Bellow’s alpine tree frogs enhance their jumping ability when infected with a common fungus
Robert Valentich/naturepl.com
The chytrid fungus is a lethal pathogen affecting amphibians amid an ongoing global crisis, capable of wiping out entire populations. Yet, for one endangered frog species in Australia, the infection has led to an unusual positive effect: significantly larger hops.
Verreaux’s alpine tree frog (Litoria Verouki Alpina) is impacted by the chytrid fungus, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis. Those infected can leap nearly a quarter further than their uninfected counterparts.
“These findings remind us of the incredible resilience of these amphibians and their responses to threats from this daunting pathogen. Remarkably, their bodies can display unexpected adaptations,” says Teagan McMahon from the University of Connecticut in New London, who was not involved in the research.
Alexander Wendt and colleagues at the University of Melbourne, Australia, investigated the impact of Bd infection on the health of alpine tree frogs, using their locomotion as an indicator of physiological health.
In their laboratory study, the researchers separated 60 frogs into groups based on infection status. Wendt and his team assessed how the frogs responded to extreme temperature conditions and measured their jumping distances when gently stimulated.
Remarkably, six weeks after infection, the frogs that had contracted Bd exhibited an increase in jumping distance of nearly 24% compared to uninfected ones. Typically, in other amphibian species, energy reserves are drained as the immune system combats the fungus. The physiological responses to Bd can vary significantly among amphibian species, offering temporary advantages in cases of sublethal infections.
“However, as soon as clinical symptoms emerge, it becomes exceedingly challenging for most species,” Wendt notes.
The immune response of alpine tree frogs does not appear robust enough to hinder their reaction to Bd, suggesting that such enhancements may aid them in locating mates quickly before their condition worsens. Other frog species are also known to amplify their mating calls when infected with Bd.
This short-term bolstering of jumping ability can be advantageous when faced with Bd. “From an evolutionary standpoint, it makes sense,” McMahon adds. “Enhanced mobility may contribute to increased transmission rates and prolong the host’s lifespan.”
The influence of Bd on amphibians is increasingly recognized as being shaped by complex interactions between host biology, the fungus, and the surrounding environment. “All we can do is gather as much information as possible to assist these species in surviving and mitigating the spread of Bd before it reaches a critical point,” Wendt emphasizes.
The grand stone statues of Easter Island may have originated from diverse artistic and spiritual traditions, where multiple communities independently created their own massive carvings, rather than through a centralized effort led by a powerful ruler. This revelation aims to better identify the island’s primary quarries.
Easter Island, or Rapa Nui, located in the Pacific Ocean, is believed to have been settled by Polynesian navigators around 1200 AD.
Archaeological observations indicate that the Rapa Nui were not politically unified, prompting discussions on whether the numerous moai statues were produced under a centralized authority.
The island had only one quarry, Rano Raraku, that provided the volcanic rock utilized for the statue carvings.
Curl Lipo and his team at Binghamton University in New York employed drones and advanced mapping technology to develop the first 3D representation of the quarry, which holds many incomplete moai. Lipo noted that earlier studies yielded varying results regarding the number of moai remaining at the site.
Lipo and his associates documented 426 features representative of the moai at different completion stages, 341 grooves indicating the planned carving blocks, 133 carved cavities for removing the statues, and five bollards likely used for lowering the moai into position.
It was also noted that the quarry was divided into 30 distinct working areas, each functioning independently with various carving methods, according to Lipo.
The idea that small factions of workers may have relocated the moai statues, along with prior evidence of separate territories marked by groups at freshwater sources, hints that the statue carvings stemmed from community-level competition rather than centralized governance, Lipo explained.
“Monumentalism signifies a competitive display among peer communities instead of top-down mobilization,” he stated.
Historians continue to discuss the alleged decline of the Rapa Nui, with some contending that resource over-exploitation resulted in a severe social breakdown, while others challenge this narrative.
Lipo argues that the collapse theory presumes a centralized leadership pushed for monument construction, leading to deforestation and social disintegration. “However, if monuments are decentralized and arise from community competition rather than intentional expansion, then deforestation cannot be attributed to egotistical leadership,” Lipo comments.
Nevertheless, some researchers are skeptical about this perspective. Dale Simpson, from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, concurs there wasn’t a singular overarching chief as seen in other Polynesian regions such as Hawaii and Tonga; however, he suggests clans were not as isolated as proposed by Lipo and others, indicating there must have been collaboration among the groups.
“I think they’ve had a bit too much Kool-Aid and haven’t fully considered the limiting factors in a confined area like Rapa Nui, where stone is paramount. It’s not feasible to carve moai within a single clan without interaction and stone-sharing,” he notes.
Jo Ann Van Tilburg from the University of California, Los Angeles, mentioned that further investigations are in progress to ascertain how the Rapa Nui exploited Rano Raraku, asserting that the conclusions drawn by Lipo’s team appear “premature and overstated.”
Machu Picchu and the Science of the Incas: Peru
Immerse yourself in the vital ruins of the Inca civilization with two visits to Machu Picchu, and discover that the tale of the Incas encompasses much more than just one location.
A 12,000-year-old clay figurine and artistic restoration showcasing a woman with a goose from Nahal Ein Geb II
Laurent Davin
A diminutive 12,000-year-old clay figure featuring a goose on the back of a woman might illustrate an animistic ritual linked to mating between a gander and a human.
Measuring just 3.7 centimeters tall, this sculpture was uncovered in 2019 at the archaeological site of Nahal Ein Geb II in Israel, though its importance wasn’t fully appreciated until 2024.
The site was inhabited by the Natufians, a group of Paleolithic hunter-gatherers who established settlements in the region. Known as the direct ancestors of the Neolithic farming communities, the Natufians are credited with early agriculture throughout the Middle East.
To the casual observer, it might be challenging to discern the figure’s components; Laurent Davin, a professor at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, expressed certainty, stating it clearly depicts a goose on the woman’s back.
“Upon extracting this small clay form from its packaging, I instantly recognized a human figure with a bird resting atop,” Davin recalls. “What I held was an extraordinary artifact, 12,000 years old, notable for both its subject and craftsmanship.”
There are ancient sculptures and paintings illustrating human-animal interactions, in addition to even older hybrid sculptures dating back 40,000 years, like the “Lion Man” discovered in Germany. Davin asserts this elegant piece is “the earliest figurine representing human-animal interaction” ever found.
Geochemical analyses indicated the statuette was heated to around 400 degrees Celsius. Davin notes the artist skillfully modeled the clay, showcasing a keen awareness of anatomy and how light and shadow play into the scene.
He and his team do not propose that the figure represents a literal event, such as a female hunter with a captured goose. Instead, Davin believes the goose was artistically rendered in a mating position.
“We view this portrayal as an imaginative interaction between animal spirits and humans,” he explains. “Such themes are prevalent in animistic cultures globally, particularly reflecting erotic dreams, shamanistic visions, and mythology.”
Researchers also found fingerprints on the figurine, likely made by its creator. Due to its small dimensions, it likely belonged to a young adult or an adult female of any gender.
Paul Tacon, a professor at Griffith University in Brisbane, Australia, not involved in the research, presents an alternative interpretation of the statue. “Having grown up in Canada and recalling Canada geese, [it] “It reminds me of their aggressive behavior. They often charge and leap onto one’s back, pecking at the head or neck,” he observes.
“The tale of a woman being pursued by a goose could represent an altercation rather than an intimate union, though the exact significance may remain elusive.”
Ancient caves, the origins of humanity: northern Spain
Explore the world’s oldest cave paintings in this picturesque region of northern Spain. Journey back 40,000 years and learn about the lives, play, and work of our ancestors. Every cave, filled with ancient Paleolithic art and awe-inspiring geological wonders, narrates a unique and timeless tale.
Photos of government IDs belonging to approximately 70,000 global Discord users, a widely used messaging and chat application amongst gamers, might have been exposed following a breach at the firm responsible for conducting age verification procedures.
Along with the ID photos, details such as users’ names, email addresses, other contact information, IP addresses, and interactions with Discord customer support could also have fallen prey to the hackers. The attacker is reportedly demanding a ransom from the company. Fortunately, full credit card information or passwords were not compromised.
The incident was disclosed last week, but news of the potential ID photo leak came to light on Wednesday. A representative from the UK’s Information Commissioner’s Office, which oversees data breaches, stated: “We have received a report from Discord and are assessing the information provided.”
The images in question were submitted by users appealing age-related bans via Discord’s customer service contractors, which is a platform that allows users to communicate through text, voice, and video chat for over a decade.
Some nations, including the UK, mandate age verification for social media and messaging services to protect children. This measure has been in effect in the UK since July under the Online Safety Act. Cybersecurity professionals have cautioned about the potential vulnerability of age verification providers, which may require sensitive government-issued IDs, to hackers aware of the troves of sensitive information.
Discord released a statement acknowledging: “We have recently been made aware of an incident wherein an unauthorized individual accessed one of Discord’s third-party customer service providers. This individual obtained information from a limited number of users who reached out to Discord through our customer support and trust and safety teams… We have identified around 70,000 users with affected accounts globally whose government ID photos might have been disclosed. Our vendors utilized those photos for evaluating age-related appeals.”
Discord requires users seeking to validate their age to upload a photo of their ID along with their Discord username to return to the platform.
Nathan Webb, a principal consultant at the British digital security firm Acumen Cyber, remarked that the breach is “very concerning.”
“Even if age verification is outsourced, organizations must still ensure the proper handling of that data,” he emphasized. “It is crucial for companies to understand that delegating certain functions does not relieve them of their obligation to uphold data protection and security standards.”
In two photos taken for fashion retailer H&M, model Mathilda Gvarliani can be seen posing in a white tank top and jeans. The images look like they were taken from the same shoot, but one of the photos shows Gvarliani the real Ms. Gvarliani, and the other is an artificially manipulated image of her.
Published this week Fashion businessOne image, an industry news outlet, shows Gvarliani holding the waistband of her jeans, while the other shows a “digital twin” with her arms crossed and staring at the camera.
The two images feature a quote from Gvarliani. “She’s like me. Gvarliani reported that this year is one of more than 20 models that H&M has partnered up to create digital replicas for use in its social media platforms and marketing campaigns, the publication reported.
Swedish retailer H&M is the latest company to pursue trends that have destabilized some fashion industry insiders. Using images that spreads artificial intelligence, critics have expressed concern about the impact on models and other independent contractors, including hair stylists and makeup artists, who are part of the photo shoot workforce.
According to H&M spokesman Hacan Andersson, the company is in the exploration stage of the project.
“We are simply exploring what is possible, and we work closely with other creatives in the industry, institutions and models themselves. We have full control over when the “digital twin” is used, and of course we are paid when it is used.”
Jorgen Andersson, chief creative officer at H&M, said the company will retain a “human-centric approach” in its use of technology.
H&M “was interested in exploring ways to showcase our fashion in new and creative ways, while still remaining true to our commitment to personal style,” he issued a statement in an email Thursday.
Fashion Worker LawNew York’s new law, which will come into effect in June, is expected to address some of the concerns about the use of AI by providing protection to the model, including requiring wage transparency and control over digital replicas.
State Sen. Brad Hoyleman Cigar, sponsor of the bill, said the labor law “protects fashion models from being financially abused and using images without their consent.”
Other states and Some European countries There is a law regarding individual rights via digital replicas, but New York law specifically covers the model.
Some models have complained that they have found unknown faces taking photos on their bodies and that they have no control over their finances.
“I think part of the impressive thing about the H&M Digital-Twin campaign is that the digital representation of the model is indistinguishable,” said Sara Ziff, former model and founder of the Model Alliance, on Friday. “It could really raise doubts about consent and compensation and replace many fashion workers.”
The alliance that provided input to the law in New York said models may use generated AI images without knowledge or consent, and without compensation. The new law states that modeling agencies cannot empower lawyers through digital replicas and must obtain written consent from the model for how they are used and compensation.
Models generated in AI are generally either human models or fictional representations of digital replicas, which are images of real people reused by technologies such as H&M “digital twins.”
The use of these digital forms in the lucrative fashion industry has been developing for many years as global retailers try to balance brand appeal with transparency and cost.
In 2011, H&M layered the heads of the actual models onto computer-generated mannequins for their online swimsuit campaign. 2023 denim brand Levi Strauss He said he plans to use AI technology. He added that the use of live models will not be reduced to reveal more images of different body types.
Last year, fashion brands Mangoes have been announced The campaign for the teenage line of clothing, using AI technology announced by Chief Information Technology Officer Jordia Rex, who said, “to make us more human or not.”
In this week’s newsletter, the Model Alliance said it is evaluating the H&M plan, which includes examples of other models next to the digital clone.
“Finally, how I’m in New York and Tokyo on the same day,” model Yar Aguer was quoted as saying he was paired with her digital twin.
Asked on Friday if the models really said those words, a spokesman for H&M said, “You can see that it’s a real quote from the model.”
Candidate planetary systems detected by microlens method are thought to travel at least 540 km (1.2 million mph) per 540 km.
Impressions of the superniputin exoplanet artist orbiting a low-mass star near the center of our Milky Way galaxy. Image credits: NASA/JPL-Caltech/R. Hurt, Caltech-IPAC.
“I think this is the so-called Super Neptune world orbiting a low-mass star at the distance between Venus and Earth's orbit,” University of Maryland, College Park, NASA Goddard. At the Space Flight Center.
“The star is so weak that it is outside its habitable zone. If so, it will be the first planet ever discovered orbiting a fast star.”
The system was first discovered indirectly in 2011 thanks to the microlens event MOA-2011-BLG-262.
“Microlenses occur because a large amount of presence distorts the fabric of space-time,” the astronomer explained.
“Whenever an intervening object appears to drift near a background star, light from the star curve passes through space-time, distorted around nearby objects.”
“If the alignment is particularly close, the distortion around the object behaves like a natural lens and can amplify the light of the background star.”
In MOA-2011-BLG-262, microlens signals revealed pairs of celestial bodies.
Astronomers have determined relative masses (one is about 2,300 times heavier than the other), but their exact mass depends on how far they are from the Earth.
“It's easy to determine the mass ratio,” said Dr. David Bennett, a senior research scientist at the Goddard Space Flight Center at the University of Maryland, College Park and NASA.
The MOA-2011-BLG-262 Discovery Team has a microlens object that is about 20% of the stars, about 29 times heavier than Earth, or Jupiter's mass with Exomoon. They suspected it was one of roughly four times more illicit planets.
To understand which explanations were more likely, Dr. Terry, Dr. Bennett and his colleagues searched data from the Keck Observatory in Hawaii and the Gaia satellite at the ESA.
If the pair are illegitimate Exoplanets and Exomoons, they will not look effective – dark objects lost in the black space of the universe.
Researchers discovered a strong suspect about 24,000 light years away and put it in the bulge of the Milky Way galaxy.
By comparing the position of the stars in 2011 and 2021, they calculated its speed.
But that's its 2D motion. If it's heading towards us or away from us, it must be moving even faster.
Its true speed may increase to the galaxy's escape speed exceeding 600 km/s (1.3 million mph) per second.
If so, the planetary system is destined to traverse intergalactic space for millions of years to come.
“To make sure the newly identified star is part of the system that caused the 2011 signal, we looked again in another year and it moved the right amount and moved in the right direction. And I want to see where it is. We've detected a signal,” Dr. Bennett said.
“If a high-resolution observation indicates that the stars remain in the same position, it can be sure that it is not part of the system that caused the signal,” says Aparna Bhatacharya at the University of Maryland. The doctor said. College Park and NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center.
“That means the Rogue Planet and the Exomoon model are preferred.”
Team's paper It was released this week Astronomy Journal.
____
Sean K. Terry et al. 2025. A candidate high-speed peeling system for galaxy swelling. AJ 169, 131; doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ad9b0f
○Last Week Tonight, John Oliver investigated the impending ban of TikTok in the United States. TikTok, a popular social media app known for its cooking tutorials and trendy dances, has captured the attention of many users, especially those born after 1985.
With 170 million active users in the U.S., TikTok has a significant following, particularly among young adults. Despite its popularity, the app faces potential extinction as the Senate passed a bill in April giving its Chinese parent company ByteDance an ultimatum to sell TikTok or risk being banned in the U.S. due to national security concerns.
Lawmakers from both parties view TikTok as a threat, with one likening it to a “gun to Americans’ heads.” Despite this, Oliver humorously points out that Congress tends to act differently when faced with literal gun violence as opposed to figurative threats.
Oliver delves into TikTok’s history, highlighting the app’s rapid rise in popularity, especially during the pandemic. He humorously notes that TikTok thrived during lockdowns as people turned to it for entertainment and distraction.
Concerns about TikTok’s ties to China have been ongoing, with President Trump attempting to block the app through an executive order. Despite TikTok’s efforts to distance itself from China, questions remain about the security of user data and potential government influence on the app.
Oliver examines TikTok’s data collection practices and algorithm, pointing out the extensive information the app gathers about its users. He raises alarm about the potential vulnerabilities and privacy risks associated with TikTok’s operations.
While acknowledging concerns about propaganda and censorship on TikTok, Oliver questions the evidence supporting these claims. He suggests that underlying motives, including competition from other tech companies, may be at play in the push to ban TikTok.
Oliver concludes by emphasizing the need for stronger privacy protections in the U.S. and questioning the efficacy of banning TikTok as a solution. He highlights the complex nature of the debate and the lack of clear solutions in addressing the risks associated with data privacy and national security.
The Devil’s Comet, known for its occasional explosions, is currently visible in the night sky, and fortunate observers may catch a glimpse of it during the eagerly awaited solar eclipse next month.
Comet 12P/Ponsbrooks earned the nickname “Devil’s Comet” after an eruption last year left behind two distinctive trails of gas and ice resembling devil’s horns.
From the Northern Hemisphere, the comet is currently visible with binoculars or telescopes. As it moves through the inner solar system and approaches its closest point to the sun in mid-April, it may become visible to the naked eye by the end of the month.
Comets typically consist of a core of dust, gas, and ice surrounded by a bright gas cloud called a coma. These objects are remnants from the formation of the solar system and can be several miles wide, according to NASA.
The core of a comet can heat up due to sunlight and solar radiation, sometimes leading to explosive events, as seen with Comet 12P/Ponsbrooks. Observers in the Northern Hemisphere can currently see the comet in the western-northwestern sky in the evening.
The comet is expected to brighten towards the end of the month and, under clear and dark conditions, may remain visible until early May. If the comet experiences significant flares in the coming weeks, it could be visible during the total solar eclipse on April 8 along the path stretching from northeast Texas to Maine.
Despite uncertainties surrounding rare synchronistic events, there is a good chance of spotting the comet on its own in the evening sky. Comet 12P/Pons-Brookes was first discovered in 1812 by French astronomer Jean-Louis Pons and later observed in 1883 by British-American astronomer William Brooks. Due to its 71-year orbit around the sun, sightings of this comet are infrequent.
Impression of Stenopterygius quadrissis, a type of ichthyosaur
Dotted Zebra / Alamy Stock Photo
Prehistoric Earth was home to monsters. They included a 2.5 meter long millipede, a flying reptile with an 11 meter wingspan, and a snake weighing more than a ton. But common sense says that if you're looking for the biggest animal of all time, there's no need to go back in time. Blue whales are known for reach 30 meters The length and weight reach 199 tons. In more than 500 million years of animal evolution, even the largest dinosaurs have no equal.
Conventional wisdom may be wrong. The fossil record may hide animals that were even larger than blue whales. For decades, evidence has trickled in that truly gigantic superpredators swam the oceans 200 million to 250 million years ago. Now, a series of discoveries and reanalyses of previous findings have dramatically supported this claim.
The impact is far-reaching. We don't know exactly what this giant animal looked like, and it doesn't even have a name. But we are beginning to understand how such gigantic creatures were able to feed themselves in prehistoric oceans. If confirmed to be larger than a blue whale, it would indicate that we may have significantly underestimated how large toothed carnivores can grow. More than that, the discovery that such a Leviathan emerged so soon after the most devastating mass extinction in Earth's history suggests that we may need to rethink the factors driving evolution on such a grand scale. ing.
When dinosaurs ruled the land, several groups of marine reptiles also ruled.
Unlike the extinct woolly mammoth, most edited elephants with mammoth-like features lack tusks to avoid poaching for ivory.
QuangTrungArt/Shutterstock
A company founded to bring back extinct animals has announced that it has made significant progress in its goal of bringing back the woolly mammoth. On March 6, Colossal announced that its team had succeeded in converting normal elephant cells into stem cells, which could lead to the creation of mammoth-like creatures. “This is an important step,” said the company’s CEO. ben ram said in a press release. Here’s what you need to know:
Is it really possible to bring the woolly mammoth back from extinction?
No, it’s not, and it never will be. The genomes of several frozen mammoths have been sequenced, but there are many gaps. But it should be possible to edit the genome of a living elephant to make it look more like a mammoth. On its website, Colossal acknowledges that the elephant it plans to create will be a “cold-hardy elephant,” but says it will “possess all the key biological characteristics of a woolly mammoth.”
Will these edited elephants look like mammoths?
Colossal says even the sounds of mammoths are similar, but it’s unclear how humans know what a mammoth sounds like. There will be at least one major difference when it comes to their appearance. The majority do not have tusks to avoid ivory poaching, says Colossal co-founder George Church. Specimens with tusks can only be kept in strictly supervised areas.
Colossal also plans to make the mammoth-like elephants resistant to a disease called elephant endothelial-tropic herpesvirus.
Why does Colossal need to create elephant stem cells?
The company edits the genome of elephant cells to make them more similar to mammoths. But creating a living mammoth-like elephant requires producing embryos containing edited genomes. In theory, one way to do this would be to turn gene-edited elephant cells into induced pluripotent stem cells, and then turn those stem cells into eggs and sperm cells.
What are induced pluripotent stem cells?
Pluripotent stem cells can transform into any cell in the body, including eggs and sperm. They occur naturally in embryos, but can also be made from adult cells by adding certain proteins, and are therefore “induced.” These have been produced in many animal species, but until now no one had succeeded in inducing pluripotency in elephant cells.
Why is it so difficult to induce elephant cells to become pluripotent?
At least in part, perhaps, because they are large, long-lived animals, they require better anti-cancer mechanisms, which means tighter control over stem cell proliferation.
How did Colossal manage it?
Specifically, they genetically engineered Asian elephant cells to permanently produce key proteins. Still, it took two months to turn the cells into induced pluripotent stem cells. “We want to make the process more efficient and faster, and I think this is a great start,” he says. Eliana Hisori At Colossal. DNA added to cells is easily removed, she says.
So does Colossal turn these induced pluripotent stem cells into eggs and sperm?
That’s the plan, but it could take years. Converting induced pluripotent stem cells into eggs and sperm is not easy. “This is primarily done in two species: mice and humans,” Church says. “And neither is perfect.”
Does that mean it could be decades before a mammoth-like elephant is produced?
Colossal claims the first “mammoth” will be born by 2028. Heisoli said the researchers aim to make just 50 to 100 gene edits in elephant cells, and that that is possible. But producing embryos in time for this deadline will almost certainly require implanting the edited genome into an elephant egg using the same cloning technique used to create Dolly the sheep. An elephant’s gestation period is her two years, so these embryos need to be created and implanted by her around the end of 2026.
Does cloning edited cells work?
Although it is possible, typically only a few percent of cloned embryos develop into healthy animals. “There are always going to be attempts that fail. How many elephants should we experimentally impregnate?” asks a stem cell expert. Dusko Ilic At King’s College London. “Just because we have the ability to do something new doesn’t mean we should pursue it without careful consideration of the ethical implications and consequences.”
Where does this mammoth-like elephant live? Given Russia’s claims about war and US biological weapons, isn’t it highly unlikely that Russia would allow genetically reborn mammoths to be released into Siberia?
“Keep in mind that mammoths were everywhere in the Arctic, not just Siberia,” Hisori says. Alaska and Canada are also possibilities, she said, and Colossal already has “very fruitful collaborations” with government agencies, local governments and First Nations.
Why is Colossal aiming to revive the mammoth?
The company claims that rewilding the arctic regions where mammoths live will reduce permafrost thaw and reduce climate change by locking up carbon in the form of frozen organic matter. “The Arctic is a perfect place to sequester carbon because it freezes more layers of topsoil every year,” Church says. “And herbivores poop on it.”
Could mammoth-like creatures really help limit further warming in the Arctic?
That hasn’t been established yet, but there is some possibility.One small study suggests animals can lower permafrost temperatures By flattening and insulating the snow that accumulates in winter. And if these animals limit forest expansion, that could also help, as dark trees in previously flat, snow-covered areas can have a warming effect. But it will take thousands of people to make a big impact.
Does that mean Colossal aims to have tens of thousands of these creatures roaming the North Pole?
Yes, that’s the purpose. Based on the increase in elephant population under favorable conditions, new scientist It is estimated that breeding so many mammoth-like elephants from a small initial population could take more than a century.
But Church says Colossal is developing an artificial womb that circumvents normal limitations. “So, in principle, we can do this at any scale the world wants and needs. If they don’t need it, we won’t scale up,” he says. .
Diagram of exoplanet K2-18b based on scientific observations
NASA, ESA, CSA, Joseph Olmstead (STScI)
The types of planets thought to be able to support life may actually be covered in hot magma. Previously thought to have oceans of liquid water, the chemistry of these so-called high sea exoplanets may instead indicate oceans of magma.
Oliver Shortle Researchers from the University of Cambridge used observations from the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) of the exoplanet K2-18b to reach this conclusion. This world is typically Hycean. This is the name given to a planet with a hydrogen-rich atmosphere above a liquid ocean. These planets also tend to be between Earth and Neptune in size, and the chemicals in their atmospheres suggest the presence of liquid water on their surfaces, making them a prime search for extraterrestrial life. It has become a target.
But recent models of K2-18b's climate suggest it may be hotter than previously thought, hot enough to cause oceans of water to boil away long ago. “From a theoretical perspective regarding the situation here on Earth, it's like the ground is moving beneath our feet,” Schotle says.
The researchers investigated how it would affect Earth's atmospheric chemistry if these oceans were made of magma instead of water. This would be consistent with the expected high temperatures. They found this to be consistent with his JWST observations as well as water bodies.
“These two fundamentally different regimes are very similar,” Schotle says. “Detecting habitable conditions for super-Earths and sub-Neptune-sized planets will be more complex than we expected.”
This means that we probably need more detailed data to tell the difference between a potentially habitable world with oceans of water and a world of burning, inhospitable magma. For K2-18b, Schotle said his additional JWST observations over the next few years should resolve this issue. And when it comes to other Heim worlds, we may need to develop new ideas for how to find liquid water.
This could be the first impact crater discovered on Io
NASA/JPL-California Institute of Technology/Kevin M. Gill, CC BY 2.0
Amateur astronomers may have discovered the first crater ever discovered on Jupiter’s moon Io. Io has never seen an impact crater before because it is very volcanically active and eruptions tend to erase impact craters.
Swedish amateur astronomer Jesper Sandberg discovered the apparent crater while examining archival images from the Galileo spacecraft, which orbited Jupiter from 1995 to 2003. It is relatively small, only about 100 meters in diameter, and is located on a large, flat area.
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