination and fluoridation have generated debate, but his tour aims to raise awareness about the role of nutrition and lifestyle in preventing diseases like measles. The tour is a platform for Kennedy to promote health initiatives and engage with communities in the Southwest.

Healthy foods and exercise play a role in limiting the outcomes of infectious diseases, but vaccination remains the best preventive measure. Dr. Michael Mina emphasizes the importance of vaccination in preventing measles infections.

Kennedy’s tour will address the importance of preventive measures like vaccination, while also focusing on issues like fluorination of drinking water. The debate around fluoridation has a long history, with conflicting views on its benefits and potential risks.

As Kennedy continues his tour of the Southwest, he will explore the intersection of nutrition, lifestyle choices, and public health initiatives. His approach to promoting health and wellness reflects a broader conversation about disease prevention and community well-being.

Source: www.nytimes.com