New Research Uncovers Internal Conflicts Among Violent Chimpanzee Groups

Posted on April 9, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

For many years in Uganda’s Kibale National Park, two groups of chimpanzees coexisted, engaging in grooming, socializing, and territory patrols within their communities.

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Then, in a shocking turn of events, one group violently attacked the other, igniting years of conflict likened to human civil wars.

When the violence erupted in 2015, John Mitani, a professor emeritus of anthropology at the University of Michigan with over 20 years of research on chimpanzees, described the chaos: “It was just chaos. They started screaming and chasing each other.”

In the three years following the outbreak, Mitani and his colleague Aaron Sandel, an associate professor of anthropology at the University of Texas, documented how the chimpanzees’ social networks began to erode. By 2018, the two factions known as Western Ngogo and Central Ngogo chimpanzees “stopped sharing territory and began engaging in aggressive behavior, even killing each other,” Mitani reported.

At least 28 chimpanzees, including 19 infants, have been killed in this period, according to the initial research published in Science.

Mitani remarked, “Individuals who once aided each other now view one another as enemies.”

Basie, a central chimpanzee, is attacked by two males from the western subpopulation.
Aaron Sandel

This marks the second observed instance of chimpanzee factions splitting and turning violent. Given that chimpanzees and bonobos are humans’ closest genetic relatives, the findings may offer insights into human behavior.

“Civil wars afflict people. How can you turn a neighbor against you? This study of chimpanzees highlights how group identity evolves and how lethal aggression arises,” Sandel noted.

Infants were torn from their mothers and killed.

Following the social collapse, one-sided violence escalated. The Western chimpanzees, initially a minority group, were responsible for all subsequent attacks post-split in 2018. While their numbers rose from 76 to 108, the Central chimpanzee population has steadily decreased.

Attacks have been brutal, with a Western chimpanzee reportedly tearing an infant from its mother’s arms and killing it.

Sandel highlighted that chimpanzees often utilize gang violence when targeting adult or adolescent males.

“Five or ten chimpanzees will overwhelm an individual, holding them down, biting, beating, and dragging them,” he explained. “The violence can be horrifying.”

Mitani remarked, “It’s distressing to witness.”

“The situation deeply troubles me,” he expressed.

Researchers seek answers regarding the reasons behind the collapse of social structures.

Since 1995, chimpanzees at Ngogo have been closely monitored, with structured documentation of their behavior. The recent study utilized 10 years of GPS tracking, 30 years of demographic data, and 24 years of detailed observations.

The team examined chimpanzee social networks by observing individual males for an hour, recording proximity, interactions, and grooming behaviors. They noted recurring patterns of overlapping social dynamics that ultimately led to a breakdown.

Mitani and Sandel propose that the group’s large size might have played a role in the violent divide. While typical chimpanzee groups consist of around 50 individuals, the Ngogo community boasted about 200, possibly straining social connections and heightening competition for resources.

Additionally, the death of five adult males from disease prior to the split could have disrupted critical social ties. Following this, a new alpha male emerged in 2015, further complicating social dynamics.

“That’s a significant factor,” Mitani explained, noting that such shifts typically occur every 6-8 years, often increasing aggression and altering relationships.

Decades ago, Jane Goodall witnessed similar violence

Approximately 50 years ago, the late Jane Goodall and her team observed a series of assaults that led to group fragmentation in Tanzania’s Gombe National Park. The main group hunted down and killed all males from the splinter group.

Researchers subsequently termed this conflict the “Four Years’ War.”

Anne Pusey, a professor emeritus of evolutionary anthropology at Duke University, studied these interactions until 1975, and noted that conditions preceding the killings were “remarkably similar” to those seen in Ngogo.

In Gombe, changes in alpha leadership, a shortage of mating females, and the deaths of amicable older males precipitated violent behavior.

Pusey remarked, “These social bonds deteriorated, leading to hostility.”

Joseph Feldblum, an evolutionary anthropologist with experience studying Gombe, stated that the recent findings align with historical observations.

“Such behavior is infrequent, yet exists within the natural repertoire of chimpanzees,” he noted.

Mitani expressed concern over the future of the Ngogo central group, suggesting they may be “doomed” based on past events at Gombe.

“The signs are evident,” he stated.

With the ongoing violence against infants and exclusion of females, Mitani concluded, “We might be witnessing an extinction event.”

Impact on humans

What can we learn from the violent behaviors displayed by our closest relatives?

Sandel emphasized that while cultural differences are often blamed for human warfare, this explanation does not apply to chimpanzees.

“Chimpanzees lack ethnicity, religions, and political ideologies, which are often identified as causes of human conflicts, especially internal strife like civil wars.”

Instead, researchers believe the violence is rooted in the breakdown of friendships and rivalry escalation. Sandel suggested that these dynamics may play a more pivotal role in human civil wars than commonly recognized, proposing that small gestures of reconciliation could be vital for peace.

Mitani reminded us that humans diverged from chimpanzees 6 to 8 million years ago. He cautioned against viewing violence against neighbors as an inherent human trait simply because it is observed in chimpanzees.

“We have evolved,” Mitani asserted. “As a species, we have become increasingly cooperative and socially inclined, often helping not only our neighbors but even strangers. This capability is not shared by chimpanzees.”

Source: www.nbcnews.com

Vera C. Rubin Observatory Uncovers Over 11,000 New Asteroids: A Milestone Discovery

Posted on April 4, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Astronomers at the Vera C. Rubin Observatory have identified over 11,000 new asteroids, including hundreds of trans-Neptunian objects and 33 previously unknown near-Earth asteroids (NEOs).

A model of the solar system highlighting asteroids discovered by Rubin in bright blue-green, while known asteroids appear in dark blue. Image credits: NSF / DOE / Vera C. Rubin Observatory / NOIRLab / SLAC / AURA / R. Proctor / NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Science Visualization Studio / ESA / Gaia / DPAC / M. Zamani, NSF’s NOIRLab.

The Vera C. Rubin Observatory has compiled a groundbreaking dataset featuring nearly 1 million observations of over 11,000 newly discovered asteroids along with more than 80,000 known asteroids collected over a short period of six weeks.

This data has been submitted to the Minor Planet Center (MPC) as the observatory gears up for future discoveries.

Dr. Mario Juric, Rubin Solar System Principal Scientist and astronomer at the University of Washington, remarked, “This initial major submission following the Rubin First Look is just the beginning, demonstrating that the observatory is fully operational.”

“What once took years or even decades to discover, Rubin will unveil in mere months,” he added.

“We are on the path to fulfilling Rubin’s mission to revolutionize our understanding of the solar system and pave the way for groundbreaking discoveries yet to be anticipated.”

The newly cataloged objects include 33 previously unknown near-Earth objects (NEOs), which are classified as small asteroids or comets that come within 1.3 times the Earth-Sun distance.

Importantly, none of the newly found NEOs present any threat to Earth, with the largest measuring approximately 500 meters across.

This dataset also contains around 380 trans-Neptunian objects (TNOs), which are icy bodies orbiting far beyond Neptune.

Among these TNOs, two (tentatively designated 2025 LS2 and 2025 MX348) were observed in extensive and elongated orbits.

At their furthest points, these objects are nearly 1,000 times further from the Sun than Earth, ranking them among the 30 most distant known asteroids.

Dr. Matthew Holman, an astrophysicist at the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, explained, “Searching for TNOs resembles looking for a needle in a haystack. We required innovative algorithms to assist computers in sifting through billions of combinations from millions of flickering light sources in the night sky to identify potential distant worlds in our solar system.”

“Such discoveries provide exciting insights into the outermost realms of the solar system, including how planets migrated during the early solar system’s formation and the lingering possibility of a still undiscovered ninth large planet,” Dr. Kevin Napier, also from the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, added.

Source: www.sci.news

Perseverance Uncovers Nickel-Rich Rocks on Mars: Insights into Early Martian Chemistry

Posted on April 2, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Exciting findings from the Neretva Canyon—a prehistoric river channel that once flowed to Mars’ Jezero Crater—uncover significant concentrations of nickel in 3 billion-year-old sediments. These patterns mirror mineral formations found on Earth, often linked to microbial activity.

Nickel detected in bright magnesium sulfate veins in Jezero Crater on Mars, supporting its genuine origin. Image credit: Manelski et al., doi: 10.1038/s41467-026-70081-3.

“The Perseverance rover landed in Mars’ Jezero Crater in February 2021 aimed at exploring ancient habitable environments and collecting core samples for future return to Earth during a planned Mars sample return mission,” stated Dr. Henry Manerski from Purdue University and his research team.

“Jezero is a Noachian impact crater, approximately 45 km in diameter, dating back 3.8 to 4 billion years, that once housed a lake, as supported by its two inlet valleys, delta fan formations, and an outlet valley on the eastern side.”

“Since its landing, Perseverance has traversed the igneous crater floor, ascended western alluvial fan deposits, crossed olivine- and carbonate-rich margins, and entered the western inlet valley known as the Neretva Valley.”

In their comprehensive study, Dr. Manerski and colleagues employed lasers, infrared spectrometers, and X-ray spectrometers onboard Perseverance to analyze 126 sedimentary rock samples and eight rock surfaces in the Neretva Valley.

They discovered nickel in 32 rocks at concentrations reaching up to 1.1% by weight, marking the highest level ever recorded in Martian rock.

The team noted that nickel tends to occur alongside iron sulfide compounds and sulfate minerals resulting from the breakdown of rocks such as jarosite and acanite.

Researchers drew parallels between the nickel-rich iron sulfide arrangements found in the Neretva Valley and the composition and structure of pyrite, an iron sulfide mineral observed in sedimentary rocks worldwide.

Iron sulfide found in Earth’s sedimentary rocks is predominantly produced by the anaerobic respiration of microorganisms that utilize sulfate in the presence of iron-rich minerals.

Previous investigations identified iron sulfide in the Neretva Valley, coinciding with organic carbon compounds and suggested these may have originated from biological sources.

“Although, such formations can also arise from non-biological processes,” the scientists noted.

“Our current research hasn’t provided evidence of any organisms being present.”

“Nickel is a vital element in the enzymes of many ancient archaeal and bacterial species, playing crucial roles in energy production, carbon fixation, and organic matter decomposition.”

“The identification of nickel-rich rocks implies that if life existed on early Mars, nickel was potentially available in forms usable by these organisms.”

“The nickel may stem from the breakdown of igneous rocks or from nickel-rich meteorites.”

“More research is essential to pinpoint the source of nickel in the Neretva Gorge and to examine its relationship with organic matter at this location.”

Results from this study were published in this week’s issue of Nature Communications.

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HT Manerski et al. 2026. Strong nickel enrichment coexists with redox and organic interactions in Neretva Canyon on Mars. Nat Commun 17, 2705; doi: 10.1038/s41467-026-70081-3

Source: www.sci.news

Revolutionary Experiment Uncovers Major Unexpected Issues in Cloning Technology

Posted on March 25, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Limited Lifespan of Cloned Mice

Xinhua/Zhou Qi/Imago/Alamy

Mice cloning study — Limited Lifespan of Cloned Mice

Xinhua/Zhou Qi/Imago/Alamy

Cloning involves creating genetically identical copies, yet extensive research over the last 20 years reveals unexpected complexities. Clones often accumulate additional mutations, and if the cloning process is repeated, these mutations can reach lethal levels. This discovery presents important implications for cloning in agriculture, conservation, and even medical applications involving humans.

The core issue lies in the numerous mutations within clones. Adult somatic cells may accumulate more mutations than gametes (egg or sperm cells). Researchers such as Teruhiko Wakayama from the University of Yamanashi in Japan suggest that the cloning process may also contribute to these mutations. “While we once believed clones were identical to their originals, the accumulated mutations present significant challenges,” Wakayama states. “Our goal is to confirm that these mutations do not lead to complications.”

Historically, cloning mammals was deemed implausible because cellular differentiation adds various chemical tags that regulate gene activity. The successful birth of Dolly the sheep in July 1996 demonstrated that transferring the nucleus of an adult cell into an empty egg could effectively reprogram the genome, enabling cell growth. Shortly after, in October 1997, Wakayama created the first cloned mouse, Kumulina.

To evaluate the efficacy of his team’s cloning technique, Wakayama initiated cloning experiments in 2005. “Similar to how a reproduced painting loses detail, we aimed to assess the quality of the clones against the original,” he explains.

By 2013, Wakayama’s team had successfully generated over 500 mice from a single donor across 25 cloning generations, claiming, “Each cloned mouse exhibited no physical anomalies and maintained normal lifespan and health.” However, this level of success has not been replicated in other species. Cloned dogs continue to face health complications, and no primate has been cloned using adult cells to date. Initially, Wakayama believed repeated cloning in mice could extend indefinitely, yet by the 58th generation, not one clone survived.

To uncover the reasons behind this decline, the research team sequenced the genomes of ten different mice from various generations. They found an average of over 70 mutations per clonal generation, three times higher than in the naturally bred control group. Notably, after the 27th generation, significant mutations began to accumulate, even leading to the loss of the entire X chromosome.

This issue may stem from evolutionary mechanisms that protect gametes from mutations while allowing adult somatic cells to accrue more mutations. Recent studies suggest mutations accumulate eight times faster in blood cells compared to sperm. Thus, if the original cloned adult cell harbored numerous mutations, so too would the resulting clones.

Wakayama also posits that the nuclear transfer process may induce additional mutations. “It’s plausible that physical shock during nuclear transfer can damage the DNA,” he remarks. “If we can devise gentler nuclear transfer techniques, we might lower the mutation rate in cloned embryos—but we’re still seeking solutions.”

Shukrat Mitalipov, a professor at Oregon Health and Science University, remains skeptical. “The mutation rate evident in cloned subjects probably reflects the genomic nature of donor cells rather than being an inherent consequence of nuclear transfer,” he states.

While human cloning is prohibited in many regions, researchers like Mitalipov are exploring nuclear transfer’s potential for generating tissues and organs that are compatible for treatments, as well as for creating sperm and egg cells for infertility therapies. Wakayama’s findings highlight the necessity of thorough donor cell screening to prevent deleterious mutations. “Evaluating donor cell populations for harmful mutations is vital; if needed, gene editing could correct identified issues.”

Nevertheless, if the cloning process itself is responsible for inducing mutations, it presents additional challenges. Nonetheless, these findings do not signal that cloning techniques entail insurmountable risks. The mutation rate per generation remains relatively low, and safety screenings can be conducted post-cloning. However, they underscore the complexities inherent in cloning technology.

Source: www.newscientist.com

CT Scan Uncovers Secrets of Triassic Cynodonts: A Deep Dive into Decades-Old Mysteries

Posted on March 24, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Initially recognized from a single skull unearthed in South Africa in 1952, Cystechinodon parvus has experienced considerable debate regarding its place in the evolutionary tree. Previously classified variously as a close relative of advanced cynodonts, a juvenile of another species, or even as a creature outside of this group, recent research employing computed tomography (CT) scans has reconstructed the fossil digitally. This compelling study reveals that this Triassic species is, in fact, a distinctive and more primitive cynodont than previously assumed.

Reconstruction of Cystechinodon parvus. Image credit: Morgan Hopp.

“Cynodontia Dr. Erin Rand and her colleagues from the University of the Witwatersrand highlight that it is one of six primary subclades of therapsids that emerged during the Late Permian, significantly contributing to the diverse tetrapod fauna of the Triassic period.

This group encompasses mammals, including both non-mammalian cynodonts and true mammals, playing a pivotal role in understanding the origins of mammals.”

“The major Triassic diversification of cynodonts is represented by eucynodonts, which are divided into two monophyletic subclades: Cynognathia and Probainognathia.”

The recent study revisited human skull analysis of Cystechinodon parvus, a type of cynodont inhabiting the middle Triassic period, approximately 247 to 237 million years ago.

This specimen measures just 5.72 cm in length and was discovered in 1952 at Louisperdokop, situated west of Maletswai in the Eastern Cape province of South Africa.

Through advanced CT imaging, researchers examined the fossil, uncovering detailed features of the skull, jaw, and internal anatomy.

The analysis places Cystechinodon parvus among basal, non-eucynodont cynodonts, diverging from more advanced eucynodont groups.

This fossil displays a unique combination of anatomical traits: a significantly enlarged vestibule in the inner ear, a small and narrow parietal foramen, a relatively simple maxillary canal, and the absence of a carotid foramen.

These characteristics support the classification of Cystechinodon parvus as a separate genus and species, indicating that it likely led an underground lifestyle.

Specifically, the enhanced vestibule of the inner ear suggests heightened sensitivity to low-frequency sounds, a feature commonly associated with modern burrowing animals.

Consequently, researchers concluded that Cystechinodon parvus was likely an obligate burrowing species.

“After a century of debate regarding the classification of Cystechinodon parvus, our findings provide significant support for its recognition as a true clade of non-mammalian cynodonts,” the researchers stated.

“The evidence from our study firmly establishes Cystechinodon parvus as a valid taxon of basal non-eucynodont Cynodontia (specifically, the non-eucynodont epicynodonts).”

“Although the specimen represents a developmental range from subadult to adult, its classification is substantiated by a midline-opening secondary palate.”

“Ultimately, its unique inner ear and endocast anatomy further confirm that Cystechinodon parvus was a distinct fossil animal.”

“Cystechinodon parvus has been reconstructed as the basal lineage of southern African cynodonts that survived the end-Permian mass extinction and continued as a relict fauna into the early Middle Triassic,” the researchers concluded.

For more detailed insights, refer to their published paper in the Anatomical Records this month.

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Erin S. Rand and colleagues, Re-description of Triassic cynodonts Cystechinodon parvus and reassessment of its phylogeny. Anatomical Records, published online on March 19, 2026. doi: 10.1002/ar.70179

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Source: www.sci.news

Webb’s Infrared Vision Uncovers Planetary Nebula That Looks Like a Celestial Brain

Posted on February 28, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

The remarkable sensitivity of the NASA/ESA/CSA James Webb Space Telescope in near- and mid-infrared light offers new insights into PMR 1, a little-explored nebula in the constellation Vela.

These web images depict PMR 1, a planetary nebula located about 5,000 light-years away in the Vela constellation. Image credit: NASA/ESA/CSA/STScI/Joseph DePasquale, STScI.

PMR 1 is a fascinating planetary nebula situated approximately 5,000 light-years from our Earth in the Vela constellation.

Also known as IRAS 09269-4923, this nebula was previously captured in infrared light by the now-retired Spitzer Space Telescope in 2013.

The advanced technology of the Webb Telescope reveals striking details that enhance the nebula’s brain-like appearance.

According to Webb astronomers, “The nebula exhibits distinct regions that illustrate various stages of its evolution; the outer shell, largely composed of hydrogen, is initially blown out while the inner cloud is more refined, containing a mix of gases.” They stated.

“Webb’s NIRCam (Near-Infrared Camera) and MIRI (Mid-Infrared Instrument) identify unique dark lanes traversing vertically through the center of the nebula, accentuating the brain-like shape of its left and right hemispheres.”

“These dark lanes may be linked to an explosive event or outflow from the central star, often triggered by twin jets moving in opposite directions.”

“This phenomenon is notably apparent at the top of the nebula in Webb’s MIRI images, where gas seems to be jetting outward.”

Despite remaining mysteries surrounding this nebula, it is evident that it was formed by a star nearing the end of its fuel-burning phase.” The astronomers added.

“During this final phase, the star sheds its outer layers, a dynamic process that occurs relatively quickly from a cosmic viewpoint. Webb captured this crucial moment in stellar evolution.”

“The ultimate fate of the star hinges on its mass, which is still undetermined.”

“If the star is massive enough, it will eventually go supernova.”

“Conversely, a less massive, Sun-like star will continue shedding layers and cooling until only a dense white dwarf remains.”

Source: www.sci.news

New Study Uncovers Hidden Complexities Beneath Mars’ Surface

Posted on February 22, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Latest orbital data indicates that Mars’ recently active volcanic system is more than just a one-time eruption. Long-lasting magma conduits under Mount Pavonis, one of Mars’ largest volcanoes, have reformed lava flows over time, illuminating distinct eruption stages and evolving chemical signatures. These findings enhance our understanding of Mars’ internal dynamics and the processes through which rocky planets mold and alter their surfaces.

This perspective map from ESA’s Mars Express displays three of Mars’ iconic giant volcanoes: Mount Arsia, Mount Pavonis, and Mount Askreus. Image credit: ESA / DLR / FU Berlin.

What seems to be a solitary volcanic eruption often stems from intricate processes occurring deep beneath the surface of Mars, where magma shifts, evolves, and transforms over an extended timeframe.

To comprehensively understand volcanic activity, geoscientists analyze volcanic ejecta from the planet’s surface, unveiling concealed magma systems that significantly influence eruptions.

This groundbreaking study, spearheaded by Bartosz Pieterek from Adam Mickiewicz University, demonstrates that such complexities are also applicable to Mars.

By integrating detailed surface mapping with orbital mineralogy data, researchers meticulously reconstructed the volcanic and magmatic evolution of the region south of Mount Pavonis in unprecedented detail.

“Our research reveals that even during Mars’ recent volcanic activity, the subsurface magma system remained intricate and dynamic,” stated Dr. Pieterek.

“Volcanoes did not erupt just once; they evolved in response to changing underground conditions.”

This study highlights that the volcanic system progressed through various eruptive stages, transitioning from early fissure-induced lava flows to late point-source activity that produced cone-shaped vents.

Despite the differing appearances of these lava flows, they all originate from the same foundational magma system.

Each eruption phase leaves distinct mineral signatures, enabling scientists to trace the evolution of magma over time.

“The variations in these minerals signify that the magma itself was undergoing evolution,” Pieterek noted.

“This likely reflects shifts in the depth of magma origins and the time it spent underground before erupting.”

“Currently, direct sampling of Martian volcanoes isn’t feasible, making studies like this essential for gaining insights into the structure and evolution of Mars’ interior.”

“This discovery underscores the power of orbital observations in revealing the hidden complexities of volcanic systems on Mars and other rocky planets.”

Find out more in the study published in the Journal of Geology on January 29, 2026.

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Bartosz Pieterek et al. Spectral evidence for magma differentiation within the Martian plumbing system. Geology, published online on January 29, 2026. doi: 10.1130/G53969.1

Source: www.sci.news

CHEOPS Uncovers Rocky Exoplanet Challenging Traditional Formation Theories

Posted on February 22, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

The European Space Agency’s (ESA) pioneering ExOPlanet satellite, CHEOPS, has uncovered a remarkable four-planet system. Notably, the outermost planet is a small rocky world instead of a gas giant, challenging previous assumptions about planet formation. This intriguing configuration surrounding the nearby red dwarf star LHS 1903 indicates that the outermost planet may have formed significantly later than its counterparts, providing compelling evidence that planets can develop in gas-poor environments—conditions once deemed impossible.

Artist’s impression of the four-planet system around LHS 1903. Image courtesy of ESA/ATG Europe.

LHS 1903 is an M dwarf star located approximately 116.3 light-years away in the constellation Lynx.

This star, also referred to as TOI-1730 or G 107-55, is cooler and less luminous than our Sun.

The planet sequence around LHS 1903 begins with the rocky planet LHS 1903b, followed by two gaseous planets, LHS 1903c and LHS 1903d—a pattern that aligns with expectations.

However, astronomer Thomas Wilson from the University of Warwick, along with his team, discovered a surprising fourth planet on the system’s outer edge, which is rocky rather than gaseous.

“This creates an inside-out planetary arrangement: rock → gas → gas → rock,” said Dr. Wilson.

“Typically, rocky planets are expected to form close to their host star.”

Current scientific models suggest that planets closest to a star are often rocky, as stellar radiation can strip away gaseous atmospheres, leaving behind dense, solid cores.

In contrast, gas giants form in cooler regions where they can retain gas.

However, LHS 1903e seems to have lost its gaseous atmosphere or may never have had one.

“The mystery surrounding planet formation and evolution remains significant,” stated Dr. Maximilian Günther, CHEOPS project scientist and ESA astronomer.

“Discovering clues like this is precisely what CHEOPS aims to achieve.”

The research team explored various hypotheses about the unusual formation of this rocky planet.

For instance, could it have been impacted by a giant asteroid or other large object that stripped away its atmosphere?

Or was there a gravitational exchange in the configuration of the planets over time?

Through simulations and orbital calculations, researchers ruled these scenarios out.

Instead, they presented a more fascinating explanation: the planets may have formed sequentially rather than simultaneously.

“By the time this exoplanet formed, the system may have been void of the gases typically necessary for planet formation, yet here we find a small, rocky world defying all expectations,” Dr. Wilson added.

“This could be the first evidence of planets forming in so-called gas-deficient conditions.”

A study detailing this groundbreaking discovery has been published in the latest issue of Science.

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Thomas G. Wilson et al. Formation of gas-deficient planets in a four-planet system around the red dwarf star LHS 1903. Science published online on February 12, 2026. doi: 10.1126/science.adl2348

Source: www.sci.news

Webb Telescope Uncovers Most Distant Jellyfish Galaxy Discovered to Date

Posted on February 22, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

NASA/ESA/CSA’s James Webb Space Telescope has made groundbreaking observations of a galaxy featuring gaseous “tentacles” within a galaxy cluster at a redshift of 1.156. This remarkable finding allows us to observe the universe as it was approximately 8.5 billion years ago.

This web image highlights the jellyfish galaxy COSMOS2020-635829, with dashed circles marking four out-of-plane sources in its tail. Image credit: Roberts et al., doi: 10.3847/1538-4357/ae3824.

“The jellyfish galaxy derives its name from the long, tentacle-like streams trailing behind it,” explained Dr. Ian Roberts of the University of Waterloo and his team.

“As it travels quickly through the hot, dense galaxy cluster, the gas within the cluster acts like a powerful wind, pushing the jellyfish galaxy’s gas backward and forming a visible trail.”

“This phenomenon is referred to as ram pressure stripping.”

The research team discovered a new jellyfish galaxy through deep-space data captured by the Webb Telescope.

Named COSMOS2020-635829, this galaxy resides in the COSMOS field, a well-explored area of the sky studied extensively by various telescopes.

“While sifting through vast amounts of data from this thoroughly investigated region, we aimed to uncover previously undocumented jellyfish galaxies,” Dr. Roberts noted.

“Early in our analysis, we stumbled upon a distant, uncharted jellyfish galaxy that piqued our interest.”

COSMOS2020-635829 exhibits a typical galactic disk coupled with bright blue nodes in its trajectory, indicative of very young stars.

The ages of these stars suggest they formed in gas trails stripped from their host galaxy, a behavior characteristic of jellyfish galaxies.

Insights from this study challenge established beliefs regarding the conditions in deep space during that era.

Scientists previously thought the galaxy cluster was still in formation and that ram pressure stripping was a rare occurrence.

Dr. Roberts and his co-authors identified three further discoveries that could reshape our understanding of the cosmos.

“The first discovery indicates that the cluster environment was already intense enough to strip galaxies away. Second, the cluster can significantly alter galaxy properties sooner than anticipated,” Roberts explained.

“Finally, these dynamics might play a crucial role in forming the populations of inactive galaxies we observe in today’s galaxy clusters.”

“These findings offer pivotal insight into the evolution of galaxies in the early universe.”

For more details on this discovery, check out the paper published in the Astrophysical Journal.

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Ian D. Roberts et al. 2026. JWST reveals candidate jellyfish galaxy at z = 1.156. APJ 998, 285; doi: 10.3847/1538-4357/ae3824

Source: www.sci.news

Webb Telescope Uncovers Hidden Layers of Uranus’ Upper Atmosphere

Posted on February 21, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Astronomers have successfully mapped the vertical structure of Uranus’ ionosphere for the very first time, uncovering unexpected temperature peaks, a decline in ion density, and enigmatic dark regions influenced by the planet’s unique magnetic field. These groundbreaking findings, achieved through nearly a full day of observations using the NIRSpec instrument aboard NASA/ESA/CSA’s James Webb Space Telescope, confirm a decades-long cooling trend in Uranus’ upper atmosphere and offer an unprecedented look at how this ice giant interacts with its surrounding space differently than other celestial bodies in our solar system.

Tiranti et al. mapped the vertical structure of Uranus’s upper atmosphere, revealing variations in temperature and charged particles across different heights. Image credits: NASA / ESA / CSA / Webb / STScI / P. Tiranti / H. Melin / M. Zamani, ESA & Webb.

Uranus’s upper atmosphere remains one of the least understood components in our solar system, despite its critical role in elucidating the interactions between the giant planet and its space environment.

Astronomer Paola Tiranti from Northumbria University and her team dedicated nearly an entire day to observing Uranus with Webb’s NIRSpec instrument.

They successfully measured the vertical structure of the ionosphere, the electrically charged layer of the atmosphere where auroras occur.

“This is the first time we’ve been able to visualize Uranus’s upper atmosphere in three dimensions,” Tiranti remarked.

“Utilizing Webb’s sensitivity, we can investigate how energy migrates upward through the planet’s atmosphere, even observing the effects of polarized magnetic fields.”

Measurements revealed temperature peaks at approximately 3,000 to 4,000 km above the surface, while ion density peaked around 1,000 km, significantly weaker than previously modeled predictions.

Webb also identified two bright bands of auroral emission located near Uranus’s magnetic poles, along with an unexpected area of depleted emission and density, likely tied to the planet’s unusual magnetic field geometry.

These discoveries confirm a long-term cooling trend in Uranus’ upper atmosphere and highlight new structures shaped by its magnetic environment.

These findings offer critical benchmarks for future missions and enhance our comprehension of how giant planets—both within and beyond our solar system—maintain the energy balance in their upper atmospheres.

“Uranus’ magnetosphere is one of the most peculiar in the solar system,” Tiranti emphasized.

“Its tilt and offset from the planet’s rotational axis cause its auroras to be distributed in a complex fashion across the surface.”

“Webb has provided insights into how deeply these effects penetrate into the atmosphere.”

“By detailing Uranus’s vertical structure so thoroughly, Webb aids in our understanding of the energy balance of the ice giant.”

“This represents a significant step toward characterizing giant planets beyond our solar system.”

For further details, refer to the results published in the journal Geophysical Research Letters.

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Paola I. Tiranti et al. 2026. JWST uncovers the vertical structure of Uranus’ ionosphere. Geophysical Research Letters 53 (4): e2025GL119304; doi: 10.1029/2025GL119304

Source: www.sci.news

Webb Telescope Uncovers Most Distant Galaxy Yet: Meet MoM-z14

Posted on January 29, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

New research led by Rohan Naidu from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology’s Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Studies reveals that the galaxy MoM-z14 existed a mere 280 million years after the Big Bang.

This image depicts MoM-z14, a galaxy that emerged shortly after the Big Bang. Image credit: NASA/ESA/CSA/STScI/Rohan Naidu, MIT/Joseph DePasquale, STScI.

“Thanks to the Webb Space Telescope, humanity can now explore deeper into the universe than ever before, challenging our previous predictions,” stated Dr. Naidu.

Using Webb’s NIRSpec instrument, Dr. Naidu and colleagues confirmed that MoM-z14 possesses a cosmological redshift of 14.44. This indicates that for approximately 13.5 billion years—out of the universe’s estimated age of 13.8 billion years—the light has been elongated and “shifted” to red wavelengths as it travels through space.

Dr. Pascal Oesch from the University of Geneva emphasized, “While we can estimate a galaxy’s distance from images, it’s crucial to follow up with detailed spectroscopy to accurately understand what we are observing.”

MoM-z14 is part of an increasing number of unexpectedly bright galaxies in the early universe, outnumbering theoretical predictions before the Webb’s launch by 100 times.

“The disparity between theoretical models and observational data regarding the early universe is expanding, prompting intriguing questions for future exploration,” said Dr. Jacob Shen, a postdoctoral researcher at MIT.

One potential avenue for research lies in the oldest stars within the Milky Way, where a small number exhibit high nitrogen levels, mirroring some of Webb’s observations of early galaxies, including MoM-z14.

“We can examine ancient stars in our galaxy like fossils from the early universe, and thanks to Webb, we have direct insights into galaxies at that epoch, revealing shared features such as unusual nitrogen enrichment,” remarked Dr. Naidu.

Interestingly, MoM-z14 emerged only 280 million years post-Big Bang, a brief time span that shouldn’t have allowed for ample nitrogen production from stellar generations.

Researchers propose that the dense early universe environment might have facilitated the formation of supermassive stars, capable of producing more nitrogen than any stars observed nearby.

Additionally, MoM-z14 appears to be clearing the surrounding universe of the dense primordial hydrogen fog characteristic of early cosmic history.

The Webb was designed to chart this cleansing period known as reionization, where early stars broke through dense hydrogen gas and emitted enough high-energy light to reach us today.

MoM-z14 serves as a key clue in mapping the reionization timeline, a task previously unattainable before Webb unveiled this epoch of the universe.

“We require further information to understand the early universe better. More detailed observations from Webb and additional galaxies will help identify common features, and NASA’s next Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope is expected to contribute significantly,” noted Yijia Li, a graduate student at Penn State.

“This is an exhilarating time as the Webb reveals the universe’s earliest epochs, showcasing the vastness of uncharted territory still to explore.”

For more details on the discovery of MoM-z14, refer to the upcoming publication in Open Astrophysics Journal.

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Rohan P. Naidu et al. 2026. Cosmic Miracle: Confirmed in JWST, an extremely bright galaxy with zspec=14.44. Open Astrophysics Journal in press. arXiv: 2505.11263

Source: www.sci.news

Ancient DNA Study Uncovers ‘Beach-Headed Woman’ from Southern England: New Insights into Early History

Posted on December 23, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

The skeletal remains of the individual known as ‘Beachy Head Woman’ were rediscovered in 2012 within the collection of Eastbourne Town Hall. Since then, her story has garnered significant public interest. Radiocarbon dating reveals that she lived between 129 and 311 AD during the Roman occupation of Britain. Over the last decade, researchers have sought to uncover her geographic origins and ancestry. Initially believed to originate from sub-Saharan Africa or the Mediterranean, groundbreaking DNA research now indicates she shares strong genetic connections with the local population of Roman-occupied Britain and modern-day Britons.

A depiction of Beachy Head Woman’s face. Image credit: Face Lab, Liverpool John Moores University.

The journey of Beachy Head Woman began with her rediscovery in 2012, although uncertainty still surrounds her life. Radiocarbon dating placed her death between 129 and 311 AD, during the Roman occupation of Britain.

Analysis of her remains suggests she was aged between 18 and 25 at the time of death and stood just over 1.5 meters tall. A healed leg wound implies she endured a serious but non-fatal injury during her life.

Dietary analysis of her bones indicates a high seafood diet, revealing insights into her lifestyle.

“Using advanced DNA technology, we have made significant strides in uncovering the origins of this individual,” stated researcher Dr. William Marsh from the Natural History Museum in London.

“Our findings show that her genetic ancestry is most closely aligned with other individuals from the local population of Roman Britain,” he added.

The Beachy Head Woman’s remains were unearthed from a collection at Eastbourne Town Hall. Initial findings indicated that her skeleton was discovered at Beachy Head, a nearby geographic landmark, during the 1950s, though details of the excavation remain elusive.

Interest in Beachy Head Woman intensified when initial morphometric analyses suggested potential sub-Saharan African origins. This captivating narrative was exhibited at Eastbourne Museum, capturing widespread media attention.

In 2017, unpublished DNA findings implied a Mediterranean origin, possibly from Cyprus, rather than Africa. However, these conclusions are drawn from limited data, leaving many questions about Beachy Head Woman’s life unanswered.

“As our scientific knowledge continues to expand, it is our mission as researchers to seek further answers,” commented Dr. Selina Brace, also from the Natural History Museum in London.

“Thanks to technological advancements over the past decade since Beachy Head Woman’s reemergence, we are thrilled to share new comprehensive data and insights into her life,” she concluded.

For more details, you can refer to the team’s paper published this month in the Archaeology Journal.

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Andy Walton et al. Beachy Head Woman: Uncovering her origins using multi-proxy anthropological and biomolecular approaches. Archaeology Journal, published online on December 17, 2025. doi: 10.1016/j.jas.2025.106445

Source: www.sci.news

Webb Uncovers Massive Helium Cloud Emanating from WASP-107b

Posted on December 2, 2025 by

By utilizing highly precise spectroscopic observations from the Near Infrared Imager and Slitless Spectrometer (NIRISS) on board the NASA/ESA/CSA James Webb Space Telescope, astronomers have identified helium gas escaping from WASP-107b, a super-Neptunian exoplanet located in the Virgo constellation, approximately 212 light-years away.

Artist’s impression of exoplanet WASP-107b. Image credit: University of Geneva / NCCR PlanetS / Thibaut Roger.

WASP-107 is an active K-type main-sequence star situated roughly 212 light-years away in the Virgo constellation.

Discovered in 2017, WASP-107b is among the least dense known exoplanets, categorized by astrophysicists as a “superpuff” or “cotton candy” planet.

This exoplanet has an orbit significantly closer to its star than Earth is to the Sun, completing its orbit every 5.7 days.

While this planet features the coldest atmosphere recorded for an exoplanet, at 500 degrees Celsius (932 degrees Fahrenheit), it remains much hotter than Earth.

This elevated temperature results from tidal heating linked to its slightly elliptical orbit, which may help explain how WASP-107b can expand without invoking extreme formation theories.

“A planet’s atmosphere can sometimes dissipate into space,” explained Yann Carteret, an astronomer at the University of Geneva, alongside colleagues.

“On Earth, we lose just over 3 kg of matter (primarily hydrogen) every second.”

“This phenomenon, known as atmospheric escape, is especially significant for astronomers studying exoplanets in close proximity to their stars. Such planets experience intense heating, making them particularly vulnerable to this effect.”

With data from Webb’s NIRISS instrument, astronomers observed a substantial flow of helium within WASP-107b’s exosphere.

This helium cloud partially obscures the star’s light even before the planet transits in front of the star.

“Our atmospheric escape model indicates a helium flow both in front of and behind the planet, extending nearly 10 times the planet’s radius in the direction of its orbit,” Carteret stated.

Alongside helium, astronomers confirmed the existence of water and various trace chemicals (including carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and ammonia) in WASP-107b’s atmosphere.

These findings provide essential insights for piecing together the history of their formation and migration.

The research suggests that the planet initially formed at a greater distance from its current orbit before drifting closer to its star, which may account for the thickening of its atmosphere and gas loss.

“Atmospheric escape on Earth is too weak to have a significant impact on our planet,” noted Vincent Boullier, an astronomer at the University of Geneva.

“However, it could explain the absence of water on Venus, which is nearby.”

“Thus, understanding the mechanisms involved in this process is crucial, as it could erode the atmospheres of certain rocky exoplanets.”

Details of these findings were published in the journal Nature Astronomy.

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V. Krishnamurthy et al. Continuum helium absorption from both the leading and trailing atmospheric tails of WASP-107b. Nat Astron, published online on December 1, 2025. doi: 10.1038/s41550-025-02710-8

Source: www.sci.news

New Research Uncovers How Pterosaurs Developed Flight-Ready Brains

Posted on November 29, 2025 by

An international team of researchers has conducted a groundbreaking study utilizing high-resolution 3D imaging techniques, including micro-CT scans, to reconstruct the brain shapes of over 30 species. These species range from pterosaurs and their relatives to early dinosaurs and bird precursors, modern crocodiles, and various Triassic archosaurs.

Reconstruction of the landscape from the late Triassic period, approximately 215 million years ago. A Lagelpetidae, a relative of pterosaurs, perches on a rock and observes a pterosaur flying overhead. Image credit: Mateus Fernández.

The earliest known pterosaurs, dating back approximately 220 million years, were already adept at powered flight. This ability subsequently evolved independently in paraavian dinosaurs, a group that encompasses modern birds and their non-avian relatives.

Flight is a complex locomotion type that necessitates physiological adaptations and significant changes in body structure, including alterations in body proportions, specialized coverings, and the enhancement of neurosensory capabilities.

While birds and pterosaurs exhibit distinct skeletal and covering adaptations for flying, it is suggested that they may share neuroanatomical features linked to aerial movement.

“Our findings bolster the evidence that the enlarged brain observed in modern birds, and possibly their ancient ancestors, didn’t drive the flight abilities of pterosaurs,” stated Dr. Matteo Fabbri from the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine.

“Our research indicates that pterosaurs achieved flight early in their evolution and did so with relatively small brains, akin to flightless dinosaurs.”

To explore whether pterosaurs gained flight differently than birds and bats, researchers examined the evolutionary tree of reptiles to understand the evolution of pterosaur brain shape and size, seeking clues that may have led to the emergence of flight.

They particularly emphasized the optic lobe, an area crucial for vision, whose growth is believed to correlate with flying ability.

The team focused on pterosaurs’ closest relatives through CT scans and imaging software capable of retrieving information about the nervous systems of fossils, specifically examining Ixarelpeton, a flightless arboreal species from the lagerpetide family that existed in Brazil around 233 million years ago.

Dr. Mario Bronzati from the University of Tübingen noted: “The brains of Lagerpetidae exhibited features linked to enhanced vision, like enlarged optic lobes, which might have equipped pterosaur relatives for flight.”

“Pterosaurs had larger optic lobes as well,” Fabbri added.

However, aside from the optic lobes, there were minimal similarities in brain shape and size when comparing pterosaurs to their closest flying reptile relatives, the Lagerpetidae.

“Some similarities suggest that the flying pterosaurs, which arose shortly after Lagerpetidae, may have acquired flight capabilities swiftly during their origin,” Fabbri explained.

“In essence, the pterosaur brain underwent rapid changes from the start, acquiring all necessary adaptations for flight.”

“Conversely, modern birds are believed to have inherited specific traits from their prehistoric predecessors, such as an expanded cerebrum, cerebellum, and optic lobes, gradually adapting them for flight over time.”

This theory is reinforced by a 2024 study highlighting the brain’s cerebellum expansion as a pivotal factor for bird flight.

The cerebellum, located at the brain’s rear, regulates and coordinates muscle movements, among various functions.

In further research, the scientists examined the brain cavities of fossil crocodilians and early extinct birds, comparing them to those of pterosaurs.

They discovered that pterosaur brains had moderately enlarged hemispheres that resembled those of other dinosaurs, contrasting with modern birds’ brain cavities.

“Discoveries in southern Brazil provide remarkable new insights into the origins of major animal groups such as dinosaurs and pterosaurs,” remarked paleontologist Dr. Rodrigo Temp Muller from the Federal University of Santa Maria.

“With every new fossil and study released, our understanding of what the early relatives of these groups looked like becomes increasingly clear—something we couldn’t have imagined just a few years ago.”

“In future studies, gaining a deeper understanding of how pterosaur brain structure, along with its size and shape, facilitated flight will be crucial for unveiling the fundamental biological principles of flight,” Fabbri stated.

The results were published in the journal Current Biology.

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Mario Bronzati et al. Neuroanatomical convergence between pterosaurs and nonavian parabirds in the evolution of flight. Current Biology published online on November 26, 2025. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2025.10.086

Source: www.sci.news

Ancient Crimean Neanderthal from 45,000 Years Ago Uncovers Extensive Eurasian Connections

Posted on November 4, 2025 by

Recent discoveries by archaeologists in Ukraine’s Crimean Peninsula, home to significant Middle to Late Paleolithic sites like Starosele, include a 5-centimeter-long bone fragment from a Neanderthal man, dating between 46,000 and 44,000 years ago. Genetic analysis shows this individual to be closely related to Altai Neanderthals through mitochondrial DNA, indicating that Neanderthal populations traveled great distances across Eurasia. Under favorable climatic conditions, these migrations likely involved the spread of the Micocchia stone tool industry, highlighting cultural continuity and regional adaptability during the Late Pleistocene.

A group of Neanderthals in a cave. Image credit: Tyler B. Tretsven.

Crimea is rich in well-preserved layered Paleolithic sites, many reflecting the biocultural and human occupation transition that occurred approximately 47,000 to 42,000 years ago.

According to earlier radiocarbon dating studies, the peninsula has been recognized as a refuge for late Neanderthals who survived just before their extinction.

Starosele, a rock shelter located in a steep valley, features four distinct cultural layers and has been researched since 1952.

“The archaeological layers of this site are rich in cultural artifacts,” stated Emily Piggott, a PhD student at the University of Vienna, along with her colleagues.

“Levels 1, 2, and 4 are linked to stone tools from the Crimean Mikokian stone tool industry, associated with Neanderthals.”

This study aimed to identify potential human remains from the thousands of fragmented bones excavated from the Starosele site.

From the 150 bone fragments analyzed, 97.3% contained sufficient collagen for taxonomic identification.

Approximately 93% of the remains belonged to horses and deer, with fewer found from mammoths and wolves, indicating that Paleolithic humans in Crimea heavily relied on horse hunting.

Notably, one bone fragment, measuring 49.8 mm in length and 18.8 mm in width, was classified as hominin.

Radiocarbon dating indicated an age range of 46,000 to 45,000 years, coinciding with the transitional period before the extinction of Neanderthals and the emergence of Homo sapiens in Western Europe.

“Particularly the remains of humans before Starosele are from a much later era of Homo sapiens,” Piggott remarked.

“Upon receiving the radiocarbon results, we realized we had uncovered a true Paleolithic hominin.”

“Neanderthals went extinct across Eurasia, replaced by Homo sapiens, yet genetic information about these earlier human populations is scarce.”

Researchers then sequenced the mitochondrial genome from this bone, confirming the individual was part of the Neanderthal lineage.

The mitogenome of this individual aligns with other Neanderthal mitogenomes previously documented in the Altai region of Siberia.

“Surprisingly, this individual shared the closest genetic ties with Neanderthals from Altai, over 3,000 kilometers to the east, as well as with Neanderthals that once roamed areas of Europe such as Croatia,” highlighted the researchers.

“This finding reaffirms previous studies suggesting that Neanderthals migrated extensively across Eurasia, traversing from central Europe to central Eurasia during the late Pleistocene.”

“This research highlights Crimea as a crucial junction in the Neanderthal migration routes.”

The findings of this study will be published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

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Emily M. Piggott et al. 2025. A new late Neanderthal from Crimea reveals long-distance connections across Eurasia. PNAS 122 (45): e2518974122; doi: 10.1073/pnas.2518974122

Source: www.sci.news

New Research Uncovers Nanotyrannus as a Unique Dinosaur Lineage

Posted on November 1, 2025 by

Paleontologists investigated a remarkably preserved and nearly mature Tyrannosaurus rex skeleton found in the Hell Creek Formation of Montana. Their findings suggest that this specimen exhibits traits similar to the holotype of Nanotyrannus and confirm that this lineage is distinct from tyrannosaurus.

A pack of Nanotyrannus daringly attacks a young tyrannosaurus rex. Image credit: Anthony Hutchings.

“This fossil turns decades of research on its head,” stated Dr. Lindsay Zanno, a researcher at North Carolina State University and the North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences.

The researchers utilized tree ring data, spinal fixation, and developmental anatomy to show that the new specimen reached physical maturity at around 20 years.

Skeletal characteristics like larger forelimbs, more teeth, fewer caudal vertebrae, and distinctive skull neural patterns are established early in development and are biologically incompatible with tyrannosaurus rex.

“For Nanotyrannus to develop into a tyrannosaurus rex would contradict everything we know about vertebrate growth. That’s not just unlikely; it’s impossible,” remarked Dr. James Napoli, a researcher at Stony Brook University.

For years, paleontologists have incorrectly modeled tyrannosaurus growth and behavior using Nanotyrannus fossils.

This new evidence indicates that those studies were based on two entirely different species, suggesting that multiple tyrannosaurus species coexisted in the same ecosystem during the last million years before the asteroid impact.

As part of their study, Dr. Zanno and Dr. Napoli analyzed over 200 Tyrannosaurus fossils.

They found one skeleton, previously thought to represent a juvenile tyrannosaurus rex, that differed from the documented species Nanotyrannus lansensis, which is part of the renowned dueling dinosaur fossil.

The authors concluded that this specimen is a new species of Nanotyrannus, named Nanotyrannus letaeus.

The confirmation of Nanotyrannus implies that predator diversity during the final million years of the Cretaceous was far greater than previously understood, indicating that other small dinosaur species may also have been misidentified.

“This discovery provides a more complex and competitive view of the last days of the dinosaurs,” Dr. Zanno mentioned.

“With its massive physique, powerful bite, and stereoscopic vision, tyrannosaurus rex was indeed a fierce predator, but it did not dominate its environment without competition.”

“Darting together were Nanotyrannus — a slimmer, faster, more agile hunter.”

These findings were published in today’s edition of Nature.

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LE Zanno and JG Napoli. Nanotyrannus and tyrannosaurus coexisted at the end of the Cretaceous period. Nature published online October 30, 2025. doi: 10.1038/s41586-025-09801-6

Source: www.sci.news

DNA Uncovers the Illness that Plagued Napoleon’s Defeated Army

Posted on October 25, 2025 by

As Napoleon advanced into Russia in 1812, he commanded the largest army ever assembled in Europe. However, his return was marked not by gunfire, but by the chilling impact of microscopic foes.

Scientists examining DNA from the teeth of soldiers who perished during the retreat from Moscow have uncovered two diseases that devastated the Tsar’s grand army.

Historically, “typhus has been regarded as the most widespread illness in the military,” stated Nicolas Raskovan, director of the microbial paleogenomics department at the Pasteur Institute and lead author of the research. The findings were published in “Current Biology”.

Employing a method known as shotgun sequencing, Raskovan and his team investigated ancient DNA from the dental remains of 13 soldiers discovered near Vilnius, Lithuania, and identified two “previously undocumented pathogens.”

“We have confirmed the presence of Salmonella enterica, which is part of the Paratyphoid C strain,” he explained to NBC News, noting this bacteria is responsible for paratyphoid fever, along with Borrelia ricerentis, the agent of relapsing fever.

These diseases would likely have thrived in environments where “sanitation and hygiene were severely lacking,” he added.

The results align with historical accounts detailing symptoms like fever and diarrhea that plagued Napoleon’s troops, according to the study.

A “reasonable scenario” for the fatalities might include “extreme fatigue, cold weather, and multiple illnesses, such as paratyphoid fever or louse-borne relapsing fever,” the researchers noted.

“Although not necessarily deadly, louse-borne relapsing fever can be profoundly debilitating for someone already worn down,” they added.

In contrast to a 2006 study that discovered traces of bacteria causing typhus and trench fever in four out of 35 individuals, this research found no evidence of those illnesses.

However, Raskovan noted that while early research was constrained by the technology at the time, both old and new findings paint a clearer picture of the factors that led to the downfall of Napoleon’s forces.

“The discovery of four different pathogens in such a significant number of individuals strongly indicates that a variety of infections were widespread,” he remarked.

Approximately 300,000 lives were lost before Napoleon’s army retreated. It appears even an emperor cannot conquer the realm of microorganisms.

Source: www.nbcnews.com

Revolutionary ‘Aging Atlas’ Uncovers Organ Changes Throughout Life Span

Posted on October 24, 2025 by

The visible signs of aging, like wrinkles, gray hair, and joint discomfort, are merely surface reflections of more intricate processes happening within our cells. Deep inside your body, every organ experiences its own subtle molecular shifts as you grow older.

Researchers have now developed the most detailed map to date illustrating how this process unfolds.

For further insights into our findings, which are based on data from over 15,000 samples, please visit this preprint research. The paper, currently awaiting peer review, offers an unprecedented view of how aging modifies our genomic blueprint from head to toe.

A collaborative effort among researchers worldwide has led to the creation of a comprehensive “aging atlas” that maps DNA methylation (chemical tags that regulate gene activity) across 17 different types of human tissues while tracking age-related changes.

“DNA methylation, simply put, is a chemical modification on DNA,” said Dr. Jesse Poganic, co-author of the study and a medical instructor at Harvard Medical School, as reported by BBC Science Focus.

“At a fundamental level, their primary role is to regulate which genes are activated and which are not.”

If you stretched all the DNA in your body, it would span over 300 times the distance from Earth to the sun and back – Photo credit: Getty

Despite a few mutations, each cell shares essentially the same genetic information in the form of its genome. So how do lung cells recognize their identity while stomach cells act as stomach cells? This is where methylation plays a crucial role.

“The methylation or unmethylation status at a specific point on the genome determines whether a particular gene is turned on or off,” Poganik noted.

But what does all this reveal about the aging process?

DNA methylation serves as one of the body’s essential epigenetic mechanisms, acting as a molecular switch that toggles genes on or off without altering the DNA sequence itself. By adding and removing tiny molecules known as methyl groups, cells can adjust which genes are expressed in response to diet, exercise, infections, and other environmental influences.

As time passes, these methylation patterns alter in specific ways, forming the basis of the so-called epigenetic clock, which serves as a molecular measure of biological age. Until now, most of these clocks relied on blood samples, leaving scientists uncertain if other organs followed similar patterns.

“DNA methylation patterns differ from tissue to tissue. They are specific to both the tissue and the cell type,” said Professor Nir Eynon, the study’s senior author and research group leader at Monash University, as reported by BBC Science Focus. “Thus, blood measurements don’t necessarily represent what happens in your liver, muscles, or brain.”

This gap prompted the team to gather all publicly available datasets on methylation within reach, complemented by new data from global collaborators.

The analysis covered nearly 1 million points across the genome, encompassing 17 organs, from the brain and heart to the skin, liver, stomach, and retina.

Atlas of Aging

The researchers discovered that the proportion of genomes with methylation tags varied significantly across tissues, ranging from approximately 38 percent in the cervix to over 60 percent in the retina. Surprisingly, age-related changes were quite uniform, with most tissues becoming increasingly hypermethylated as they age, resulting in more tagged DNA sites and the silencing of certain genes.

However, two organs defied this trend. Both skeletal muscle and lung tissue can experience a loss of methyl tags over time, leading to excessive or irregular gene expression.

“Most tissues show hypermethylation with age,” explained Dr. Max Jack, the study’s lead author. BBC Science Focus via email. “Yet when you refine it down to methylation rates, distinct tissue-specific patterns emerge.”

Different organs age at varying rates. An aging atlas begins to elucidate why – Credit: Getty

For instance, adipose tissue predominantly shifts toward hypermethylation, while changes are more balanced in the brain. These patterns may illuminate how different organs react to common aging stressors, such as inflammation, according to Jacques.

Overall, significantly age-related methylation changes were observed in brain, liver, and lung tissues, with skin and colon tissues also showing marked alterations. Conversely, pancreatic, retinal, and prostate tissues exhibited the least detectable age-related changes, possibly due to limited data or greater resilience to aging.

Correlation, Not Causation (For Now)

At first glance, the data imply that some organs age quicker than others. However, researchers caution that these distinctions cannot yet be interpreted as a direct rate of aging.

This is partly due to statistical factors. Some organs represent thousands of samples, while others are represented by only a handful.

Moreover, “We know that methylation changes occur as we age,” Poganik states. “What we don’t know is the extent to which they contribute to aging.”

In other words, while scientists are aware of the methylation alterations linked to aging, it’s still unclear whether those changes induce aging or whether aging triggers those changes.

Poganik believes that alterations in methylation likely account for at least some of the observable phenomena associated with aging. “Even cautious scientists would suggest there’s an element of causation,” he remarks.

The allure of this new atlas lies in its revelation of common molecular themes threading throughout the body, he adds.

“One of the most compelling aspects of this study is that it demonstrates some universality in the aging process. When we analyze various tissues, we encounter numerous similar methylation changes, suggesting a universal quality to aging.”

Nevertheless, he warns that not all alterations are causal. With so many ongoing methylation changes, some are almost certainly part of aging, while others may not hold significance.

Old atlases might not pinpoint which changes are critical and which are not, but they offer an invaluable collection of data for researchers to delve deeper into the issue than ever before. The atlas is now openly accessible through an online portal for other scientists to explore and utilize.

“We have consistently prioritized open-source research,” Jack states. “With this, we aim to make it accessible to everyone, not only to advance research but also to foster collaboration.”

Going forward, the research team plans to examine some universal associations prevalent across all tissues as we age, alongside other biomarkers that may be influencing the aging process.

“Advancements in aging pale in comparison to those in cancer,” Poganik adds. With the assistance of this atlas, scientists may finally bridge that gap.

Read more:

Source: www.sciencefocus.com

New DNA Evidence Uncovers the True Reasons Behind Napoleon’s Army Defeat

Posted on October 24, 2025 by

Researchers have uncovered new DNA evidence that challenges established theories regarding Napoleon’s ill-fated 1812 invasion of Russia. As his Grand Army, comprising around 500,000 soldiers, advanced toward Moscow, it encountered severe resistance, dwindling resources, and the harshness of winter.

As the troops began their retreat, starvation and disease were rampant. Analyzing the remains of soldiers now indicates that multiple infectious diseases may have caused the significant loss of life in the French emperor’s army, rather than typhus being the singular primary cause of devastation.

A recent study led by Dr. Nicholas Raskovan at the Pasteur Institute in Paris involved extracting genetic material from the teeth of 13 soldiers interred in a mass grave in Vilnius, Lithuania.

Through ancient DNA sequencing, no evidence of typhus was identified. Instead of the long-suspected bacteria rickettsia, the team pinpointed two distinct pathogens: salmonella enterica, which causes enteric fever (like typhoid), and Borrelia recurrentis, linked to recurring fever.

Raskovan mentioned, “Our research alters the understanding of pathogens previously unrecognized,” as reported in BBC Science Focus.

Previous research employed PCR tests, akin to those used in contemporary COVID-19 testing, to search solely for specific microorganisms. Currently available technology enables scientists to “cast a wider net,” allowing them to detect DNA fragments from all microorganisms present, Raskovan explained.

“Thanks to advancements in technology, we now have insights that were unimaginable a decade ago,” Raskovan noted.

“When we integrate our prior and current research, we discover that four different diseases affected just a small group of individuals. This implies that a single pathogen didn’t account for all the 3,000 deaths, but rather, these individuals were infected with various pathogens.”

The DNA extracted from these teeth was analyzed using cutting-edge technology to identify pathogens, even in trace amounts. Credit: © European Commission / Claudio Centonze

In essence, the situation for Napoleon’s army during their retreat from Russia was dire, facilitating the spread of various diseases. It was almost inevitable that if one illness was avoided, another would take hold.

The research also highlighted the strain Borrelia recurrentis found at the site, which is genetically identical to those from Iron Age Britain, approximately 2,000 years ago, a lineage that has since vanished.

Raskovan stated, “This strain derives from an ancestor that either no longer exists or is currently unknown. This emphasizes the significant changes in sanitation over the past two centuries, particularly with the advent of antibiotics that have virtually eradicated this once prevalent disease.”

For Raskovan, these ancient microorganisms are more than peculiar findings; they are historical witnesses. “For those infected, it’s not surprising,” he remarked. “For me, it’s fulfilling to reconstruct history.”

“These pathogens provide us with a means to learn about past populations and their dynamics.”

read more:

Source: www.sciencefocus.com

New Research Uncovers How Reptiles Excrete Crystalline Waste in Large Quantities

Posted on October 23, 2025 by

Both avian and non-avian reptiles eliminate excess nitrogen as solid compounds known as “urate,” an evolutionary trait that aids in water conservation. Despite this adaptation, numerous questions regarding the composition, structure, and assembly of these biological materials remain unresolved. In a recent study, researchers from Georgetown University, the International Diffraction Data Center, Chiricahua Desert Museum, and Georgia State University investigated uric acid excretion in the desert. They focused on the ball python (python) along with 20 other reptile species, aiming to uncover efficient and versatile mechanisms for processing both nitrogenous waste and salts.

Thornton et al. investigated the solid urine of over 20 reptile species. Image credit: Thornton et al., doi: 10.1021/jacs.5c10139.

“All living organisms possess some form of excretory system. After all, what enters must eventually exit,” says the chemist from Georgetown University, Jennifer Swift, along with her colleagues.

“In humans, we eliminate excess nitrogen primarily through urine in the forms of urea, uric acid, and ammonia.”

“Conversely, many reptiles and birds efficiently package these nitrogenous compounds into solids, specifically urates, which are excreted through their cloaca.”

Scientists theorize that this process may have evolved to aid in water conservation.

“While crystallizing waste fluids may provide an evolutionary benefit for reptiles, it poses significant challenges for humans,” the researchers noted.

“Excess uric acid in the human body can crystallize in the joints, leading to painful conditions like gout, or form kidney stones in the urinary tract.”

In this recent study, the authors examined urate from over 20 reptile species to understand how these animals safely eliminate crystalline waste.

“Our research stems from a curiosity about how reptiles safely process this substance, and we hope it could inform new approaches to disease prevention and treatment,” Dr. Swift commented.

Microscopic analyses revealed that three species—the ball python, Angora python, and Madagascar tree boa—produce urate consisting of microscopically textured microspheres ranging from 1 to 10 micrometers in diameter.

X-ray examinations indicated that these spheres are comprised of even smaller nanocrystals of uric acid and water.

Furthermore, scientists have found that uric acid plays a crucial role in transforming ammonia into a less harmful solid state.

They hypothesize that uric acid may serve a similar protective function in humans.

“Our investigation of urate produced by various squamate reptiles sheds light on the sophisticated and adaptable systems they employ for managing nitrogenous wastes and salts,” the researchers stated.

“Understanding how dietary habits, environmental conditions, and aging impact sample analysis—along with advancements in instrumentation—offers a more comprehensive insight into the structure and function of biological urates.”

“The specifics of where and how these microspheres are created remain an intriguing question, yet their presence across different uric acid globule species suggests that this low-energy process is optimized under similar selective pressures.”

“Recognizing the role of uric acid in ammonia management could have significant implications for human health, although clinical research is required to verify this hypothesis.”

For further information, refer to the findings published today in the Journal of the American Chemical Society.

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Alyssa M. Thornton et al. Uric acid monohydrate nanocrystals: an adaptable platform for nitrogen and salinity management in reptiles. J. Am. Chemistry Society published online October 22, 2025. doi: 10.1021/jacs.5c10139

Source: www.sci.news

Webb Uncovers Evasion Agent Discs That Create Exomoons Around Gas Giant Exoplanets

Posted on September 30, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Astronomers utilizing the NASA/ESA/CSA James Webb Space Telescope have identified a carbon-rich disk encircling CT Cha B, a massive exoplanet located approximately 620 light years from Earth in the Chamaeleon constellation. This discovery offers the first direct insights into the chemical and physical characteristics of the gas giant and the materials that might contribute to its potential lunar system.

Artistic rendering of dust and gas discs surrounding a young exoplanet CT Cha b. Image credits: NASA/ESA/CSA/STSCI/G. CUGNO, University of Zurich & NCCR Planets/S. Grant, Carnegie Institution for Science/J. Olmsted, Stsci/L. Hustak, Stsci.

CT CHA, also referred to as PDS 44 and TIC 454259409, is merely 2 million years old and continues to accumulate materials for its formation.

However, the disks identified by Webb are independent of the larger accretion disks surrounding the central star.

“We can observe signs of disks around companion celestial bodies and explore their chemistry for the first time,” remarks Dr. Sierra Grant, an astronomer at the Carnegie Institution for Science.

“We are not merely observing the moon’s formation; we are witnessing the planet’s formation as well.”

“We are investigating the materials involved in forming planets and moons,” added Dr. Gabriele Kuno, an astronomer from the University of Zurich and the National Center for Capacity for Research Planets.

Infrared observations of CT CHA B have been captured by Webb’s MIRI (Mid-Infrared Instrument), which employs a medium-resolution spectrometer.

An initial examination of Webb’s archived data revealed evidence of molecules in the surrounding disk, prompting deeper analysis of the data.

The planet’s faint signal is obscured by the glare of its host star, requiring astronomers to utilize high-contrast techniques to separate the star’s light from that of the planet.

“We detected molecules in the planet’s vicinity, indicating there was something significant to delve into within the data, which took us a year of dedicated effort. It truly required a lot of patience,” Dr. Grant stated.

Ultimately, researchers identified seven carbon-containing molecules within the disk, including acetylene (C₂H₂) and benzene (C₆H₆).

This carbon-rich chemistry contrasts sharply with that found in the disks around the host star, where water was detected alongside carbon.

The disparity between the two disks suggests rapid chemical evolution occurring within just 2 million years.

“We aim to better understand how our solar system formed its moons. This necessitates examining other systems that are still in the process of development. We are striving to comprehend all the underlying mechanisms,” Dr. Cugno explained.

“What do these moons resemble? What are their components? What physical processes are in action, and what are the associated timescales?”

“Webb is capturing the narrative of moon formation, enabling us to explore these questions observationally for the very first time.”

The survey results were published today in the Astrophysical Journal Letters.

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Gabriele Cugno & Sierra L. Grant. 2025. A carbon-rich disk surrounding the planetary mass ally. ApJL 991, L46; doi: 10.3847/2041-8213/ae0290

Source: www.sci.news

New Research Uncovers the Secrets of Burgess Shale Trilobites

Posted on September 3, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Appendages of arthropods serve various functions, including feeding, locomotion, and reproduction. Fossils dating back to the Cambrian period (539-487 million years ago) provide remarkable details of extinct arthropod appendages, enhancing our understanding of their anatomy and ecological roles. However, due to the limited number of fossils and often incomplete preservation, studies on appendage functions typically depend on idealized reconstructions. This new research focuses on the paleontological species Olenoides serratus, a prolific trilobite from the Cambrian Burgess Shale, noteworthy for its numerous well-preserved specimens featuring soft tissue that allow for a detailed analysis of appendage functionality.

Olenoides serratus from Burgess Shale. Image credit: Losso et al., doi: 10.1186/s12915-025-02335-3.

Situated in British Columbia, Canada, the Burgess Shale is renowned for its exceptional fossil preservation, including soft tissues such as limbs and internal organs.

While trilobites are common in fossil records, their soft limbs are seldom preserved due to their hard exoskeleton, leading to a limited understanding of these structures.

The trilobite species Olenoides serratus offers a unique chance to investigate these appendages further.

Harvard paleontologist Sarah Ross and her team examined 156 limbs from 28 fossil specimens of Olenoides serratus to reconstruct the precise movements and functions of these ancient arthropod appendages, shedding light on one of the earliest successful aquatic animals.

“Understanding the behavior and movement of fossils poses challenges, as we cannot observe their activities like we do with living organisms,” stated Dr. Ross.

“Instead, we meticulously analyzed the morphology of numerous specimens while also utilizing modern analogues to infer how these ancient creatures lived.”

The researchers also assessed the range of motion of the legs of living horseshoe crab species Limulus polyphemus.

“Arthropods possess articulated legs composed of multiple segments that can flex upwards or downwards,” they noted.

“The range of motion is influenced by the specific directional capabilities of each joint.”

“This range, combined with the limbs’ shape and segment configuration, determines how the animal utilizes its appendages for walking, grasping, and burrowing.”

Horseshoe crabs, commonly found along the eastern coast of North America, are compared with trilobites due to their analogous behaviors.

“Despite their close relation to spiders and scorpions, horseshoe crabs are part of a different branch of the arthropod tree, whereas trilobite relationships remain ambiguous.”

The comparison arises from both animals’ adaptation of articulated limbs for navigating the seafloor.

However, the findings revealed that their similarities were minimal.

In contrast to horseshoe crabs, characterized by specialized limb joints for bending and expanding—facilitating feeding and protection—Olenoides serratus exhibited a simpler yet highly functional limb structure.

“We found that the limbs of Olenoides serratus had minimal extension, primarily far from the body,” Dr. Ross explained.

“Their limbs functioned differently than those of horseshoe crabs. Olenoides serratus could walk, dig, bring food to their mouths, and even elevate their bodies above the seafloor.”

To realize these findings, the scientists constructed advanced 3D digital models based on hundreds of fossil images captured from various angles.

Since trilobite limbs are often crushed and flattened, reconstructing them in three dimensions presents a significant challenge.

“We depend on exceptionally well-preserved specimens, comparing limb structures from multiple angles while leveraging related fossils to fill in any missing details,” said Professor Javier Ortega-Hernandez of Harvard University.

The team correlated the morphology of trace fossils to the movements of the limbs.

“The different movements of Olenoides serratus could create trace fossils with varying depths,” Dr. Ross elaborated.

“They were capable of raising their bodies on deposits, allowing them to traverse obstacles and navigate efficiently through swift currents.”

Remarkably, the researchers found that males possessed specialized appendages for mating, and each leg featured gills for respiration.

The findings were published in the journal BMC Biology on August 4th, 2025.

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Loss et al., 2025. Quantification of leg mobility in Burgess Shale Olenoides serratus reveals the functional differences between trilobite and Xiphosuran appendages. BMC Biol 23, 238; doi:10.1186/s12915-025-02335-3

Source: www.sci.news

New Study Uncovers How the Pelvis Evolved and Helped Our Ancestors Stand Upright

Posted on August 28, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

The pelvis is often described as the keystone for upright locomotion. Over millions of years, it has undergone significant transformations, enabling us to walk on two legs more effectively than any other part of our lower body. However, the specifics of this remarkable adaptation have been largely unknown. Recent research has uncovered two crucial genetic changes that reshaped the pelvis, permitting it to evolve into the upright structure that our ancestors utilized while traversing the Earth.

Ardipithecus ramidus Humanity resided in Africa over 4 million years ago. Illustrations by Arturo Asensio, via Quo.es

Anatomists have long recognized that the human pelvis is distinct among primates.

In our closest relatives, African apes (chimpanzees, bonobos, and gorillas) possess hipbones that are tall, narrow, and flat from front to back. When viewed from the side, they resemble thin blades.

The pelvic structure of an ape supports large muscles essential for climbing.

In contrast, human hip bones rotate sideways, forming a bowl shape. This flaring of the hip bones allows for muscle attachment critical for maintaining balance while shifting weight from one foot to the other during upright locomotion.

Nonetheless, the mechanisms behind this transformation have been elusive until now.

In a recent study, Professor Terrence Capelini from Harvard University and his team pinpointed vital genetic and developmental shifts that facilitated the evolution from the pelvis of tetraleaf monkeys to bipedalism.

“Our findings illustrate a complete mechanistic shift in human evolution,” stated Professor Capelini.

“There is no parallel to this among other primates.”

The researchers analyzed 128 samples of embryonic tissue from humans housed in museums in the US and Europe, along with nearly 20 other primate species.

These collections included specimens over 100 years old, preserved on glass slides or in bottles.

Using CT scans and histological analysis, they investigated pelvic anatomy during the early stages of development.

Their research revealed that the evolution of the human pelvis unfolded in two major phases.

Initially, the growth plate shifted 90 degrees, widening the human ilium instead of extending its height.

Following this adjustment, the timeline for embryonic bone formation was altered.

Typically, bones in the lower body develop when chondrocytes align along the long axis of the growing bone.

This cartilage becomes rigid through a process known as ossification.

At the early stages of development, similar to other primates, human growth plates formed from the head and continued to develop.

However, by day 53, the growth plate had notably shifted vertically from its initial orientation, resulting in a shorter and broader hip joint.

“When I examined my pelvis, it wasn’t initially on my radar,” Professor Capelini remarked.

“I anticipated a gradual modification to shorten and widen it, but histology indicated a complete 90-degree reversal.”

Group of Australopithecus afarensis. Image credit: Matheus Vieira.

A further significant alteration was the timeline of bone formation.

In most cases, bones develop along the primary ossification center located in the center of the bone shaft.

However, in humans, the ilium diverges from this norm, with ossification beginning at the posterior region in the sacrum and expanding radially.

This mineralization remains restricted to the peripheral layer, while internal ossification is postponed by 16 weeks, allowing bones to grow and maintain their shape during their geometric transitions.

To uncover the molecular mechanisms driving these changes, the team employed techniques like single-cell multiomics and spatial transcriptomics.

The researchers identified over 300 active genes, including three with notable roles: Sox9 and PTH1R (which control growth plate shifts) and runx2 (which governs ossification changes).

The significance of these genes is underscored by diseases arising from their dysfunction.

For example, mutations in Sox9 can lead to Campomelic dysplasia, a disorder characterized by an abnormally narrow hip joint lacking lateral flaring. Similarly, mutations in PTH1R result in narrow hip joints and various skeletal disorders.

The scientists propose that these adaptations began with the reorientation of the growth plate around the time our ancestors separated from African apes, estimated to have occurred between 5 and 8 million years ago.

They believe the pelvis has served as a focal point for evolutionary transformations over millions of years.

As brain size increased, the pelvis encountered selective pressures known as the obstetric dilemma—the trade-off between a narrow pelvis for efficient movement and a broader one for accommodating the birth of larger babies.

Researchers suspect that the delay in ossification likely occurred within the last two million years.

The oldest pelvic fossil, dated at 4.4 million years, belongs to Ardipithecus from Ethiopia—a species exhibiting a blend of upright walking and tree-climbing features, with pelvic characteristics akin to those of humans.

The renowned 3.2 million-year-old skeleton of Lucy (Australopithecus afarensis) showcases further adaptations for bipedalism, including the distinctively flaring hip blades.

“From that point onwards, all hominin fossils displayed pelvises that diverged significantly from those of earlier primates,” stated Professor Capelini.

“The implications of brain size and its subsequent changes should not be interpreted through growth models applicable to chimpanzees and unassociated primates.”

“Models should focus on the developments between humans and their own lineage.”

“Post-fetal growth occurred against the backdrop of novel methods for constructing the pelvis.”

This study is set to be published in the journal Nature.

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G. Senevilas et al. The evolution of hominin bipedal walking in two steps. Nature Published online on August 27th, 2025. doi:10.1038/s41586-025-09399-9

Source: www.sci.news

Webb Uncovers a New Moon Orbiting Uranus

Posted on August 20, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Astronomers utilizing the NASA/ESA/CSA James Webb Space Telescope have identified a previously uncharted small moon, provisionally named S/2025 U 1. This discovery, made from a series of images taken on February 2, 2025, brings Uranus’s total number of moons to 29.

This Webb/nircam image illustrates S/2025 U1 along with 13 of the other 28 identified moons. Image credits: NASA/ESA/CSA/STSCI/M. El Moutamid, SWRI/M. Hedman, University of Idaho.

Situated in the outer solar system, Uranus is the seventh planet from the Sun.

This cyan ice giant, often referred to as a “lateral planet” due to its extreme axial tilt, has a thick atmosphere composed of hydrogen, helium, and methane.

The 28 moons of Uranus include five major ones: Titania, Oberon, Ambriel, Ariel, and Miranda, discovered between 1787 and 1948.

Known as “The Literary Moons,” the moons of Uranus are named after characters from the works of Shakespeare and Alexander Pope.

Astronomers estimate that Uranus’s larger moons are approximately equal parts water ice and silicate rock.

“As part of Webb’s Guest Observer program, we discovered a previously unknown satellite of the ice giant,” explained Dr. Maryame El Moutamid, a researcher at the Southwest Research Institute.

“This object is the smallest ever detected and was observed during a set of 10 long exposures captured by Webb’s near-infrared camera (NIRCAM).”

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pa8joehgtg

The moon, provisionally designated S/2025 U1, resides at the end of Uranus’s inner ring.

Estimated to have a diameter of only 10 km (6 miles), its reflectance (albedo) is presumed to be similar to that of other small Uranian satellites.

It is located approximately 56,250 km (35,000 miles) away from the Earth’s equatorial plane, positioned between the orbits of Ophelia and Bianca.

Ophelia has a diameter of about 43 km (13 miles), while Bianca is elongated, measuring 64 x 46 km (40 x 29 miles).

“While it’s a small moon, its discovery is significant. This is something that even NASA’s Voyager 2 spacecraft missed during its flybys nearly 40 years ago,” Dr. El Moutamid remarked.

S/2025 U1 becomes the 14th member of a complex system of small moons, circling inward among the larger moons, including Miranda, Ariel, Umbriel, Titania, and Oberon.

“Unlike other planets, Uranus possesses a remarkable number of small inner moons. The intricate interactions with its ring system indicate a chaotic history that merges the ring and lunar systems,” Dr. El Moutamid noted.

“Furthermore, this new moon’s small size and unexpected nature may lead to the discovery of even more complexities.”

Source: www.sci.news

DNA Study Uncovers West African Heritage in Early Medieval England

Posted on August 13, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Updown Cemetery Girl’s Skeletons Reveal West African Ancestry

M George et al.

The discovery of two unrelated young men buried in British cemeteries during the early Middle Ages suggests they may have had grandparents from West Africa. The exact means by which their ancestors arrived in the UK remains unknown, but this insight implies that Anglo-Saxon immigration was far more complex than previously assumed.

Following the Romans’ withdrawal from England in 410 AD, the British Isles were invaded and settled by Germanic tribes including the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes. To explore the possibility of migration from other regions, Duncan Sayer and his colleagues from The University of Central Lancashire conducted an analysis of ancient DNA obtained from skeletons in two 7th-century cemeteries located on the southern coast of England.

One of these cemeteries is found in Kent, where a wealth of traded artifacts from various regions were unearthed, including Frankish pottery, buckles, and brooches. Burial customs at this site indicate that items such as cookware, cutlery, and combs were included with the dead.

The other site is the Matravars cemetery in western Dorset, which had fewer individuals interred with Romano-British practices.

While the majority of individuals buried here had ancestry from Northern Europeans or Western British and Irish, both the Updown girl and the young man from Worth Matravers exhibited genetic ties to West Africa, likely from grandparents.

In both cases, mitochondrial DNA, inherited maternally, traced back to Northern Europe; however, the autosomal DNA, inherited from both parents, revealed 20-40% ancestry from West African groups such as Esan, Yoruba, Mende, and Mandinka.

This indicates that the West African DNA likely traces back to their grandparents, marking the first known genetic link between Britain and Africa during the early Middle Ages.

Both individuals were interred as typical members of their community. DNA analysis revealed that the Updown girl had relatives—a grandmother and an aunt—buried in the same cemetery, who were approximately 11-13 years old when she died.

Examination of the carbon-nitrogen isotope ratios in the bone samples of the young man from Worth Matravers, who lived between the ages of 17 and 25, suggested insights into his diet during his growth period.

“His dietary habits suggest he was born and raised in the UK,” notes team member Ceiridwen Edwards from Huddersfield University.

Edwards indicates that evidence of West African DNA in York existed during the Roman period; however, Sayer contends that the proportion of West African DNA in these individuals is significantly lower than that of descendants from the Roman era. “This finding pertains to grandparents, rather than survivors of the Roman legions or administrators stationed for centuries,” he asserts.

Moreover, there is no evidence to support the notion that these individuals were enslaved, according to Sayer:

Instead, it suggests a context of transactions and mobility of people and goods. At some point, West Africans may have arrived in England aboard trade ships and settled here.

Sayer speculates that their arrival could have been tied to North Africa’s connection with the Byzantine Empire in the 6th century, driven by military interests in accessing gold from sub-Saharan Africa. “The revitalization of this trade route coincides with a time when we can identify these grandparents,” he remarks.

“This research underscores the dynamic state of what we refer to as post-[Western] Rome and the early medieval period in England,” comments Marina Soares da Silva at the Francis Crick Institute in London. “The authors propose a trade route supported by Byzantine governance in North Africa, which I consider a plausible scenario.”

According to Sayer, 7th-century England was not merely a collection of isolated communities in a ‘dark age,’ but rather dynamic societies engaging in trade and genetic exchanges with West Africa and beyond.

Historic Herculaneum – Discover Vesuvius, Pompeii, Ancient Naples

The exploration of history and archaeology takes you on an intriguing journey where the past comes alive through Mount Vesuvius and the ruins of Pompeii and Herculaneum.

Topics:

Source: www.newscientist.com

Skull of a Massive Carnivorous Dinosaur Uncovers a “Bone-Crushing” Bite

Posted on August 5, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Illustration of Tyrannosaurus Rex

Roger Harris/Getty Images/Science Photo Library

When examining the colossal dinosaur skull, it becomes evident that some species prefer to shred their prey, while others deliver bone-crushing attacks.

Andre Lowe and Emily Rayfield from the University of Bristol, UK, studied the skulls of 18 Mesozoic theropod species. This varied group, including T. Rex, Giganotosaurus, and Spinosaurus, walked on two legs and was characterized by large heads and razor-sharp teeth.

Nevertheless, despite their similarities, each dinosaur’s feeding behavior cannot be generalized. Eric Snively from Oklahoma State University notes that Giganotosaurus, with its “thin sawtooth teeth” reminiscent of a cross between a great white shark and a Komodo Dragon, was designed for tearing away large chunks of flesh from its prey. In contrast, the semi-aquatic Spinosaurus had a unique anatomy likened to a heron supported by a dachshund body and equipped with teeth similar to those of crocodiles.

Using a 3D scan of the skull’s surface, the researchers explored the bite mechanics of these dinosaurs by employing a method to model bridge stress. By juxtaposing the skull muscle structures of each dinosaur with those of modern relatives like birds and crocodiles, they learned that Giganotosaurus and Spinosaurus had significantly weaker bites compared to the more recent Tyrannosaurus, which utilized a robust, shorter skull to exert substantial “bone-grabbing” force. “Ultimately, Tyrannosaurus showed more emphasis on the skull than we anticipated, thus indicating harder chewing,” Snively remarked.

“The feeding strategies of these apex predators are more intricate than previously thought,” states Fion Waisum Ma from the Beipiao Palace Museum in China. “T-Rex existed during the late Cretaceous period, a time when competition for hunting was intense,” she adds.

Topics:

Source: www.newscientist.com

DNA Analysis Uncovers the True Cause Behind the Demise of Napoleon’s Army in 1812

Posted on August 1, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Napoleon’s retreat from Russia in 1812 Ary Scheffer

Iandagnall Computing / Alamy Stock Photo

During the retreat of Napoleon’s formidable 500,000-strong army from Russia in 1812, nearly half of the troops fell victim to disease, starvation, and freezing temperatures. Recent advanced DNA analysis is shedding light on the pathogens involved in this tragic demise.

In the summer of 1812, Napoleon amassed an army of 600,000 to invade Russia but was compelled to withdraw from Moscow, depleting the city of resources, and retreat toward the Polish border for the winter. From October to December 1812, around 300,000 French soldiers perished from famine, exposure, and illness.

Survivor accounts from that era indicate that typhoid fever and trench fever were leading causes of mortality and suffering among the troops, a premise that was further validated by genetic testing conducted nearly two decades ago.

Recently, Nicholas Rascovan and his team at the Pasteur Institute in Paris analyzed DNA extracted from the teeth of 13 soldiers interred in Vilnius, Lithuania.

The research team identified the presence of Salmonella enterica, which triggers peritoneal fever, and Borrelia recurrentis, a louse-borne pathogen that leads to recurrent fever.

Unlike earlier studies that relied on methods to amplify specific DNA sequences, Rascovan and his colleagues utilized advanced metagenomic techniques to detect genetic material from pathogens in the samples, allowing for a more extensive analysis.

“Considering our findings, it is plausible that the deaths of these soldiers were due to a combination of various illnesses, including fatigue, colds, lactophoreal fever, and louse-borne recurrent fever,” Rascovan and his team noted in an unpublished report. The team opted not to comment further on the story.

While not always lethal, louse-borne recurrent fever can considerably debilitate individuals who are already in a weakened state, according to the researchers.

Sally Wasef from the Queensland Institute of Technology in Australia opines that historical accounts of symptoms may correspond to multiple infectious diseases beyond those identified in the recent study.

Traces of microbial DNA were isolated from ancient remains, according to Wasef. “In my opinion, this implies that the conclusions drawn are more suggestive than definitive.”

Rascovan and his colleagues also acknowledge the necessity of examining a greater number of soldiers who perished during 1812.

The research underscores the potential of novel methodologies to identify possible infectious agents in historical populations, Wasef explains. She advocates for applying these techniques to study diseases in populations post-contact in regions like the US or Australia.

“Such research holds great promise for uncovering the impact of disease on historical population declines, particularly when written records are sparse or biased,” states Wasef.

topic:

Archaeology/
Infectious diseases

Source: www.newscientist.com

New Research Uncovers That Congo Basin Peatlands Are Over 42,000 Years Old

Posted on July 30, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

The Central Congo Basin boasts the largest variety of tropical peatlands globally, covering 16.7 million hectares. Previously, radiocarbon dating of ancient peat was confined to just 14 samples, which poorly represented the area, indicating that peat development typically commenced during the Holocene. However, recent findings indicate that peat began forming in multiple locations during the late Pleistocene. The earliest date identified by the author is 42,300 years before present, highlighting that this peatland is one of the oldest in the world, twice as ancient as previously thought.

The swamp of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Image credit: Greta Dargie.

The central Congo Basin, which spans the equator, encompasses 360,000 km.² This wetland is shared by the Republic of the Congo and the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

Out of this wetland area, it is estimated that 167,600 km² have a median thickness of 1.7 m.

These peatlands rank among the most carbon-dense ecosystems worldwide, storing an average of 1712 mg c ha^-1 with a total of 29 pg c^-1 stored in peat.

Although research into the formation and expansion of this vast carbon reservoir is in its early stages, it includes studies on peat initiation and basin-wide development dynamics.

“These peat marshes serve as crucial global carbon reservoirs, equivalent to three years’ worth of fossil fuel emissions,” said Greta Dargie, a researcher from the University of Leeds.

“We now know that these are the oldest tropical peatlands on Earth.”

The research initiated with the team trekking through the inaccessible peat marshes of Congo, collecting peat samples up to 6 m deep on the forest floor using surgical tools.

Upon returning to the lab, they dated small samples of peat to ascertain when peat formation began at each sampling site.

Over a decade, researchers successfully collected and dated more than 50 cores from throughout the Central Congo Basin, reconstructing the development of the peatlands over time.

Scientists were surprised not only by the great age of these peatlands.

“One of our unexpected discoveries was that some of the older peatlands in central Congo started forming during periods when the region’s climate was considerably drier than today,” stated a researcher.

“The earlier hypothesis suggested that peat began forming in response to a wetter climate at the onset of the Holocene around 12,000 years ago.”

“We now understand that non-climatic factors must have helped saturate the soil enough for peat formation to occur.”

“This raises important questions about how climate change in the 21st century will impact peatland landscapes and the substantial carbon stored within them.”

The Congo Basin peat marshes provide essential resources for local communities, including fish, bushmeat, and building materials.

Due to their remoteness, these swamps also serve as crucial habitats for species such as forest elephants, Nile crocodiles, lowland gorillas, and bonobo chimpanzees.

While Congolese peatlands have largely avoided threats such as deforestation and drainage compared to many tropical regions, the push for improved local livelihoods and extraction of resources like oil can conflict with biodiversity and carbon conservation objectives.

Dr. Pauline Gulliver, a researcher at the University of Glasgow, remarked:

“These peatlands meticulously draw carbon from the atmosphere, safely storing it for at least 40,000 years.”

“The dynamics of peat cannot be understood within a timeframe that aligns with societal expectations.”

“If peatlands are compromised, they could release a significant amount of carbon into the atmosphere, worsening global warming.”

“It’s crucial to manage the carbon within the Congo Basin peatlands carefully to prevent such occurrences.”

Survey results were published in the journal Environmental Survey Letter.

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Greta C. Dargy et al. 2025. The timing of peat initiation throughout the central Congo Basin. environment. res. Rent 20, 084080; doi:10.1088/1748-9326/ade905

Source: www.sci.news

New Study Uncovers the Optimal Walking Pace for Longevity and Health

Posted on July 17, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Walking slightly faster than usual can markedly enhance the health of seniors, according to new research from the University of Chicago.

Specifically, researchers discovered that frail or at-risk adults can bolster their health and quality of life by increasing their walking speed by at least 14 steps per minute over their normal pace.

“Increased walking speed is a well-documented protector against mortality,” stated Dr. Daniel Rubin, associate professor of anesthesia and critical care at the university, as reported by BBC Science Focus. “Older adults who walk more briskly tend to live longer.”

The study involved 102 participants from 14 retirement communities, implementing a structured walking program over four months.

During this period, 56 participants maintained a normal walking pace while the remaining 46 were encouraged to walk quickly yet safely.

At the conclusion of the program, each participant’s walking speed was assessed during a 6-minute walk.

While all participants reaped benefits from the walking program, those who managed around 100 steps per minute showed the most significant improvement in their frailty levels from the start to the end of the study.

Researchers had long recognized that walking speed correlates with the health of older adults, but previous recommendations on how to enhance pace were often subjective and challenging to quantify.

Traditionally, older adults were advised to walk at a pace where talking was easy but singing was difficult.

Frail adults are at increased risk of falls, hospitalization, and loss of independence. Warning signs include weakness, unintentional weight loss, and fatigue. Image Credit: Getty.

“We can offer the elderly straightforward and targeted advice like, ‘Try to walk five steps per minute faster than your normal pace.’

Healthcare providers and researchers can use wearable technology, such as accelerometers, to track walking speed. Rubin and his team are currently developing an app for individuals to measure their speed at home.

In the meantime, Rubin suggests utilizing a metronome to establish a baseline walking pace, syncing steps with the metronome’s beat.

“Once a comfortable pace is established, you can gradually add 5-10 steps per minute to enhance your cadence,” he noted. “The target is to aim for an increase of 10-15 steps per minute, which is acceptable.”

Nonetheless, Rubin emphasizes that seniors must walk safely and monitor for any symptoms such as chest pain, shortness of breath, or dizziness.

“Our hope is that older adults will find this a practical strategy for guiding walking intensity, enabling them to live longer and continue engaging in activities they enjoy,” he added.

read more:

About our experts

Dr. Daniel Rubin is a physician at the University of Chicago and an assistant professor of anesthesia and critical care. His interest in gait studies stems from his clinical experience with elderly patients preparing for surgery.

Source: www.sciencefocus.com

AI Uncovers 386 Potential Antibiotics in Animal Venom

Posted on July 14, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

University of Pennsylvania researchers used a deep learning tool named Apex to explore a worldwide venom dataset in search of new antibiotic candidates.

Guan et al. Vococcus is a rich source of previously hidden antibiotic scaffolds, showing that merging experimental validation with extensive computational mining can enhance the search for urgently needed antibiotics. Image credits: Guan et al., doi: 10.1038/s41467-025-60051-6.

The increasing prevalence of antibiotic-resistant pathogens, especially Gram-negative bacteria, underscores the critical demand for new treatments.

Venococcus represents a vast, largely untapped source of bioactive molecules with potential antibacterial properties.

In their recent study, researcher César de La Fuente and his team analyzed a comprehensive database containing 16,123 poison proteins and over 40 million poison-encoded peptides via a vertex deep learning model.

The algorithm successfully pinpointed 386 candidate peptides that differ in structure and function from known antimicrobial peptides.

“These poisons are evolutionary wonders, yet their antibacterial capabilities have not been thoroughly examined,” said Dr. de la Fuente.

“Apex can rapidly explore extensive chemical landscapes, identifying exceptional peptides that combat some of the most stubborn pathogens worldwide.”

From the potential candidates selected by AI, scientists synthesized 58 peptide variants for laboratory assessment.

Remarkably, 53 of these demonstrated efficacy against drug-resistant bacteria such as E. coli and Staphylococcus aureus, at doses safe for human red blood cells.

“By combining computational analysis with traditional laboratory techniques, we achieved one of the most thorough antibiotic studies to date,” noted Dr. Marcelo Torres, co-author of the research.

“The platform has mapped over 2,000 novel antibacterial motifs, enhancing its capacity to eliminate or suppress bacterial growth through short, specific amino acid sequences within proteins or peptides.”

“Our team is now advancing the top peptide candidates towards the development of new antibiotics, optimizing them through medicinal chemistry modulation.”

results will be published in the journal Nature Communications.

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C. Guan et al. 2025. A global assessment of venom data for antibacterial discovery using artificial intelligence techniques. Nat Commun 16, 6446; doi:10.1038/s41467-025-60051-6

Source: www.sci.news

LIGO Uncovers the Most Massive Black Hole Collision Ever Recorded

Posted on July 14, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Illustration of black hole merger

Shutterstock / Jurik Peter

New records for black holes have transformed our understanding of the universe’s most extreme entities.

The Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO) began its groundbreaking detection of gravitational waves—ripples in the fabric of spacetime—ten years ago, unveiling nearly 100 black hole collisions. On November 23, 2023, Rigo announced receiving a signal described as “an extraordinary interpretation that defies explanation.” According to Sophie Binnie from the California Institute of Technology, her team ultimately concluded that it corresponded to the largest black hole merger ever recorded.

One of the merging black holes was approximately 100 times the mass of the sun, while the other neared 140 solar masses. Previous records featured black holes that were almost half as massive, primarily due to earlier mergers. Team member Mark Hannam from Cardiff University, UK, emphasized that these black holes were not only immense but also spinning at such high speeds that they challenged mathematical models of the universe regarding their formation.

According to Hannam, the masses of these black holes exceed those typically formed from the collapse of aging stars, suggesting they likely resulted from earlier mergers between smaller black holes. “It’s possible that multiple mergers have occurred,” he notes.

“A decade ago, we were astonished to find black holes around 30 solar masses. Now, we observe black holes over 100 solar masses,” adds Davide Gerosa from the University of Bicocca in Milan, Italy. He mentions that gravitational wave signals from these large, quickly rotating black holes are shorter and consequently more challenging to detect. Binnie presented her findings at the Edoardo Amaldi Conference on Gravitational Waves in Glasgow, England, on July 14.

Both Hannam and Binnie emphasize that future observations of similarly remarkable mergers are essential to further decipher these new signals, including unraveling the origins of black holes. As upgrades progress, LIGO is expected to detect more cosmic record-breakers. Yet, in May, the Trump administration proposed halving resources at the facility, which, in Hannam’s opinion, could render capturing new signals exceedingly difficult.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Arizona’s Unique Bone Bed Uncovers North America’s Earliest Known Pterosaurs

Posted on July 8, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Paleontologists have uncovered the fossilized jawbone of a newly identified pterosaur species, along with a multitude of fossils, including one of the world’s oldest turtles, in a secluded bone bed located within Petrified Forest National Park in Arizona, USA.

Artist Reconstruction of Eotephradactylus chintireae, along with other animals and plants preserved in the bone beds of Petrified Forest National Park, Arizona, USA. Image credit: Brian Eng.

The newly discovered pterosaur species, Eotephradactylus chintireae, existed in what is now Arizona during the late Triassic period, approximately 209 million years ago.

“The winged reptile was small enough to comfortably perch on a person’s shoulder,” stated Dr. Ben Krigman from the Smithsonian Institution’s National Museum of Natural History.

“One of the most exciting aspects of this discovery was that the teeth remained intact in the bones, making the identification of these animals significantly easier,” added Suzanne McIntier, a volunteer preparer who dedicated 18 years at Fossil Lab at the National Museum of Natural History.

“The teeth-filled jaws provided crucial insights into the lifestyle of the earliest pterosaurs.”

“The worn tips of the teeth suggest a high likelihood that they consumed armored fish and other prey,” she explained.

Eotephradactylus chintireae coexisted with large amphibians, armored crocodile ancestors, frogs, and turtles.

In addition to this flying reptile, paleontologists have found over 1,200 individual fossils, which include bones, teeth, fish scales, and coprolites.

“This collection represents 16 different vertebrate groups that previously inhabited diverse ecosystems,” they noted.

“The braided rivers in this region were teeming with fish, such as freshwater sharks, coelacanths, and ancient amphibians.

The surrounding environment was also home to some of the formidable reptiles that evolved during the early Triassic, including giant alligator-like armored herbivores and predatory creatures.”

The newly identified bone bed is part of the Upper Sinru Formation in Petrified Forest National Park.

“This area of northeastern Arizona was situated in the heart of Pangaea on the supercontinent, positioned just above the equator 209 million years ago,” the researchers added.

“The semi-arid landscape was interspersed with small river channels, which were prone to seasonal flooding. These floods deposited sediment and volcanic ash into the channels.”

“One of these floods might have buried creatures that remain in the bone beds. The site is rich in small fossils, making it impossible to excavate all of them in the field.”

The research team believes the new site will help bridge gaps in the fossil record prior to the final extinction event (ETE).

“About 1.5 million years ago, volcanic eruptions linked to the fragmentation of Pangaea drastically altered the world’s climate and led to the extinction of approximately 75% of Earth’s species,” the scientists commented.

“This opened the door for new groups, such as dinosaurs, to emerge and thrive in ecosystems globally.”

“Due to the lack of fossil outcrops from just before the ETE, it is challenging to find direct evidence of this transition on land.”

“This site captures the shift toward a more modern terrestrial vertebrate community, marking the beginning of the flourishing of groups following the Mesozoic era, alongside these older species that survived into the Triassic period.”

“Such fossil beds provide evidence that all these animals coexisted.”

The team’s study was published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

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Ben T. Krigman et al. 2025. The extraordinary bone bed uncovers a vertebrate community with pterygoids and turtles in the equatorial Pangaea prior to terminal extinction. PNAS 122 (29): E2505513122; doi: 10.1073/pnas.2505513122

Source: www.sci.news

New Research Uncovers Small Crystals in Interstellar Amorphous Ice

Posted on July 8, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Low-density amorphous ice is one of the most prevalent solid materials in the universe and plays a crucial role in deciphering numerous well-known anomalies of liquid water. Despite its significance and discovery nearly 90 years ago, its structure remains a topic of debate. In a recent study, researchers from the University of London and Cambridge found that prior computer simulations of low-density amorphous ice were influenced by a disturbed structure where the ice was not entirely amorphous. Instead, it contained small crystals measuring 3 nm in width, slightly wider than a single DNA strand. In their experimental studies, actual samples of amorphous ice, which formed through different methods, were recrystallized (i.e., warmed up). They observed that the resulting crystal structure varied based on the method used to generate the amorphous ice. The researchers concluded that if the ice was completely disordered, it would not retain any imprint of its previous shape.

Low-density amorphous ice structure: Many small crystals (white) are hidden in the amorphous material (blue). Image credits: Michael B. Davis, UCL & Cambridge University.

“We now have a solid understanding of what the most common ice structures in the universe look like at the atomic level,” states Dr. Michael Davis, a researcher at the University of London and Cambridge.

“This is significant because ice is involved in numerous cosmological processes, including planet formation, galaxy evolution, and the movement of matter throughout the universe.”

For their investigation, Dr. Davis and his colleagues utilized two computer models of water.

They simulated the freezing of water molecules in these virtual “cages” by cooling to -120 degrees Celsius (-184 degrees Fahrenheit) at various rates.

These different cooling rates affected the proportions of crystalline and amorphous ice produced.

The researchers determined that low-density amorphous ice, as evidenced by X-ray diffraction studies, appears to align with a mixture of up to 20% crystallinity and 80% amorphous structure (i.e., researchers fired X-rays at ice and analyzed the deflection patterns).

Using an alternative method, they created a large “box” filled with numerous small ice crystals tightly packed together.

The simulation then disordered the regions between the ice crystals, resulting in structures remarkably similar to those obtained from the initial approach of 25% crystalline ice.

In additional experimental efforts, scientists generated actual low-density amorphous ice samples through various methods, including deposits of water vapor onto extremely cold surfaces (mimicking how ice forms on interstellar dust) and from high-density amorphous ice (ice crushed at very low temperatures).

These amorphous ice samples were then gently heated to provide energy for the formation of crystals.

They noted variations in the structure of the ice depending on its origin, particularly regarding the arrangement of molecules in a hexagonal (6x) formation.

This provided indirect evidence that low-density amorphous ice contained crystalline constituents.

Should it be entirely disordered, the ice would lack any memory of its prior form.

The findings raised further inquiries about the nature of amorphous ice, such as whether crystal size varies based on the formation method, and whether truly amorphous ice is achievable.

“Water is essential to life, yet our understanding is still incomplete,” remarked Professor Michael Ryde from Cambridge University.

“Amorphous ice may be key to explaining many anomalies observed in water.”

“Ice holds potential as a high-performance material in space,” added Dr. Davis.

“It can shield spacecraft from radiation and supply fuel in the form of hydrogen and oxygen.”

“Understanding the various structures and properties is critical.”

Moreover, this research touches upon a speculative theory regarding the origins of life on Earth.

This theory posits that life’s building blocks were transported here on an icy comet, known as Panspermia.

“Our findings indicate that this ice might be a suboptimal transport medium for these biological molecules,” stated Dr. Davis.

“This is due to the reduced space available for partial embedding of these components in the crystal structure.”

“Nonetheless, the theory could still hold merit, as there are amorphous regions within the ice capable of storing and concealing life’s building blocks.”

“Ice on Earth captivates our curiosity due to our warm climate,” observed University College professor Christophe Salzmann from the University of London.

“You can see the intricate order of snowflakes in their symmetry.”

“Ice elsewhere in the universe has long been viewed as a frozen snapshot of liquid water: a disordered arrangement that is fixed in place. Our findings suggest that this perception is not entirely accurate.”

“Our results also prompt questions regarding the properties of amorphous materials in general.”

“Such materials are vital in advanced technologies.”

“For instance, fiberglass used for data transmission must be amorphous or disordered to function.”

“If these materials contain small crystals, their performance can potentially be enhanced by removing them.”

The findings were documented in a paper published today in the journal Physical Review B.

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Michael Benedict Davis et al. 2025. Low-density amorphous ice contains crystalline ice grains. Phys. Rev. B 112, 024203; doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.112.024203

Source: www.sci.news

Ancient DNA Uncovers the Dietary Preferences of the Roman Empire

Posted on July 2, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Modern rendition of garum, a fermented fish sauce dating back to Roman times

Alexander Mychko / Alamy

Garum, a type of fermented fish sauce, was a favored condiment throughout the Roman Empire. Recent analyses of ancient DNA extracted from the production vats have uncovered the specific fish species used in this staple seasoning.

This Roman fish sauce was widely appreciated for its intense salty and umami flavors. However, philosopher Seneca famously remarked that one variant had a price “as audacious as that of rotten fish.” There were various types, including a liquid known as Garum or Liquamen, and a thicker paste called Allec. The preparation involved fermenting fish and plant materials, complicating the identification of the fish species used.

According to Paula Campos from the University of Porto, Portugal, “The small, fractured bones and the acidic conditions contribute significantly to the degradation of DNA.”

Campos and her team conducted DNA sequencing on bone samples dating back to the 3rd century AD, sourced from a Roman fish sauce production facility in northwestern Spain. They compared numerous overlapping DNA sequences against the complete fish genome, allowing them to confidently identify the species involved.

This analysis revealed that the remaining fish was predominantly European sardines, aligning with previous visual identifications at other Roman fish processing sites. Additional fish species such as herring, whiting, mackerel, and anchovy have also been identified in various garum production locales.

This finding indicates that “even degraded fish remains” can yield identifiable DNA, suggesting that “it could enhance our understanding of regional variations in the main ingredients of historical fish sauces and pastes,” noted Analisa Marzano, a colleague from the University of Bologna, Italy, who was not involved in the study.

The research shows a comparison of ancient and modern sardines, indicating less genetic mixing among sardine populations across different marine regions in ancient times. This knowledge “may help us gauge the impact of human-environment interactions over the centuries,” Marzano explained.

For future studies, Campos and her colleagues intend to analyze additional fish species from other Roman garum production sites. “We’re broadening our sampling to verify if the results are consistent throughout the Roman Empire,” she added.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

How Metaphysics Uncovers Hidden Assumptions to Comprehend Reality

Posted on June 24, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Metaphysics often faces undue criticism. “Many people consider it a waste of time,” states philosopher Stephen Mumford from Durham University, UK, and author of Metaphysics: A Very Short Introduction. “Are they simply arguing over trivial matters, like how many angels can dance on the head of a pin?”

This viewpoint is understandable. Classical metaphysics—originating from the Greek term “meta”—has often grappled with peculiar questions. For instance, what constitutes a table? What shape does color assume? We utilize logical tools like “reductio ad absurdum” to derive conclusions solely from inference. This method seeks to demonstrate the validity of a claim by highlighting absurdities within its negation, quite different from the empirical observations that characterize scientific inquiry.

This article is part of our concept special, exploring how experts view some of the most intriguing scientific ideas. Click here for more information.

Nonetheless, the notion that metaphysics is merely an abstract discipline disconnected from reality is rebutted by Mumford:

Indeed, modern science has encroached upon areas once deemed exclusive to metaphysics, including the nature of consciousness and the implications of quantum mechanics. It’s becoming increasingly evident that both domains are interconnected.

To understand this interplay, one must recognize that everyone inherently possesses metaphysical beliefs, asserts Vanessa Seyfert, a philosopher of science at the University of Bristol, England. For instance, many believe in the existence of objects even when they are not being observed, despite the absence of robust empirical evidence to support this claim.

Moreover, “naturalized metaphysics” emerges from this discussion. Unlike traditional metaphysics, which remains speculative, this version is grounded in scientific understanding, according to Seyfert. “We observe what science reveals about our universe and consider whether we can accept it as literal truth.”

This contemporary metaphysics serves a crucial role for science, as it probes the foundational assumptions behind our understanding of the universe. “In many instances, metaphysical beliefs form the basis upon which empirical knowledge is constructed,” explains Mumford.

Causality—the principle that every effect has a cause—is a prime example. Despite the fact that causality itself is not directly observable, it is a belief we universally hold. “Essentially, the entirety of science operates on this metaphysical premise of causality,” he remarks.

These days, scientists routinely engage with deeply metaphysical concepts, ranging from chemical elements to space and time, as well as the very laws of nature, thereby intensifying the scrutiny of these ideas.

“We can critically evaluate our metaphysical assumptions or choose to overlook them for their validity,” says Mumford. “However, ignoring them means we make unexamined assumptions.”

One notable intersection of science and metaphysics exists in quantum mechanics, which delves into the atomic and subatomic realm. While it stands as a highly successful scientific framework, addressing its implications requires physicists to confront metaphysical queries, such as the interpretation of quantum superpositions.

In this realm, competing interpretations of reality exist without being testable through conventional experiments. It’s increasingly clear that scientific advancement hinges on confronting these hidden assumptions. In response, some researchers are revitalizing the notion of “experimental metaphysics,” aiming to assess the consistency of metaphysical beliefs that prioritize various interpretations of quantum theory.

“Ultimately, you cannot engage in physics without also grappling with metaphysical inquiries,” states Eric Cavalcanti, a prominent proponent of this perspective at Griffith University in Brisbane, Australia. “Both aspects must be addressed simultaneously.”

Explore further stories in this series via the links below:

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Vera Rubin Observatory Uncovers Thousands of New Asteroids

Posted on June 24, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qgq2lcpkifg

Countless unique asteroids traverse the solar system, amidst millions of distant stars and galaxies captured in the inaugural images released by the Vera C. Rubin Observatory.

“These stunning galaxies were photogenically disrupted by asteroids,” noted Željko Ivezić during a press briefing on June 23rd at Washington University in Seattle, presenting images that showcase several asteroids zipping past two spiral-armed galaxies.

Within just 10 hours of observing the night sky, the telescope, positioned in the pristine atmosphere atop a mountain in the Chilean desert, detected 2,104 previously unknown asteroids. Among these, seven have trajectories that come close to Earth, yet none poses a threat, according to Ivezic.

Researchers identified and tracked newly discovered asteroids in images taken over 10 hours

NSF-DOE VERA C. RUBIN OBSERVATORY

Although telescopes are not primarily designed to detect near-Earth objects, they are intended for a comprehensive study of the universe over a decade. However, their features are also conducive to spotting asteroids. “You need to survey the sky rapidly with a vast field of view,” Ivezic explained.

Asteroids were identified by scrutinizing areas of the sky and noting what was in motion. In the composite image shown by Ivezić during the briefing, the asteroids appeared as colored streaks against the backdrop of brighter objects in deeper space. This enhances our understanding of the neighboring celestial bodies. “We weren’t surprised,” he said. “There’s an impressive simulation.”

Throughout a decade-long research initiative, the telescope is anticipated to identify around 5 million new asteroids, surpassing the total discovered in previous centuries.

Asteroids are marked with a colored dot in front of an image of a galaxy visible in the southern sky

NSF-DOE VERA C. RUBIN OBSERVATORY Copyright: NSF-DOE VERA C. Rubin Observatory

The new detections are reported daily to the US Minor Planet Center, which analyzes orbital paths and identifies objects that could threaten Earth. “In under 24 hours, the world will be informed about potentially hazardous objects,” Ivezic stated.

Matthew Payne from the Minor Planet Center remarked that it’s estimated only 40% of close Earth objects capable of posing a threat have been discovered. An exponential increase in detections from the Vera Rubin Observatory will hasten the identification of the remaining objects.

A substantial rise in observations of other solar system entities—from main belt asteroids between Mars and Jupiter to objects further out beyond Neptune—is anticipated to offer fresh insights into our immediate cosmic neighborhood. “It’s expected to truly revolutionize solar system science,” Payne concluded.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

New Research Uncovers Insights into Neanderthal Migration from the Caucasus Mountains

Posted on June 11, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Genetic and archaeological findings indicate a significant Neanderthal migration from the western regions to central and eastern Eurasia during the late Pleistocene. Genetic evidence points to dispersion occurring between 120,000 and 80,000 years ago, while archaeological sites in Altai date back to as early as 60,000 years ago. The specifics of the migration route and its timing have been heavily debated due to the limited number of archaeological connections between these regions. Recent studies suggest that Neanderthals likely utilized river valleys as natural pathways, enabling them to traverse approximately 3,250 km (2,000 miles) through the Urals and South Siberia in under 2,000 years.

E. Coco & R. Iovita suggest that the Neanderthals could have quickly spread from Caucasus Mountains to Altai Mountains, running along the north route between MIS 3 and MIS 5e. Image credit: Abel Grau, CSIC Communications.

“Our research indicates that despite facing natural barriers like mountains and large rivers, Neanderthals may have traversed northern Eurasia much more swiftly than previously thought,” stated Dr. Emily Coco, PhD, who initiated this investigation as a PhD student at New York University and is currently a postdoctoral researcher at the University of Algarve.

“These findings offer valuable insights from archaeological records regarding ancient migration routes that remain underexplored and highlight the potential of computer simulations to unveil new information about ancient movements that have shaped human history.”

In creating a simulation of the two Millennial Journeys of Neanderthals, Dr. Coco and her colleague Dr. Radu Iovita from New York University analyzed topographic elevations, ancient river paths, glacial barriers, and temperature variations to model individual movement decisions.

The researchers identified two potential migration routes from ancient periods – during ocean isotope stage 5E (approximately 125,000 years ago during MIS 5E) and during ocean isotope stage 3 (from MIS 3, starting around 60,000 years ago) – both characterized by warmer temperatures making them conducive for movement.

Simulations indicated that Neanderthals could reach the Siberian Altai Mountains in Eurasia within 2,000 years in either MIS 5E or MIS 3, following the same general northern route through the Urals and southern Siberia, often intersecting with known archaeological sites from the same timeframe.

The authors believe this study enhances our understanding of Neanderthal interactions with other ancient human populations.

Specifically, their route would have led them to regions already inhabited by Denisovans, which aligns with existing evidence of interbreeding between the two species.

“The Neanderthals could have traveled thousands of kilometers from the Caucasus Mountains to Siberia in just 2,000 years by navigating river corridors,” said Dr. Iovita.

“While some researchers speculate about this type of rapid, long-distance travel based on genetic evidence, demonstrating it has been challenging due to the sparse archaeological record in the region.”

“Our detailed computer simulations suggest that this transition may have been a predictable outcome of the landscape conditions during prior warm climate periods.”

Survey results published online in the journal PLOS 1.

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E. Coco & R. Iovita. 2025. Agent-based simulations reveal the possibility of multiple rapid northern routes for the dispersion of the second Neanderthal from the West to East Eurasia. PLOS 1 20 (6): E0325693; doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0325693

Source: www.sci.news

Research Uncovers That Humans Are Seasonal Beings

Posted on May 30, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Biological processes such as sleep, heart rate, and metabolism are regulated by the circadian clock found in nearly every cell in the human body. However, modern lifestyles challenge this natural timing mechanism in ways for which we are not well-suited. Factors like industrialization, shift work, artificial lighting, and smartphone usage significantly impact our sleep and circadian rhythms. A recent study from the University of Michigan reveals that our circadian rhythms continue to align with seasonal changes in sunlight. This result was published in the journal NPJ Digital Medicine.

Kim et al. We believe that substantial individual differences in shift work adaptation, which are vital for shift workers’ health, can be explained in part by the biological mechanisms of seasonal timing. Image credit: Sasin Tipchai.

“We may not want to admit it in today’s world, but humans are inherently seasonal,” stated Dr. Ruby Kim, the study’s lead author.

“The duration of daylight and the sunlight we receive significantly influence our physiology.”

“Our research demonstrates that the timing of biologically significant seasons plays a role in how individuals adapt to changes in their daily routines.”

“These findings could lead to new avenues for investigating and understanding seasonal affective disorders, a form of depression linked to seasonal variations.”

“It could also point to new areas of exploration regarding a range of health issues related to sleep schedules and alignment with circadian rhythms.”

“This work holds great promise for future discoveries, potentially impacting metabolic and cardiovascular health as well as mental health conditions such as mood disorders and anxiety.”

The study also indicated that humans possess a seasonal genetic component, which might explain the significant differences in how individuals are impacted by variations in daylight.

“Some individuals may adapt better, while others might fare much worse,” remarked Professor Daniel Foger, a senior author of the study.

Investigating this genetic component could help researchers and healthcare providers identify where an individual falls on the adaptation spectrum, although achieving this will require more time and effort.

For now, this study serves as an important first step in reshaping our understanding of human circadian rhythms.

“Many people tend to perceive their circadian rhythm as a singular entity,” explained Professor Foger.

“Our findings indicate that it’s not one clock, but rather two.”

“One clock tracks dawn, and the other tracks dusk. They communicate with each other.”

Researchers adjusted their studies of circadian rhythms according to seasonal sunlight by analyzing sleep data collected from thousands of participants using wearable health technology like Fitbits.

All participants were medical interns involved in a one-year internship as part of a healthcare study funded by the National Institutes of Health.

Interns are shift workers whose schedules frequently change, which also changes their sleep patterns.

Moreover, these schedules often run counter to the natural day-night cycle.

The observation that the circadian rhythm of this group demonstrated seasonal dependence is a strong indicator of how deeply ingrained this feature is in humans, which is unsurprising.

“It makes a lot of practical sense. Our brain physiology has been attuned to track dusk and dawn for millions of years,” stated Professor Foger.

“Then industrialization came along in an evolutionary blink, and we’re still trying to catch up.”

Participants in the healthcare study also provided saliva samples for DNA analysis, enabling researchers to include genetic factors in their evaluations.

Previous genetic studies have identified specific genes involved in how circadian clocks in various animals respond to seasonal changes.

Since humans share this gene, the authors could pinpoint a smaller group of interns with slight variations in their genetic makeup.

For this group, shift work was more disruptive due to the misalignment between seasonal circadian rhythms and their sleep schedules.

This leads to many questions, particularly regarding the health implications and how shift work affects different individuals.

However, these are questions researchers will seek to investigate further in the future.

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R. Kim et al. 2025. Seasonal timing and individual differences in shift work adaptation. npj digits. Pharmaceuticals 8, 300; doi:10.1038/s41746-025-01678-z

Source: www.sci.news

Unexpected Image Uncovers New Insights into the Sun’s Atmosphere

Posted on May 29, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ldwmygyq3nm

Astronomers have uncovered new phenomena occurring in the solar atmosphere, aided by remarkable new images of stars.

In a study conducted by Dark Schmidt and his team at the US National Solar Observatory, they utilized the California Good Solar Telescope to capture these images. By employing a technique known as adaptive optics, they minimized distortions caused by Earth’s atmosphere during solar observations, enabling them to examine the features of the corona, which is the outer atmosphere of stars.

“The level of detail is unprecedented; these are things that no one has ever observed before,” Schmidt states.

Plasma flows through the sun’s corona

Schmidt et al./njit/nso/aura/nsf

Newly revealed details include plasma flows within the corona and the plasma loops referred to as solar prominences.

The images also provide the clearest view of coronal rain observed to date, displaying plasma droplets about the size of cities falling toward the sun’s surface as they cool and become denser. “Gravity pulls them down toward the sun,” Schmidt explains.

The observations were conducted during the summers of 2023 and 2024. Researchers anticipate that some images will shed light on why the solar corona is significantly hotter than the solar surface—a difference of millions versus thousands of degrees, a perplexing enigma.

One theory involves the magnetic fields that interact and reconnect within the solar corona. “In numerous images and videos we present, you can observe intricately intertwined structures and chaotic movements at a minute scale,” notes Schmidt.

Some features captured in the images remain unexplained, such as a plasma filament splitting into multiple fragments. “Currently, we are missing a conclusive explanation,” Schmidt conveys. “This could indicate a novel phenomenon, and it’s thrilling to see how other scientists will further investigate this.”

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Source: www.newscientist.com

New Research Uncovers Opportunistic Hyperdevelopment in Megatooth Sharks

Posted on May 26, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

In a study published today in the journal Earth and Planetary Science Letters, paleontologists examined the ratio of two distinct zinc isotopes in the enamel of 19 dental species from early Miocene marine ecosystems, including the Megatooth Sharks Otodus Megalodon and Otodus chubutensis.

Otodus Megalodon became extinct 3.6 million years ago. Image credit: Alex Boersma/PNAS.” width=”580″ height=”421″ srcset=”https://cdn.sci.news/images/2023/06/image_12042-Otodus-megalodon.jpg 580w, https://cdn.sci.news/images/2023/06/image_12042-Otodus-megalodon-300×218.jpg 300w, https://cdn.sci.news/images/2023/06/image_12042-Otodus-megalodon-104×75.jpg 104w” sizes=”(max-width: 580px) 100vw, 580px”/>

Otodus Megalodon became extinct 3.6 million years ago. Image credit: Alex Boersma/PNAS.

Otodus Megalodon was a colossal megatooth shark that inhabited the world’s oceans from 23 to 3.6 million years ago.

It could reach a length of at least 15 meters, making it one of the largest apex marine predators since the Mesozoic Era.

“Otodus Megalodon,” stated Dr. Jeremy McCormack from Goethe University in Frankfurt, “was estimated to require about 100,000 calories per day.”

“Scientists have generally believed that megalodon primarily consumed whales.”

“At least, that’s what it depended on if whales were available for extended periods.”

“However, it seems that Megalodon had a much broader range of prey than previously thought.”

In the recent study, Dr. McCormack and his colleagues investigated the ratio of zinc-64 and zinc-66 isotopes in the dental enamel of 19 fossil species from sediments that are 20.4 to 16 million years old, discovered in the shallow waters of the Burdigalian seaways in what is now southern Germany.

“Zinc is ingested through food, which means the heavier zinc-66 is stored in muscles and organs,” they explained.

“As a result, fish that consume other fish accumulate a high amount of zinc-66. Therefore, those that eat them will have even less.”

“This is why Otodus Megalodon and its relative Otodus chubutensis exhibited the lowest ratios of zinc-66 to zinc-64 at the top of the food chain.”

“Seabreams that fed on mussels, snails, and crustaceans represented the lowest level of our food chain study,” Dr. McCormack noted.

“Following that were smaller shark species, including Requiem sharks, and the ancestors of modern whales, dolphins, and porpoises.”

“Larger sharks, such as sand tiger sharks, occupied higher levels of the food pyramid, with immense sharks like Aralosera coscuspidatus and Otodus sharks containing Megalodon at the top.”

“However, Otodus sharks cannot be distinctly differentiated from lower levels of the pyramid.”

“Megalodons were versatile enough to consume marine mammals and large fish, depending on their availability from both the upper and lower tiers of the food pyramid.”

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Jeremy McCormack et al. The vegetative ecology of Miocene marine vertebrates reveals the Megatooth Shark as an opportunistic hypercarnivore. Earth and Planetary Science Letters Published online on May 26, 2025. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2025.119392

Source: www.sci.news