Scientists Find Woolly Rhinoceros DNA in Stomach of Mummified Wolf Pup

Posted on January 14, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Two ancient wolf cubs, discovered buried in the Siberian permafrost over a decade ago, are now shedding new light on their past through rich DNA evidence hidden in their remains.

For the first time, researchers have uncovered a piece of woolly rhino meat—an animal comparable in size to modern white rhinos but with a thick furry coat—preserved in the stomach of one of the wolf puppies. The DNA from this meat and fur has remarkably survived for over 14,000 years under the ice, enabling scientists to sequence the entire genome. They published their findings in the Wednesday Journal “Genome Biology and Evolution”.

“This is the first instance where an entire genome has been reconstructed from an Ice Age animal found within another Ice Age animal,” stated study author Camilo Chacón-Duque, an evolutionary biologist from Uppsala University in Sweden. “The genome quality is exceptional and of high resolution.”

A piece of woolly rhinoceros tissue found in the stomach of a preserved wolf pup in Stockholm in 2020.love darren

The woolly rhinoceros in question went extinct approximately 14,400 years ago, just a few hundred years prior to its disappearance from the fossil record. This gives researchers a unique glimpse into the genome of a species on the brink of extinction.

“This sample represents the youngest woolly rhinoceros ever sequenced, marking the closest proximity of the species to extinction,” Chacon-Duque noted.

Evolutionary biologists have long debated whether it was human hunters or climate change that ultimately led to the woolly rhinoceros’s extinction. New genomic data indicates that the population may have been robust until its sudden decline.

Tumat-1 wolf pup in Vienna in 2018.Miech Germonpre

The first of the two small puppies was discovered by ivory hunters searching for mammoth tusks in Siberia nearly 15 years ago, with the other being found four years later.

These mummified animals, known as the “Tumat pups,” have unexpectedly aided scientists in exploring the fate of another species.

According to the research, both puppies were female and likely littermates, found just six feet apart and sharing several DNA traits, as noted in a study published in Quaternary Research magazine last year.

A section of permafrost where a Tumat wolf pup was discovered near the Russian village of Tumato in 2011. Co-author Sergei Fedorov and his colleagues are in the foreground.Sergey Fedorov

“They died at a young age, around nine weeks,” explained Anne-Catherine Wyborg Runge, co-author of the Quaternary research paper. “At that age, they still had their baby teeth.”

Initial studies suggested that thawing permafrost may have triggered landslides, entombing the wolves in ice and snow, although it’s also possible that the puppies perished due to a collapsing burrow.

“They would have been buried instantly and then frozen for 14,000 years,” noted Runge’s co-author Nathan Wales, a senior archaeology lecturer at the University of York, UK.

Interestingly, the puppies were discovered near where ancient humans hunted woolly mammoths, suggesting they might have been domesticated dogs rather than wild wolves. However, no mammoth DNA was found in the pup’s stomach. Researchers believe one pup’s last meal was woolly rhinoceros meat, while the other had recently eaten a bird, leaving behind rhino meat and some feathers in the permafrost.

Study co-authors Sergei Fedorov and Mikkel Sinding conducted an autopsy in Vienna in 2018 on a Tumat wolf pup whose stomach contained woolly rhinoceros tissue fragments.Miech Germonpre

In a recent study published Wednesday, Chacón-Duque sequenced resilient chunks of meat from the animal’s last meal.

“This piece had remained in the pup’s stomach for years. It’s truly remarkable,” Runge remarked.

Although complete woolly rhinoceros genomes are rare, researchers compared their findings with two other high-quality genomes from rhinos that went extinct approximately 18,000 and 49,000 years ago.

Rab Dalen, co-author of the new study, poses with a woolly rhinoceros horn.Irina Kirilova

Chacón-Duque and team detected no signs of inbreeding or harmful mutations within the population, indicating it was robust.

“They haven’t identified any indicators suggesting population collapse, which is peculiar considering the species went extinct,” noted Wales, an ancient DNA expert not involved in the study.

Several centuries after the woolly rhinoceros roamed these areas, a significant warming phase commenced in the Northern Hemisphere, marking the end of the Ice Age. Study authors believe this newly sequenced DNA supports the hypothesis that climate change contributed to the woolly rhino’s extinction.

J Camilo Chacón Duque, co-author of the groundbreaking study.Natalia Romagosa

Chacón-Duque posits that the rising temperatures likely exert stress on cold-adapted populations, and human expansion could have facilitated the spread of diseases affecting the woolly rhino.

“All these factors likely interacted synergistically, contributing to the species’ ultimate demise,” Chacón-Duque concluded. “Without a doubt, climate change played a significant role.”

Mick Westbury, an associate professor and expert on ancient rhinos from the Technical University of Denmark, agrees with the theory’s plausibility.

However, Westbury points out that rare ancient DNA can pose interpretation challenges and that generational changes can heavily impact a species’ genetics. The woolly rhinoceros may have been at risk even if genetic analyses did not immediately indicate it.

“Sometimes, genomics alone doesn’t provide the complete picture,” Westbury remarked.

Nonetheless, Westbury suggests that these findings could offer vital insights for conservation efforts as human-induced climate change becomes an increasing threat to existing species.

“Our results indicate that the woolly rhino does not appear to be on the brink of extinction,” Westbury noted. “A species may seem genetically viable on the surface but still face vulnerabilities.”

Source: www.nbcnews.com

Murder Victim Discovered with Two Unique Sets of DNA Due to Rare Genetic Condition

Posted on January 2, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Rare Y Chromosome Discovery in Bloodstains at Crime Scene

Shutterstock/PeopleImages

Forensic investigations into the murder victim have revealed a fascinating case of Chimerism. This means her body harbored genetically distinct cells, resembling those from two different individuals.

The unidentified woman’s cellular composition displayed varying male and female cell ratios across tissues. The most plausible explanation is that she developed from one egg fertilized by two sperm—one carrying an X chromosome and the other a Y chromosome, according to biologists from New Scientist.

“This is an intriguing case, but not entirely unprecedented,” noted David Haig from Harvard University.

Visible signs of chimerism can be rare, though singer Taylor Mule has raised awareness about the condition. Often, genetic testing is the only way to identify it.

This was also true for the murder victim shot and killed in China, where blood analysis at the scene revealed the presence of a Y chromosome, prompting further investigation.

Subsequent tests showed the female (XX) to male (XY) cell ratios varied throughout her body. In one hair sample, the majority were XY cells, while the kidney revealed a balanced mix. The other tissues examined predominantly contained XX cells, albeit in varying amounts.

Typically, XX/XY chimerism is linked to ambiguous sexual characteristics. However, in this instance, the woman’s anatomy offered no indication of her condition, and she had a son—hinting that she may have been unaware of her chimerism.

One known mechanism for XX/XY chimerism formation is through the fusion of non-identical twins. Here, two separately fertilized eggs combine to form a single embryo.

Nevertheless, the X chromosome in the victim’s XY cells matched one of the X chromosomes found in the XX cells, indicating both could have originated from the same egg—thus excluding the fusion theory.

Initially, it was believed that one egg split into two eggs, each of which was fertilized to create two separate embryos that later fused. This theory has been challenged by Chinese forensic experts.

Michael Gabbett at Queensland University of Technology in Brisbane argues that this possibility is negated.

“When this type of chimera was first documented in humans, this was the prevailing theory. However, no one has been able to provide substantial evidence for it occurring in humans or other mammals,” Gabbett stated.

Instead, he proposes that one egg was fertilized by two sperm, leading to a triploid fertilized egg that ultimately divided into three. Two cells retained one set from the egg and one from sperm while the third likely contained two sperm sets, leading to its eventual demise.

This rare occurrence, termed “trigametic chimerism,” involves an egg and two sperm, a theory supported by Haig.

This phenomenon is exceedingly rare, and on occasion, the embryo can split, resulting in semi-identical twins and even chimerism. There are only two recorded cases of semi-identical twins, one of which Gabbett was involved in identifying.

For the murder victim, the chimeric cells were present throughout her body, and the Chinese research team asserts this is the first extensive examination of various organs in such cases of triplet chimerism.

Another form, microchimerism, is more prevalent than trigametic chimerism. It occurs when maternal cells invade the fetus or vice versa during pregnancy and can also happen when siblings exchange cells.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Reviving Nostalgia: DNA Upgrade Leads to the Comeback of Cassette Tapes in 2025

Posted on December 30, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

DNA Tapes: Revolutionizing Information Storage Beyond Standard Cassettes

Jiankai Li et al. 2025

DNA cassette tape technology — DNA Tapes: Revolutionizing Information Storage Beyond Standard Cassettes

Jiankai Li et al. 2025

In an innovative revival of 1960s technology, researchers have created a cassette tape that utilizes DNA for encoding information, substituting traditional iron oxide with synthetic DNA molecules printed onto plastic tape.

This groundbreaking technology boasts an astounding capacity for storing information. While conventional cassette tapes typically hold about 12 songs per side, DNA tapes can encapsulate every song ever recorded.

With a capacity of 10 megabytes per song, 100 meters of DNA cassette tape can accommodate over 3 billion songs. In total, the storage potential is a staggering 36 petabytes, equal to 36,000 terabytes of hard drive space.

Led by Jiang Xinyu and his team at Southern University of Science and Technology in Guangdong, China, these cassettes are engineered to represent digital data through the sequencing of DNA bases (A, T, C, G) much like binary code in computers. This enables the storage of various digital files, including text, images, audio, and video.

The researchers were thrilled by the public’s reaction following the announcement of the DNA cassette. New Scientist reported Jiang stating, “The diverse feedback we’ve received from scientists, artists, engineers, and educators has been rewarding, inspiring many to rethink the intersection of data, biology, and technology.”

The project team’s next objective is to create a specialized reading/writing mechanism for DNA cassettes that emulates the function of traditional magnetic tape drives. “Our new ‘head’ design will precisely align the DNA tape in a reaction chamber for chemical processes like reading and rewriting,” Jiang explains.

They anticipate that DNA cassette tapes could be available commercially within five years. “Our exploration of DNA cassette tape technology transcends mere storage capability; it encompasses a reimagining of how information exists in both physical and biological forms,” Jiang concludes.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Unlocking Secrets of Dark DNA: Insights from Human-Plant Hybrid Cells

Posted on December 29, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Groundbreaking Discovery: Plant and Human DNA Interaction

Image Credit: S Saraus/Shutterstock

How crucial is our genome? While some researchers argue that most of our DNA is active and thus essential, others suggest that even random DNA could show high activity levels. Current studies focus on human cells that incorporate substantial segments of plant DNA, shedding light on this topic. According to New Scientist, the largely random plant DNA exhibits nearly equal activity to human DNA.

This research indicates that much genomic activity may lack purpose, further supporting the theory that a significant portion of the human genome is ‘junk DNA.’

“Most activity can be attributed to background noise,” says Brett Aidy, a researcher at the University of Auckland, New Zealand. “This aligns with the concept of junk DNA.”

The primary role of DNA is to encode instructions for protein synthesis, which are essential molecular machines responsible for cellular functions. This genetic blueprint is transcribed into messenger RNA, which transports the instructions to ribosomes, the cellular machinery for protein production.

Previously, it was assumed that nearly all DNA was involved in coding proteins, but now we understand that just 1.2% of the human genome directly encodes proteins. What, then, is the destiny of the remaining DNA?

Since the 1960s, biologists have claimed that much of it is unproductive. While it’s true that some non-coding DNA plays vital roles, ongoing discoveries of functional elements won’t redefine the overarching notion that non-coding DNA is largely inert.

For instance, a 2011 study revealed that: only about 5% of the genome is evolutionarily conserved. Evolution appears indifferent to the rest. Proponents of the junk DNA theory highlight the variability in genome sizes among species. Why, for example, does an onion require five times more DNA than a human? Additionally, why do lungfish possess genomes that are thirty times larger?

In contrast, other scientists explore whether human DNA has functional roles, even if converted RNA lacks known applications. The ENCODE project’s 2012 findings suggest that over 80% of the human genome is active in some form. This raised questions about its classification as junk DNA. Some researchers have coined the term “dark DNA” for non-coding regions whose purpose remains unclear.

In reaction to ENCODE’s claims, in 2013, Sean Eddy from Harvard University proposed a controversial random genome project, hypothesizing that injecting synthetic random DNA into human cells would yield similar activity as noted in ENCODE’s findings.

“If this holds true, the results will call into question the interpretation of activity as indicative of functionality,” he posits. Austin Ganley, also from Auckland University, echoes this sentiment, emphasizing the need for baseline comparisons in the research of functional versus non-functional DNA.

However, synthesizing DNA is resource-intensive. So far, only limited attempts at random genome projects have focused on small DNA segments.

Yet, when Adey and Ganley discovered that Japanese researchers had successfully created human-plant hybrid cells with DNA segments from Thale cress (Arabidopsis), they recognized it as potentially the most extensive random genome experiment to date.

Eddy, though not directly involved, acknowledges the significance. Plants and animals diverged from a common ancestor over 1.6 billion years ago, allowing time for random mutations to accumulate within non-coding DNA segments of Arabidopsis.

Following initial validations that plant DNA behaves as random DNA in human cells, Adey and Ganley assessed DNA-to-RNA conversion rates per 1000 base pairs of non-coding DNA. If DNA to RNA conversion implies functionality, plant DNA should minimal undergo this transformation. Surprisingly, they observed slightly less activity—about 80% of the starting sites per kilobase when compared to human non-coding DNA from Arabidopsis.

This strongly indicates that the genomic activity detected by ENCODE is merely background noise.

“This illustrates the inherent noise in biological systems,” comments Chris Ponting from the University of Edinburgh, UK. “This sequence’s biochemical activity holds no function within human cells.”

“Sophisticated investigations like this were essential,” asserts Dan Graul from the University of Houston, Texas. “This adds experimental evidence confirming the long-held belief that a majority of the human genome is unnecessary. The term ‘dark DNA’ is simply a fantasy created by those envious of physics.”

Although imperfect biological systems produce noise, this noise can lead to beneficial variations that natural selection may target, notes Ganley.

The research team remains puzzled about a 25% increase in human DNA activity. “We still need to investigate the cause behind this finding,” Ganley states.

While some additional RNA generated might serve functional purposes, this does not diminish the overall perspective of junk DNA. Ongoing research is employing machine learning techniques to identify potentially meaningful activities amidst the noise.

The research team intends to publish their outcomes, though they have yet to complete their findings.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Ancient DNA Study Uncovers ‘Beach-Headed Woman’ from Southern England: New Insights into Early History

Posted on December 23, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

The skeletal remains of the individual known as ‘Beachy Head Woman’ were rediscovered in 2012 within the collection of Eastbourne Town Hall. Since then, her story has garnered significant public interest. Radiocarbon dating reveals that she lived between 129 and 311 AD during the Roman occupation of Britain. Over the last decade, researchers have sought to uncover her geographic origins and ancestry. Initially believed to originate from sub-Saharan Africa or the Mediterranean, groundbreaking DNA research now indicates she shares strong genetic connections with the local population of Roman-occupied Britain and modern-day Britons.

A depiction of Beachy Head Woman’s face. Image credit: Face Lab, Liverpool John Moores University.

The journey of Beachy Head Woman began with her rediscovery in 2012, although uncertainty still surrounds her life. Radiocarbon dating placed her death between 129 and 311 AD, during the Roman occupation of Britain.

Analysis of her remains suggests she was aged between 18 and 25 at the time of death and stood just over 1.5 meters tall. A healed leg wound implies she endured a serious but non-fatal injury during her life.

Dietary analysis of her bones indicates a high seafood diet, revealing insights into her lifestyle.

“Using advanced DNA technology, we have made significant strides in uncovering the origins of this individual,” stated researcher Dr. William Marsh from the Natural History Museum in London.

“Our findings show that her genetic ancestry is most closely aligned with other individuals from the local population of Roman Britain,” he added.

The Beachy Head Woman’s remains were unearthed from a collection at Eastbourne Town Hall. Initial findings indicated that her skeleton was discovered at Beachy Head, a nearby geographic landmark, during the 1950s, though details of the excavation remain elusive.

Interest in Beachy Head Woman intensified when initial morphometric analyses suggested potential sub-Saharan African origins. This captivating narrative was exhibited at Eastbourne Museum, capturing widespread media attention.

In 2017, unpublished DNA findings implied a Mediterranean origin, possibly from Cyprus, rather than Africa. However, these conclusions are drawn from limited data, leaving many questions about Beachy Head Woman’s life unanswered.

“As our scientific knowledge continues to expand, it is our mission as researchers to seek further answers,” commented Dr. Selina Brace, also from the Natural History Museum in London.

“Thanks to technological advancements over the past decade since Beachy Head Woman’s reemergence, we are thrilled to share new comprehensive data and insights into her life,” she concluded.

For more details, you can refer to the team’s paper published this month in the Archaeology Journal.

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Andy Walton et al. Beachy Head Woman: Uncovering her origins using multi-proxy anthropological and biomolecular approaches. Archaeology Journal, published online on December 17, 2025. doi: 10.1016/j.jas.2025.106445

Source: www.sci.news

Study Reveals Chemicals Permanently Change DNA in Unhatched Ducklings

Posted on November 14, 2025 by

According to a researcher, thousands of synthetic chemicals could be disrupting the genetic makeup of birds before they hatch, as highlighted in recent research on ducklings.

Scientists from the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) injected small doses of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) into mallard duck eggs to investigate their effects.

The findings revealed that these chemicals could alter the ducklings’ DNA, switching genes on and off in various organs, ultimately reducing their chances of survival.

PFAS, often referred to as “forever chemicals,” are a category of synthetic substances that are notably resistant to environmental degradation.

In this experiment, researchers injected three different persistent chemicals into the duck eggs to evaluate their impacts. The eggs were then sealed in wax and incubated until they hatched.

Although the study was conducted in a controlled lab setting, the aim was to replicate the type of exposure these eggs might naturally receive from their mothers.

Immediately after hatching, scientists collected samples from the ducklings’ livers, hearts, and a unique organ known as the bursa of Fabricius, which plays a crucial role in the immune system.

Mother ducks exposed to PFAS in their environment can transfer the contamination to their offspring through their eggs – Credit: Getty Images

Results indicated that in the liver, two of the three persistent chemicals triggered genetic modifications in the ducklings, affecting genes related to fat metabolism.

The study’s lead author, En Fleur Brand, emphasized, “Mallards need to regulate fat storage and consumption precisely during both breeding and migration seasons.”

“Alterations in fat metabolism may hinder survival or reproductive success.”

Meanwhile, scientists were surprised to find no significant changes in the hearts of the ducklings, although bursa of Fabricius showed effects in all PFAS-exposed individuals.

Brand remarked, “We observed increased activity in genes typically involved in viral infection detection. However, the implications for the birds remain unclear.”

The researchers concluded that PFAS could be detrimental to young wildlife, such as ducklings, and advocated for stricter regulations on these chemicals.

While some PFAS have been permanently banned, thousands remain in use, and their impacts on animals, humans, and the environment are still not completely understood.

In their study, scientists assessed one widely regulated or banned permanent chemical, applicable in the European Union, the United Kingdom, and the United States, along with two others still in circulation.

Brand stated, “These substances are prevalent in a multitude of products, ranging from frying pans and waterproof clothing to fire extinguishers, food packaging, and antifouling coatings.”

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Source: www.sciencefocus.com

Examining Hitler’s DNA as a TV Stunt is a Futile Endeavor.

Posted on November 13, 2025 by

Adolf Hitler’s genome sequenced for TV documentary

Roger Violet (via Getty Images)

Some argue that discussing Adolf Hitler can lead to losing an argument. Resorting to having his DNA sequenced to attract media attention indicates a clear defeat in the debate.

Yet, Channel 4 in the UK is doing just that with Hitler’s DNA: The Dictator’s Blueprint, airing this Saturday. I plan to watch it, so feel free to skip it.

DNA is a piece of cloth soaked in blood. It’s a remnant from the sofa where Hitler took his life in 1945, now displayed in a US museum. Despite some gaps due to age, the Y chromosome reportedly aligns with a male relative of Hitler, suggesting authenticity.

Had this been an academic pursuit aiming for knowledge, such as investigating rumors of a Jewish grandfather (which DNA disproves), it might have been acceptable. However, the documentary sensationalizes the findings, claiming this DNA will “change how we perceive Hitler.”

This implication leans towards genetic determinism, suggesting Hitler was fated to commit atrocities due to his genetics. While the documentary stops short of making this assertion, the term “dictator’s blueprint” carries that connotation.

This logic suggests that cloning Hitler would likely yield more tyrants. While impractical, identical twins—sharing the same DNA—exist as natural experiments. Twin studies estimate how much traits and conditions stem from genes rather than environment.

However, twin research has its issues. It’s challenging to disentangle genetic and environmental factors, especially as twins share upbringing. Nevertheless, estimates suggest less than 50% heritability for criminal behavior, aligning with genocidal dictators. Thus, we shouldn’t assume that a majority of hypothetical Hitler clones would become tyrants.

Moreover, our grasp of the human genome is still developing. We can’t accurately predict simple things like eye color, let alone the complex traits influenced by the brain and the environment.

Current methods can identify genetic variants linked to higher disease risks, like autism. Individuals are assigned a “polygenic score,” but these scores don’t definitively predict conditions. Various factors matter, potential associations might be coincidental, and important variants may be unidentified.

“It’s essential to stress that autism polygenic scores lack clinical utility due to inconsistent correlations and limited applicability,” stated a meta-analysis this year.

The documentary claims that Hitler’s genome shows a high propensity for autism and mental health issues like schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. While historical accounts suggest Hitler displayed troubling behaviors, genetic data cannot confirm psychological diagnoses.

Hitler’s DNA was obtained from a blood-stained piece of cloth on the couch on which Hitler committed suicide, collected by U.S. Army Colonel Roswell P. Rosengren, and is now on display at the Gettysburg Historical Museum in Pennsylvania.

Gettysburg Historical Museum

But more crucially, what if he exhibited these traits? Are there underlying explanations for these classifications? As Simon Baron-Cohen from Cambridge University states in the documentary, the adverse effects of Hitler’s abusive father play a significant role in explaining his hatred and aggression.

He learned that characteristics tied to schizophrenia may correlate with creativity and unconventional thinking, possibly elucidating Hitler’s political and military achievements. Really? This is mere conjecture.

This is the core issue with analyzing Hitler’s genome. While we draw plausible connections with his actions, these links could easily be erroneous. Moreover, such narratives further stigmatize conditions like autism and schizophrenia.

The documentary contradicts its claims, mainly reiterating existing knowledge about Hitler. The only assertion of novelty is that Hitler may have suffered from Kallmann syndrome, impacting sexual maturation. Yet, evidence already exists that Hitler faced anatomical issues as noted in past research—history often provides more clarity than genetics.

Additionally, the documentary tackles a broader question: Was Hitler singularly wicked and solely responsible for World War II and the Holocaust? There’s no shortage of genocidal dictators, many of whom rely on a supportive network.

Millions elected Hitler, and various officials upheld the legal measures enabling his rise, with numerous individuals enforcing the discriminatory laws resulting in the Holocaust. We don’t need genetic narratives to explain the emergence of dictators; the more pressing inquiry is why we permit them to rise to power.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Unveiling the Unexpected: Francis Crick’s New Biography Explores the Journey of DNA

Posted on November 13, 2025 by

Francis Crick (right) and James Watson modeling DNA in 1953

A. Barrington Brown, Gonville, Caius College/Scientific Photography Library

Click: The Moving Mind – From DNA to the Brain
Matthew Cobb profile book, England. Basic Books

Francis Crick missed a crucial seminar in 1951, likely because he was occupied with his partner. James Watson attended but failed to take proper notes, leading to inaccuracies in their initial DNA model.

This anecdote is just one of many compelling elements in Click: The Moving Mind – From DNA to the Brain, a biography by zoologist and author Matthew Cobb. If you’re curious about the discovery of DNA’s structure and subsequent developments, this is the must-read book.

Crick, raised as a shopkeeper’s son, struggled academically at first and didn’t gain admission to Oxbridge. He eventually earned a second-class degree and a rather dull PhD on the viscosity of water. After serving in WWII, he entered civil service, but his marriage faltered and his son lived with relatives. However, his readings nurtured a passion for the molecular foundations of life and consciousness. He re-entered research, working in an independent lab in Cambridge.

In 1949, he began exploring biomolecule structures through X-ray diffraction. His notes detail various mishaps: spills, misplaced films, and sample errors. Crick once flooded his boss’s hallway twice and incessantly conversed with Watson, irritating their co-workers. The two were ultimately separated to different rooms.

By 1952, Crick had a new family but faced bankruptcy and potential job loss under his boss, Lawrence Bragg. Competing biochemist Linus Pauling falsely claimed to have deduced DNA’s structure—this drove Bragg to allow Crick and Watson to pursue the DNA research unhindered. By March 1953, they had successfully unraveled it.

“
Part of Crick’s success lay in his willingness to fail, proposing multiple ideas that eventually proved incorrect.
“

While chemist Rosalind Franklin’s data was indeed significant, Cobb asserts that Crick and Watson did not misappropriate it. He also highlights that Franklin, Watson, and Wilkins collaborated more than previously recognized.

It’s often overlooked that Crick and Watson acknowledged Franklin and Wilkins in their renowned publication, Nature. A paper by Franklin and Wilkins coincided with their work, and she developed a friendship with Crick and his second wife, Odile, often staying with them during her recovery from cancer surgery, which ultimately claimed her life. This untimely death is why she wasn’t a recipient of the 1962 Nobel Prize.

Crick later played an instrumental role in decoding how DNA encodes proteins, contributing many vital insights to the process. While the biography remains engaging at this point, it loses some momentum as it shifts focus to Crick’s life, rather than Cobb’s narrative. Following the genetic code’s unveiling in the 1960s, Crick published several poorly received papers and likely faced depression in 1971.

In 1977, he relocated to California and shifted his focus to consciousness research. Cobb posits that his contributions in this field were as groundbreaking as his molecular biology achievements, including efforts to define the brain’s connectome.

This biography paints Crick as a multifaceted individual. He was anti-religious and anti-monarchy, celebrated his remarriage openly, championed cannabis legalization, experimented with acid, and occasionally hosted wild gatherings where adult films were shown. There are also allegations of unwanted advances towards several women.

Moreover, Crick corresponded with individuals expressing racist views regarding IQ and genetics but ultimately recognized that the matters were more nuanced than he once believed. Since the 1970s, he notably refrained from discussing this topic, especially in stark contrast to Watson, who passed away last week at 97.

It’s evident that Crick’s triumph stemmed not only from his brilliance but also from his readiness to fail and his willingness to propose and publish many ideas that did not pan out. For instance, one Saturday, after reviewing a paper outlining X-ray results for proteins, he, with a colleague’s assistance, was able to determine its structure by noon.

As I read, I reflected that perhaps Crick’s qualifications might not align with the current scientific standards. Today’s researchers might be astonished to learn that he had no formal education and only submitted one grant proposal. The legacy of geniuses like Crick may be struggling to thrive in a system that hasn’t nurtured their kind.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Researchers Examine Neanderthal DNA to Gain Insights into Human Facial Development and Evolution

Posted on November 12, 2025 by

Research led by scientist Hannah Long at the University of Edinburgh has found that specific regions of Neanderthal DNA are more effective at activating genes responsible for jaw development than those in humans, potentially explaining why Neanderthals had larger lower jaws.

Neanderthal. Image credit: Natural History Museum Trustees.

“With the Neanderthal genome being 99.7% identical to that of modern humans, the variations between species are likely to account for differences in appearance,” Dr. Hanna stated.

“Both human and Neanderthal genomes consist of roughly 3 billion characters that code for proteins and regulate gene expression in cells. Identifying the regions that influence appearance is akin to searching for a needle in a haystack.”

Dr. Long and her team had a targeted approach, focusing on a genomic area linked to the Pierre Robin sequence, a condition marked by an unusually small mandible.

“Individuals with the Pierre Robin sequence often have significant deletions or rearrangements in this portion of the genome that affect facial development and restrict jaw formation,” Dr. Hanna explained.

“We hypothesized that minor differences in DNA could produce more nuanced effects on facial structure.”

Upon comparing human and Neanderthal genomes, researchers discovered that in this segment, approximately 3,000 letters long, there are only three one-letter variations between the species.

This DNA region doesn’t code for genes but regulates when and how certain genes, particularly SOX9, which plays a crucial role in facial development, are activated.

To confirm that these Neanderthal-specific differences were significant for facial development, scientists needed to demonstrate that the Neanderthal version could activate genes in the appropriate cells at the right developmental stage.

They introduced both Neanderthal and human versions of this region into zebrafish DNA and programmed the cells to emit different colors of fluorescent protein based on the activation of either region.

By monitoring zebrafish embryo development, researchers observed that cells responsible for forming the lower jaw were active in both human and Neanderthal regions, with the Neanderthal regions showing greater activity.

“It was thrilling when we first noticed the activity of specific cell populations in the developing zebrafish face, particularly near the forming jaw, and even more exhilarating to see how Neanderthal-specific variations could influence activity during development,” said Dr. Long.

“This led us to contemplate the implications of these differences and explore them through experimental means.”

Recognizing that Neanderthal sequences were more effective at activating genes, the authors questioned whether this would lead to enhanced target activity affecting the shape and function of the adult jaw, mediated by SOX9.

To validate this idea, they augmented zebrafish embryos with additional samples of SOX9 and discovered that cells involved in jaw formation occupied a larger area.

“Our lab aims to further investigate the effects of genetic differences using methods that simulate various aspects of facial development,” Dr. Long remarked.

“We aspire to deepen our understanding of genetic variations in individuals with facial disorders and improve diagnostic processes.”

“This study demonstrates how examining extinct species can enhance our knowledge of how our own DNA contributes to facial diversity, development, and evolution.”

The findings are published in the journal Development.

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Kirsty Utley et al. 2025: Neanderthal-derived variants enhance SOX9 enhancer activity in craniofacial progenitor cells, influencing jaw development. Development 152 (21): dev204779; doi: 10.1242/dev.204779

Source: www.sci.news

Researchers Explore Neanderthal DNA to Uncover Insights into Human Facial Development and Evolution

Posted on November 12, 2025 by

Scientist Hannah Long and her team at the University of Edinburgh have discovered that specific regions of Neanderthal DNA are more effective at activating genes related to jaw formation compared to human DNA, which might explain why Neanderthals had larger lower jaws.

Neanderthal. Image credit: Natural History Museum Trustees.

“The Neanderthal genome shows a 99.7% similarity to the human genome, suggesting that the differences between the species contribute to variations in appearance,” explained Dr. Hanna.

“Both the human and Neanderthal genomes comprise around 3 billion characters that code for proteins and regulate gene usage in cells. Therefore, pinpointing regions that affect appearance is akin to finding a needle in a haystack.”

Dr. Long and her collaborators had a targeted hypothesis regarding where to initiate their search. They focused on a genomic area linked to the Pierre Robin sequence, a condition characterized by a notably small jaw.

“Some individuals with Pierre Robin sequence exhibit significant deletions or rearrangements in this genomic region that disrupt facial development and impede jaw formation,” stated Dr. Hanna.

“We speculated that minor variations in DNA could subtly influence facial shape.”

Through the comparison of human and Neanderthal genomes, researchers identified that in a segment approximately 3,000 letters long, there are just three one-letter differences between the two species.

This DNA segment lacks any specific genes but regulates the timing and manner in which genes, particularly SOX9, a crucial factor in facial development processes, are activated.

To demonstrate the significance of these Neanderthal-specific differences for facial development, researchers needed to confirm that the Neanderthal region could activate genes in the correct cells at the appropriate developmental stage.

They introduced both Neanderthal and human variants of this region into zebrafish DNA concurrently and programmed the cells to emit different colors of fluorescent protein based on whether the human or Neanderthal region was active.

By monitoring zebrafish embryo development, researchers observed that the cells crucial for lower jaw formation were active in both regions, with the Neanderthal regions showing greater activity than those of humans.

“We were thrilled when we first detected the activity in a specific group of cells within the developing zebrafish face, near the jaw, and even more so when we realized that Neanderthal-specific differences could modify this activity during development,” Dr. Long noted.

“This led us to ponder the potential implications of these differences and how we may explore them experimentally.”

Recognizing that Neanderthal sequences were more adept at activating genes, the authors inquired whether this would correlate with heightened activity in target cells, influencing the shape and function of the adult jaw as governed by SOX9.

To test this hypothesis, they administered additional samples to zebrafish embryos. They found that the cells involved in jaw formation occupied a larger area.

“In our lab, we aim to investigate the effects of additional DNA sequence differences using methods that replicate aspects of facial development,” Dr. Long said.

“We aspire to enhance our understanding of sequence alterations in individuals with facial disorders and assist with diagnostic efforts.”

“This research illustrates that by examining extinct species, we can gain insights into how our own DNA contributes to facial variation, development, and evolution.”

Findings are detailed in the journal Development here.

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Kirsty Utley et al. 2025: Variants derived from Neanderthals enhance SOX9 enhancer activity in craniofacial progenitor cells that shape jaw development. Development 152 (21): dev204779; doi: 10.1242/dev.204779

Source: www.sci.news

Ancient DNA May Transform Our Understanding of Iceland’s Early Settlers

Posted on November 5, 2025 by

While historical accounts claim that Ingólfr Arnarson was the first Norse settler to reach Iceland in the 870s, this assertion might not hold true.

Public domain

Norsemen may have arrived in Iceland as much as 70 years earlier than previously believed, and their arrival might not have been the environmental catastrophe often depicted.

Traditionally, it’s stated that Iceland saw its first settlement in the 870s. This early migration is frequently viewed as an ecological calamity brought on by Viking raiders and Norse settlers who cleared the forests for fuel, construction materials, and arable land. Today, less than 2 percent of the country is still forested.

Finding concrete evidence regarding the arrival of these early settlers has been challenging. Archaeologists have discovered an ancient wooden longhouse, estimated to be from around 874 AD, located near Stódvarfjordur in eastern Iceland. This old longhouse is thought to have been a summer dwelling established in the 800s, though this finding has yet to be documented in scientific journals.

Currently, Eske Willerslev, a professor at the University of Copenhagen, and his team examined environmental DNA (eDNA) gathered from sediment cores drilled in Lake Tjörnin, an area in central Reykjavík, one of Iceland’s earliest and continuously inhabited locations, to identify which species existed and their timestamps. They analyzed volcanic ash layers, alongside radiocarbon dating and plutonium isotope assessments, to develop a timeline from about 200 AD up to contemporary times, integrating known historical events.

A significant marker in their research is the Randonham tephra layer, formed from volcanic ash deposited during eruptions around 877 AD. The bulk of evidence indicating human habitation in Iceland is found above this layer, indicating subsequent settlement.

“The signs beneath the tephra provide compelling evidence for earlier human activity,” Comments Chris Callow from the University of Birmingham, UK, who did not participate in the research.

Willerslev and his colleagues postulate that humans may have arrived as early as 810 AD. This inference is based on an observed rise in levoglucosan, a compound linked to biomass burning, and a subsequent increase in sewage-related viruses.

“If it were 850, I wouldn’t have been so surprised, but 810 represents rapid Viking expansion in the North Atlantic,” Callow remarks. “Overall, this aligns with our suspicions, but a date as early as 810 remains contentious.”

While piecing together a thorough environmental history of the region is noteworthy, the evidence supporting such an early arrival remains questionable. Kathryn Catlin from Jacksonville State University in Alabama stated, “The sewage biomarkers only show a slight increase around 800, nothing until 1900. Where are the indicators of sewage and human activity in between?” She also pointed out that while biomass burning could imply human presence, natural occurrences like lightning could also ignite fires.

Willerslev and his colleagues opted not to conduct interviews. New Scientist also noted that the settlers’ arrival corresponded with an uptick in local biodiversity. Genetic data imply they brought grazing animals, cultivated hay, and grew barley on a small scale for brewing purposes.

In contrast to the widespread narrative of swift deforestation, eDNA from pollen samples revealed that birch and willow trees expanded during the settlement era. Notably, birch pollen grains rose fivefold between 900 and 1200 AD, a shift researchers believe may have been influenced by settlers managing the area to protect timber and fuel sources.

“This significantly contradicts earlier claims that Vikings arrived in Iceland and immediately caused environmental destruction,” Katrin stated.

Although sheep, cattle, pigs, and horses do not appear in considerable numbers until decades after the initial settlement, Willerslev and his colleagues propose this lag may stem from the 20-year period required to build up detectable herds in eDNA records.

Callow posits another explanation: the first inhabitants may have only visited during the summer months for walrus ivory, possibly arriving without many animals. “They could have intended to hunt a few walruses and return home,” he suggested.

eDNA indicators imply the significant loss of biodiversity, including birch and willow trees, didn’t transpire until after 1200. Willerslev and his team associate this decline with the cooler climate associated with the Little Ice Age, rather than direct effects from settlers. This marked a period of colder temperatures from approximately 1250 to around 1860, compounded by volcanic eruptions and storm surges.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

DNA Uncovers the Illness that Plagued Napoleon’s Defeated Army

Posted on October 25, 2025 by

As Napoleon advanced into Russia in 1812, he commanded the largest army ever assembled in Europe. However, his return was marked not by gunfire, but by the chilling impact of microscopic foes.

Scientists examining DNA from the teeth of soldiers who perished during the retreat from Moscow have uncovered two diseases that devastated the Tsar’s grand army.

Historically, “typhus has been regarded as the most widespread illness in the military,” stated Nicolas Raskovan, director of the microbial paleogenomics department at the Pasteur Institute and lead author of the research. The findings were published in “Current Biology”.

Employing a method known as shotgun sequencing, Raskovan and his team investigated ancient DNA from the dental remains of 13 soldiers discovered near Vilnius, Lithuania, and identified two “previously undocumented pathogens.”

“We have confirmed the presence of Salmonella enterica, which is part of the Paratyphoid C strain,” he explained to NBC News, noting this bacteria is responsible for paratyphoid fever, along with Borrelia ricerentis, the agent of relapsing fever.

These diseases would likely have thrived in environments where “sanitation and hygiene were severely lacking,” he added.

The results align with historical accounts detailing symptoms like fever and diarrhea that plagued Napoleon’s troops, according to the study.

A “reasonable scenario” for the fatalities might include “extreme fatigue, cold weather, and multiple illnesses, such as paratyphoid fever or louse-borne relapsing fever,” the researchers noted.

“Although not necessarily deadly, louse-borne relapsing fever can be profoundly debilitating for someone already worn down,” they added.

In contrast to a 2006 study that discovered traces of bacteria causing typhus and trench fever in four out of 35 individuals, this research found no evidence of those illnesses.

However, Raskovan noted that while early research was constrained by the technology at the time, both old and new findings paint a clearer picture of the factors that led to the downfall of Napoleon’s forces.

“The discovery of four different pathogens in such a significant number of individuals strongly indicates that a variety of infections were widespread,” he remarked.

Approximately 300,000 lives were lost before Napoleon’s army retreated. It appears even an emperor cannot conquer the realm of microorganisms.

Source: www.nbcnews.com

New DNA Evidence Uncovers the True Reasons Behind Napoleon’s Army Defeat

Posted on October 24, 2025 by

Researchers have uncovered new DNA evidence that challenges established theories regarding Napoleon’s ill-fated 1812 invasion of Russia. As his Grand Army, comprising around 500,000 soldiers, advanced toward Moscow, it encountered severe resistance, dwindling resources, and the harshness of winter.

As the troops began their retreat, starvation and disease were rampant. Analyzing the remains of soldiers now indicates that multiple infectious diseases may have caused the significant loss of life in the French emperor’s army, rather than typhus being the singular primary cause of devastation.

A recent study led by Dr. Nicholas Raskovan at the Pasteur Institute in Paris involved extracting genetic material from the teeth of 13 soldiers interred in a mass grave in Vilnius, Lithuania.

Through ancient DNA sequencing, no evidence of typhus was identified. Instead of the long-suspected bacteria rickettsia, the team pinpointed two distinct pathogens: salmonella enterica, which causes enteric fever (like typhoid), and Borrelia recurrentis, linked to recurring fever.

Raskovan mentioned, “Our research alters the understanding of pathogens previously unrecognized,” as reported in BBC Science Focus.

Previous research employed PCR tests, akin to those used in contemporary COVID-19 testing, to search solely for specific microorganisms. Currently available technology enables scientists to “cast a wider net,” allowing them to detect DNA fragments from all microorganisms present, Raskovan explained.

“Thanks to advancements in technology, we now have insights that were unimaginable a decade ago,” Raskovan noted.

“When we integrate our prior and current research, we discover that four different diseases affected just a small group of individuals. This implies that a single pathogen didn’t account for all the 3,000 deaths, but rather, these individuals were infected with various pathogens.”

The DNA extracted from these teeth was analyzed using cutting-edge technology to identify pathogens, even in trace amounts. Credit: © European Commission / Claudio Centonze

In essence, the situation for Napoleon’s army during their retreat from Russia was dire, facilitating the spread of various diseases. It was almost inevitable that if one illness was avoided, another would take hold.

The research also highlighted the strain Borrelia recurrentis found at the site, which is genetically identical to those from Iron Age Britain, approximately 2,000 years ago, a lineage that has since vanished.

Raskovan stated, “This strain derives from an ancestor that either no longer exists or is currently unknown. This emphasizes the significant changes in sanitation over the past two centuries, particularly with the advent of antibiotics that have virtually eradicated this once prevalent disease.”

For Raskovan, these ancient microorganisms are more than peculiar findings; they are historical witnesses. “For those infected, it’s not surprising,” he remarked. “For me, it’s fulfilling to reconstruct history.”

“These pathogens provide us with a means to learn about past populations and their dynamics.”

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Source: www.sciencefocus.com

Lab-Fertilized Egg Cells Created from Human Skin DNA

Posted on September 30, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Laboratories enable modification of human egg cell genetic identity

Science Photo Library / Aramie

Human embryos arise from eggs that utilize the DNA from adult skin cells. This was accomplished with mice. This advancement may offer a pathway for same-sex couples or women facing fertility challenges to have biologically related children.

Researchers have successfully replicated animals through cloning techniques. This involves substituting the nucleus of an egg cell with the nuclei from somatic cells such as skin cells. However, in addition to the legal hurdles surrounding human cloning, many couples desire children that carry genes from both partners, necessitating both sperm and eggs. Shoukhrat Mitalipov of Oregon Health and Science University.

This scenario is complicated by the nature of eggs and sperm being haploid, meaning they contain only one set of chromosomes. The challenge lies in halving the complete set of chromosomes found within cells such as skin cells after selecting an optimal combination of the original genes.

Females develop all of their eggs while still in the womb, where the progenitor cells initially containing 46 chromosomes undergo a complicated process of replication, mixing, and division to reduce to 23 chromosomes.

Mitalipov was intrigued by the possibility of employing natural chemical processes that facilitate chromosomal division in mature human eggs both before and after fertilization to replicate this process in his laboratory.

Having achieved this with mice, Mitalipov and his team are now trialing the method with human subjects. They started by extracting the nuclei from hundreds of eggs donated by healthy women, which were left at a specific development stage linked to chromosomal division. Next, the nuclei of skin cells, known as fibroblasts, from healthy female volunteers were inserted into these eggs. Microscopic images displayed the chromosomes aligned on the spindle and the internal structures necessary for chromosomal separation.

The team then injected sperm from a healthy donor to fertilize some of the eggs, utilizing a method akin to that employed in creating babies using third-party mitochondrial DNA, which can also minimize the risk of specific genetic disorders.

This injection typically causes the eggs to undergo chromosome selection and eliminate duplicate DNA, preparing them for additional reception from the sperm. Nonetheless, in the case of the skin-derived eggs, this process was interrupted, with chromosomes aligning but not separating. Consequently, the researchers attempted again with a new batch of fertilized eggs, applying an electrical pulse that allowed calcium to surge into the egg, emulating natural signals triggered when sperm contact the egg’s outer layer, alongside an incubation period with a drug to activate them from their dormant state pre-fertilization.

Through a series of trials, the researchers successfully halved the chromosome counts in the eggs, discarding any excess. By the conclusion of the experiment, 9% of the fertilized eggs had developed into blastocysts — a dense cluster of cells at about 5-6 days post-fertilization, typically moving into the uterus during IVF treatments. However, the team did not pursue the transfer or sustain the blastocyst beyond six days.

Despite the progress made, the mixtures of genes forming the remaining chromosomes appeared particularly susceptible to defects. “I believe this method is still in its early stages and is not presently suitable for clinical applications,” stated MITINORI SAITOU from Kyoto University in Japan.

Lin from Osaka University noted that while the techniques are “very sophisticated and organized,” they remain “inefficient and potentially hazardous for immediate clinical use.” Nevertheless, Hayashi remarked that the team has achieved a “substantial breakthrough in reducing the human genome.” “This advancement will herald new technologies,” he stated.

Mitalipov acknowledged the validity of the criticisms, emphasizing that his team is actively working to address the existing flaws. “At the end of the day, we’re making progress, but we aren’t there yet,” he remarked.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

How Fast Does the DNA Repair Leader in Your Cells Take Control?

Posted on September 26, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

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One factor in our aging process is the buildup of mutations in our cellular DNA.

Mohammed Elamine Aliwi / Alamy

Clusters of proteins seem to significantly influence the rate of DNA repair within our bodies, which in turn determines how quickly mutations accrue in cells throughout one’s life. This dynamic can significantly influence both aging and lifespan.

“It is a very reliable indicator of lifespan across humans and other animals,” states Trey Ideker from the University of California, San Diego. His research team aims to discover treatments that might enhance lifespan by increasing DNA repair mechanisms.

Some researchers assert that the evidence linking this specific protein complex—a collection of two or more proteins that collaborate for a biological function—to mutation rates is compelling. However, more investigation is necessary to concretely establish the relationship between aging and longevity.

Regarding why we age, one proposed theory is that it results from the gradual accumulation of mutations in cellular DNA. As these mutations pile up, the functionality of cellular machinery declines, leading to a cascade of issues.

Cells act like repair teams that address broken DNA, yet their efforts aren’t always adequate. In fact, the efficacy of DNA repair varies, likely influenced by genetic factors.

Ideker’s team has currently compiled evidence indicating that a protein complex known as Dream acts as a master regulator of DNA repair. This complex operates like a supervisor for the repair team. Each complex, potentially existing in numerous identical copies in every cell, is formed by various proteins, and the acronym DREAM reflects the names of its components.

Initially, DREAM was thought to control cell division, but it is now known to repress hundreds of genes tasked with DNA repair, including BRCA2, a gene that heightens breast cancer risk when mutated.

The research group created a metric for DREAM activity by scrutinizing the over 300 genes they initially manage. “This study aims to demonstrate unmistakably that high DREAM activity correlates with increased aging and reduced longevity, while low DREAM activity is favorable for longevity,” he explains.

Using data from studies involving over 100,000 mouse cells across various tissues, the researchers established that cells exhibiting greater DREAM activity harbor more mutations. Subsequently, they examined data from 92 mammalian species and confirmed a strong correlation between reduced DREAM activity and extended maximum lifespans.

In another facet of their experiment, they scrutinized data from a study involving 90 cells, including 80 individuals with Alzheimer’s disease, discovering a connection between DREAM activity and increased risk.

The team also engineered mice to lack the DREAM complex; this was a challenging task since each constituent protein has a unique role, and the entire complex is crucial for cell division early in development. Mice without it would not survive.

To navigate this challenge, they employed a drug-induced genetic strategy to deactivate the DREAM genes when the mice reached 8 weeks of age. The knockout mice exhibited 20% fewer deletion and insertion mutations in brain cells compared to their normal counterparts as they aged, though Ideker notes that the disruption to their lifespan didn’t reflect a significant extension. “The experimental design may not have been suited to uncover that,” he admits. “We now aim to conduct a more conclusive experiment linking it to extended lifespan.”

Despite this, Ideker believes the amassed evidence paints a clear picture. “Our findings indicate that DREAM plays a crucial role in aging and is indeed a significant factor in the accumulation of lifelong mutations,” he asserts.

“These are groundbreaking and significant findings,” remarks Joe ã O Pedro de Magalhães from the University of Birmingham, UK. “The data from their mouse studies indicate a causal connection between DREAM and mutation levels,” he notes; however, the researchers haven’t yet established a direct causal link with aging. “To prove this, we must demonstrate that mice exhibiting low mutation rates also enjoy increased lifespans.”

This illustrates why the theory that mutation accumulation is a key factor in aging remains unproven. Advocates like Ideker reference conditions such as Progeria, wherein individuals age prematurely due to compromised DNA repair mechanisms. Others, including de Magalhães, cite a lack of evidence that simply accumulating mutations is a driver of typical aging, although it does correlate with heightened cancer risk.

Even should DREAM complexes prove instrumental in aging, their multifaceted functions complicate the development of treatments. “Achieving a total loss of DREAM functionality, as we have done, may be too drastic,” advises team member ZANE KOCH from UCSD. “Mildly suppressing DREAM could be the optimal approach for extending lifespans.”

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Source: www.newscientist.com

US Border Patrol Collects DNA from Thousands of American Citizens, Data Reveals

Posted on September 24, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

In March 2021, a 25-year-old American citizen arrived at Chicago’s Midway Airport and was detained by US Border Patrol agents. According to a recent report, the individual underwent a cheek swab for DNA collection. This person was later identified by state authorities, and their DNA was entered into the FBI’s genetic database, all without any criminal charges being filed.

This 25-year-old is among roughly 2,000 US citizens whose DNA was gathered and forwarded to the FBI by the Department of Homeland Security between 2020 and 2024, as reported by Georgetown’s Privacy and Technology Center. The report highlights that even some 14-year-old US citizens had their DNA collected by Customs and Border Protection (CBP) officials.

“We have witnessed a significant breach of privacy,” stated Stevie Gloverson, director of research and advocacy at Georgetown’s Privacy Center. “We contend that the absence of oversight on DHS’s collection powers renders this program unconstitutional and a violation of the Fourth Amendment.”

When immigration officials collect DNA to share it with the FBI, it is stored in the Combined DNA Index System (Codis), which is utilized nationwide by various law enforcement agencies to identify crime suspects. A 2024 report also revealed that CBP collects DNA data from the Privacy and Technology Center in Georgetown. Additionally, the data indicates that DNA was collected and shared from immigrant children, with initial estimates suggesting that approximately 133,000 teens and children have had their sensitive genetic information uploaded to this federal criminal database for permanent retention.

The recent CBP document specifically outlines the number of US citizens from whom genetic samples were collected at various entry points, including significant airports. The agency gathered data on the ages of individuals whose DNA was obtained by border agents as well as any charges associated with them. Like the 25-year-old, around 40 US citizens had their DNA collected and forwarded to the FBI, including six minors.

Under current regulations, CBP is authorized to gather DNA from all individuals, regardless of citizenship status or criminal background.

However, the law does not permit Border Patrol agents to collect DNA samples from US citizens merely for being detained. Yet, recent disclosures indicate that CBP lacks a system to verify whether there is a legal basis for collecting personal DNA.

In some atypical instances, US citizens had DNA collected for minor infractions like “failure to declare” items. In at least two documented cases, citizens were subjected to DNA swabbing, with CBP agents merely noting the accusation as “immigration officer testing.”

“This is data from CBP’s own management,” Gloverson pointed out. “What the documentation reveals is alarming. Afterward, CBP agents are isolating US citizens and swabbing their mouths without justification.”

No formal federal charges have been filed in approximately 865 of the roughly 2,000 cases of US citizens whose DNA was collected by CBP, indicating, according to Gloverson, that no legal cases have been presented before an independent authority, such as a judge.

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“Many of these individuals do not go before a judge to assess the legality of their detention and arrest,” she remarked.

DNA records can disclose highly sensitive information, such as genetic relationships and lineage, regardless of an individual’s citizenship status. Information found in the criminal database, utilized for criminal investigations, could subject individuals to scrutiny that may not otherwise occur, Gloverson warned.

“If you believe your citizenship guards you against authoritarian measures, this situation is clear evidence that it does not,” she concluded.

Source: www.theguardian.com

Ancient DNA Reveals Greater Genetic Diversity in Mastodons Than Previously Thought.

Posted on September 16, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Research utilizing ancient DNA has shed light on the complex evolutionary ties and ecological responses of elephants and their relatives. In a recent study, scientists sequenced the mitochondrial genomes of various mastodons, including five specimens from Nova Scotia and the East Coast—one dating back approximately 500,000 years—as well as a unique specimen of Pacific Mastodon from Chulatin, Oregon, and a partial mitochondrial genome from North Ontario. Their findings indicate that Pacific mastodons belong to distinct and deep mitochondrial lineages, indicating this species’ range extended into western Canada and potentially even Mexico. Additionally, the authors discovered evidence of at least three separate expansions into the northeastern coastal region and identified two new groups of mastodons with clear, geographically coinciding specimens.

Adult Mastodon (Mammuthus sp.) consumes spruce branches, set against a backdrop that suggests periodic continental migrations related to climate change. During the Middle and Late Pleistocene, at least two types of mastodons roamed North America: the American mastodon, spanning from the East Coast to central regions, and the Pacific mastodon, found from central Alberta to central California. Image credit: Kathryn Kilukki.

Mastodons were originally classified into numerous separate species but were later consolidated into one, the American Mastodon (Mammut americanum).

Recent classifications have been updated to potentially recognize at least two distinct species: American mastodon and Pacific mastodon (Mammut pacificus), with ongoing debates regarding their division.

Genetic analyses confirmed that Pacific mastodons are ancient and belong to separate genetic lineages that extend further than previously thought.

Notably, Alberta emerged as a “hotspot” where Pacific and American mastodons may have gathered, expanding northward and hybridizing.

Samples collected from the East Coast and northern Ontario revealed two genetically distinct groups, referred to as mastodon clades, cohabiting the same geographic area.

Surprisingly, the eastern species exhibit significant diversity, reflecting at least three distinct waves of migration. This pattern is driven by repeated climatic warming events that opened new areas for glacial retreat and northward movement.

As temperatures decreased and glaciers expanded, mastodons were either forced southward or faced local extinction.

“The data reframes our understanding of the modern regions known as Alberta and the North, highlighting their role as migratory corridors for surrounding fauna,” the researchers noted.

Moreover, a unique and genetically distinct lineage of Mexican mastodon was identified, possibly representing a deeper evolutionary branch of the Pacific mastodon or even a brand-new third species.

During the Ice Age, the mastodon was among the largest terrestrial animals on the planet, traversing a range from Beringia (now Alaska and Yukon) through Nova Scotia and south to Central Mexico.

These creatures primarily foraged in wetlands, consuming shrubs and branches, and inhabited environments quite different from those of their well-known distant relatives, the woolly mammoths.

“This study marks significant milestones, including advancements in our understanding of the Pacific Mastodon,” stated Emil Kalpinski, a researcher at Harvard Medical School.

“It also raises numerous intriguing questions: How did these distant mastodon species interact within Alberta?”

“Did they compete for resources or, as our lab’s earlier research indicated for mammoths, engage in breeding?”

“These revelations, in conjunction with findings from our 2020 study, enrich our understanding of how mastodons migrated and diversified across North America, aiding contemporary conservation efforts in preparing for ongoing climate change and migratory species in the North,” the researchers concluded.

Their paper was published on September 12, 2025, in the journal Advances in Science.

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Emil Kalpinski et al. 2025. Repeated climate-driven dispersion and speciation in peripheral populations of Pleistocene mastodon. Advances in Science 11 (37); doi:10.1126/sciadv.adw2240

Source: www.sci.news

DNA Research Reveals Slavic Origins in Ukraine and Southern Belarus

Posted on September 16, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

The latter part of the first millennium in Central and Eastern Europe witnessed profound cultural and political changes. This transformative era is typically linked to the emergence of the Slavs, supported by textual documentation and corresponding archaeological findings. However, there remains no agreement on whether this archaeological horizon spread through transition, a process termed “slabization,” or a mix of both. Notably, the prevalent cremation practices observed during the initial phases of slab settlements lack sufficient genetic data. In a recent investigation, scientists sequenced the genomes of 555 ancient individuals, including 359 samples from the Slavic context dating back to the 7th century AD. The new findings reveal significant population movements in Eastern Europe between the 6th and 8th centuries, which replaced over 80% of the local gene pools in areas such as East Germany, Poland, and Croatia.

The seal of Yaroslav, the grand prince of Kiev from 1019 to 1054, and the father of Anna Yaroslav, the Queen of France. Image credit: Sheremetievs Museum.

The term “Slavs” first emerged to describe a nation in Constantinople during the 6th century and later gained recognition in the West.

Written records initially appeared north of the Lowward Now River and subsequently shifted to regions north of the Carpathian Basin, the Balkans, and the Eastern Alps.

Many areas were under the influence of the Avar Khaganate along the central Danube from around 567 AD to 800 AD.

Evidence indicates the presence of slab cultures in several regions of Eastern and Southeastern Europe during the 7th century.

Slavic settlements, previously inhabited by Roman, Germanic, and other pre-Slavic communities, transitioned to a simpler lifestyle, often represented archaeologically by small pithouse settlements, cremation burials, handmade and unembellished pottery, and a modest low-metal material culture associated with the Pragukorchak group.

Later, more sophisticated social structures and control emerged within the contact zone of the Byzantine-Christian West.

The Transformation of Europe by the Slavs

The first comprehensive ancient DNA analysis of medieval Slavic groups reveals that the rise of the Slavs was fundamentally a narrative of migration.

Their genetic signature points to origins in an area spanning southern Belarus to central Ukraine, aligning with longstanding linguistic and archaeological theories.

“Although direct evidence from the early Slavic core regions is still limited, our genetic findings provide initial substantial insights into the formation of Slavic ancestors, suggesting origins that may lie between the Donets and Don rivers.”

In this study, Dr. Gretzinger and colleagues gathered genome-wide data from 555 distinct ancient individuals from 26 sites throughout Central and Eastern Europe. They combined this with previously published data, creating comprehensive sampling networks for three regions.

New findings indicate that starting in the 6th century AD, large-scale migrations spread Eastern European ancestry throughout a vast area of central and eastern Europe, thus altering the genetic make-up of regions such as East Germany and Poland.

However, this expansion did not conform to a model of conquest or empire. Rather than obliterating existing military and structural hierarchies, newcomers founded new communities centered around extended families and patriarchal kinships.

This pattern was not uniform across all areas.

In eastern Germany, the changes were significant. Large, multi-generational lineages formed the backbone of society, and kinship networks became more broadly structured compared to the smaller nuclear families observed in earlier migration phases.

In contrast, areas such as Croatia experienced much less disruption in existing social patterns with the arrival of Eastern European groups.

Here, social structures often retained characteristics from previous periods, resulting in communities where new traditions harmonized with existing ones.

The regional diversity in social frameworks highlights that the spread of the Slavic group was not a one-size-fits-all process, but rather a dynamic adaptation to local contexts and histories.

“The expansion of the Slavs does not occur as a single event; it demonstrates that it is not a monolithic phenomenon, but each instance blends adaptation and integration according to its circumstances.”

Historical Overview of European Slabs: The timeline lists major historical events related to Central European Slabs. This map illustrates historical proof of the appearance of the slab (Sklavenoi – Slavvi – Winedi). The italic count indicates the date of the proven event, with each report date being in the bracket. Image credit: Gretzinger et al., doi: 10.1038/s41586-025-09437-6.

East Germany

The genetic data reveals a particularly significant narrative in East Germany.

Following the decline of the Kingdom of Thuringia, more than 85% of the region’s ancestry can be traced back to new arrivals from the east.

This reflects a shift from an earlier period of diverse populations, as epitomized by the Brucken site.

With the rise of the Slavs, this diversity gave way to a population composition resembling that of modern Slavic-speaking groups in Eastern Europe.

These new communities were structured around large extended families and patriarchal lineages, with women of marriageable age often moving to form new households elsewhere, leaving their native villages.

Notably, the genetic heritage of these initial Eastern European settlers is still present among the Sorbs, the Slavic-speaking minority in East Germany.

Amidst centuries of cultural and linguistic changes, Sorbs maintain genetic profiles closely related to early medieval Slavic populations that settled in the region over a millennium ago.

Poland

In Poland, research notably challenges previous assumptions regarding long-standing population continuity.

Genetic findings indicate that early inhabitants of the region, beginning in the 6th and 7th centuries AD—especially descendants of a population closely tied to Northern Europe and Scandinavia—were nearly completely replaced by newcomers from the East, closely related to modern Poles, Ukrainians, and Belarusians.

While overwhelming population shifts occurred, genetic evidence also reveals small traces of intermingling with local populations.

These insights underscore both the magnitude of population change and the intricate dynamics shaping the ancestry of present-day Central and Eastern European languages.

Croatia

In Northern Balkans, the patterns observed differ markedly from those in northern immigrant regions, narrating a tale of both transformation and continuity.

Ancient DNA analyses from Croatia and surrounding areas illustrate a significant influx of ancestors from Eastern Europe, yet without total genetic replacement.

Instead, Eastern European immigrants integrated with diverse local populations to form hybrid communities.

Genetic studies show that in modern Balkan populations, the proportion of Eastern European ancestry varies significantly, often reaching around half or less of the current genetic mix.

In this context, Slavic migration wasn’t characterized by conquest but was a gradual process of intermarriage and adaptation, leading to the rich cultural, linguistic, and genetic diversity that defines the Balkans today.

A New Chapter in European History

In most instances, when early Slavic groups are referenced in archaeological and historical contexts, their genetic markers are consistent, indicating a shared ancestral origin, though regional variations reflect the extent of blending with local populations.

In the north, early Germanic communities mostly left, providing space for Slavic integration.

In the south, Eastern European migrants merged with established societies.

This patchwork integration elucidates the remarkable diversity present in the cultures, languages, and genetics of contemporary Central and Eastern European societies.

“The spread of the Slavs was likely the last significant demographic event to irreversibly reshape both the genetic and linguistic landscapes of Europe,” remarked Dr. Johannes Kraus, director of the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.

The findings were published in the journal on September 3rd Nature.

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J. Gretzinger et al. Ancient DNA connects large-scale migration with the spread of the Slavs. Nature, published online on September 3, 2025. doi:10.1038/s41586-025-09437-6

This article is adapted from the original release by the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.

Source: www.sci.news

DNA Cassette Tapes: A Storage Solution for All Recorded Songs to Date

Posted on September 10, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

DNA cassettes resemble music cassette tapes

Jiankai Li et al. 2025

SEI 265469254 — DNA cassettes resemble music cassette tapes

Jiankai Li et al. 2025

With a modern twist, the nostalgic cassette tape may be resurging in the form of DNA. Previously used solely as a medium for information storage, researchers have now fused the concept with the style of 1980s cassette tapes, leading to the innovation termed DNA cassettes.

Xingyu Jiang and his colleagues at the Southern University of Science and Technology in Guangdong, China, crafted these cassettes by printing synthetic DNA molecules onto plastic tapes. “The sequences can be designed in such a manner that the order of DNA bases (A, T, C, G) conveys digital information just like binary code (0 or 1) in a computer,” he remarks. This allows for the storage of all forms of digital files, from text and images to audio and video.

A significant challenge of earlier DNA storage methods was accessing the data. To remedy this, the team implemented a series of barcodes on the tape to simplify searching. “It’s akin to locating a book in a library,” explains Jiang. “You first identify the shelf corresponding to the book and then locate the specific book on that shelf.”

The tape is also treated with a protective coating dubbed “crystal armor,” made from zeolite imidazolate, which ensures the integrity of the DNA. This allows the cassettes to retain data for centuries without degradation.

While classic cassette tapes can hold around 12 songs per side, the new 100-meter DNA cassette can house over 3 billion pieces of music comprising 10 megabytes of songs. This results in an astounding total data storage capacity of 36 petabytes, comparable to a 36,000 terabyte hard drive.

However, Jiankai Li warns that if one were to place the new tape into an old-school Walkman, it wouldn’t produce sound. “Our tapes contain DNA molecules,” he notes. “It’s similar to trying to play a photograph on a record player—the formats simply don’t align.”

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Ancient Mammoth Remains Yield the Oldest Host-Related Microbial DNA on Record

Posted on September 6, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

In a recent study, researchers examined the ancient microbial DNA of 483 mammoths, preserved for over a million years. This included 440 newly analyzed unpublished samples from Steppe Mammoths dating back 1.1 million years. Through metagenome screening, contaminant filtering, damage pattern analysis, and phylogenetic inference, they identified 310 microorganisms linked to various mammoth tissues.

Ginet et al. Partial genome reconstruction of erysipelothrix, representing the oldest confirmed host-related microbial DNA from the oldest mammoth samples. Image credit: Ginet et al., doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2025.08.003.

“Envision a mammoth tooth from a million years ago,” stated Dr. Benjamin Ginette, a postdoctoral researcher at Stockholm’s Paleogenetic Centre and the Swedish Museum of Natural History.

“Imagine if it still harbors traces of ancient microorganisms that existed alongside this mammoth?”

“Our findings push the boundaries of microbial DNA research beyond a million years, unlocking new avenues for understanding how host-associated microorganisms evolved in tandem with their hosts.”

The team discovered six microbial groups consistently linked to mammoth hosts, including relatives of Actinobacillus, Pasturella, Streptococcus, and erysipelothrix. Some of these microbes may have been pathogenic.

For instance, one Pasturella bacteria identified in this study is closely related to the pathogens responsible for a fatal outbreak among African elephants.

Given that African and Asian elephants are the closest living relatives of mammoths, these results raise concerns about whether mammoths could also be susceptible to similar infectious diseases.

Remarkably, scientists have reconstructed a partial genome of erysipelothrix from a Steppe Mammoth that lived 1.1 million years ago, marking the oldest known host-related microbial DNA ever recovered.

This advances our understanding of the interactions between ancient hosts and their microbiota.

“As microorganisms evolved rapidly, acquiring reliable DNA data spanning over a million years has felt like tracing a path that continually rewrites itself,” noted Dr. Tom van der Bark of the Paleobiological Centre and the Museum of Natural History in Sweden.

“Our discoveries illustrate that ancient artifacts can retain biological insights far beyond the host genome, offering a perspective on how microorganisms influenced Pleistocene ecosystem adaptation, disease, and extinction.”

Determining the exact impact of the identified microorganisms on mammoth health is challenging due to DNA degradation and limited comparative data, but this study provides an unparalleled view into the microbiota of extinct megafaunas.

The findings suggest that multiple microbial lines coexisted with mammoths for hundreds of thousands of years, spanning vast geographical areas and evolutionary timescales, from the extinction of woolly mammoths on Lengel Island over a million years ago to their decline around 4,000 years ago.

“This research opens a new chapter in understanding the biology of extinct species,” says Professor Love Darren, a researcher at the Swedish Museum of Natural History and the Paleogenetic Centre at Stockholm University.

“Not only can researchers study the mammoth genome itself, but they can also begin to explore the microbial communities that cohabited with it.”

This study was published this week in the journal Cell.

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Benjamin Ginet et al. Ancient host-related microorganisms recovered from mammoths. Cell published online on September 2, 2025. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2025.08.003

Source: www.sci.news

Rapamycin May Extend Lifespan by Safeguarding Against DNA Damage

Posted on September 2, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Illustration of rapamycin (red), a drug that inhibits proteins known as MTOR (blue)

Science Photo Library/Alamy

The anti-aging benefits of rapamycin may be related, at least in part, to its ability to prevent DNA damage in immune cells.

Initially created as an immunosuppressant for organ transplant patients, rapamycin blocks the function of the MTOR protein, which is crucial for cell growth and division. Studies suggest that low doses can extend the lifespan of various organisms, including the mouse, potentially by disrupting processes associated with aging, such as inflammation, intracellular breakdown, and decline in mitochondrial function.

Recent research by Lynn Cox and colleagues at Oxford University has demonstrated that rapamycin also appears to prevent DNA damage in certain types of immune cells. DNA damage is one of the key factors contributing to aging in our immune system, accelerating the aging process throughout the body.

The researchers conducted experiments with human T cells, a type of white blood cell responsible for fighting infections. When T cells were exposed to an antibiotic named zeocin alongside rapamycin, significant DNA damage occurred.

Results showed that rapamycin lowered DNA damage and tripled cell survival rates compared to T cells exposed to zeocin alone.

The researchers found no indication that the observed effects were due to other actions of rapamycin, such as preventing cell failure. “We consistently observe this effect regardless of whether rapamycin is administered prior to, during, or post-injury,” noted team member Ghada Arsare at Oxford University.

The rapid response suggests a direct impact. “The effect is very swift, indicating it influences the DNA damage response and accumulation. The lesions observed last about four hours, so it’s unlikely that there are downstream effects impacting other processes,” explained Cox.

According to Matt Kaeberlein from Washington University in Seattle, the findings support the notion that rapamycin can directly protect DNA, but “this is not the critical mechanism.” Researchers aim to explore rapamycin-induced alterations in RNA and proteins produced in immune cells.

In a separate part of the study, nine men aged 50 to 80 were assigned to receive either 1 milligram of rapamycin or a placebo daily. Blood tests conducted eight weeks later revealed that T cells from men taking rapamycin exhibited less DNA damage. Furthermore, neither group experienced a decrease in overall white blood cell counts, indicating that rapamycin does not negatively impact immune functionality. “Our findings confirm that low doses are safe, which is crucial,” stated Cox.

Mitigating DNA damage in the immune system may provide a pathway for reducing overall aging, according to Cox. Arsare highlighted the potential for rapamycin to be used preventively, such as for astronauts exposed to cosmic radiation.

“Rapamycin is particularly promising in addressing aging-related issues where DNA damage is a significant factor, such as skin aging,” noted Kaeberlein. Referring to a study, he added that local use of rapamycin reduces aging markers in human skin. However, he cautioned against generalizing results to other types of damage, such as radiation, given that Cox’s team used antibiotics to create DNA damage.

Zahida Sultanova from the University of East Anglia emphasized the necessity for trials involving women and individuals across various age groups, as the placebo-controlled experiments were limited to older men. Evidence from non-human animal studies indicates that rapamycin may have sex-specific and age-specific effects.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Denisovan DNA Might Have Aided Ancient Survival in the Americas

Posted on August 22, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Thousands of years ago, ancient Homo sapiens embarked on a perilous journey, traversing the icy expanses of the Bering Straits into the uncharted territories of the Americas. Recent research indicates that these migrants may have brought with them an extraordinary gift – MUC19 genes inherited from Denisovans, which could have played a pivotal role in helping humans adapt to the challenges of their new environments.

The concept of artist Peng Denisovan walking under the bright sun during the Pleistocene of Taiwan. Image credit: Cheng-Han Sun.

The modern human genome harbors a few archaic variants that are the remnants of past interbreeding events with Neanderthals and Denisovans.

While many of these variants are neutral, certain archaic mutations found in modern humans are believed to be targets of positive natural selection, possibly essential for human adaptation as they expanded into new lands.

The populations in the Americas encountered diverse environments, creating numerous opportunities for natural selection to favor archaic variations in these new settings.

This new research, spearheaded by a team from the University of Colorado, Boulder, and Brown University, focused on a gene known as MUC19, which aids in the production of proteins that form saliva and mucosal barriers in the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts.

The researchers found that a Denisovan variant of MUC19 exists in the DNA of modern Latin Americans with Indigenous American ancestry, as well as in individuals excavated from archaeological sites across North and South America.

The prevalence of this gene in modern human populations suggests it was under significant natural selection, indicating that it conferred survival or reproductive advantages to those who carried it.

Although the specific benefits remain unclear, given the gene’s involvement in immune processes, it may have provided an enhanced defense against pathogens encountered by early settlers in the Americas.

“From an evolutionary perspective, this discovery illustrates how ancient interbreeding can produce effects that persist today,” stated Professor Emilia Fuerta Sanchez of Brown University.

“Biologically, it identifies genes that seem to be adaptable, though their precise functions are yet to be elucidated.”

“We hope this will spur further research into the actual roles of this gene.”

Limited information exists about Denisovans, who inhabited Asia between 300,000 and 30,000 years ago, with our knowledge primarily derived from small fossils found in Denisova Cave, two jawbones discovered in Tibet and Taiwan, and an almost complete skull unearthed in China this year.

Fossils from Siberian fingers contained ancient DNA, facilitating the search for genetic similarities between Denisovans and modern humans.

Previous studies have indicated that the Denisovan-derived gene EPAS1 may have contributed to the remarkable adaptations of Sherpas and other Tibetans.

In the current study, researchers compared Denisovan DNA with the most recent genomes obtained from the 1,000 Genomes Project, a global study on genetic variations.

They found that Denisovan-derived MUC19 variants are prevalent among Latino populations with Indigenous American ancestry.

The researchers also investigated DNA from 23 individuals excavated from archaeological sites in Alaska, California, Mexico, and other parts of the Americas, finding that Denisovan-derived variants were also common in these ancient peoples.

The authors conducted several independent statistical tests demonstrating that Denisovan MUC19 genetic mutations have reached unusually high frequencies in both ancient indigenous populations and present-day indigenous peoples, indicating genes that are situated on long stretches of archaic DNA.

They also revealed that the gene likely crossed over from Denisovans to another archaic population.

“These findings reveal that past interbreeding has introduced new and potentially advantageous genetic variations into human lineages,” Professor Fuerta Sanchez remarked.

“New genetic variations typically arise through slow evolutionary processes.”

“However, these interbreeding events were a sudden means of introducing a plethora of new variations.”

“In this instance, the novel genetic reservoir seems to have aided modern humans migrating to the Americas and may have bolstered their immune systems.”

“Clearly, this gene was advantageous for these populations.”

“We hope that recognizing the significance of these genes will inspire new investigations into their functions to uncover fresh biological mechanisms, particularly relating to coding genetic variants that modify protein sequences.”

Study published in the journal Science.

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Fernando A. Villania et al. 2025 MUC19 Genes: The evolutionary history of recurrent variants and natural selection. Science 389 (6762); doi:10.1126/science.adl0882

Source: www.sci.news

DNA Study Uncovers West African Heritage in Early Medieval England

Posted on August 13, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Updown Cemetery Girl’s Skeletons Reveal West African Ancestry

M George et al.

The discovery of two unrelated young men buried in British cemeteries during the early Middle Ages suggests they may have had grandparents from West Africa. The exact means by which their ancestors arrived in the UK remains unknown, but this insight implies that Anglo-Saxon immigration was far more complex than previously assumed.

Following the Romans’ withdrawal from England in 410 AD, the British Isles were invaded and settled by Germanic tribes including the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes. To explore the possibility of migration from other regions, Duncan Sayer and his colleagues from The University of Central Lancashire conducted an analysis of ancient DNA obtained from skeletons in two 7th-century cemeteries located on the southern coast of England.

One of these cemeteries is found in Kent, where a wealth of traded artifacts from various regions were unearthed, including Frankish pottery, buckles, and brooches. Burial customs at this site indicate that items such as cookware, cutlery, and combs were included with the dead.

The other site is the Matravars cemetery in western Dorset, which had fewer individuals interred with Romano-British practices.

While the majority of individuals buried here had ancestry from Northern Europeans or Western British and Irish, both the Updown girl and the young man from Worth Matravers exhibited genetic ties to West Africa, likely from grandparents.

In both cases, mitochondrial DNA, inherited maternally, traced back to Northern Europe; however, the autosomal DNA, inherited from both parents, revealed 20-40% ancestry from West African groups such as Esan, Yoruba, Mende, and Mandinka.

This indicates that the West African DNA likely traces back to their grandparents, marking the first known genetic link between Britain and Africa during the early Middle Ages.

Both individuals were interred as typical members of their community. DNA analysis revealed that the Updown girl had relatives—a grandmother and an aunt—buried in the same cemetery, who were approximately 11-13 years old when she died.

Examination of the carbon-nitrogen isotope ratios in the bone samples of the young man from Worth Matravers, who lived between the ages of 17 and 25, suggested insights into his diet during his growth period.

“His dietary habits suggest he was born and raised in the UK,” notes team member Ceiridwen Edwards from Huddersfield University.

Edwards indicates that evidence of West African DNA in York existed during the Roman period; however, Sayer contends that the proportion of West African DNA in these individuals is significantly lower than that of descendants from the Roman era. “This finding pertains to grandparents, rather than survivors of the Roman legions or administrators stationed for centuries,” he asserts.

Moreover, there is no evidence to support the notion that these individuals were enslaved, according to Sayer:

Instead, it suggests a context of transactions and mobility of people and goods. At some point, West Africans may have arrived in England aboard trade ships and settled here.

Sayer speculates that their arrival could have been tied to North Africa’s connection with the Byzantine Empire in the 6th century, driven by military interests in accessing gold from sub-Saharan Africa. “The revitalization of this trade route coincides with a time when we can identify these grandparents,” he remarks.

“This research underscores the dynamic state of what we refer to as post-[Western] Rome and the early medieval period in England,” comments Marina Soares da Silva at the Francis Crick Institute in London. “The authors propose a trade route supported by Byzantine governance in North Africa, which I consider a plausible scenario.”

According to Sayer, 7th-century England was not merely a collection of isolated communities in a ‘dark age,’ but rather dynamic societies engaging in trade and genetic exchanges with West Africa and beyond.

Historic Herculaneum – Discover Vesuvius, Pompeii, Ancient Naples

The exploration of history and archaeology takes you on an intriguing journey where the past comes alive through Mount Vesuvius and the ruins of Pompeii and Herculaneum.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Hidden Superpowers of Hibernating Animals Might Be Within Human DNA

Posted on August 4, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Recent research conducted by scientists at the University of Utah sheds light on unlocking hibernation abilities, potentially paving the way for treatments that could reverse neurodegeneration and diabetes.

Investigating the evolution of hibernation in certain species like helinates, bats, ground squirrels, and lemurs can unveil the mysteries of their extraordinary resilience. Image credit: Chrissy Richards.

Gene clusters known as fat mass and obesity (FTO) loci are crucial to understanding hibernation capabilities. Interestingly, these genes are also present in humans.

“What stands out in this region is that it represents the most significant genetic risk factor for obesity in humans,” states Professor Chris Greg, the lead author of both studies from the University of Utah.

“Hibernators seem to leverage genes in the FTO locus uniquely.”

Professor Greg and his team discovered DNA regions specific to hibernation factors near the FTO locus that regulate the expression of nearby genes, modulating their activity.

They hypothesize that hibernators can accumulate weight prior to entering winter by adjusting the expression of adjacent genes, particularly those at or near the FTO locus, utilizing fat reserves gradually for winter energy needs.

Moreover, regulatory regions linked to hibernation outside the FTO locus appear to play a significant role in fine-tuning metabolism.

When the research team mutated these hibernation factor-specific regions in mice, they observed variations in body weight and metabolism.

Some mutations accelerated or inhibited weight gain under specific dietary conditions, while others affected the mice’s ability to restore body temperature post-hibernation or regulate their overall metabolic rate.

Interestingly, the hibernator-specific DNA regions identified by researchers are not genes themselves.

Instead, this region comprises a DNA sequence that interacts with nearby genes, modulating their expression like conductors guiding an orchestra to adjust volume levels.

“This indicates that mutating a single hibernator-specific region can influence a broad array of effects well beyond the FTO locus,” notes Dr. Susan Steinwand from the University of Utah. First study.

“Targeting a small, inconspicuous DNA region can alter the activity of hundreds of genes, which is quite unexpected.”

Gaining insight into the metabolic flexibility of hibernators may enhance the treatment of human metabolic disorders like type 2 diabetes.

“If we can manipulate more genes related to hibernation, we may find a way to overcome type 2 diabetes similar to how hibernators transition back to normal metabolic states,” says Dr. Elliot Ferris, Ph.D., of the University of Utah. Second survey.

Locating genetic regions associated with hibernation poses a challenge akin to extracting needles from a vast haystack of DNA.

To pinpoint relevant areas, scientists employed various whole-genome technologies to investigate which regions correlate with hibernation.

They then sought overlaps among the outcomes of each method.

Firstly, they searched for DNA sequences common to most mammals that have recently evolved in hibernators.

“This region has remained relatively unchanged among species for over 100 million years; however, if significant alterations occur in two hibernating mammals, it signals critical features for hibernation,” remarked Dr. Ferris.

To comprehend the biological mechanisms of hibernation, researchers tested and identified genes that exhibited fluctuations during fasting in mice, producing metabolic alterations similar to those seen in hibernation.

Subsequently, they identified genes that serve as central regulators or hubs for these fasting-induced gene expressions.

Numerous recently altered DNA regions in hibernators appear to interact with these central hub genes.

Consequently, the researchers predict that the evolution of hibernation necessitates specific modulations in hub gene regulation.

These regulatory mechanisms constitute a potential candidate list of DNA elements for future investigation.

Most alterations related to hibernation factors in the genome seem to disrupt the function of specific DNA rather than impart new capabilities.

This implies that hibernation may have shed constraints, allowing for great flexibility in metabolic control.

In essence, the human metabolic regulator is constrained to a narrow energy expenditure range, whereas, for hibernators, this restriction may not exist.

Hibernation not only reverses neurodegeneration but also prevents muscle atrophy, maintains health amidst significant weight fluctuations, and suggests enhanced aging and longevity.

Researchers surmise that their findings imply if humans can bypass certain metabolic switches, they may already possess a genetic blueprint akin to a hibernation factor superpower.

“Many individuals may already have the genetic structure in place,” stated Dr. Steinwand.

“We must identify the control switches for these hibernation traits.”

“Mastering this process could enable researchers to bestow similar resilience upon humans.”

“Understanding these hibernation-associated genomic mechanisms provides an opportunity to potentially intervene and devise strategies for tackling age-related diseases,” remarks Professor Greg.

“If such mechanisms are embedded within our existing genome, we could learn from hibernation to enhance our health.”

The findings are published in two papers in the journal Science.

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Susan Steinwand et al. 2025. Conserved non-coding CIS elements associated with hibernation regulate metabolism and behavioral adaptation in mice. Science 389 (6759): 501-507; doi: 10.1126/science.adp4701

Elliot Ferris et al. 2025. Genome convergence in hibernating mammals reveals the genetics of metabolic regulation of the hypothalamus. Science 389 (6759): 494-500; doi: 10.1126/science.adp4025

Source: www.sci.news

DNA Analysis Uncovers the True Cause Behind the Demise of Napoleon’s Army in 1812

Posted on August 1, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Napoleon’s retreat from Russia in 1812 Ary Scheffer

Iandagnall Computing / Alamy Stock Photo

During the retreat of Napoleon’s formidable 500,000-strong army from Russia in 1812, nearly half of the troops fell victim to disease, starvation, and freezing temperatures. Recent advanced DNA analysis is shedding light on the pathogens involved in this tragic demise.

In the summer of 1812, Napoleon amassed an army of 600,000 to invade Russia but was compelled to withdraw from Moscow, depleting the city of resources, and retreat toward the Polish border for the winter. From October to December 1812, around 300,000 French soldiers perished from famine, exposure, and illness.

Survivor accounts from that era indicate that typhoid fever and trench fever were leading causes of mortality and suffering among the troops, a premise that was further validated by genetic testing conducted nearly two decades ago.

Recently, Nicholas Rascovan and his team at the Pasteur Institute in Paris analyzed DNA extracted from the teeth of 13 soldiers interred in Vilnius, Lithuania.

The research team identified the presence of Salmonella enterica, which triggers peritoneal fever, and Borrelia recurrentis, a louse-borne pathogen that leads to recurrent fever.

Unlike earlier studies that relied on methods to amplify specific DNA sequences, Rascovan and his colleagues utilized advanced metagenomic techniques to detect genetic material from pathogens in the samples, allowing for a more extensive analysis.

“Considering our findings, it is plausible that the deaths of these soldiers were due to a combination of various illnesses, including fatigue, colds, lactophoreal fever, and louse-borne recurrent fever,” Rascovan and his team noted in an unpublished report. The team opted not to comment further on the story.

While not always lethal, louse-borne recurrent fever can considerably debilitate individuals who are already in a weakened state, according to the researchers.

Sally Wasef from the Queensland Institute of Technology in Australia opines that historical accounts of symptoms may correspond to multiple infectious diseases beyond those identified in the recent study.

Traces of microbial DNA were isolated from ancient remains, according to Wasef. “In my opinion, this implies that the conclusions drawn are more suggestive than definitive.”

Rascovan and his colleagues also acknowledge the necessity of examining a greater number of soldiers who perished during 1812.

The research underscores the potential of novel methodologies to identify possible infectious agents in historical populations, Wasef explains. She advocates for applying these techniques to study diseases in populations post-contact in regions like the US or Australia.

“Such research holds great promise for uncovering the impact of disease on historical population declines, particularly when written records are sparse or biased,” states Wasef.

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Archaeology/
Infectious diseases

Source: www.newscientist.com

The E. coli Genome Redesigned with 101,000 DNA Modifications

Posted on August 1, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

E. coli can lead to serious illnesses, yet is frequently utilized in pharmaceutical development.

Victor Habbick Visions/Science Photo Library

Unlike the natural evolution of life forms, our ability to create life has reached new heights. The genome of an E. coli bacterium has been meticulously redesigned via computer simulations, utilizing just 57 out of the 64 genetic codons. This synthetic genome was built from the ground up and introduced into living bacterial cells.

“This was a massive undertaking,” states Wesley Robertson from the Institute of Medical Research in Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK.

The objective was to demonstrate the feasibility of this approach, with the 57 codons, termed Syn57, offering commercial applications. Future modifications could enable Syn57 to develop complete resistance to viral infections, a significant benefit for the industrial production of proteins used in pharmaceuticals, food, or cosmetics. Since viral proteins depend on their hosts to produce, altering the genetic code can lead to erroneous viral proteins.

Moreover, additional modifications permit Syn57 to synthesize proteins containing up to 27 amino acids, whereas natural proteins are limited to 20. These synthetic proteins hold potential for functions unattainable with conventional proteins.

A protein is essentially a sequence of amino acids arranged in a specified order determined by a gene. Each triplet of DNA bases, known as a codon, instructs the synthesis machinery on when to add the next amino acid or when to cease the protein assembly.

There are four DNA bases that combine to produce 64 distinct codons. However, organisms on Earth typically utilize only 20 amino acids, leading to considerable redundancy, with multiple codons corresponding to each amino acid.

If all instances of a specific codon for an amino acid were substituted with another codon for the same amino acid, that original codon could then be repurposed. For instance, it could code for non-natural amino acids or alternative chemicals, facilitating the creation of novel protein types.

Theoretically, only 21 unique codons are required, allowing for a biological organism to free up to 43 codons—one for each natural amino acid and one stop codon. However, this is not yet feasible, as increasing genetic alterations raises the likelihood of harmful unintended consequences.

Instead, biologists are taking a more measured approach. In 2011, an edit of 314 genes in E. coli aimed to free one codon.

Because executing thousands of genetic edits is so labor-intensive, Robertson and his team opted to synthesize the DNA from scratch. In 2019, they introduced Syn61, incorporating 18,000 changes across 4 million DNA bases, achieving the release of three codons in the E. coli genome. A derivative company named Constructive.Bio is working on commercial applications.

Currently, researchers are implementing 101,000 modifications to release seven codons within Syn57. This process necessitated testing small sections of the reconstructed genome on live bacterial cultures to identify and rectify harmful changes. This complex procedure was repeated with progressively larger genome fragments until the entire structure was reassembled.

“This marks a significant achievement, resulting from years of effort,” mentions Akos Nyerges at Harvard Medical School. Nyerges’ team is also working to release seven codons in E. coli via different codon reproductions. “Our journey with the 57 codons in E. coli is ongoing,” he adds.

While Syn57 is already fully established, its growth rate is significantly slower than that of typical strains. Enhancements in this aspect are essential for commercial viability. “We anticipate being able to improve the growth rates, making it more beneficial,” remarks Robertson.

For the time being, his focus will be on investigating the potential applications of Syn57 rather than attempting further codon releases. “There’s still a great deal to accomplish before contemplating even more compressed genetic codes,” he concludes.

The first synthetic genome bacteria were created in 2010, but their design aimed more at simplifying organisms than at codon recovery.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Neurological Disorders May Be Linked to Neanderthal DNA

Posted on July 23, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

The intersection of anatomically modern Homo sapiens and Neanderthals thousands of years ago might contribute to Chiari malformation type 1, a serious neurological condition that affects an estimated 1% of today’s population.

Homo sapiens: Homo erectus, Homo heidelbergensis, and Homo neanderthalensis. Plomp et al. utilized 3D data and geometric morphometry to investigate this hypothesis. Image credit: Neanderthal Museum.” width=”580″ height=”618″ srcset=”https://cdn.sci.news/images/2014/04/image_1837-Neanderthal.jpg 580w, https://cdn.sci.news/images/2014/04/image_1837-Neanderthal-281×300.jpg 281w” sizes=”(max-width: 580px) 100vw, 580px”/>

In 2013, scientists surmised that Chiari malformation type 1 might arise from cranial development genes tracing back to three smaller extinct Homo species: Homo erectus, Homo heidelbergensis, and Homo neanderthalensis. Plomp et al. employed 3D data and geometric morphometry to evaluate this hypothesis. Image credit: Neanderthal Museum.

Chiari malformation type 1 occurs when the rear of the skull is insufficiently sized to accommodate the brain, causing a portion of the brain to protrude from the skull into the spinal canal.

This condition can compress the herniated brain tissue, resulting in symptoms such as headaches, neck pain, and dizziness. In severe instances, this can lead to life-threatening complications.

“In medicine, as in all sciences, clarifying the causal chain is vital.”

“The clearer the causal relationships, the greater the chances that the condition can be effectively managed or even resolved.”

“Further testing of the hypothesis is needed, but our study may bring us a step closer to understanding the causal chain that leads to Chiari malformation type 1.”

In 2010, genetic evidence emerged indicating that modern humans interbred with Neanderthals tens of thousands of years ago.

Individuals of non-African descent carry approximately 2-5% Neanderthal DNA, tracing back to these ancestral mating interactions.

The hypothesis suggesting that Chiari malformation type 1 may stem from ancient Homo genes entering the human gene pool through mating was first proposed by researcher Evens Barbosa Fernandez from the University of Campinas.

Dr. Fernandez hypothesized that the differences in skull structure between modern humans and other Homo species play a significant role in causing malformations.

In this study, Professor Mark Collado, PhD, Kimberly Promp at the University of the Philippines Diliman, and colleagues employed modern imaging techniques and advanced statistical shape analysis to compare 3D models of living humans with those of Homo sapiens, Neanderthals, Homo heidelbergensis, and Homo erectus.

The findings revealed that individuals with Chiari malformations exhibit more similar skull shapes to Neanderthals than those without such malformations.

Notably, all other fossil skulls align more closely with modern humans lacking Chiari malformation type 1, supporting the hypothesis that certain individuals today carry Neanderthal genes that influence skull shape, potentially leading to a mismatch between skull dimensions and the shape of the modern human brain.

This discrepancy could result in insufficient space within the skull, causing the brain to extend into the spinal cord, which is the only available outlet.

Given that various global populations possess different levels of Neanderthal DNA, this study suggests that certain European and Asian populations may be more susceptible to Chiari malformation type 1, although additional research is needed to validate this.

“The study of archaeology and human evolution is not merely fascinating,” Professor Collado remarked.

“It could offer insights into current health challenges.”

“In this instance, fossils have provided clarity about the condition, but numerous modern issues also help illuminate archaeological and paleontological findings.”

Study published in the journal Evolution, Medicine, Public Health.

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Kimberly Promp et al. 2025. An ancient hypothesis regarding Homo introduction and Chiari malformation type I Evolution, Medicine, Public Health 13(1):154-166; doi:10.1093/end/eoaf009

Source: www.sci.news

Babies Created with Three DNA Sources Are Free from Genetic Disorders

Posted on July 18, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

The baby became pregnant via IVF

Zephyr/Science Photo Library

Eight young children seem to be shielded from severe genetic disorders following their birth through a three-parent DNA technique. This method involved replacing defective maternal mitochondria with those from a female donor.

Approximately 1 in 5,000 individuals carry mitochondrial defects that provide energy to cells and are inherited solely from the mother. Such defects may result from genetic mutations leading to issues like blindness, seizures, and, in extreme cases, death. “Families find it incredibly challenging to cope with these diseases. They are heart-wrenching,” states Bobby McFarland from Newcastle University, UK.

In 2015, the UK first sanctioned a procedure called pronuclear transfer for women at high risk of passing on mitochondrial conditions, particularly those who cannot benefit from pre-implantation genetic testing.

This nuclear transfer technique utilizes eggs from both mothers and donors, which are fertilized with paternal sperm via IVF. After roughly 10 hours, the nuclei from both eggs are extracted, leaving behind the crucial genetic material that is separate from mitochondrial DNA.

The nucleus from the mother is subsequently inserted into the donor’s egg, yielding an embryo that primarily inherits DNA from its biological parent while acquiring mitochondria from the donor. Some mitochondrial DNA from the mother may still be unintentionally transmitted, according to Burt Smeet from Maastricht University in the Netherlands.

McFarland, who pioneered this method with her team, has applied the technique to 19 women harboring harmful mutations in over 80% of their mitochondria, typically the level that causes issues.

Seven of the women achieved pregnancy after the final embryo transfer, resulting in eight healthy births, including one pair of twins.

The researchers evaluated blood samples from the newborns, finding no harmful mitochondrial DNA mutations in five, and only trace levels in the remaining three. “The results have exceeded expectations,” says Mike Murphy from Cambridge University.

In the months or years following these nuclear transfers, all children have shown progress with developmental milestones. However, some may encounter complications that may or may not be linked to the procedure. For instance, one child developed high blood fat levels and an abnormal heartbeat, both of which were successfully addressed, while another experienced epilepsy at 7 months old, which resolved on its own.

The research team plans to monitor these children to assess the long-term consequences of the procedure.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

A Healthy Baby Conceived with Three DNA Sources to Combat Hereditary Diseases

Posted on July 17, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

LONDON – Eight healthy babies have been born in the UK, aided by experimental techniques designed to prevent mothers from transmitting severe rare diseases to their offspring through DNA, researchers have announced.

The majority of DNA resides within the nuclei of our cells and is inherited from both our mothers and fathers—essentially, it shapes who we are. However, mitochondria, the cell’s energy-producing structures, also contain DNA outside the nucleus. Mutations in this mitochondrial DNA can lead to various illnesses in children, resulting in symptoms like muscle weakness, seizures, developmental delays, major organ failure, and even death.

In vitro fertilization (IVF) testing typically helps identify these mutations, although there are instances where this is not evident.

Researchers have pioneered methods to circumvent these issues by employing healthy mitochondria from donor eggs. They reported their findings in 2023 in an article detailing the birth of the first babies born using this technique, which involves extracting genetic material from the mother’s eggs or embryos and transferring it to a donor egg or embryo possessing healthy mitochondria, while discarding the bulk of its original DNA.

Dr. Zev Williams, head of the Fertility Center at Columbia University and not involved in this study, stated that this research “marks a significant milestone.” He believes that broadening reproductive choices will allow more couples to achieve a safe and healthy pregnancy.

This method results in an embryo containing DNA from the mother, the father, and the donor’s mitochondria—an approach that became legally viable in the UK after law changes in 2016. Similar procedures are also permitted in Australia, though they remain banned in many countries, including the US.

Experts from Newcastle University in the UK and Monash University in Australia reported in the New England Journal of Medicine that they successfully implemented these new methods for fertilizing embryos from 22 patients, with one woman still pregnant.

Footage released by the Newcastle Fertility Center shows delicate IVF procedures.
Fertility Centre in Newcastle

One of the eight babies born exhibited unexpectedly high levels of abnormal mitochondria, according to Robin Lovell-Badge, a stem cell and developmental genetics scientist at the Francis Crick Institute, who was not involved in the research. While these levels are not currently deemed harmful, monitoring is required as the baby grows.

Andy Greenfield, a reproductive medicine expert at Oxford University not associated with the research, emphasized its significance, noting that mitochondrial replacement techniques are primarily used in other settings aimed at avoiding genetic illnesses, like early-stage embryo testing.

“This technique was certified a decade ago, so we have all been anticipating this report,” he shared with NBC News via email. “Fortunately, the children appear to be healthy.”

Long-term follow-up with these children is essential as keeping them healthy is a priority, he emphasized.

Lovell-Badge noted that the donor DNA’s contribution is minimal, asserting that the child will not exhibit characteristics from the women who provided the healthy mitochondria. The donor genetic material constitutes less than 1% of the DNA in babies conceived using this technology.

“In comparison, if you received a bone marrow transplant from a donor, you would possess significantly more DNA from other individuals,” he explained.

In the UK, all couples seeking childbirth via donated mitochondria must obtain approval from the national fertility authority.

Concerns have been raised by critics, who warn that the long-term effects of such innovative techniques on future generations remain uncertain.

“At this time, clinical application in the US is not allowed, mainly due to regulatory restrictions regarding genetic modifications to embryos,” Dr. Williams from Columbia said via email. “Whether this situation will evolve remains unclear and is subject to ongoing scientific, ethical, and policy discussions.”

For almost ten years, Congress has included provisions in the annual funding bill that prevent the FDA from accepting applications related to clinical research protocols involving the intentional creation or modification of human embryos to incorporate genetic alterations.

However, in jurisdictions where such methods are allowed, advocates argue they can offer a promising option for some families.

Liz Curtis, whose daughter Lily passed away from mitochondrial disease in 2006, is collaborating with other families affected by these disorders. She expressed the devastation of receiving a diagnosis indicating that death was inevitable for an infant without intervention.

Curtis reflected on how the diagnosis “turned our world upside down, and yet there was minimal discussion about it, what it entailed, and how it would affect Lily.” Following this experience, she founded the Lily Foundation in her daughter’s honor to raise awareness and support regarding the disease, alongside her latest initiatives at Newcastle University.

“This development is incredibly exciting for families who have little hope for a positive outcome,” Curtis remarked.

The UK fertility authority, which oversees human fertilization and embryology, endorsed the findings, noting that this technique might only be accessible to individuals with a high risk of transmitting disease to their children.

As of this month, 35 patients have been approved to undergo the procedure.

Source: www.nbcnews.com

Research Shows Accurate Age Predictions Can Be Made with Just 50 DNA Molecules

Posted on July 15, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Researchers at Hebrew University leveraged a deep learning network to analyze DNA methylation patterns, achieving a time series age (defined as postnatal time) with median accuracy for individuals under 50 years, ranging from 1.36 to 1.7 years. result This work will be published in the journal Cell Report.

Utilizing ultra-depth sequences from over 300 blood samples of healthy individuals, the research indicates that age-dependent methylation changes happen in a probabilistic or coordinated block-like fashion across clusters of CPG sites. Image credit: Ochana et al., doi: 10.1016/j.celrep.2025.115958.

“We observe that our DNA leaves measurable marks over time,” commented Professor Tommy Kaplan from Hebrew University.

“Our model interprets these marks with remarkable precision.”

“The essence lies in how our DNA evolves through a process known as methylation – the chemical tagging of DNA by methyl groups (CH)₃.

“By focusing on two vital regions of the human genome, our team successfully decoded these changes at the level of individual molecules, employing deep learning to generate accurate age estimations.”

In this research, Professor Kaplan and his team examined blood samples from over 300 healthy subjects and analyzed data from a decade-long study of the Jerusalem Perinatal Study.

The model developed by the team showed consistent performance across various factors, including smoking, weight, gender, and diverse indicators of biological aging.

In addition to potential medical applications, this technique could transform forensic science by enabling experts to estimate the age of suspects based on DNA traces.

“This provides us with a new perspective on cellular aging,” stated Yuval Dor, a professor at Hebrew University.

“It’s a striking example of the intersection between biology and artificial intelligence.”

Researchers found new patterns in DNA alterations over time, suggesting that cells encode both mature and tuned bursts, akin to biological clocks.

“It’s not solely about knowing your age,” explained Professor Ruth Shemmer of Hebrew University.

“It’s about comprehending how cells and molecules keep track of time.”

“This research could redefine our approach to health, aging, and identity,” added the scientist.

“From assisting physicians in treatment based on an individual’s biological timeline to equipping forensic investigators with advanced tools for crime-solving, the capability to decipher age from DNA paves the way for groundbreaking advancements in science, medicine, and law.”

“Moreover, it enhances our understanding of the aging process and brings us closer to unraveling our body’s internal clock.”

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Bracha-Lea Ochana et al. Time is encoded by changes in methylation at clustered CPG sites. Cell Report Published online on July 14th, 2025. doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2025.115958

Source: www.sci.news

Ancient DNA Uncovers the Dietary Preferences of the Roman Empire

Posted on July 2, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Modern rendition of garum, a fermented fish sauce dating back to Roman times

Alexander Mychko / Alamy

Garum, a type of fermented fish sauce, was a favored condiment throughout the Roman Empire. Recent analyses of ancient DNA extracted from the production vats have uncovered the specific fish species used in this staple seasoning.

This Roman fish sauce was widely appreciated for its intense salty and umami flavors. However, philosopher Seneca famously remarked that one variant had a price “as audacious as that of rotten fish.” There were various types, including a liquid known as Garum or Liquamen, and a thicker paste called Allec. The preparation involved fermenting fish and plant materials, complicating the identification of the fish species used.

According to Paula Campos from the University of Porto, Portugal, “The small, fractured bones and the acidic conditions contribute significantly to the degradation of DNA.”

Campos and her team conducted DNA sequencing on bone samples dating back to the 3rd century AD, sourced from a Roman fish sauce production facility in northwestern Spain. They compared numerous overlapping DNA sequences against the complete fish genome, allowing them to confidently identify the species involved.

This analysis revealed that the remaining fish was predominantly European sardines, aligning with previous visual identifications at other Roman fish processing sites. Additional fish species such as herring, whiting, mackerel, and anchovy have also been identified in various garum production locales.

This finding indicates that “even degraded fish remains” can yield identifiable DNA, suggesting that “it could enhance our understanding of regional variations in the main ingredients of historical fish sauces and pastes,” noted Analisa Marzano, a colleague from the University of Bologna, Italy, who was not involved in the study.

The research shows a comparison of ancient and modern sardines, indicating less genetic mixing among sardine populations across different marine regions in ancient times. This knowledge “may help us gauge the impact of human-environment interactions over the centuries,” Marzano explained.

For future studies, Campos and her colleagues intend to analyze additional fish species from other Roman garum production sites. “We’re broadening our sampling to verify if the results are consistent throughout the Roman Empire,” she added.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome May Be Inherited Through Chemical Modifications of DNA

Posted on July 1, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Illustration of enlarged ovaries in an individual with polycystic ovary syndrome

Science Photo Library/Alamy

Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) may be transmitted through families via chemical markers that modify DNA structure, implying that medications that adjust these markers in embryos could potentially prevent the disorder.

Individuals with PCOS usually display at least two of the following three key traits: elevated levels of male hormones like testosterone, irregular menstrual cycles, and the presence of immature eggs that resemble cysts in the ovaries.

While this condition frequently runs in families, its inheritance pattern remains unclear. “Around 25-30 genetic mutations are associated with PCOS, but they only account for a minor part of the hereditary aspects,” explains Elisabet Stener-Victorin from the Karolinska Institute in Sweden.

Research on mice indicates that variations in epigenetic marks (chemical tags that regulate gene activity without changing DNA sequences) may also be influential. As eggs develop, most of these marks are believed to be erased, but some may persist as a possible means of inheritance.

To investigate this in relation to human PCOS, Qianshu Zhu from China’s Chungin Medical University and colleagues conducted an analysis of the epigenetic markers in eggs and embryos donated 3 days prior, revealing data from 133 and 95 PCOS donors respectively. “No one has truly explored this with human samples,” states Stener-Victorin.

The study revealed a correlation between PCOS donation and altered patterns in three epigenetic marks in eggs and embryos. Two of these marks contribute to silencing genes and helping to package them within cells, resulting in a tighter DNA coil around a protein called histone, rendering the genetic code less accessible for RNA transcription, a crucial step in protein synthesis. Meanwhile, the third type of mark activates genes by loosening the DNA coil.

Together, the epigenetic modifications related to PCOS could potentially affect the metabolic processes of eggs and embryos, thereby elevating the chances of passing on PCOS to the next generation. Nevertheless, more research is essential to understand how these changes influence PCOS symptoms in offspring, both in mice and humans, as noted by Stener-Victorin. “At this stage, I recognize these marks differ, and that doesn’t inherently mean they are harmful,” she remarks.

Additional experiments suggest that the researchers may employ medications to reverse epigenetic alterations, potentially mitigating the risk of PCOS. “If we observe that modifying these histone marks changes the next-generation characteristics of PCOS, it could present a critical prevention target,” Zhu stated in a press release. Furthermore, the team posits that clinicians might utilize PCOS-related epigenetic markers to choose the healthiest embryos during in vitro fertilization procedures.

Zhu presented these findings at the European Breeding Association’s Annual Meeting held in Paris on July 1st.

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Epigenetics/
Women’s health

Source: www.newscientist.com

The Remarkable Journey of American Dogs Through Ancient DNA Research

Posted on June 19, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Pre-contact Central and South American dogs (Canis Familiaris) – These are all dogs that existed prior to the arrival of European settlers, originating from a single maternal lineage that spread into North America. A recent study led by researchers at Oxford University indicates that the divergence times of dog breeds in North, Central, and South America align with the agricultural expansion occurring between 7,000 and 5,000 years ago, particularly highlighting the adoption of corn in South America.

Manin et al. Illustrating the gradual southward spread of dogs alongside early agricultural societies. Artwork by John James Audubon and John Bachman.

“Dogs traveled with the initial waves of people entering North America at least 15,000-16,000 years ago,” stated Oxford University researcher Aurely Mannin and colleagues.

“They were the only type of livestock brought to America from Eurasia before the arrival of European settlers.”

“Archaeological and physical evidence suggests that Arctic dogs were utilized for sledding, aiding groups of humans traversing the frigid tundra of Siberia.”

“Analysis of ancient DNA indicates that all dogs before contact with European settlers possess mitochondrial DNA from a lineage unique to the Americas.”

“Dogs from this lineage disseminated throughout the Americas, with the exception of the Amazon Basin, suggesting they became known only following the arrival of Europeans in the 16th century.”

In this latest study, the authors sequenced 70 complete mitochondrial genomes from both archaeological and modern dogs collected from Central Mexico to Central Chile and Argentina.

The findings indicate that all pre-contact dogs in Central and South America descended from a singular maternal lineage that diverged from North American dogs when humans initially settled the continent.

Instead of a rapid spread, dogs exhibited a slower pattern known as “segregation by distance,” gradually adapting to new environments and migrating with people between 7,000 to 5,000 years ago, coinciding with the rise of corn cultivation in early agricultural communities.

The influx of Europeans brought new dog breeds that predominantly replaced indigenous strains; however, researchers discovered that modern Chihuahuas still retain maternal DNA from pre-contact Mesoamerican ancestors.

These rare genetic traces underscore the enduring legacy of the first American dogs and the deep roots of this iconic breed.

“This research emphasizes the significant role that early agricultural communities played in the dispersal of dogs worldwide,” Dr. Manin remarked.

“In the Americas, it reveals that dogs were able to adapt slowly enough to develop genetic distinctions between North, Central, and South America.”

“This is quite unusual for livestock and unveils new avenues for research into the relationships between dogs and early agricultural societies.”

“This study contributes a new chapter to the extensive shared history of dogs and humans, influenced by migration across continents, survival, and lasting relationships,” the scientists concluded.

Survey results are set to appear in Proceedings of the Royal Society b.

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Aurely Manin et al. 2025. Ancient dog mitogenomes support the double dispersion of dogs and agriculture into South America. Proc. R. Soc. b 292 (2049): 20242443; doi: 10.1098/rspb.2024.2443

Source: www.sci.news

23andMe Founders Seek to Reclaim Control of Bankrupt DNA Testing Company

Posted on June 16, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

The previous CEO of 23andMe is poised to reclaim leadership of the genetic testing firm after placing a $305 million bid from the nonprofit organization.

Recently, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals announced a deal to purchase the company for $256 million, surpassing a $146 million offer from Anne Wojcicki and the nonprofit TTAM Research Institute. A former executive noted that this substantial offer prompted Wojcicki to elevate her bid with backing from the Fortune 500 entity. The deal is anticipated to finalize in the upcoming weeks, pending a court hearing scheduled for June 17, as stated by the company on Friday.

Wojcicki had made several attempts while CEO to retain the company as private. Each attempt was met with rejection from the board, and ultimately all independent directors resigned in response to her acquisition efforts.

As a leader in ancestral DNA testing, 23andMe filed for bankruptcy in March and aimed to auction its business following a 2023 data breach that compromised sensitive genetic and personal information of millions of users.

Since its bankruptcy announcement, 23andMe has seen a significant loss of clients, with a concerning trend of users wanting their accounts closed. The company, which analyzes complete genomes with unknown parties showing interest, reported that approximately 15% of its current customers are requesting account terminations in light of the bankruptcy and potential sale. Experts recommend that customers ask firms to delete their DNA data to safeguard privacy. On Friday, TTAM endorsed 23andMe’s existing privacy policy, asserting compliance with all relevant data protection regulations. Earlier this week, New York and over 20 other U.S. states filed a lawsuit against 23andMe to contest the sale of personal data from its clients.

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Regeneron expressed enthusiasm for the new bid, but acknowledged that if Wojcicki’s offer were ultimately accepted, it would incur a $10 million termination fee.

Source: www.theguardian.com

Researchers Utilize Enhanced DNA Techniques to Classify Breast Cancer

Posted on June 12, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is recognized as one of the more aggressive and challenging breast cancers to treat. Lacking the three standard hormonal markers associated with estrogen receptors, progesterone receptors, and HER2, this absence complicates the selection of effective treatment strategies for healthcare providers.

Researchers characterize TNBC as a collection of various diseases with distinct molecular characteristics that impact how the cancer manifests and its response to treatments. They utilize specific genes and gene products to categorize TNBC types. It is important to note that there are overlaps in the current classifications, which might be explained by the presence and levels of particular chemical molecules on the DNA. These molecules play a role in regulating whether genes are activated or deactivated in cells through processes known as DNA methylation.

In this study, researchers from Sweden explored how the distribution and patterns of DNA methylation delineate different forms of TNBC, influencing tumor behavior and interactions with the body’s immune system and its treatment responses. They analyzed 235 tumor samples from various patients in Sweden, ensuring that the data was refined to focus solely on cancerous cells rather than healthy tissue.

Employing a statistical technique known as Non-negative matrix factorization, they identified two primary categories of TNBC based on DNA methylation patterns: basal and nonbasal groups. This categorization aligns with previous classifications grounded in how cells interpret gene functions, termed gene expression. The basal group comprised tumors that were typically more active in immune responses and had a higher incidence of mutations linked to DNA repair issues, notably involving the common BRCA1 gene. Conversely, although the nonbasal group lacked hormone receptors, they exhibited increased activity in genes that influence hormonal responses.

Utilizing statistical assessments, the researchers subdivided each major group into smaller subtypes. Within the basal tumors, they identified three subgroups, referred to as basal1, basal2, and basal3, characterized by varying levels of immune cell activity and gene expression profiles. One specific subgroup, Basal3, demonstrated elevated expression of proteins that aid tumors in evading the immune system. The researchers found that specific DNA methylation patterns could activate or deactivate these proteins, indicating that patients with basal tumors might benefit from existing cancer treatments targeting this protein. The Basal2 subgroup expressed genes that inhibit immune activity, while the Basal1 subgroup displayed no significant immune-related behavior.

In the nonbasal category, researchers distinguished two subtypes: nonbasal1 and nonbasal2. Both of these subgroups were more prevalent among older patients and exhibited lower survival rates compared to the basal subgroup. The Nonbasal2 group encompassed tumors that influenced hormonal activity and responses to fatty treatments, whereas the Nonbasal1 group experienced more frequent disruptions in genes associated with tumor suppression.

Across all groups, researchers identified numerous genes whose methylation could modulate tumor growth and responses to the surrounding environment. To validate their findings in a broader context, they sourced independent tumor datasets from global databases and conducted similar classification analyses. They confirmed that the identified methylation subtypes appeared in other TNBC samples and correlated methylation patterns with tumor defense mechanisms, pinpointing strategies TNBC tumors may utilize to evade the immune system.

The researchers also acknowledged several limitations of their study. Their focus on DNA methylation represents just one of many chemical modifications that can influence TNBC behavior. Some of the independent datasets utilized originated from general breast cancer studies and were not exclusively focused on TNBC. Additionally, a significant portion of the data came from Western and Northern European populations, which may limit the applicability of the findings to individuals from other ethnicities. They emphasized the necessity for larger and more diverse datasets to gain a comprehensive understanding of TNBC subtypes.

In conclusion, the researchers posited that examining DNA methylation in patient samples could effectively categorize TNBC into meaningful subtypes, each with unique biological features, immune environments, and potential treatment responses. They recommended that future studies explore the origins of epigenetic modifications, such as DNA methylation, and how these alterations contribute to variations in TNBC subtypes.

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Source: sciworthy.com

Bankrupt DNA Testing Company 23andMe Acquired for $256 Million | Technology

Posted on May 19, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Regeneron Pharmaceuticals has announced its plan to acquire genetic testing firm 23andMe Holding for $256 million through bankruptcy auctions, as revealed on Monday.

Regeneron stated that it adheres to 23andMe’s privacy policy and relevant laws concerning customer data usage, and is prepared to provide detailed explanations to court-appointed supervisors regarding this data. The deal is expected to finalize in the third quarter.

“The Regeneron Genetics Center has a solid track record of safeguarding genetic data for individuals globally while pursuing scientific discoveries that leverage this information for societal benefit.” “We assure our 23andMe customers that we will uphold strict standards of data privacy, security, and ethical oversight, enabling us to enhance human health.”

Lawmakers scrutinized the bankruptcy proceedings initiated in March, expressing concerns that genetic data from millions of clients could end up in the hands of unscrupulous buyers. One organization, the Global Biodata Trust, formally proposed acquiring 23andMe, advocating for consumer control over data, allowing individuals to either store their DNA information in a trust or share it with related public benefit companies.

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Nevertheless, this bid also posed risks to customer privacy. The United States presently lacks comprehensive privacy regulations that enforceable guidelines around how Regeneron manages, utilizes, and shares genetic data acquired from 23andMe. This absence allows businesses to modify their privacy policies at will, often without prior notice to users. Without federal privacy laws, there is minimal recourse to hold organizations, including nonprofits, accountable.

Last month, 23andMe agreed to permit court-appointed supervisors to oversee client genetic information and security policies throughout the bankruptcy process.

Under the new agreement, Regeneron will acquire all of 23andMe’s assets, with the exception of Telehealth Service Lemonaid Health, which 23andMe intends to shut down. Following the completion of the transaction, 23andMe will continue as a direct or indirect subsidiary of Regeneron, the company stated.

The company has gathered genetic data from 15 million customers who ordered DNA test kits online and provided saliva samples. Weak demand for ancestor test kits has been exacerbated by the data breaches that occurred in 2023.

Source: www.theguardian.com

Uncovering Human “Ghosts” through the DNA of a 7,000-Year-Old Mummy

Posted on April 5, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Today, the Sahara desert is one of the least popular places on our planet. But that wasn’t always the case.

Returning the clock to 7,000 years, the Sahara is a lush green savanna filled with wildlife and dotted with lakes containing one of the sizes of modern Germany. In other words, it was the perfect place for our ancient ancestors to settle down.

But who were they? We may finally know.

Scientists analyzed the DNA of two naturally occurring mummy individuals from a shelter in Takalkori rock in what is now southwestern Libya. Their discoveries reveal something extraordinary. These ancient people belonged to previously unknown branches of human family trees.

The two women belonged to the so-called “ghost population.” This is something that modern humans have only seen glimpses of as faint genetic echoes, but they have not been seen in the body.

“These samples come from some of the oldest mummies in the world.” Professor Johannes Krause senior author of the new study said BBC Science Focus. He explained that it is surprising that genomic sequencing is absolutely possible because high-temperature conditions tend to decompose such information.

View from the Takalkolilock Shelter in southern Libya. – Archaeological mission at the Sahara University of Sapienza, Rome

Genomic sequencing is the process of reading a complete set of genetic instructions found in the DNA of an organism, a type of biological blueprint.

Previous studies have examined mitochondrial DNA in mummies, which is much more limited. It is passed only through the maternal line and is much shorter than the complete genome found in the cell nucleus.

“There are about 16,000 base pairs in mitochondrial DNA,” Klaus said. “It may sound a lot, but compared to the entire 3.2 billion genome, it’s just a small portion.”

So what have the team discovered from this new, unlocked genetic treasure trove?

First, they discovered that this lost lineage had split from sub-Saharan African ancestors about 50,000 years ago.

Surprisingly, this group remained genetically isolated from other human groups for tens of thousands of years.

“It’s incredible,” Klaus said. “When they were alive, these people were like most fossils, like things they shouldn’t be there. If I had said these genomes were 40,000 years old, I would have believed it.”

View of the Takarkoli rock shelter under excavation in southern Libya. – Archaeological mission at the Sahara University of Sapienza, Rome

This long-term quarantine reveals two key insights. First, the “Green Sahara,” which continued 15,000 to 5,000 years ago, was a lush human habitat, but as many scientists had previously envisioned, it was not useful as a moving corridor between the north and sub-Saharan Africa.

Second, there was genetic mixing with northern populations, including Neanderthals. But it was limited – much less than the non-African population, carrying about 10 times more Neanderthal DNA than the Takalkori people.

We know that these people were idyllics and meant that they kept livestock like cows. But they
Genetic segregation suggests that this lifestyle was adopted by exchanging knowledge and practice with neighbouring groups rather than moving or subsequent genetic mixing. Again, this is a surprise to scientists.

Unsolved puzzles

The whole mummy genome sequence revealed much about this lost human lineage. Still, there are many more mysteries left.

“The Sahara greening only happened 15,000 years ago. Before that, it was once again desert,” Klaus said. “So we don’t really know where they were strolling around 50,000 years ago, when they split from the population of Africa’s southern Africa, and 15,000 years ago.”

Wherever they went, they must have remained isolated for tens of thousands of years. Perhaps the lost Eden? We may never know.

“That’s a real mystery,” Klaus added.

Krause’s research was published in Nature.

About our experts

Johannes Kraus is the director of the Max Planck Institute of Evolutionary Anthropology at the Ministry of Archaeology’s Institute of Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig, Germany. He is also a professor of archaeology at the Institute of Zoology and Evolution at Jena, University of Friedrich Schiller, Germany. Krause is a predominantly peer-reviewed journal, with over 250 publications. Nature, Science, Cells, Nature reviews genetics. In 2010 he was awarded the AAAS Newcomb Cleveland Award and the 2017 Thuringian Research Award for Top Performance in Basic Research.

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Source: www.sciencefocus.com

Los Angeles Sheriff to Re-Test 4,000 DNA Samples Following Possible Errors

Posted on March 27, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Around 4,000 DNA samples have been retested by the Los Angeles County Sheriff’s Department after the discovery of several test kits used last year. Officials have noted a potential pattern of “intermittently low performance” in early 2025.

The department received a warning from the test kit manufacturer on August 28 last year, but the notice was mistakenly directed to an individual not employed by the department, causing a significant delay in addressing the issue.

It was recently revealed that the affected kits were in use for approximately eight months from July 2024 to February 2025. As a response, the department has initiated an internal investigation and reinforced existing policies and procedures to ensure the accuracy of scientific results.

The Sheriff’s Department emphasized that faulty test kits should not lead to wrongful identifications of innocent individuals. Despite the possibility of incomplete or suboptimal results from the affected kits, it is unlikely that misidentifications have occurred.

Sheriff Robert G. Luna stated, “We take the integrity of our criminal investigations and the reliability of forensic testing very seriously. We are committed to addressing this issue thoroughly, ensuring transparency, and taking immediate corrective actions to protect the accuracy of ongoing and future cases.”

The LA County District Attorney’s Office is also reviewing the case to make informed decisions based on the facts and ensure the integrity of the criminal justice process.

“Building and maintaining confidence in the outcomes is crucial as we work towards rectifying any circumstances that require improvements and ensuring the integrity of individual cases.”

Source: www.nbcnews.com

AI can rapidly decode digital data stored in DNA in a matter of minutes instead of days

Posted on February 21, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

DNA can store digital data such as visual and audio files

Science Picture Co / Alamy

Artificial intelligence can read data stored in DNA strands within 10 minutes, not the day required for previous methods, and DNA storage approaches practical use of computing.

“DNA stores huge amounts of data in a very compact form and remains intact for thousands of years.” Daniella Bar-Lev At the University of California, San Diego. “In addition, DNA is naturally replicable and offers a unique advantage for long-term data storage.”

However, getting encoded information within DNA is a monumental challenge as the strands become confused when mixed and stored. During the data encoding process, individual strands may be replicated incompletely, and some fragments may be lost completely. As a result, data readings stored in DNA are similar to reconstructing books from boxes filled with pages that go beyond the finest, varied.

“The traditional methods suffer from this confusion and require several days of processing,” says Bar-Lev. The new approach “rationalizes this with AI trained to find patterns of noise,” she says.

Bar-Lev and her colleagues developed an AI-driven method called DNAFormer. The system includes a deep learning AI model trained to reconstruct DNA sequences, another computer algorithm to identify and correct errors, and a third decoding that brings everything back to digital data while correcting any remaining mistakes. Includes algorithms.

In experiments, DNAFormer can read 100 megabytes of DNA storage data 90 times faster than the next fastest method developed with traditional rules-based computing algorithms, while achieving better or equivalent accuracy. I did. The decoded data included colored images of the test tube, a 24-second audio clip from astronaut Neil Armstrong's famous Moonlanding speech, and text on why DNA is a promising data storage medium .

The team says they plan to develop a version of DNAFormer tailored to new technologies for encoding data into DNA. Omar Savery Technion – Israel Institute of Technology.

“Crucially, our approach doesn't rely specifically on us. [DNA] Synthesis or sequencing methods can be adapted to future, still undeveloped technologies that are more commercially viable,” he says.

topic:

Source: www.newscientist.com

If you are Jack the Ripper and there is no DNA evidence available

Posted on February 20, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Feedback is the latest science and technology news of new scientists, the sidelines of the latest science and technology news. You can email Feedback@newscientist.com to send items you believe readers can be fascinated by feedback.

It’s solved! or not

Feedback likes true crime as much as the next pathologically curious ghoul, so toe to the well of speculation about Whitechapel murders from 1888-91 and almost God’s Jack the Ryper I soaked it occasionally. Frankly, we weren’t far ahead of Alan Moore and Eddie Campbell. From hellwhich links the murders (spoilers!) to British institutions and Freemasonry. However, the field of “Ripperology” goes far beyond one quirky graphic novel.

So our attention was drawn Recent News Articles You need to report A fresh survey – Supported by Karen Miller, a Distant descendants of Katherine Edowsone of the five murdered women in the incident.

It all depends on shawls that appear to have belonged to Edows. Edows was gathered by police officers at the time and remained in his family for over a century. The shawl came to auction in 2007 and was purchased by a lippelologist Russell Edwards. He arranged for shawl to have a DNA test; result It was released in 2019. Get it by geneticists Jari Louhelainen and David Miller Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) From the two of them. There is a genetic marker that is common to Karen Miller, suggesting that it came from Edows. The other matched with the distant relative of Aaron Kosminski, the barber who was the suspect at the time of the murder.

For Edwards, this is evidence that Kosminski was a murderer. The scenario he promoted in his book was Name Jack’s ripper. Other lippelologists Skeptical: Social Scientist Katie Charlewood points out There is no reliable custody chain of shawlsand There is no evidence All five murders were committed by the same person.

Feedback will definitely ring this story forever, but we want to add something – not one of the latest news articles. We looked at the 2019 survey and found that the editor added “.Expression of concern“August 2024.

It refers to the letter to the editor, “concerns raised by third parties after publication.” And then the bomb comes. “During the investigation, the publishers and editors made every effort to obtain the original raw data from MtDNA analysis from the authors. However, the authors have been advised that due to device data failures and other complications. He said the data is no longer available.”

Yes, you read it correctly – the evidence of important mtDNA can never be verified because the author lost it. Perhaps Moore was right about evil mental powers after all.

The equation of love

This is a romantic story. News editor Alexandra Thompson said,Form for Love: Bringing the merits of partners and the importance of appreciation actor“.

The author argues that romantic love is “a means to the end of what feels important and valuable.” Feedback isn’t sure about it, but let’s try it. This leads them to a “multiplied three-factor model” that determines the “possibility of an actor falling in love with his partner.”

Specifically, “Love for a partner depends on the actor’s perception that (1) the partner has merit traits. These two factors are the actor’s exploration of the importance of the actor. Suppose the size and multiple combinations will determine the likelihood that an actor will be engrossed in his partner.”

In other words, the chances you might fall for someone are to find out how good they think they are, how grateful they think you are, and how you find the meaning of your life It’s a combination of how much you care about.

Feedback tried to extrapolate this to dating advice. If the amount of gratitude you show to your partner is a predictor of whether they will fall into you, if you show to your partner, if you show to your partner, then if you show to your partner, then the person will be Frequent suggestions that you should play hard seem counterproductive. Instead, they tend to fall in love, so it seems a good idea to find a partner who is desperately exploring the importance of life. However, this may have its own drawbacks. In particular, such partners may join the cult.

Good luck.

bite that hand

With news editor Jacob Aron Financial TimesFeedback learns that humanity in AI companies does not want potential employees to use AI when writing job applications. Their work ads stated: “We encourage people to use AI systems during their roles, but we want to assess your non-AS support communication skills.” But why is it artificial? mosquito? Are AI characters full of gaffs that are insurmountable to sift through?

This feedback learned it a few days after the news broke that Chinese AI company Deepseek was outperforming the US technology giant by curious coincidence. Openai complained quickly.review It shows that DeepSeek may have inappropriately distilled the model, that is, he is engaged in copyright theft.

In summary, these AI companies don’t like being attacked in AI writing slops and don’t like it if they use their work to train AI without permission. As a writer who has almost certainly been stripped down by AI companies and has never seen Penny in return, feedback can say “Bwahahaha, suck on you.”

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Source: www.newscientist.com