Planetary scientists are examining a lunar meteorite known as North West Africa (NWA) 12593, uncovering crucial evidence of an asteroid impact on the moon dating back 3.5 billion years. This discovery aids in reconstructing the era of catastrophic impacts that significantly shaped the inner solar system.
XRF map of a 7.53 g slice of NWA 12593: Calcium (Ca) and iron (Fe) depicting crust location and diversity. Sulfur (S) indicates cracks and surface weathering. Image credit: Crow et al., doi: 10.1130/G54386.1.
The early billions of years in Earth’s history were pivotal, giving rise to life, an atmosphere, and oceans. However, this period remains largely enigmatic, as few rocks survive that chronicle the early history of our planet.
Dynamic geological processes such as erosion, subduction, and burial continually reform surfaces, rendering older rocks increasingly rare.
This ancient era is essential for understanding our origins and the impact of catastrophic events, like asteroid collisions, on early life on Earth.
“The oldest fossil evidence of life on Earth is about 3.5 billion years old, implying that life must have appeared and evolved prior to that,” stated Dr. Carolyn Crowe, a planetary scientist from the University of Colorado Boulder.
“A critical question we explore is what kind of shock record existed when life began?”
“Understanding how life establishes itself and how it emerges is vital. The cycle of these catastrophic events is a key component of this equation.”
Through their analysis of the NWA 12593 meteorite, Dr. Crowe and colleagues identified three distinct impact events.
The first event, radiometrically dated to approximately 3.5 billion years ago, was large enough to transform the moon’s surface into a molten layer akin to a lava flow, leading to the formation of a mineral known as cubic zirconia, which forms only at extremely high temperatures.
“Cubic zirconia is typically synthesized for jewelry but cannot endure the low temperatures found on Earth and the Moon unless its cooling is meticulously controlled in a laboratory,” the researchers explained.
“Nevertheless, we managed to find traces of a cubic zirconia phase in our samples.”
The second impact event is recorded within the meteorite itself.
This event produced a type of rock called breccia, which formed after a smaller impact disrupted the molten layer from the initial event.
“Breccia resembles what you might see if you chipped away at a block of concrete,” Dr. Crowe explained.
“You can observe all these small stones fused together by cement — akin to how meteorites fusion occurs during impacts.”
“The impact led to a variety of rock fragments blending together like a concrete sidewalk.”
Evidence of the third impact is represented by meteorites found on Earth.
A more recent impact likely dislodged chunks of breccia from the Moon, setting them on a trajectory toward our planet.
The timing of the first major impact documented by NWA 12593 aligns with known impacts between Earth and Vesta, the fourth largest asteroid in the asteroid belt.
It is extraordinary for three events of similar age to be recorded, and this new discovery serves as a crucial link to a period when the solar system transitioned from frequent collisions during planet formation to sporadic impacts resulting from asteroid fragmentation.
“Such occurrences are rare, which is why we’re so enthusiastic,” Dr. Crowe remarked.
“It’s uncommon to find three records coinciding like this.”
The study was published in the journal Geology on May 12, 2026.
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Carolyn A. Crowe et al. Three pieces of evidence of approximately 3.7 Ga to 3.2 Ga impact events in the inner solar system. Geology published online on May 12, 2026. doi: 10.1130/G54386.1
Researchers from Italy, Switzerland, Germany, and the UK have made a groundbreaking discovery by integrating seismic, gravity, and topographic data. They found that numerous prominent subglacial basins in East Antarctica belong to a singular fan-shaped geological province that traces its origins back to ancient continental expansion.
A structural frame interpreted as a fault-controlled basin in the newly identified East Antarctic fan basin. Image credit: Armadillo et al., doi: 10.1038/s41561-026-01991-6.
“The Antarctic bedrock is largely uncovered by the Antarctic Ice Sheet, which covers over 99% of the continent,” stated lead author Dr. Egidio Armadillo of the University of Genoa and his colleagues.
“Recent international efforts utilizing radio-echo sounding data have uncovered vast subglacial topographic features with increasing clarity, highlighting a significant, low-elevation region of East Antarctica that stretches from Prydz Bay to the Transantarctic Mountains and extends inland to 85 degrees south latitude.”
“In this area, most large subglacial basins exhibit a V-shaped profile and are oriented in a north-south direction.”
“Additionally, the 2,000 km long Antarctic coastline and the continent-ocean boundary limit the northern sector, presenting a distinct semi-circular arc shape.”
“On a semi-continental scale, the landscape resembles a handheld fan, with a concentration near the South Pole.”
“We propose that this entire geographical region constitutes a single geographic unit, naming it the East Antarctic Fan Basin (EAFBP).”
The EAFBP includes some of Antarctica’s most significant subglacial features, notably the Wilkes Basin and the Aurora Basin, which houses Lake Vostok, the largest known subglacial lake on Earth.
Analysis indicates that this structure formed through a process known as dispersive rotational extension.
This mechanism describes how continental crust expands from a central point, producing a fan-like pattern akin to a hand with the thumb as a fixed point while the fingers splay and elongate.
The gaps between the fingers symbolize triangular basins formed as the structure opens.
Scientists suggest that the EAFBP may represent one of the most extensive examples of rotational extension documented in continental crust.
This phenomenon likely evolved through multiple tectonic events linked to the development of the Gondwana supercontinent and the subsequent separation of Antarctica and Australia, potentially influencing these separations.
The discovery prompts further investigation into the structure’s age and the geodynamic processes responsible for its formation.
Moreover, its implications extend beyond historical context.
“The bedrock shape concealed beneath the ice sheet continuously impacts ice flow today, regulating the distribution of subglacial basins and lakes,” the authors emphasized.
“This may also affect the stability of segments of the Antarctic ice sheet that are particularly vulnerable to climate change.”
For further details, refer to the study published in the June 3rd issue of Nature Earth Science.
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E. Armadillo et al. A fan-shaped subglacial basin province in East Antarctica formed by rotational extension. Nature Earth Science published online on June 3, 2026. doi: 10.1038/s41561-026-01991-6
Recent research conducted by archaeologists at Curtin University and Sheffield Hallam University indicates that Neolithic communities, rather than glaciers, were responsible for transporting Stonehenge’s iconic six-tonne sandstone Altar Stone from north-eastern Scotland to Salisbury Plain.
Stonehenge. Image credit: Sally Wilson.
Curtin University researcher Dr. Anthony Clarke stated, “Our findings indicate that transporting the Altar Stone involved meticulous planning over multiple stages.”
“Instead of being carried naturally by ice, our evidence points to a calculated movement across various challenging terrains.”
“Our simulations suggest that during the last Ice Age, while glaciers might have transported rocks to Dogger Bank in the North Sea, they did not reach southern England. Therefore, prehistoric people had to move the stones hundreds of kilometers manually.”
“This study reveals no feasible glacier route connecting the source area to Stonehenge, thus confirming the necessity of human transport.”
“This implies that the stones may have been transported in stages, potentially utilizing a combination of land and water transport methods.”
The research incorporated mineral dating, geological provenance analysis, and computer simulations of ancient ice sheet movements to understand how the Altar Stones came to rest on Salisbury Plain.
The team initially identified the stone source in north-eastern Scotland by analyzing its mineral composition and age.
They then modeled the behavior of ancient glaciers and found evidence suggesting that the ice may have carried the stones southeast to Dogger Bank, currently submerged in the North Sea.
From these findings, the research team proposed that prehistoric peoples may have retrieved the stone from Dogger Bank, transported it to Salisbury Plain, and ultimately integrated it into the construction of Stonehenge.
“This discovery highlights an impressive level of organization and collaboration among Neolithic communities,” Dr. Clarke remarked.
“Transporting large stones over extensive distances would have required intricate planning, coordination, and a profound understanding of the landscape, along with significant determination.”
“Our study demonstrates the effectiveness of combining geological analysis and computer modeling to address enduring questions about the construction of Stonehenge.”
“Future research intends to pinpoint the exact origin of the Altar Stone in north-eastern Scotland and further explore potential transport routes utilized by prehistoric peoples.”
The results will be published in today’s Quaternary Science Journal.
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Anthony JI Clarke et al. From the Highlands to the Henge: Elucidating the Source and Transport Routes of Stonehenge’s Altar Stones. Quaternary Science Journal, published online June 4, 2026. doi: 10.1002/jqs.70080
The South Korean icebreaker “Araon” navigates through sea ice near the Thwaites Glacier in January 2026.
Chang W. Lee/New York Times/Redux/eyevine
The front ice shelf of Thwaites Glacier is on the brink of collapse, increasing the instability of Antarctica’s most vulnerable glacier.
“Its imminent demise could occur suddenly, and to clarify, we are preparing an ‘obituary’ press release,” states Rob Larter from the British Antarctic Survey.
Thwaites Glacier, often referred to as the ‘Doomsday Glacier’, is approximately the size of the United Kingdom, rapidly shrinking and currently contributing to around 4% of global sea level rise. Furthermore, its collapse might instigate a domino effect across the West Antarctic ice sheet, leading to an alarming 3.3 meters of sea level rise and reshaping coastlines globally.
Numerous glaciers in Antarctica have ice shelves that float into the ocean, aiding the flow of ice from the continent. This includes the Eastern Thwaites Ice Shelf (TEIS), roughly the size of Greater London (1,500 square kilometers) and boasting a thickness of 350 meters. Recent satellite imagery reveals troubling indications that this ice shelf may soon become detached, with some experts asserting that this separation has already commenced.
“Suddenly, extensive areas were torn apart,” remarks Christian Wilde from the University of Innsbruck, Austria. “It resembles a shattered windshield.”
Significant cracks have emerged around the pinning points (the sections where the floating ice shelf is secured by underwater ridges) and along the grounding line, the area where the glacier transitions into the ocean and begins to float.
“It’s dramatic. I visited in 2019 or 2020, and now when I look at the satellite image, I can’t identify that ledge. There’s a considerable notch where there was none before,” comments Karen Alley, a professor at the University of Manitoba in Canada, who is examining how this divide might progress.
The primary cause of these changes is shifts in ocean circulation, which have led to the melting and thinning of the ice. Additionally, alterations in ice flow dynamics mean the shelf is colliding with stable points, causing fractures. “We’re transitioning from a robust, thick ice shelf anchored at specific points to a weakened, thinner ice shelf that’s disintegrating,” Alley explains.
The disappearance of ice shelves is also evident in the speed at which they flow. “From January 2020 to January 2026, the ice flow has tripled to over 2,000 meters per year, which is alarming,” Wilde states. This trend has intensified in the last five months. “We’re essentially in a state of free fall at this point.”
Simultaneously, fresh cracks are appearing along the grounding line. “These have emerged in the past few years as shelf displays have significantly accelerated,” comments Ted Scambos from the University of Colorado Boulder. This indicates that ice shelves are being pulled away from glaciers.
Predicting the exact moment of final breakup is exceedingly complex. “Forecasting ice shelf rupture is akin to predicting earthquakes,” Larter explains. “We recognize an event is in motion, but timing is reliant on unpredictable processes. The next satellite image we receive may reveal ice shelf collapse, but the same could be true next year.”
However, don’t expect a colossal iceberg to float into the ocean immediately. Due to the area’s geography, any detached ice is likely to remain in proximity, and, since TEIS is already so fractured, significant breaks are improbable.
While the dramatic collapse of giant icebergs often captures headlines, glaciologists emphasize that the primary concern lies in the diminishing strength of the ice shelf. Wilde remarks that the shelf is “effectively gone” when it ceases to impede the upstream flow. This results in a quicker movement of glaciers into the ocean.
In an upcoming study, Wilde and colleagues revealed that from January 2020 to 2026, the ice flow of glaciers previously supported by TEIS increased by roughly 33 percent. “There is evident proof that there is little to no buttressing in this region anymore,” he states. This reduction has effectively led to the collapse of the ice shelf.
This poses significant implications for future global sea levels. “Increased ice movement from Antarctica means more ice entering the ocean, contributing to rising sea levels,” Scambos notes, emphasizing that while this is not an immediate crisis, it will slowly unfold, affecting future sea levels over decades. “This will influence how Thwaites evolves and potentially contributes to 10 to 20 percent of future sea level rise.”
By 2067, Thwaites may lose approximately 190 gigatonnes of ice annually according to a January study by Daniel Goldberg from the University of Edinburgh and colleagues. This marks a 30 percent increase over current glacier losses, equating to the total ice currently lost from Antarctica.
While ice shelf break-offs are normal in polar cycles, current loss trends are alarming. “Since the 1990s, we’ve observed increasing instability in ice shelves,” Alley states. Notably, the adjoining Pine Island Glacier is also undergoing rapid changes, and its ice shelf is collapsing.
“Ice shelves remain stable primarily in extremely cold conditions,” Alley adds. “Both ocean and atmospheric temperatures must be low. However, as we warm the planet, we observe the corresponding loss of ice shelves, which is precisely what’s expected.”
A massive tyrannosaurid dinosaur likely roamed the floodplains of present-day New Mexico around 74 million years ago, as revealed by a team of paleontologists from Bath University, Montana State University, and the New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science.
Bistahieversor sealeyi hunting Pentaceratops sternbergi. Image credit: A. Belov / CC BY 3.0.
“Tyrannosaurids were among the largest and latest predatory dinosaurs,” stated lead author Dr. Nicholas Longrich from the University of Bath and his collaborators in their research paper.
“Following the extinction of carcharodontosaurs during the mid-Cretaceous, tyrannosaurs diversified and evolved into larger forms, dominating as the primary predators of the late Cretaceous in North America and Asia.”
“By the Late Campanian era, multiple groups of tyrannosaurids, such as Albertosauridae, Daspletosaurini, and Teratophonii, achieved impressive weights of 2 to 3 tons.”
“Their evolutionary journey culminated with the emergence of titanic forms, like tyrannosaurus, the largest known predatory dinosaur ever to exist.”
In this study, paleontologists analyzed an exceptionally large tibia (shin bone) from a Tyrannosaurus specimen sourced from the Hunter Wash Formation in New Mexico’s Kirtland Formation.
The tibia measures 96 cm in length and 12.8 cm in diameter, representing about 84% and 78% of the dimensions of the largest confirmed tyrannosaurus specimens.
Based on comparisons with known tyrannosaurus species, researchers estimated that this prehistoric predator weighed around 4 to 5 tons.
“This discovery marks the oldest giant tyrannosaurus found in North America, potentially identifying it as the earliest known species of Tyrannosaurini,” they noted in their publication.
The tibia exhibits features akin to later tyrannosaurids, specifically tyrannosaurus rex.
Researchers considered three scenarios: the fossil belongs to an unusually large known tyrannosaurus from New Mexico, Bistahieversor sealeyi; it might represent a new lineage of colossal tyrannosaurs; or it could be an early member of the tyrannosaurus rex lineage and its Asian relatives.
After thorough comparisons with other tyrannosaurids and conducting a phylogenetic analysis, the authors determined that the third hypothesis is the most plausible.
“Regardless of which hypothesis is accepted, the unusual size of the Hunter Wash tyrannosaurus is significant as it signifies the presence of a previously unknown large tyrannosaurid in the late Campanian, suggesting their earlier than anticipated evolutionary emergence,” the researchers added.
Paleontologists have long debated the geographic origins of giant tyrannosaurs.
Some theorize that this lineage started in Asia before migrating to North America, while others argue that the massive tyrannosaurus rex originated in the southern part of western North America known as Laramidia.
The newly discovered fossils bolster the theory of a southern Laramidian origin.
“The Hunter Wash tyrannosaurs underscore the remarkable diversity of Laramidian dinosaurs, with smaller albertosaurines and daspletosaurids inhabiting the northern regions, while gigantic tyrannosaurids thrived in the south,” the paleontologists concluded.
The team’s findings were published in a research paper in March 2026 in the journal Scientific Reports.
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NR Longrich et al. 2026. A large tyrannosaurid from the late Cretaceous (Campanian) of North America. Scientific Reports 16, 8371; doi: 10.1038/s41598-026-38600-w
Gerald Wetzel, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Germany
Following the last glacial maximum, meltwater has washed frozen methane hydrate from sediments along the edge of Greenland’s ice sheet, raising significant concerns about the potential release of this powerful greenhouse gas due to melting glaciers.
Methane hydrate forms when gas molecules are trapped within a lattice of water molecules and freeze into a solid, often referred to as “fire ice.” Despite being composed of 85% water, its flammability is notable.
This unique structure forms under high pressure and low temperature conditions found in oceans, permafrost, or beneath glacial sediments. Estimates suggest that methane hydrate may contain double the carbon found in all coal, oil, and traditional gas resources on Earth.
However, climate change is disturbing the cold, pressurized environments necessary for the stability of methane hydrate. For instance, some scientists suggest that a mysterious ocean floor crater discovered beneath the Arctic in 2014 was formed by the sudden release of pressure on methane hydrate due to thawing permafrost, described as a “violent physical explosion” in a 2024 study.
Recent research from Greenland indicates that methane hydrate can also be released by glacier meltwater flows. “We discovered a new release mechanism for methane that was assumed to be secure,” says Dr. Mat’s House from the University of Manchester, UK. “What we previously thought was stable is, in fact, methane.”
Hughes and his team recognized that methane hydrate is often found in spaces between sediment grains in Melville Bay, northwestern Greenland. Seismic surveys conducted by oil and gas companies during 2011 and 2013 revealed 50 large pockmarks on the ocean floor, some reaching depths of 37 meters, situated near long grounding wedges. These are locations where the floating ice sheet met the ocean floor during the peak of the last ice age.
Initially, researchers believed these pockmarks were caused by icebergs tipping over. However, drilling sediment cores in the area revealed that the upper sediment layer contained minimal methane, despite ideal temperature and pressure conditions for methane hydrate formation.
Moreover, significant amounts of freshwater were located in the sediment, contradicting the expected seawater findings, a situation only possible due to recent ice sheet melting. The research indicates that during the last glacial maximum, meltwater flowing under glaciers in Melville Bay likely passed through the grounding wedge, pushing out methane hydrate.
As climate change leads to glacier retreat, meltwater might similarly erode hydrates at the edges of other glaciers, Hughes notes. Grounding zone wedges exist across the Arctic, potentially signifying similar risks.
“Perhaps 12,000 to 15,000 years ago, a substantial amount of methane was released. A similar event could occur imminently with ongoing ice sheet retreat,” he warns. “This is concerning as it’s an aspect we’ve yet to fully consider.”
While the study does not estimate the methane released from Melville Bay, Hughes hypothesizes it could be around 130 million tonnes, approximately equivalent to two years’ worth of fossil fuel emissions. However, he notes this methane might have released over a century rather than in a short timeframe, characterizing it as a singular release event.
Furthermore, methane is water-soluble, and depending on saturation levels, not all of it may transition into the atmosphere.
The Antarctic ice sheet likely harbors even more methane hydrate compared to Greenland. Overall, it is estimated that between 100 billion and 760 billion tons of methane exist in subglacial and ocean hydrates across polar regions. A fraction of this could match the 48.7 million tonnes of methane currently released annually from the Arctic and boreal zones, potentially accelerating global warming.
Methane is already seeping from beneath the Greenland ice sheet. A recent study published this month estimates that snowmelt flowing through western Greenland emits around 715 tonnes of methane each year. Though some may stem from hydrates, it’s more likely derived from ancient plant matter converted to methane by bacteria thriving under the ice, led in research by Jade Hutton from the UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology. This trend may intensify in the future.
“As melting accelerates, it may access regions of the subglacial system harboring well-preserved organic carbon that can be converted to methane,” she predicts. “This could lead to sizable releases in the future.”
An ambitious engineering project looms on the horizon: constructing a dam between Alaska and eastern Russia. This innovative proposal aims to combat the dire consequences of a weakening ocean current, and is under serious consideration at a prominent conference this week.
The seeds of this groundbreaking idea were sown by Jere Soon and his collaborator Henk Dijkstra, a researcher focused on the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) at Utrecht University, Netherlands. This current system, including the Gulf Stream, is crucial for keeping northern Europe warmer than its geographical latitude would suggest.
Current data indicates that the AMOC is weakening. The potential effects of its collapse are uncertain, but many models hint at a possible significant drop in temperatures across Northern Europe.
The concept was inspired by the Pliocene era, when sea levels were considerably lower and a land bridge existed where the Bering Strait now lies. During this time, simulations revealed a stronger AMOC due to the presence of this land bridge. “I thought: can we replicate this?” says Soon.
To explore the implications of such dam construction, Soon and Dijkstra simulated various AMOC scenarios, adjusting the construction date and freshwater levels.
Freshwater plays a crucial role in this dynamic, currently flowing from the Pacific Ocean into the North Atlantic through the Bering Strait, which in turn disrupts the AMOC. Constructing a dam could either halt or considerably slow this freshwater flow.
In a recent study, Soons and Dijkstra obtained mixed results: in certain scenarios, dams seemed to enhance the AMOC, while in others, they produced the opposite effect. It’s important to note that these findings were derived from relatively basic, low-resolution models.
On May 5, Dr. Soons presented significant research results at the European Geosciences Union General Assembly in Vienna, Austria. Simulations were re-evaluated using a supercomputer that employed advanced climate models. The results indicate that closing the strait could reinforce the AMOC, particularly if dams are constructed by 2050. “I was surprised at how robust the recovery was,” Soon remarked.
The Bering Strait, at its deepest point, measures only 59 meters and features two small islands in the middle, suggesting the viability of constructing a barrier. Ed McCann, former president of the Japan Society of Civil Engineers and current head of expedition engineering, suggests that rather than concrete, using flotation machinery to build barriers with rock and dredged sand would be most efficient. “This type of construction is straightforward, albeit large-scale and costly,” he commented via email.
Jonathan Rosser, a researcher at the London School of Economics, finds the study intriguing. However, he emphasizes that due to the AMOC’s complexities, we cannot fully predict the outcomes of such interventions. “These drastic measures come with significant uncertainty.”
Suhn concurs, cautioning that while dam construction may benefit Northern Europe, it could lead to adverse effects elsewhere, such as altered rainfall patterns. “Are we ready to take this seriously? I don’t think we’re there yet,” he concluded.
This isn’t the first consideration of constructing gigantic ocean dams to address climate change. In 2020, Sjoerd Groeskamp from the Royal Netherlands Marine Institute proposed the “Northern European Enclosure Dam,” designed to create barriers around the sea between the UK and mainland Europe, protecting low-lying areas from rising seas.
Such dams would undoubtedly impact not only the climate but also marine mammal migration, tidal patterns, and transport access to isolated regions. Mr. Soons noted that he has explored ideas like constructing partial barriers or lowering them to a depth of approximately 10 meters. These concepts are “interesting,” he said, though he has yet to thoroughly analyze their feasibility.
Reconnaissance flight captures aftermath of tsunami in Tracy Arm Fjord.
Cyrus Reed/U.S. Geological Survey
A significant landslide in August 2025 triggered the second-largest tsunami recorded, elevating water levels by over 480 meters in an Alaskan fjord.
The tsunami surged through the fjord at a remarkable speed of at least 70 meters per second, generating a seiche, or reflected wave, that persisted for 36 hours.
Historically, the only larger event was the 1958 Lituya Bay tsunami in Alaska, which surpassed a 530-meter surge.
The Juneau area in Alaska features breathtaking landscapes, where glaciers descend into seas flanked by steep fjords, attracting thousands of cruise ships annually.
However, the tsunami struck at 5:26 a.m. deep within the Tracy Arm Fjord in southeastern Alaska, keeping tourist boats clear of the disaster zone. Dan Sugar from the University of Calgary commented on the event.
“This was an incredibly large and fearsome wave,” Sugar remarked. “If any ship had been in the upper fjord, its survival would have been uncertain.”
Using satellite imagery, seismic data, eyewitness accounts, and computational models, researchers reconstructed the tsunami event. They concluded that retreating glaciers destabilized the surrounding terrain, leading to the massive landslides responsible for the waves.
Throughout the 20th century and recent years, the South Sawyer Glacier has retreated more than 10 kilometers and significantly thinned out.
Despite this retreat, researchers did not anticipate a catastrophic collapse, as 64 million cubic meters of rock plummeted into the fjord. In retrospect, they noted small tremors leading up to the landslide.
At 5:45 a.m., a group of kayakers camped 50 kilometers away awoke to find their site flooded and equipment swept away.
Researchers learned about the disaster within hours due to the landslide triggering a magnitude 5.4 earthquake. However, it took until mid-October for a team to access the area for investigation.
Sugar warns that this event could signal a future with increased tsunami risks due to climate change, stating, “We hope this serves as a wake-up call for policymakers in regions like North America, Greenland, New Zealand, and Chile, where steep terrains border oceans and lakes. These tsunamis are likely an underestimated threat.”
“Generally, tsunamis aren’t directly linked to climate factors, making this a clear example of how climate change can indirectly cause natural disasters previously unassociated with it,” said Martin Koehler from the University of Queensland.
“We were lucky there were no ships in the vicinity during the incident, especially given the regular cruise traffic and the suddenness of the event.”
The colossal soft-bodied cephalopod, reaching lengths of up to 19 meters (62 feet), once rivaled the most ferocious reptiles of the Cretaceous seas and was likely preyed upon, according to a groundbreaking study led by paleontologists at Hokkaido University.
Artist’s impression of an ancient giant octopus. Image provided by: Yohei Utsugi, Hokkaido University
For hundreds of millions of years, it was believed that marine ecosystems were dominated by large vertebrate apex predators, relegating invertebrates to minor prey roles.
However, unlike their shelled counterparts, octopuses have carved out a unique evolutionary path.
These fascinating creatures have evolved soft bodies, which allow for remarkable mobility, vision, and intelligence.
Some octopus species have grown to enormous sizes, serving as apex predators, yet their precise ecological roles have remained unclear due to limited fossil records.
“Our discoveries suggest that the earliest octopuses were giant predators at the apex of the marine food chain during the Cretaceous period,” stated paleontologist Professor Yasuhiro Iba from Hokkaido University.
“Based on exceptionally preserved jaw fossils, we determined that these animals may have reached nearly 19 meters in total length, surpassing the size of modern large marine reptiles.”
“The most astonishing finding was the extent of wear on the jaws.”
This wear, indicative of biting into hard prey, leaves distinctive marks similar to those found in contemporary shell-crushing cephalopods. Measurements of octopus jaws can also estimate the overall body size.
In the study, Professor Iba and colleagues documented evident signs of wear on 15 large jaw fossils of ancient octopus relatives previously collected from Cretaceous deposits in Japan and Vancouver Island.
Moreover, through digital fossil mining techniques, they uncovered 12 flat-tailed octopus jaws entrapped in Cretaceous rocks in Japan.
The analysis categorized two major species: Nanaimoteti Zeretsky and Nanaimoteutis hagarti.
This finned octopus, Nanaimoteutis hagarti, remarkably grows to exceptional sizes ranging from 7 to 19 meters (23 to 62 feet), comparable to contemporary giant marine reptiles, and may represent the largest described invertebrates to date.
Additionally, the jaws of the largest specimens exhibit considerable wear, with the once sharp features of smaller juveniles dulled and rounded over time.
The wear patterns indicate that these creatures were active carnivores, routinely crushing hard shells and bones with powerful bites.
They used their long, flexible arms to capture prey while skillfully dissecting it with their strong beaks—behaviors associated with advanced intelligence.
“This study presents the first direct evidence that invertebrates can evolve into large, intelligent apex predators in an ecosystem largely dominated by vertebrates for approximately 400 million years,” Professor Iba noted.
“Our findings indicate that robust jaws and the absence of a superficial skeleton, a characteristic common to both octopuses and marine vertebrates, were crucial for their evolution into large, intelligent marine predators.”
These findings were published in the Online Journal on April 23, 2026, in Science.
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Arata Ikegami et al. 2026. The earliest octopuses were giant top predators of the Cretaceous oceans. Science 392 (6796): 406-410; doi: 10.1126/science.aea6285
Dinosaurs thrived in colder climates, as exemplified by the feathered dinosaur Beipiaosaurus, which lived between 127 and 121 million years ago.
Mark P. Whitton/Science Photo Library
About 200 million years ago, the North Pole was occupied by a massive landmass, three times the size of the South Pole. This land triggered a prolonged cold spell, allowing dinosaurs to dominate the Earth.
Paleontologist Paul Olsen from Columbia University explains how this “gigantic Arctic continent” encompassed present-day Siberia and parts of China.
During much of the Mesozoic Era, which extended from 252 million to 66 million years ago, nearly all of Earth’s land, except modern-day China, merged into the supercontinent Pangea. This vast landmass later fragmented into two entities surrounded by the only ocean at the time, Panthalassa.
Olsen and fellow researchers have concluded that new geological analyses, including magnetic rock signatures, reveal the ancient latitudes of these formations, linking Mesozoic China back to Pangea. The positioning of continents suggests Siberia and China once formed a significant portion of the Arctic Circle.
Olsen plans to discuss these findings at the upcoming European Geosciences Union meeting in Vienna next month, illuminating how this climate-centric puzzle comes together.
The Mesozoic climate was markedly warmer than today. However, 201 million years ago, during the late Triassic epoch, Pangea began to disassemble, leading to the formation of the Atlantic Ocean. The subsequent volcanic activity coincided with global cooling, lowering sea levels, prompting extinction events, and allowing dinosaurs to rise.
Olsen theorizes that the Arctic’s influence was pivotal. Even in a temperate climate, the vast landmass near the North Pole would experience winter snow and ice. These icy regions possess a high albedo effect, meaning a significant portion of solar energy is reflected away, contributing to cold conditions.
Left: Antarctica today; Right: The Arctic continent that existed 200 million years ago
Paul Olsen et al. 2026
Volcanic activity released aerosols into the atmosphere, contributing to a cooling climate that hindered summer melting in the northern regions. This preserved ice, maintaining high albedo levels and extending cold temperatures, possibly allowing polar ice sheets to persist for thousands of years.
The increase in Arctic ice contributed to falling sea levels, while extreme cooling from volcanic winters led to mass extinctions. Some resilient dinosaurs adapting to cold climates evolved insulating feathers, helping them survive severe winters and emerge as dominant species once global temperatures stabilized.
“This hypothesis is surprising because we traditionally view the Mesozoic era as ice-free,” says Mike Benton of the University of Bristol. “Imagining early dinosaurs navigating a harsh winter landscape is innovative, even if short-lived. During this period of high extinction, volcanic eruptions combined with polar ice may have disrupted dinosaur populations significantly.”
Olsen further emphasizes that the existence of a large Arctic continent has been “hidden in plain sight.” He notes, “Many depictions of Earth visually distort polar regions, obscuring their importance in geological history.”
Astronomers from the Hobby-Eberly Telescope Dark Energy Experiment (HETDEX) have discovered colossal hydrogen halos, known as Lyman-alpha nebulae, surrounding over 30,000 galaxies dating back 10 to 12 billion years. This groundbreaking finding indicates that the essential materials for galaxy formation were far more plentiful than previously believed.
A giant halo of hydrogen gas, as revealed by HETDEX data and captured in deep imaging from the NASA/ESA/CSA James Webb Space Telescope. This ancient star system, 11.3 billion years old, radiates from the collective light of its myriad galaxies, with the brightest areas highlighted in red. Image credit: Erin Mentuch Cooper, HETDEX/NASA/ESA/CSA/STScI.
Hydrogen gas presents a unique challenge to astronomers, as it doesn’t emit light independently.
However, when located near energy-emitting objects—like galaxies packed with stars radiating UV light—hydrogen can glow due to this energy.
Detecting hydrogen halos demands significant time and precision, as the specialized instruments needed are often in high demand.
Previous astronomical surveys have identified some of these halos but typically focused only on the most luminous and extreme examples.
Furthermore, targeted observations of early galaxies are often too zoomed in, leading to the omission of larger halos.
HETDEX’s observations are actively filling this observational gap. This research uses the Hobby-Eberly Telescope at McDonald Observatory to map over 1 million galaxies and deepen our understanding of dark energy.
“We collected nearly half a petabyte of data, not just on these galaxies, but also on the intergalactic space,” stated Dr. Karl Gebhardt, the principal investigator of HETDEX and chair of the astronomy department at the University of Texas at Austin.
“Our observations encompass a sky area capable of hosting more than 2,000 full moons. The extent is extraordinary and unprecedented.”
“The Hobby-Eberly Telescope ranks among the largest telescopes worldwide,” Dr. Dustin Davis, a HETDEX scientist and postdoctoral fellow at UT Austin, remarked.
“HETDEX’s instruments yield 100,000 spectra per observation, providing a vast quantity of data and a treasure trove of exciting discoveries on the horizon.”
To locate hydrogen halos, astronomers examined the brightest 70,000 of the 1.6 million early galaxies cataloged by HETDEX.
Utilizing supercomputers at the Texas Advanced Computing Center, they assessed how many showed signs of surrounding halos.
According to the research team, these halos can span tens to hundreds of thousands of light-years across.
Some appear as simple, football-shaped clouds enveloping individual galaxies, while others take on irregular forms housing multiple galaxies.
“These formations are intriguing,” said Erin Mentaci-Cooper, HETDEX data manager and researcher at UT Austin.
“They resemble giant amoebas with tentacles extending into the cosmos.”
Results of this study were published on March 11, 2026, in a paper in the Astrophysical Journal.
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Erin Mentouch Cooper et al. 2026. Lyα Nebula in HETDEX: The largest statistical census connecting Lyα halos and blobs across cosmic noon. APJ 1000, 38; doi: 10.3847/1538-4357/ae44f3
Credits: NSF–DOE Vera C. Rubin Observatory/NOIRLab/SLAC/AURA/P. Mahlenfeld
The Vera C. Rubin Observatory in Chile has made a groundbreaking discovery: the fastest-spinning large asteroid ever observed. This remarkable asteroid rotates approximately every 1.9 minutes, despite being over half a kilometer in diameter, a speed that defies previous expectations.
Lead researcher Dmitri Vavilov and his team from the University of Washington in Seattle identified this asteroid and several other unexpectedly fast rotators during their observations in late April and early May of 2025. The findings were presented at the Lunar and Planetary Science Conference in Texas on March 17th, showcased in this study.
During their observation period, researchers cataloged 76 asteroids with reliably calculated rotation periods, 19 of which were categorized as hyperfast rotators, spinning more than once every 2.2 hours. This figure represents the maximum rotation speed for a “rubble heap” asteroid formed of small rocks loosely bound by gravity.
Typically, asteroids are thought to be composed of debris, so the newfound rapid spin of these celestial bodies was not anticipated. The fastest ultra-high-speed rotating asteroids are known to rotate roughly once every 13 minutes. Initially, the researchers were not looking for asteroids that spun faster than five minutes. Vavilov commented, “I thought it was incredible that they could spin any faster.”
Upon further investigation, the team discovered three asteroids that qualified as ultrafast rotors, with rotation periods of approximately 3.8 minutes, 1.92 minutes, and 1.88 minutes. The record holder, identified as 2025 MN45, measures about 710 meters in diameter and spins faster than any previously documented asteroid larger than 500 meters in diameter.
Given its astonishing speed, this asteroid is unlikely to be a loose conglomerate of debris. Its structure must be significantly more robust than that of typical space rocks. “If this asteroid has a rotational speed of less than 2.2 hours, yet spins faster than 2 minutes,” Vavilov explained, “then even clay wouldn’t suffice to hold it together; it’s likely a single solid mass or primarily composed of metal.”
The Vera C. Rubin Observatory is anticipated to unveil more about rapidly rotating asteroids throughout its planned 10-year survey of the southern sky, enriching our understanding of these intriguing cosmic objects.
Paleontologists have made an exciting discovery of a monumental new dinosaur species in a secluded area of the Sahara Desert. Named Spinosaurus mirabilis—which translates to “amazing spinosaurus” in Latin—this colossal creature roamed more than 95 million years ago in what is now Niger, far from the coastal regions typically associated with similar fish-hunting dinosaurs.
Measuring as long as a school bus and weighing several tons, Spinosaurus mirabilis stands out from other spinosaurs due to its distinctive scimitar-shaped crest on its head. This unique feature was so rare that researchers did not recognize its importance during the initial excavation in 2019; they only grasped its significance upon returning in 2022 to unearth additional specimens.
“This discovery was so sudden and surprising that it was incredibly exciting for our team,” said Paul Sereno, Professor of Organismal Biology and Anatomy at the University of Chicago. Sereno led the groundbreaking research, which was published in a 2016 Science study.
“I will cherish the moment we gathered around our laptops at camp to observe the new species for the first time, after one of our team members generated a 3D digital model of the bones we uncovered to assemble the skull. It was then that the full significance of the discovery became clear,” he added.
The interlocking upper and lower teeth of the skull form a lethal trap for slippery fish. Fish-eating is a proven adaptation found in ichthyosaurs, crocodiles, and pterosaurs, and distinguishes Spinosaurus from its dinosaur relatives. – Photo credit: Keith Ladzinski
Previous Spinosaurus fossils are mainly found near ancient coastlines. These dinosaurs, characterized by their long snouts and conical teeth reminiscent of modern crocodiles, were exceptionally adapted for hunting fish.
The extent of their aquatic capabilities is still debated, with some researchers asserting they were powerful swimmers, while others believe they spent most of their time paddling through shallow waters.
Interestingly, S. mirabilis was discovered hundreds of kilometers away from the nearest coast. Researchers propose that this region of Niger may have once been a lush forest landscape crisscrossed by rivers, rather than a coastal area.
Ana Lazaro, a participant in the 2022 Niger Expedition, holds the third and most complete head print known from the new spinosaurid Spinosaurus mirabilis. – Photo credit: Alvaro Simarro
“I envision this dinosaur had no difficulty entering 2 meters (6.5 feet) of water with its robust legs, but likely spent most of its time stalking through shallower areas, hunting for the day’s many large fish,” Sereno remarked.
Nevertheless, many mysteries remain about this new species and its closely related counterparts in the Spinosauridae family.
“This new discovery will only enhance its mystique,” said Steve Brusatte, a professor and paleontologist at the University of Edinburgh, who was not involved in the study. BBC Science Focus.
“This surprising discovery underscores that there is still much to learn about Spinosaurus. While dinosaurs have long been shrouded in enigma, each new fossil sheds light on their true nature, bringing Spinosaurus into clearer focus.”
For decades, triceratops and their relatives were known only through fossils. Now, groundbreaking research by Japanese paleontologists has mapped the soft tissue anatomy of these iconic horned dinosaurs, unveiling unexpected structures that may shed light on their ability to regulate body temperature and breathe effectively.
Triceratops‘ nasal cavity. Image credit: K. Sakane.
The ceratopsians, a group that includes the famous triceratops, represent one of the most diverse and successful dinosaur lineages of the Late Cretaceous period.
Their skulls are among the most intricate structures ever formed through vertebrate evolution, featuring a beak, distinctive horns, frills, an elongated snout, and a compact tooth row specifically adapted for processing tough vegetation.
Researchers have traditionally concentrated on the functionality of their cranial features—chiefly the horns, beaks, and frills—since these characteristics likely contributed to their ecological dominance on land.
In contrast, the evolutionary significance of the enlarged nasal region of these dinosaurs remains largely uncharted.
“Since my master’s studies, I have focused on the evolution of reptilian heads and noses,” said Dr. Seishiro Tada, a paleontologist affiliated with the University of Tokyo Museum.
“The triceratops possessed an unusually large and complex nose. While I knew the fundamental reptilian structure, I struggled to understand how the internal organs fit within it,” he remarked.
This curiosity led Dr. Tada deeper into the study of nasal anatomy, its functions, and its evolutionary implications.
In this recent study, Dr. Tada and his team meticulously examined various cranial specimens of the triceratops.
“Using advanced CT scan data, akin to our understanding of contemporary reptilian snout morphology, we discovered several unique attributes within the snout. This research presents the first comprehensive insight into the soft tissue anatomy of horned dinosaurs,” explained Dr. Tada.
“The nasal structures of triceratops exhibited atypical ‘wiring.’ In most reptiles, nerves and blood vessels navigate from the jaw to the nostrils. However, the shape of the triceratops skull reroutes these pathways through the nasal branches,” he added.
“Essentially, the soft tissue evolved to support their prominent noses. I noted this while assembling 3D-printed skull segments of triceratops like a jigsaw puzzle,” Dr. Tada continued.
The researchers identified specialized structures within the triceratops nasal cavity, known as respiratory turbinates. This anatomical feature is underrepresented in other dinosaurs but common in birds and mammals, descendants of modern-day dinosaurs.
These delicate, coiled nasal surfaces enhance the interaction between air and blood, facilitating temperature regulation through effective heat exchange.
While triceratops probably wasn’t entirely warm-blooded, the team believes these structures assisted in controlling temperature and humidity levels, crucial for managing the heat generated by their large skulls.
“Although we’re not entirely certain, we note that while most dinosaurs lack evidence of respiratory turbinates, some birds display similar ridges of these structures, and horned dinosaurs may exhibit analogous features in equivalent nasal locations,” Dr. Tada stated.
“This leads us to hypothesize that triceratops possessed respiratory turbinates akin to those found in birds.”
“Horned dinosaurs represent the last group in which we investigated head soft tissue, effectively completing the puzzle of dinosaur anatomy,” Dr. Tada concluded.
The team’s paper is published in the journal Anatomical Records.
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Seishiro Tada et al. Soft tissue anatomy of the nose in triceratops and other horned dinosaurs. Anatomical Records, published online on February 7, 2026. doi: 10.1002/ar.70150
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Earth’s Magnetic Field Extends Thousands of Kilometers into Space
Getty Images/iStockphoto
Recent studies reveal that two massive, enigmatic rock formations beneath Africa and the Pacific Ocean may play a crucial role in generating Earth’s magnetic field. These formations could have contributed to the field’s destabilization over millions of years.
Scientists have long been aware of these continent-sized rock blocks, which stretch nearly 1000 kilometers from the outer core to the upper mantle. They exhibit unique properties that slow seismic wave passage, although their depth complicates measurements, making precise differentiation challenging.
Andrew Biggin, a researcher from the University of Liverpool, explored Earth’s magnetic field for insights. This protective magnetic field, created over billions of years by molten iron convection in the core, extends thousands of kilometers into space, shielding our planet from solar winds and cosmic radiation.
The magnetic field’s shape is influenced by the heat energy transfer from the hot core to cooler zones. Biggin and his team theorized that analyzing changes in the magnetic field could unveil details about heat movement within the Earth’s core.
To trace the evolution of the magnetic field, researchers compared ancient volcanic rock records that captured magnetic orientations over millions of years. They simulated the heat flow in the core with and without the influence of large hot rock masses, correlating results with actual magnetic measurements.
Findings indicated that simulations incorporating these rock blocks aligned most closely with ancient magnetic data. “These convection simulations can reproduce notable features of the core’s magnetic field only when considering significant variability in heat flow at the core’s upper layer,” says Biggin.
This implies that these hot regions have likely maintained higher temperatures than their surroundings for millions of years, leading to diminished heat exchange between the core and mantle. Such discrepancies in heat flow may have significantly contributed to the creation and stabilization of the Earth’s magnetic field.
While many geologists view the Earth’s magnetic field evolution as symmetrical over time, Biggin’s research revealed inherent asymmetries in ancient fields, likely instigated by these rock formations. This discovery could refine how geologists interpret the movement of ancient rocks and reveal changes in Earth’s deep structure over time, according to Biggin.
If accurate, these temperature contrasts in the rock formations could also exist in the upper outer core, potentially detected through seismic wave analysis.
However, Sanne Kottar from Cambridge University expresses skepticism. “Mapping core variations is extremely challenging due to the vast mantle material we must analyze before accessing the core,” she explains.
Two colossal, ultra-hot rock formations, positioned 2,900 kilometers beneath the Earth’s surface in Africa and the Pacific Ocean, have influenced Earth’s magnetic field for millions of years, according to groundbreaking research led by Professor Andy Biggin from the University of Liverpool.
Giant superheated solid masses at the Earth’s mantle base impact the liquid outer core. Image credit: Biggin et al., doi: 10.1038/s41561-025-01910-1.
Measuring ancient magnetic fields and simulating their generation presents significant technical challenges.
To explore these deep Earth features, Professor Biggin and his team used paleomagnetic data in conjunction with advanced Earth Dynamo simulations. The flow of liquid iron in the outer core generates Earth’s magnetic field, akin to a wind turbine producing electricity.
Numerical models reconstructed critical insights about magnetic field behavior over the past 265 million years.
Even with supercomputers, conducting these long-term simulations poses enormous computational challenges.
The findings showed that temperature at the upper layer of the outer core is not uniform.
Instead, localized hot areas are accompanied by continent-sized rock structures exhibiting significant thermal contrasts.
Some regions of the magnetic field were found to remain relatively stable over hundreds of millions of years, while others displayed considerable changes over time.
“These results indicate pronounced temperature variations in the rocky mantle just above the core, suggesting that beneath hotter regions, liquid iron in the core may be stagnant, rather than flowing intensely as observed beneath colder areas,” Professor Biggin stated.
“Gaining such insights into the deep Earth over extensive timescales enhances the case for utilizing ancient magnetic records to comprehend both the dynamic evolution and stable properties of deep Earth.”
“These discoveries also bear significant implications for understanding ancient continents, including the formation and breakup of Pangea, and could help address long-standing uncertainties in ancient climate studies, paleontology, and natural resource formation.”
“It has been hypothesized that, on average, Earth’s magnetic field acts as a perfect bar magnet aligned with the planet’s rotation axis in these regions.”
“Our findings suggest that this may not be entirely accurate.”
This study is published in today’s edition of Nature Earth Science.
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AJ Biggin et al. Inhomogeneities in the mantle influenced Earth’s ancient magnetic field. Nature Earth Science published online on February 3, 2026. doi: 10.1038/s41561-025-01910-1
Possible Large Clump of Dark Matter Near Our Galaxy
Credit: Alamy
A significant discovery indicates the presence of a gigantic dark matter cloud adjacent to our solar system. These clouds, previously unidentified in the Milky Way, have been detected thanks to precise cosmic clocks known as pulsars.
Current cosmological models propose that galaxies are enveloped in diffuse clouds of dark matter called halos, with smaller subhaloes scattered throughout. However, the elusive nature of dark matter, which neither emits, absorbs, nor reflects light, complicates the detection of these halos and subhalos.
To quantify this dark matter phenomenon, Sukanya Chakrabarti and her research team at the University of Alabama in Huntsville leveraged pairs of rapidly spinning neutron stars known as pulsars. These cosmic clocks emit beams of light at consistent intervals, allowing researchers to measure variations in their trajectories when influenced by large nearby mass.
Given that dark matter interacts with ordinary matter solely through gravity, an adjacent dark matter subhalo would alter the orbit of neighboring pulsars. This is precisely what Chakrabarti and her collaborators identified approximately 3,000 light years from our solar system. “Our observations detected a pair of pulsars whose motions indicate an unexpected gravitational pull from an unseen object,” comments Philip Chan from the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee.
The research revealed that this gravitational influence originated from an object approximately 60 million times more massive than the Sun and spanning hundreds of light years. After mapping the location against stellar data, no correlations with known celestial bodies were found. If validated, this object could be a unique example of dark matter.
This potential dark matter subhalo could be the only instance of such size in our local galactic vicinity. “There may only be one or two of these large features nearby, depending on dark matter models,” suggests Alice Quillen at the University of Rochester in New York. “Different dark matter theories propose varying distributions of these structures.”
This pursuit is what catalyzed Chakrabarti’s interest in subhalo research. “Our objective is to map as many subhaloes as we can throughout the galaxy, and we’re just beginning to achieve that. Ultimately, we aim to elucidate the nature of dark matter,” she asserts.
However, pulsar binaries are scarce; only 27 instances provide sufficient accuracy for measuring gravitational acceleration. This scarcity explains why this subhalo remained undetected until now. “Given the finite number of pulsars, we are exploring alternative methods to monitor them using a broader array of objects,” states Zhang. If successful, this could be a breakthrough in understanding the true nature of dark matter.
New Research Reveals Japanese and Australian Geologists Uncover Evidence Linking Oceanic Igneous Provinces to Low-Order Extinction Events During the Triassic Period
Early Earth. Image credit: Peter Sawyer/Smithsonian Institution.
“Mass extinctions represent profoundly catastrophic events in the history of Earth,” stated Dr. Jiang Jun Huang along with a team of geologists from Jilin University and Curtin University.
“While numerous mass extinctions have shaped Earth’s evolutionary timeline, five major events are particularly notable.”
“These pivotal extinctions radically altered the trajectory of life on our planet.”
“Besides the five major mass extinction events, numerous sub-extinctions frequently occur, such as the Norian-Rhaetian extinction of the Triassic period.”
“Although the causes of five major extinction events are well documented, the triggers of smaller, lower-order extinctions remain largely speculative.”
In this groundbreaking study, the researchers investigated remnants of oceanic islands, seamounts, and plateaus on the Tibetan Plateau, mapping the evolution of the Meso-Tethyan and Neo-Tethyan oceans.
Throughout the Triassic, three significant episodes of oceanic large igneous provinces (LIPs) materialized between 250 and 248 million years ago, 233 and 231 million years ago, and 210 and 208 million years ago.
By synthesizing the geological records of these LIP episodes with extensive Triassic geological datasets, the team established a link between marine LIPs and at least four extinctions in marine life, which were spurred by subsequent anoxic-oxic events.
“Marine LIPs account for half of the identifiable geologically induced extinctions during the Triassic,” the scientists reported.
“This suggests that oceanic LIPs were the primary initiators of the Triassic extinction events.”
“Although eruptions related to oceanic LIPs are frequent, evidence for ancient occurrences may significantly diminish due to subduction processes during the closure of ocean basins.”
“This destruction complicates the identification of such records, and even when identified, interpreting and dating them accurately poses challenges.”
“Orogenic belts, remnants of long-extinct oceanic basins, may harbor many unidentified ‘ghost’ ocean LIPs, whose eruptions likely played a critical role in other Phanerozoic extinctions, which remain under-recognized in current Earth system models.”
The team’s study is published in the journal Geology.
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Jian Jun Fan et al., “Large Oceanic Igneous Provinces: A Major Driver of Repeated Triassic Extinctions,” Geology, published online on January 20, 2026. doi: 10.1130/G53406.1
Artist’s Impression of the Huayuan Biota Ecosystem
Dinghua Yang
A remarkable fossil find has emerged in southern China, unveiling an ecosystem that dates back 512 million years, immediately postdating Earth’s first mass extinction event.
The fossils belong to the Cambrian period, initiated 541 million years ago, a time characterized by a significant increase in animal diversity which led to the emergence of most major animal groups.
This evolutionary flourishing faced a dramatic setback with the Shinsk event around 513.5 million years ago, when oceanic oxygen levels plummeted, resulting in the extinction of various animal groups.
Han Zeng and his team at China’s Nanjing Institute of Geology and Paleontology began unearthing these fossils in 2021 at a quarry in Huayuan County, Hunan Province.
So far, researchers have documented 8,681 fossils from 153 distinct species, approximately 60 percent of which are previously unknown to science. This ancient ecosystem has been dubbed the “Flower Garden Biota,” potentially surpassing Canada’s renowned Burgess Shale in significance.
This ecosystem comprises 16 major animal groups believed to have thrived in deep-sea environments, largely unaffected by the Shinsk event.
“Our understanding of the Shinsk extinction event was limited to skeletal fossils of certain animals, such as archaeal sponge reefs, trilobites, and small shelled fossils,” Zeng explains.
The Flower Garden Biota also includes various mollusks. Zeng noted, “The extinction predominantly affected shallow-sea habitats, while the deep-sea environments, where the Huazono biota thrived, remained largely stable.”
Arthropods of the Hanazono Biota Family
Han Zeng
The majority of fossils unearthed belong to arthropods akin to modern-day insects, spiders, and crustaceans. Other fossil types include mollusks, brachiopods, and cnidarians, relatives of jellyfish.
One notable specimen is Guangshancharis Kunmingensis, an 80 cm long arthropod recognized as the largest animal discovered at the site, likely a predatory species within the Huayuan ecosystem.
Another arthropod, Hermetia, was previously known only from Canada’s Burgess Shale but is now found in the Flower Garden Biota, indicating that these early animals were capable of long-distance dispersal via ocean currents, according to Zeng.
Zeng emphasized that the exceptional preservation of the fossils is due to rapid burial under fine sediment, capturing intricate details of soft anatomy including limbs, antennae, tentacles, gills, and even nervous tissues.
Aronia: A Cambrian Sea Creature Similar to Sponges
Han Zeng
Joe Moishuk from Canada’s Manitoba Museum reflects that the site ranks among top Cambrian fossil locations, celebrated for its biodiversity and preservation quality.
While some groups like sponges and trilobites are known to have declined significantly during the mid-Cambrian Shinsk event, many animal groups’ fates remain unclear.
“Findings like the Hanazono biota offer invaluable insights into the biodiversity of this period, helping to illuminate gaps in our understanding of Earth’s history,” notes Moisiuk.
Tetsuto Miyashita of the Canadian Museum of Nature mentions that two key Cambrian fossil sites are the 520-million-year-old Chengjiang Biota in China and the 508-million-year-old Burgess Shale in Canada.
“Comparing these sites is akin to contrasting Bach’s ensemble with The Beatles; understanding the variances is crucial before grasping the overarching narrative of these ecosystems,” Miyashita states. “New biota discoveries assist paleontologists in unraveling the influence of geographical features, mass extinctions, and oceanic conditions.”
A conspicuous absence in the Flower Garden Biota is any evidence of fish. “Where are the fish?” queries Miyashita. “Are they scarce, which is globally uncommon, or are other ecological factors at play?”
Zeng mentions that not all fossils have been thoroughly scrutinized yet, suggesting the possibility of undiscovered species, including fish, as further exploration continues.
Satellite image of Antarctic iceberg A23a displaying meltwater on its surface
NASA
The Antarctic iceberg A23a, comparable in size to a city, is experiencing an alarming build-up of meltwater on its surface, signaling potential fragmentation.
Researchers are captivated by the massive A23a iceberg due to its unique ability to collect and retain meltwater.
Satellite visuals reveal a distinctive raised ice rim encircling the entire cliff-edge of this slab-like iceberg, giving it an intriguing resemblance to an oversized playground. This pooling region spans approximately 800 square kilometers, larger than the city of Chicago.
In several areas, the meltwater appears deep and brilliantly blue, indicating depths of several meters. The total volume of water on A23a is estimated to be in the billions of liters, enough to fill thousands of Olympic-sized swimming pools.
Douglas MacAyeal from the University of Chicago explains that this rim effect is a typical phenomenon observed in the world’s largest icebergs.
“My hypothesis is that the edges curve downward from the nose, forming an arched dam that retains snowmelt,” he states. “This curvature likely results from a combination of wave undercutting and melting ice, as well as the inherent flexibility of vertical ice cliffs.”
The streaks of water visible in the satellite images indicate remnants of past ice flow when these icebergs were still attached to the Antarctic coast, he noted.
Image of iceberg A23-A captured from the ISS on December 27, 2025
NASA
A23a dates back to 1986 and originated from the Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf, initially being over five times its current size. It once held the distinction of being the largest iceberg on Earth.
In recent years, A23a has drifted north into increasingly warmer waters, leading to its gradual fragmentation. The substantial volume of surface meltwater can ultimately contribute to its collapse. “Should that water seep into its fractures and subsequently refreeze, it will effectively split the iceberg,” remarks Mike Meredith from the British Antarctic Survey.
He contends that the iceberg can deteriorate unexpectedly within a matter of days.
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Primordial black holes likely formed shortly after the Big Bang.
Shutterstock/Mohd. Afuza
An exceptionally massive black hole from the early universe may represent a type of exotic starless black hole first theorized by Stephen Hawking.
In August, Boyuan Liu and his team from the University of Cambridge used the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) to uncover a peculiar galaxy named Abell 2744-QSO1. This ancient galaxy, dating back 13 billion years, harbored a black hole around 50 million times the mass of our Sun but hosted extremely few stars.
“This contradicts traditional theories which dictate that stars must form prior to or simultaneously with black holes,” Liu explained. Typically, black holes are believed to evolve when massive stars exhaust their fuel and undergo gravitational collapse.
Liu and his team conducted initial simulations suggesting that QSO1 might have originated as a primordial black hole—an exotic concept introduced by Stephen Hawking and Bernard Carr in 1974. Unlike conventional black holes, primordial black holes are thought to form from density fluctuations shortly after the Big Bang.
While most primordial black holes likely evaporated by the time of the JWST’s observations, some might have persisted, evolving into larger black holes like QSO1.
Although Liu and his team’s calculations align broadly with their observations, they remain relatively simple and do not factor in the intricate interactions among primordial black holes, gas clouds, and stars.
Now, the authors have employed advanced simulations to investigate how primordial black holes grew in the universe’s infancy. They analyzed how gas dynamics influenced the formation of early primordial black holes and how interactions with newly formed and dying stars affected them.
Their predictions about the black hole’s ultimate mass and the heavy elements present in it are congruent with the findings from QSO1.
“It’s not conclusive, but it represents a compelling possibility,” Liu stated. “These observations suggest that established black hole formation theories may not fully explain the phenomenon, making the notion of a significant primordial black hole in the early universe increasingly plausible.”
Simulations indicate that primordial black holes could be a feasible origin for QSO1, according to Roberto Maiorino, a team member involved in the discovery of black holes. “The alignment of their predicted properties with those of QSO1, in terms of black hole mass, stellar mass, and chemical composition, is both intriguing and promising.”
However, standard models of primordial black holes typically predict that their maximum mass should be around a million solar masses, while Maiorino pointed out that QSO1 is 50 times larger. “Nevertheless, it’s plausible that these primordial black holes are densely concentrated, allowing them to merge and grow rapidly,” he noted.
A further challenge arises from the requirement that for a primordial black hole to initially collapse, a burst of high-energy radiation, like that from a nearby supernova, is essential; however, no potential sources have been identified near QSO1, according to Maiorino.
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A stunning view of Saturn and its rings as seen by the Cassini spacecraft
NASA/JPL-Caltech/Space Science Institute
New findings indicate that dust particles from Saturn’s rings are extended farther above and below the planet than previously assumed, implying that the rings might be shaped like large, dusty donuts.
The central structure of Saturn’s rings is remarkably thin, stretching out for tens of thousands of kilometers while only measuring around 10 meters in height, which gives Saturn its iconic look from Earth. However, variations exist, such as the outer E-ring that is inflated and replenished by ice ejected from Saturn’s moon Enceladus, which has an ocean beneath its surface.
In a recent study, Frank Postberg and his team at the Free University of Berlin examined data from NASA’s Cassini spacecraft, which completed 20 orbits in its final year of operation in 2017. During these orbits, the spacecraft took a steep trajectory through the rings, starting from a distance up to three times Saturn’s radius and moving downwards towards three times Saturn’s radius.
At the height of Cassini’s orbital path, its spectrometer, known as the Cosmic Dust Analyzer, detected hundreds of tiny rock particles with a chemical makeup similar to those found in the iron-deficient main rings. “This spectral type is genuinely unique within the Saturn system,” Postberg stated.
“While more material is near the surface of the rings, it is still astonishing that these particles are found so far above and below the ring surface,” he added.
Postberg and his collaborators determined that to reach heights greater than 100,000 kilometers from the main ring, the particles must be traveling at speeds exceeding 25 kilometers per second to break free from Saturn’s gravitational and magnetic forces.
Postberg noted that the exact mechanism achieving such speeds remains uncertain. The simplest explanation might be that a minor meteorite strikes the ring, scattering particles; however, this does not generate debris quickly enough.
New research suggests that when micrometeorites impact Saturn’s rings, they could generate sufficiently high temperatures to vaporize the rocks, implying that Saturn’s rings are older than once believed. Postberg and his team propose that this vaporized rock could exit the ring at much higher speeds than expected and then condense far from the planet.
It is surprising to find dust at such distances from the main ring. According to Frank Spahn from the University of Potsdam in Germany, who was not part of the study, this is significant because the particles in Saturn’s primary rings are small, collide rarely, and are sticky, leading to collisions that behave more like snowballs colliding than like billiard balls.
Micrometeorite impacts are prevalent throughout the solar system; hence, similar processes might be occurring on other ringed planets like Uranus. “If a ring of ice experiences a high-velocity impact, this phenomenon could be widespread; we would expect analogous dust rings above and below the other rings,” Postberg concluded.
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A novel genus and species of mid-Oligocene nimuravid has been identified from fossil remains unearthed in northern China. This finding enhances our understanding of Nimurabiidae in eastern Eurasia.
Reimagining the life of Taotienimravus songi in a Chinese painting style. Image credit: Yuefeng Song.
Taotienimravus songi inhabited what is now China during the mid-Oligocene period, around 28 million years ago.
This ancient species is part of the Nimuravidae family, an extinct group of saber-toothed hypercarnivores, often referred to as pseudosaber-toothed cats.
“Carnivora demonstrates the broadest range in body sizes among mammals, with the smallest weasel weighing roughly 50 g. Pinnipeds average over 3 tons,” stated Dr. Qigao Jiangzuo of the Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences.
“With few exceptions, such as the bear family, large terrestrial carnivores, particularly those exceeding 20 kg, generally maintain a macrocarnivorous diet, targeting large prey of similar size or larger.”
“Often called pseudosabertooths, the Nimurabiidae represents one of the earliest diverging lineages within the Carnivora order, noted for their large size, hypercarnivorous craniodental features, and potentially macrocarnivorous behaviors,” the researchers added.
“The earliest fossils from this family, dating back to the mid-Eocene, belonged to highly specialized species exhibiting cat-like craniodental characteristics.”
“Nimuravidae underwent radiation during the Eocene to Oligocene, with the best-preserved specimens found primarily in North America, where numerous skulls and complete skeletons have been discovered.”
“Eurasia also contains numerous fossil remains, though they tend to be poorly preserved.”
“As the first lineage within Carnivora to develop large body sizes, this family is an excellent model for studying the evolution of early large carnivorous niches in an environmental context vastly different from that of today.”
The skeletal remains of Taotienimravus songi were discovered in the Qingshuiying Formation in northern China.
Specimen analysis indicates that this new species uniquely displays non-saber-toothed morphology with bone-cracking adaptations within the Nimuravidae family.
This animal likely engaged in a killing behavior distinct from other feline carnivores, possibly employing a tearing bite akin to that of hyenas.
“The defining characteristics of the new Nimuravid include exceptionally short and robust upper canine teeth along with a notably wide palatal area,” the paleontologists noted.
“The rostrum is exceedingly wide, probably the widest of any known Nimravid.”
“In contrast to many feline carnivores, the premolars do not diminish in size; rather, they increase, eliminating the gap between the canines and cheek teeth.”
“This contrasts with most feline carnivores, which almost invariably exhibit diastema.”
“We interpret this absence of a gap as an indicator of a strong canine bite, allowing for deep penetration into prey.”
Phylogenetic analysis positions Taotienimravus songi within the Nimravinae, creating a sister lineage to those in Europe and North America, such as Nimravus and Dinahelurus.
This clade shares a close relation to the European lineage encompassing Iofelis, Denailictis, and Quercyllus.
“The increase in size within Nimuravidae seems to align with the extinction of another carnivorous group, Oxyaenidae, during the Paleogene,” the researchers stated.
“The initial emergence of large carnivorous traits within the Carnivora order likely reflects competitive interactions driven by ecomorphic dynamics.”
“Nimuravidae effectively occupied ecological niches unavailable to Felidae, probably due to the lack of competition within Carnivora for much of their evolutionary history.”
“This study emphasizes the impact of both abiotic and biotic factors in shaping niche availability for these animals and underscores the need to discuss niche evolution and change within this framework.”
A study detailing this discovery was published on November 26, 2025, in Proceedings of the Royal Society B.
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Qigao Jiangzuo et al. 2025. A new ecomorph of the Nimravidae and the exploration of early large carnivores within the order Carnivora. Proc Biol Sci 292 (2059): 20251686; doi: 10.1098/rspb.2025.1686
By utilizing highly precise spectroscopic observations from the Near Infrared Imager and Slitless Spectrometer (NIRISS) on board the NASA/ESA/CSA James Webb Space Telescope, astronomers have identified helium gas escaping from WASP-107b, a super-Neptunian exoplanet located in the Virgo constellation, approximately 212 light-years away.
Artist’s impression of exoplanet WASP-107b. Image credit: University of Geneva / NCCR PlanetS / Thibaut Roger.
WASP-107 is an active K-type main-sequence star situated roughly 212 light-years away in the Virgo constellation.
Discovered in 2017, WASP-107b is among the least dense known exoplanets, categorized by astrophysicists as a “superpuff” or “cotton candy” planet.
This exoplanet has an orbit significantly closer to its star than Earth is to the Sun, completing its orbit every 5.7 days.
While this planet features the coldest atmosphere recorded for an exoplanet, at 500 degrees Celsius (932 degrees Fahrenheit), it remains much hotter than Earth.
This elevated temperature results from tidal heating linked to its slightly elliptical orbit, which may help explain how WASP-107b can expand without invoking extreme formation theories.
“A planet’s atmosphere can sometimes dissipate into space,” explained Yann Carteret, an astronomer at the University of Geneva, alongside colleagues.
“On Earth, we lose just over 3 kg of matter (primarily hydrogen) every second.”
“This phenomenon, known as atmospheric escape, is especially significant for astronomers studying exoplanets in close proximity to their stars. Such planets experience intense heating, making them particularly vulnerable to this effect.”
With data from Webb’s NIRISS instrument, astronomers observed a substantial flow of helium within WASP-107b’s exosphere.
This helium cloud partially obscures the star’s light even before the planet transits in front of the star.
“Our atmospheric escape model indicates a helium flow both in front of and behind the planet, extending nearly 10 times the planet’s radius in the direction of its orbit,” Carteret stated.
Alongside helium, astronomers confirmed the existence of water and various trace chemicals (including carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and ammonia) in WASP-107b’s atmosphere.
These findings provide essential insights for piecing together the history of their formation and migration.
The research suggests that the planet initially formed at a greater distance from its current orbit before drifting closer to its star, which may account for the thickening of its atmosphere and gas loss.
“Atmospheric escape on Earth is too weak to have a significant impact on our planet,” noted Vincent Boullier, an astronomer at the University of Geneva.
“However, it could explain the absence of water on Venus, which is nearby.”
“Thus, understanding the mechanisms involved in this process is crucial, as it could erode the atmospheres of certain rocky exoplanets.”
Details of these findings were published in the journal Nature Astronomy.
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V. Krishnamurthy et al. Continuum helium absorption from both the leading and trailing atmospheric tails of WASP-107b. Nat Astron, published online on December 1, 2025. doi: 10.1038/s41550-025-02710-8
Artist’s impression of a coronal mass ejection in a star
Olena Shumahalo/Collingham et al.
Astronomers have successfully identified the first clear evidence of a coronal mass ejection (CME) from a star outside of our solar system. This CME, a plasma cloud from a star located 130 light-years away, was observed using radio telescopes here on Earth.
Coronal mass ejections happen when solar storms propel bubbles of magnetized plasma into space. While such eruptions from our Sun can create auroras on Earth, they can also be powerful enough to disrupt the atmosphere of Venus, which lacks a protective magnetic field.
For decades, scientists have detected signs of CMEs in far-off stars, but until now, they were unable to confirm that this material truly escapes the star’s gravitational and magnetic grip, rather than simply being temporarily displaced and then drawn back in.
Joseph Cullingham and his team at the Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy discovered these emissions utilizing the Low Frequency Array (LOFAR) radio telescope. The bursts, or radio waves, emitted by CMEs can only be captured when the ejection travels fully away from its origin, which is StKM 1-1262.
This research group also employed the XMM-Newton space-based X-ray telescope to assess the temperature, rotation, and luminosity of the host star.
Cullingham emphasized that this new evidence conclusively affirms prior speculations that CMEs indeed occur in distant stars. “Some will say we’ve seen indications for the last 30 years, and they’re right, but we’ve never been able to prove it definitively,” he remarked. “We are discussing mass being expelled and lost from the star, which has been a topic of ongoing debate.”
The radiation from these ejecta could pose a significant threat to potential life forms nearby. According to researcher Anthony Yates from Durham University in the UK, it is crucial to integrate insights on the frequency and intensity of CMEs from distant stars into models assessing the habitability of exoplanets. “If exoplanets were to exist, the repercussions for life there could be devastating,” he added.
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A supermassive black hole in the process of engulfing a massive star
California Institute of Technology/R. Hurt (IPAC)
Astronomers have made an astounding discovery of the brightest flare ever observed from a supermassive black hole. This flare was so intense that it can only be attributed to a tidal disruption event (TDE), where a colossal star was torn apart by a distant galaxy’s black hole, unleashing an extraordinary burst of energy that is still resonating.
Originating from an active galactic nucleus (AGN) — a supermassive black hole at the core of a galaxy consuming matter — this event is approximately 20 billion light-years from Earth, marking it as one of the most distant TDEs recorded. Notably, many TDEs remain undetected in AGNs due to the fluctuating brightness near these active black holes, which obscures the distinction between a TDE and other phenomena.
“For the last 60 years, we have understood AGNs to be highly volatile, but we lacked clarity about their variability,” explains Matthew Graham from the California Institute of Technology. “Currently, we are aware of millions of AGNs, yet their variability remains largely a mystery.” The event, dubbed “Superman” due to its remarkable brightness, holds the potential to unravel some of these cosmic enigmas.
Initially identified in 2018, astronomers speculated that Superman might merely be a bright explosion from a relatively nearby galaxy. It wasn’t until 2023 that subsequent observations unveiled its true distance and revealed that its brightness was significantly more intense than initially estimated.
This first flare enhanced AGN visibility to over 40 times greater and was 30 times more powerful than any other flare recorded from AGN. Graham and his research team concluded that the most plausible explanation is the disintegration of a massive star, possibly over 30 times the mass of the Sun.
All active supermassive black holes are surrounded by a region of infalling material known as an accretion disk. The matter density in this area is expected to yield substantial stars, although they have never been directly observed. “If our interpretation of this as a TDE is correct, it substantiates our hypothesis regarding the existence of these massive stars in such environments,” noted Graham.
“We once believed that active supermassive black holes simply housed gas disks that meandered about. However, this scenario is much more dynamic and active,” he adds. By examining the fading Superman, we may uncover a deeper understanding of its environment.
Moreover, it may lead to the establishment of a model for TDEs in AGNs, enhancing future detection efforts. “When a potential TDE is identified in an AGN, it remains uncertain whether it is merely an active galactic nucleus or if a true TDE is occurring, so having such unambiguous evidence is invaluable,” states Vivian Baldassare from Washington State University. “This will greatly aid in revealing future TDEs and understanding various AGN variability sources.”
Here’s a glimpse from the elusive newsletter of space-time. Each month, we let physicists and mathematicians share intriguing ideas stemming from the universe’s far corners. To join this exploration, Sign up for Losing Space and Time here.
“So you have written a book on black holes?”
The stranger sips their cocktail. We are mingling at a gathering, showcasing our conversations. I nodded slightly, mixing my piña colada.
“Well then,” the stranger continues, their gaze fixed intently on me. Is it truly the case that the entire universe resembles a black hole?”
It’s a familiar inquiry. This question often arises when I mention my years spent at observatories, engaging with scientists about our understanding of these cosmic giants.
People are naturally curious. The media frequently reports on distant galaxies coming into view as we gaze out into space. Videos sharing these concepts amass millions of views on platforms like YouTube. Though it seems like fiction, the scientific exploration of this notion began as early as 1972, when physicist Raj Kumar Pathria submitted a letter to Nature titled “The Universe as a Black Hole.” This topic has surfaced repeatedly since then.
So, is it feasible?
How to create a black hole
In simple terms, black holes are regions in space where gravity is so intense that not even light can escape.
These enigmatic entities were first mathematically described by astronomer Karl Schwarzschild during World War I. Amidst the sounds of battle on the Western Front, he was intrigued by how Albert Einstein’s groundbreaking general relativity predicted planetary dynamics and stellar structures.
Schwarzschild derived a formula detailing how space and time behave in ways that defy common experience, creating areas that would be termed black holes.
This discovery provided profound insights into black hole dynamics. It requires a particular mass, like that of a human, planet, or star, compressed within a volume determined by Schwarzschild’s formula, et voilà! A black hole emerges.
The critical volume varies with the object’s mass. For a human being, this volume is minuscule, a hundred times smaller than a proton. For Earth, it’s akin to a golf ball, while for the Sun, the volume resembles the size of downtown Los Angeles (approximately 6 km, or just under 4 miles).
Creating black holes is challenging. Under typical conditions, materials tend not to compress to incredibly high densities. Only extreme cosmic events, like the supernova explosion of a massive star, can compel matter to collapse into a black hole.
Interestingly, the black holes formed from dying stars come from extremely dense matter, whereas the much larger supermassive black holes at the centers of galaxies possess much lower densities. According to Schwarzschild’s equation, bigger black holes actually have less average density than air!
So what about the universe itself? Given that it consists largely of empty space, can such density relate to that of black holes?
Polarized light from the cosmic microwave background
ESA/Planck Collaboration
Measuring Space
With the help of Schwarzschild’s formula, astronomers can ascertain whether an object is a black hole. First, determine its mass. Next, ascertain the volume. If the object’s mass is contained within a volume smaller than that specified by Schwarzschild’s equation, it qualifies as a black hole.
Now, applying this concept to the entire universe requires knowledge of its mass and volume. However, determining the universe’s total size is impossible, as wandering with a cosmic ruler isn’t feasible. Instead, we can observe light and particles that come to us from the cosmos.
The oldest light we detect originates from the cosmic microwave background, which was produced a mere 380,000 years after the Big Bang. As the universe expands, the origin of this light is now astronomically distant. In fact, the total distance light has traveled since the Big Bang allows us to see an observable universe with a diameter of about 93 billion light years.
Through rigorous measurements over many years, astronomers estimate the mass contained within this volume to be approximately 1054 kg (that’s a 1 followed by 54 zeros).
Next, let’s calculate the hypothetical size of a black hole with this mass using Schwarzschild’s formula. After some calculations, it turns out that such a black hole would be roughly three times larger than the observable universe, measuring around 300 billion light years across. Thus, simply from the observed mass and size of the universe, it seems to satisfy the criteria of being a black hole.
“Wow,” exclaimed the curious stranger at the cocktail party, “Does this mean the universe is indeed a black hole?”
“Not so fast, my friend,” I replied. To grasp this question fully, we must delve deeper into the nature of black holes.
Into the Void
Black holes are peculiar. One of their odd characteristics is that while they appear to be fixed sizes externally, they are continuously evolving internally. According to Schwarzschild’s formula, the internal space elongates in one dimension while compressing in the other two simultaneously. (If a black hole spins, its interior behaves differently, but that’s a tale for another time.)
Cosmologists refer to this structure as anisotropy. The term derives from tropos, meaning “direction,” and iso, meaning “equal,” alongside an, denoting negation. The dynamics of anisotropy within a black hole leads to one spatial direction expanding while the other two contract. This phenomenon, along with the infamous spaghettification, relates to the tidal forces experienced by any object drawn in.
In contrast, the universe expands isotropically (uniformly in all directions). Doesn’t that sound akin to the interior of a black hole?
However, this doesn’t eliminate the possibility of a “universe as a black hole.” Both structures share two pivotal features: the event horizon and singularity.
The event horizon marks a boundary beyond which light cannot escape. For a black hole, this signifies a point of no return for anything crossing this threshold. In the universe, space expands so swiftly that light from exceedingly distant galaxies cannot reach us.
The event horizon of our universe can be thought of as an inverted version of a black hole’s event horizon. The former limits our observation from the furthest reaches of space, while the latter confines us from seeing beyond its depths.
This reciprocal relationship is also observable in the singularity—the point where density and curvature of spacetime become infinite. According to Schwarzschild’s formula, the singularity is a destination for unfortunate astronauts crossing a black hole’s event horizon. Conversely, our cosmological models indicate that singularities exist in the past—backtracking the universe’s expansion leads every space point closer together, intensifying density. In this context, the beginnings of the Big Bang culminate in a singularity. So, for black holes, this mathematical singularity lies in the future; for our expanding universe, it exists in the past. In both instances, the complexity indicated signifies just how little we understand about these dense, enigmatic points.
Sum it all up—the disparities in expansion, event horizon, and singularity—paint a convincing picture of our universe: it’s not a black hole. It just doesn’t fit that label!
“But wait,” the stranger interjects, feeling disheartened, “I thought we calculated that the universe met the criteria for a black hole.”
“While the computations are indeed accurate,” I explain, “we observe that mathematical relationships akin to Schwarzschild’s also align within the context of an expanding universe. This isn’t exclusively characteristic of black holes.”
It suggests that strange phenomena exist at the largest cosmic scales, beyond our observational reach with telescopes. However, according to models of non-rotating, expanding black holes, our universe lacks the definitive traits that categorize it as a black hole. What to make of it? Personally, I view it as a testament to gravity’s versatility, crafting magnificent structures that encapsulate the essence of time and space.
Life-sized camel engraving at Jebel Misma, Saudi Arabia
Sahout Rock Art and Archeology Project
The ancient people of the Arabian Desert left behind impressive rock art, including a large depiction of a camel, likely marking a water source.
Michael Petraglia, from Griffith University in Brisbane, along with his team, uncovered 176 sculptures across 62 panels in the Nehod Desert of Saudi Arabia in 2023. This collection includes not only life-size camel images but also 15 smaller camel sculptures and two camel footprints.
One particular rock art site featured a 3-meter-high dromedary located over 40 meters high on a cliff, making it impossible for the research team to safely access it without using a drone.
“Creating these sculptures must have been perilous,” Petraglia remarked. “Reaching that height was unfeasible.”
Besides camels, the rock art also illustrates other large animals such as ibex, horses, gazelles, and aurochs, highlighting what must have been a once mild climate. The team also uncovered carved human figures and masks.
“This isn’t merely about inscribing or altering the landscape,” Petraglia emphasizes. “These sculptures hold significant cultural value.”
Researchers propose that these images may have served as warnings to outsiders about the land’s occupation or indicated temporary water sources. Such findings contribute to the understanding of the extensive prehistoric habitation of Saudi Arabia.
Natural varnishes forming over the sculpture suggest it has aged for about 8,000 years. However, since the artwork itself couldn’t be dated directly, the team excavated sediments beneath the rock art panel.
Excavation site and discovery of sculpture tools beneath Jebel Arnaan’s rock art panel
Sahout Rock Art and Archaeology Project
There, the team found stone points, beads, and objects linking back to the late Neolithic people of the Levant, as well as tools that were likely used for sculpting. These artifacts date back around 12,800 to 11,400 years.
Excavations also took place near a small temporary lake called Playa, which ancient people would have depended on. Evidence from sediment and pollen confirms that this area was once far more verdant and hospitable.
Nonetheless, Petraglia believes the environment remains harsh, making it unlikely that people could establish permanent settlements in the area.
“These were likely transient communities, showcasing innovation,” he notes. “These were adept hunter-gatherers, far from mere survivalists.”
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The significant move was the latest part of founder Daniel Ek’s strategy to withdraw catalogs from Spotify in protest against his €600 million (£520 million) investment in military AI company Helsing.
In June, Ek’s venture capital firm, Prima Materia, spearheaded a funding round for the defense tech firm. Helsing’s software leverages AI to analyze battlefield sensor and weapon system data, facilitating real-time military decision-making. Additionally, they plan to develop their own military drone, the HX-2. Ek also serves as chairman of Helsing.
The band has announced their participation in Music for Genocide, a new initiative where over 400 artists and record labels are removing their music from Israeli streaming platforms.
In a statement, the band expressed:
In light of the substantial investments made by CEOs in companies unrelated to the initiative and engaged in producing military drones and AI technologies for fighter jets, the band has made separate requests to labels to remove their music from Spotify across all regions.
We believe that the historical effectiveness of artists’ actions during apartheid in South Africa serves as a precedent for addressing the war crimes and genocide currently perpetrated by the state of Israel, which underscores the moral duties of artists.
Moreover, the financial strain on artists has now combined with moral and ethical burdens, ultimately affecting the hard-earned income of fans and the creative endeavors of musicians.
Enough is enough.
Alternative methods must be explored.
になったんです。 English: The first thing you can do is to find the best one to do. A spokesperson for Spotify stated, “Spotify and Helsing are entirely separate entities.”
They further clarified that Helsing “has no involvement in Gaza” and that their operations “are focused on protecting Europe against threats from Ukraine.”
In a statement, Helsing asserted, “Currently, Helsing’s technology is not deployed in war zones outside of Ukraine, which is misleading.”
“Our technology is utilized in European countries for deterrence and to defend against Russian assaults on Ukraine.”
Australian psych-rock group King Gizzard and Canadian post-rock band Godspeed You! Black Emperor, alongside US alternative acts Deerhoof and Manchester’s Wu Lyf, have also joined in this effort.
In contrast to these bands, large-scale attacks cannot showcase their music on popular platforms like Bandcamp. After transitioning to Bandcamp, King Gizzard’s extensive catalog filled the top 27 spots on the site.
The No No Music for Genocide initiative features artists such as MJ Lenderman, Amyl and the Sniffers, Rina Sawayama, Jockstrap, Keiyaa, John Glacier, Erika de Casier, Smerz, and Wednesday. These artists have either modified their release territories or requested geo-blocking for their music.
Massive Attack has amplified their message through Instagram posts.
In 1991, the tragedy of apartheid violence in South Africa was alleviated from a distance through public boycotts, protests, and artists withdrawing their work. Complicity with such a regime was deemed unacceptable. The same principle applies to the state of Israeli atrocities in 2025. Many musicians are responding to the recently launched @Filmworkers4Palestine campaign, endorsed by 4,500 filmmakers, actors, industry workers, and institutions, supporting issues from @bds.movement, @NomusicForGenocide, and more. We urge all musicians to convert their grief, anger, and artistic contributions into consistent, rational, and impactful actions, aiming to end the suffering imposed on Palestinians for far too long.
Massive Attack, alongside Brian Eno, kNeecap, and Fontaine DC, have established a coalition of artists advocating for Palestinian rights, defending musicians against the threat of silence or the risk of career setbacks enforced by organizations such as the Israeli UK Lawfare Institute (UKLFI), which reportedly led Bob Billan in a controversial performance.
This coalition informed The Guardian: “This unified action aims to provide solidarity to artists who endure daily in the face of genocide, yet are apprehensive about using their platforms to voice their concerns due to the pervasive censorship in the industry and highly organized external legal pressures.”
The new Google Data Centre in Essex is projected to emit over 500 tons of carbon dioxide annually.
Spanning 52 hectares (128 acres), the “Hyperscale Data Centre” in Thurrock is set to join the ranks of large-scale computers and AI infrastructures, pending planning approval.
This proposal was submitted by a subsidiary of Google’s parent company, Alphabet. Concerns about carbon emissions arose before a coordinated initiative by Donald Trump’s White House and Downing Street aimed at enhancing the UK’s AI capabilities. A multibillion-dollar investment deal with major tech firms from Silicon Valley is anticipated to be unveiled during the US president’s state visit, starting on Tuesday.
According to Keir Starmer’s Government, there is a forecast that AI will require 13 times the current processing power by 2035, leading to a rush in data centre construction to fulfill demand. The expectation is that this technological advancement will enhance the UK’s economic productivity. A collaboration is anticipated involving Nvidia, the largest AI chip manufacturer, and OpenAI, the creators of the ChatGPT AI assistant.
However, advocates argue that the influx of new large computer facilities will raise UK greenhouse gas emissions and strain limited electricity and water resources.
If approved, the Thurrock facility will encompass up to four data centers on “Grey Belt” land, some of which has been used for speedway events and stock car racing. This will contribute to a net increase of 568,727 tons of greenhouse gas emissions (carbon dioxide equivalent) annually at operational status. For further details, refer to the planning document reviewed by the Guardian.
According to the United Nations International Civil Aviation Organization, this is roughly equivalent to 500 flights from Heathrow to Malaga each week, as calculated by the carbon calculator. Google’s planning application contends that this will not significantly impact the UK carbon budget, a view challenged by campaigners.
A spokesperson from FoxGlove, a group advocating for fair technology, stated, “The facility planned by Google in Essex will generate emissions significantly higher than those produced by an international airport.” This reflects a broader trend of imposing ‘hyperscale’ data centers across the UK, prioritizing profit over environmental health.
“The Starmer government must resist the influence of big tech and advocate for the UK populace,” they continued. “Otherwise, we will all bear the consequences of expensive energy bills, dwindling water supplies, and the effects of a warming planet.”
The UK government asserts that data centers will not significantly affect the UK carbon budget due to an ambitious objective to decarbonize the electricity grid. However, there are concerns that without significant investment in new data centers, the UK risks falling behind international competitors like France, jeopardizing its ambitions in national security, economic growth, and AI.
Other noteworthy data center initiatives include a £10 billion project at a former coal-fired power plant in Blythe, Northumberland, which received planning approval in March. This facility is positioned at the core of a major contract involving Nvidia and OpenAI. Over the weekend, there were also reports that Google was in discussions regarding a large data center in Teesside.
Global consultancy Bain & Company reported on Monday that AI and data centers could contribute to 2% of global emissions and 17% of industrial emissions by 2035, with the most significant impact occurring in nations where fossil fuels dominate energy generation.
Google declined to comment on the planning application for the Thurrock site, while Teesside stated that they “do not comment on rumors or speculation.”
Ganymede, one of Jupiter’s moons, has the potential to act as a significant dark matter detector, with upcoming space missions possibly unveiling unique dark matter craters on its ancient terrain.
Researchers typically seek dark matter by looking for lightweight particles that seldom interact with normal matter, employing large, insulated underground detectors. Alternatively, another category of dark matter particles could grow from the size of a basketball to that of an asteroid, but these are infrequent and interact rarely with conventional matter. To detect these hefty dark matter particles, a detector of lunar or planetary scale is necessary to account for their scarcity.
William Derocco from the University of Maryland has proposed that Ganymede, the solar system’s largest moon, may hold clues to these large dark matter particles. His research indicates that they could create a unique crater on the moon’s icy surface, preserved for millions of years due to its stable geology.
Derocco estimates the extent to which these giant dark matter particles penetrate Ganymede’s thick ice layers, finding that they reach the subterranean oceans, fostering unique minerals deeper than a standard asteroid might.
Future missions, such as NASA’s Europa Clipper and ESA’s JUICE, might be able to identify these dark material craters from orbit. Derocco believes these features will be relatively small and distinct, separated from other geological formations. He suggests that “if an underground intrusion radar is used, it may reveal this melted ice column extending down through the ice.”
Utilizing a moon-sized dark matter detector could help identify particles that elude detection on Earth, according to Zachary Picker from UCLA. He states, “Experiments on Earth struggle to find dark matter particles the size of a bowling ball. Particles the size of a refrigerator or car have interactions that are too infrequent.”
The proposal is thorough and well-reasoned, as noted by Bradley Cabana from the University of Cantabria in Spain. “There’s no compelling physical rationale to assume the existence of such massive dark matter particles,” he states. “It’s about exploring all possibilities.” He describes these as extraordinary objects, incredibly dense and held together by formidable forces from obscure sectors.
When examining the colossal dinosaur skull, it becomes evident that some species prefer to shred their prey, while others deliver bone-crushing attacks.
Andre Lowe and Emily Rayfield from the University of Bristol, UK, studied the skulls of 18 Mesozoic theropod species. This varied group, including T. Rex, Giganotosaurus, and Spinosaurus, walked on two legs and was characterized by large heads and razor-sharp teeth.
Nevertheless, despite their similarities, each dinosaur’s feeding behavior cannot be generalized. Eric Snively from Oklahoma State University notes that Giganotosaurus, with its “thin sawtooth teeth” reminiscent of a cross between a great white shark and a Komodo Dragon, was designed for tearing away large chunks of flesh from its prey. In contrast, the semi-aquatic Spinosaurus had a unique anatomy likened to a heron supported by a dachshund body and equipped with teeth similar to those of crocodiles.
Using a 3D scan of the skull’s surface, the researchers explored the bite mechanics of these dinosaurs by employing a method to model bridge stress. By juxtaposing the skull muscle structures of each dinosaur with those of modern relatives like birds and crocodiles, they learned that Giganotosaurus and Spinosaurus had significantly weaker bites compared to the more recent Tyrannosaurus, which utilized a robust, shorter skull to exert substantial “bone-grabbing” force. “Ultimately, Tyrannosaurus showed more emphasis on the skull than we anticipated, thus indicating harder chewing,” Snively remarked.
“The feeding strategies of these apex predators are more intricate than previously thought,” states Fion Waisum Ma from the Beipiao Palace Museum in China. “T-Rex existed during the late Cretaceous period, a time when competition for hunting was intense,” she adds.
when Elon Musk encouraged Germans to support the far-right Alternative for Germany (AFD) in last year’s election, Manu Heuer, a resident of the small town where the billionaire established Tesla’s European production center, expressed her concerns.
“How can you engage in business with individuals who endorse right-wing extremism?” she questioned Dietimar Wudike, the Social Democrat leader in Brandenburg, who backed the creation of the Tesla Giga Factory in Grunheide.
Heuer described Woidke’s “unfortunate, yet predictable” response, where he dismissed the claim. “He claimed he didn’t know Musk personally, as if that were a valid excuse,” she noted.
Manu Heuer has sought to question local politicians regarding Elon Musk’s backing of the far-right Alternative for Germany party. Photo: Imago/Alamy
She co-founded Citizens’ Initiatives to develop a vibrant community on a sandy plain southwest of Berlin to oppose plans announced in 2019. At the time, there was significant concern regarding the potential environmental effects of factories on the local pine forests and groundwater.
Recently, it is Musk’s politics that have raised alarms. Not only did he notably endorse far-right European parties, but he also appeared to make a Nazi salute at a rally following Donald Trump’s inauguration.
Elon Musk will inspect the vehicle when production commences at the Tesla facility in Grunheide. Photo: Patrick Pleul/AFP/Getty Images
Meanwhile, Tesla’s sales have declined, particularly in Europe, where new vehicle sales have dropped for the fifth consecutive month, despite overall growth in the electric vehicle market.
Heiko Basin, another member of the civic initiative, expressed a sense of schadenfreude. “We had placed our hopes in this,” the carpenter shared during a recent walk in the shadows of the expansive Grunheide factory.
As sales continue to drop, factories face challenges. Production shifts for the Y model have decreased from 3-2 units per day. IG Metal, which has recruited hundreds of workers despite Tesla’s resistance, urged the company to consider placing employees in “Kurzarbeit.”
Regional media has reported that Tesla is relocating to carriers at a former East German airport, approximately 60 km (37 miles) away.
Musk’s apparent Nazi salute elicited shock and horror in Germany, but it went largely unnoticed in Grunheide until the campaign group projected an image on the facade of the Tesla factory with the Nazi-related word “heil” provocatively placed in front of the Tesla logo.
The outcry from the incident was palpable on the factory floor, as workers told tabloid Berlin Klier. “In Tesla Germany, they tried to maintain distance from (Musk) and remained silent,” one worker noted. Now, they could no longer ignore their ties.
Workers are hard to reach and are often compelled to sign non-disclosure agreements (NDAs). Yet, on Khunnu, a work portal allowing employees to express their thoughts anonymously, a Tesla worker shared:
Almut, a local resident, remarked that politicians tout the benefits Tesla has brought to the area, yet “fail to acknowledge the troubling reality that it subsidizes the wealthiest individual in the world who bears no social responsibility for what occurs here.”
She said locals often joke about what might replace the factory if Tesla were to fail. “Ammunition factories? Prisons? In a way, those seem like decent alternatives,” she quipped. The only positive contribution she could recall from Tesla was the robotic lawnmower it donated to a local soccer club.
While local politicians in Grunheide were keen to highlight the advantages of the factory, some residents voiced concerns about the environmental effects of light pollution and excessive water consumption. Photo: Michele Tantussi/Getty Images
Just two weeks prior to the salute, Musk publicly supported the AFD during an hour-long discussion with co-leader Alice Weidel, touching on topics like Hitler, solar energy, and German bureaucracy. Musk mentioned that Tesla had to submit a staggering 25,000-page form to establish the Grunheide factory. Notably, the AFD has vehemently opposed the Tesla facility, citing concerns over US-led turbo-capitalism and the erosion of workers’ rights. “People need to get behind the AFD,” Musk stated.
For Grunheide residents who oppose Musk, their concerns are compounded by the factory’s impact on rural areas characterized by forests, lakes, and rivers.
New bike lanes and roads necessitate the clearing of large swaths of pine forests, threatening the area’s already precarious drinking water resources and officially declared drought zones.
Tesla Giga Factory with forests in the backdrop. Photo: Sean Gallup/Getty Images
The expansive factory complex, covering 300 hectares (740 acres), is set for expansion by another 100 hectares under a plan submitted by the Mayor of Grunheide, despite a local referendum where 62% of voters voiced opposition.
Supporters highlight the 11,000 jobs created by the factories and the positive impact on the local economy in a region previously governed by the Communist Party. Many young residents look forward to more frequent train services to Berlin, improved supermarket stocks, and the elevation of their hometowns alongside Tesla’s other locations in Shanghai, Nevada, and Austin as examples of “green capitalism.” It is said that an invitation to the “Rave Cave” Technodance Space Mask was sought within the factory complex.
For job openings, the Tesla recruitment page emphasizes that diversity is central to its business model, listing numerous positions available from shift managers to maintenance technicians.
Nevertheless, even among those who have previously expressed enthusiasm for Tesla, sentiments have turned cold. Formerly, a group of local teenagers routinely flew drones over the construction site and proudly shared their videos on YouTube. “Even though I’m no longer anonymous about Tesla/Elon, I’m happy to discuss publicly about them,” one teen texted to the Guardian.
There has been no response from the company regarding interview requests or access to the factory.
Arne Christani, the Mayor of Grunheide and a steadfast Musk supporter, expressed confidence that Tesla will thrive in Grunheide. He mentioned he was unfazed by Musk’s statements or actions. “We must differentiate between what happens in the United States and here in Grunheide,” he stated.
Heuer, living 9 km from the factory, remains hopeful of seeing a starry sky from her garden once again. “Since the factory was built, it’s been challenging due to light pollution from the round-the-clock operation,” she remarked, sharing before and after photos on her phone.
New records for black holes have transformed our understanding of the universe’s most extreme entities.
The Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO) began its groundbreaking detection of gravitational waves—ripples in the fabric of spacetime—ten years ago, unveiling nearly 100 black hole collisions. On November 23, 2023, Rigo announced receiving a signal described as “an extraordinary interpretation that defies explanation.” According to Sophie Binnie from the California Institute of Technology, her team ultimately concluded that it corresponded to the largest black hole merger ever recorded.
One of the merging black holes was approximately 100 times the mass of the sun, while the other neared 140 solar masses. Previous records featured black holes that were almost half as massive, primarily due to earlier mergers. Team member Mark Hannam from Cardiff University, UK, emphasized that these black holes were not only immense but also spinning at such high speeds that they challenged mathematical models of the universe regarding their formation.
According to Hannam, the masses of these black holes exceed those typically formed from the collapse of aging stars, suggesting they likely resulted from earlier mergers between smaller black holes. “It’s possible that multiple mergers have occurred,” he notes.
“A decade ago, we were astonished to find black holes around 30 solar masses. Now, we observe black holes over 100 solar masses,” adds Davide Gerosa from the University of Bicocca in Milan, Italy. He mentions that gravitational wave signals from these large, quickly rotating black holes are shorter and consequently more challenging to detect. Binnie presented her findings at the Edoardo Amaldi Conference on Gravitational Waves in Glasgow, England, on July 14.
Both Hannam and Binnie emphasize that future observations of similarly remarkable mergers are essential to further decipher these new signals, including unraveling the origins of black holes. As upgrades progress, LIGO is expected to detect more cosmic record-breakers. Yet, in May, the Trump administration proposed halving resources at the facility, which, in Hannam’s opinion, could render capturing new signals exceedingly difficult.
Artistic impressions of the moa, one of the largest extinct birds
Christopher Cree/Colossal Biosciences
Colossal Biosciences has unveiled its ambitious project to “bring back” the New Zealand MOA, one of the most remarkable extinct birds in history, although critics claim the objectives may be scientifically unfeasible.
The MOA was the only fully known flightless bird, with no close relatives like emus. Nine species once inhabited New Zealand, including the turkey-sized bush moa (Anomalopteryx didiformis). The two largest varieties, the South Island Giant MOA (Dinornis robustus) and the North Island Giant MOA (Dinornis novaezealandiae), both stood at an imposing 3.6 meters tall and weighed around 230 kilograms.
By the mid-15th century, all MOA species were believed extinct, following the arrival of the Polynesian people, now known as Māori, in New Zealand around 1300.
Colossal has partnered with the Ngāi Tahu Research Centre, an indigenous institution affiliated with the University of Canterbury in New Zealand, along with filmmakers such as Peter Jackson and the Canterbury Museum. These collaborations are vital as Colossal aims to extract DNA and reconstruct the genomes of all nine species of MOA.
Similar to Colossal’s other “de-extinction” initiatives, this project involves modifying the DNA of currently existing species. Andrew Pask, a scientific advisor at the University of Melbourne, notes that the MOA’s closest living relative is the South American Tinamou, although it is considerably smaller.
This suggests the project may need to utilize the Australian EMU (Dromaius novaehollandiae) instead. As Pask explains, “Emus have large embryos and eggs, which are crucial for recreating the MOA.”
Previously, Colossal announced its so-called “de-extinction” of the thylacine. This endeavor has faced skepticism from external experts who argue that the animal is essentially a modified gray wolf. Pask insists that the MOA project involves greater genetic manipulation.
“With the MOA, we are making a concerted effort to accurately reassemble the species,” he states. “When this animal walks the Earth again, we will have no doubt it is a true MOA. It will be an engineered version of the original.”
The specific habitat for these reintroduced animals is still unclear. Mike Stevens from the Ngāi Tahu Research Centre emphasizes that both his organization and the local Māori community must fully grasp the “feasibility and ethical implications” of Colossal’s efforts. “Only after this discussion can we consider how and where the ‘giant MOA’ will fit into our world,” he mentions, raising numerous profound ethical and practical questions that need careful consideration before proceeding. Technology must prove its worth.
Conversely, Philip Seddon from the University of Otago believes that whatever Colossal creates won’t truly be a MOA and may exhibit distinctly different traits. He highlights that while Tinamous are the closest relative of the MOA, their evolutionary paths diverged over 60 million years ago.
“Ultimately, Colossal’s approach utilizes genetic engineering to produce GMOs that resemble an extinct species without genuinely solving contemporary global issues,” he asserts.
Pask vigorously challenges this viewpoint, arguing that insights gained from this de-extinction endeavor are crucial for the preservation of current endangered species.
Jamie Wood from the University of Adelaide believes this project may yield “valuable new perspectives on MOA biology and evolution.” However, he cautions that if Colossal employs similar methodologies to those used in the dire wolf project, they could struggle to persuade the public that the resultant creature can be regarded as a true MOA.
“While they may possess certain MOA-like characteristics, they are unlikely to behave as the originals did or occupy the same ecological roles.”
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Below the western United States lies a significant, untapped source of clean energy. According to the US Geological Survey (USGS), this potential is substantial.
This research is part of a long-term initiative to chart the nation’s geothermal capabilities, particularly focusing on the expansive basin regions that encompass Nevada, Utah, California, Idaho, Oregon, and Wyoming.
USGS projects that these geologically active states hold the potential to generate reliable and consistent geothermal energy of up to 135 gigawatts, provided new technologies can harness this underground resource. To put this in perspective, the typical U.S. household consumes about 1 kilowatt of electricity continuously, meaning that 135 gigawatts can fulfill the stable energy demands of nearly 135 million homes.
“The evaluation of USGS energy resources is geared towards the future,” stated Dr. Sarah Ryker, the acting director of USGS. “We emphasize undiscovered resources that have yet to be fully explored and developed, starting our work in the Great Basin due to its geothermal activity history.”
Currently, geothermal energy comprises less than 1% of the electricity in the U.S., predominantly sourced from conventional hydrothermal systems, where naturally heated water rises through permeable rocks.
Nonetheless, USGS findings suggest a much richer energy reservoir exists. This indicates that heat is trapped in dense, impermeable rock formations buried deep underground.
Geothermal systems generate electricity by circulating and heating liquids – USGS
To access these “enhanced geothermal systems” (EGS), engineers must drill deeper, sometimes reaching depths over 6 km (3.7 miles), fracturing the rock to allow water to circulate and capture heat.
This heated water can then be raised back to the surface to produce electricity, offering a constant, weather-independent energy source.
To estimate the potential energy available, USGS researchers have combined underground temperature maps, heat flow data, and sophisticated techniques for measuring extraction efficiency and energy conversion. They collaborated with the US Department of Energy (DOE), state geological surveys, and academic institutions nationwide.
Dr. Ryker stressed that this research offers a multitude of benefits beyond just energy generation. “Natural resources play a vital role in sustaining the national economy, and historically, we have advanced the technology for mapping and characterizing these resources.”
The large basins of Nevada and surrounding states showcase potential geothermal energy, indicated by colors ranging from green to red – USGS
However, advancing EGS technology presents substantial challenges. Although pilot projects have shown promise within the Great Basin, commercial-scale fortified geothermal plants are not yet operational in the U.S.
One of the primary hurdles is cost, which the U.S. Department of Energy aims to address through the Enhanced Geothermal Shot™, a program targeting a 90% reduction in technological costs by 2035.
The USGS’s efforts are not limited to the Great Basin. The agency plans to shift its focus to the Williston Basin in North Dakota, another region that may hold geothermal potential.
Should these efforts succeed, geothermal energy could emerge as a crucial component of America’s low-carbon future.
This year’s unexpected gem, Blue Prince, is a true marvel in the realm of video games. It features an architectural puzzle set within the enchanting mansion inherited from quirky relatives. The estate is brimming with mysteries, allowing you to choose from various rooms each time you reach a door. The game delves into the dynamics of the house and our existence, evoking feelings of nostalgia and melancholy, making our surroundings appear more austere.
Edison Mansion, Maniac Mansion
Photo: Lucasfilm Games
This Addams Family-inspired Queen Anne mansion boasts a sharp façade and ominous windows. Skywalker Ranch adds an intriguing twist to this early LucasArts adventure, where strange occurrences keep you on your toes, and the demons you encounter reveal unexpected charm. While it may not be the ideal living situation, the residents make for unforgettable neighbors.
Spencer Mansion, Resident Evil
Photo: Capcom
Nestled amidst the ominous Arkray Mountains by Raccoon City, the Spencer Mansion resembles what might happen if a movie villain dabbled in architecture. This expansive estate features Second Empire Style elements with oil paintings, vintage furniture, and beautifully concealed rooms. However, prospective buyers should be aware that it is essentially a sprawling trap filled with menacing puzzles and creatures.
Finch House, What Remains of Edith Finch
Photo: Giant Sparrow
Inspired by the Alaska Goose Creek Tower, Finch House serves as a tribute to the tragic family that once resided there, which is why the bedroom feels like a sealed museum. The chaotic stack of floors creates an ambiance reminiscent of navigating a pop-up book. Living here may seem appealing, but you’ll need a sturdy support for every step. On the bright side, the bookshelves are loaded with classics like Gravity’s Rainbow, Slaughterhouse-Five, and House of Leaves, perfect for indulging in postmodern literature.
Jetset Willy, Mansion
Photo: YouTube
Among the most remarkable video game homes, this peculiar mansion finds itself in disarray after indulging in a potent drink. The rooms evoke the dizzying sensation of a hangover, with chaotic elements like stomped boots and a toilet seat in disarray. The beauty of this iconic platformer lies in its blend of domesticity and surreal horror, where boundless bedrooms and an ominous fridge heighten the surreal experience. Intriguingly, there’s even an entrance to Hades within the floor plan.
Island Cottage, Animal Crossing: New Horizons
Photo: Nintendo
Nintendo’s dreamlike examination of capitalism approaches the essence of a dollhouse for adults, encouraging players to personalize their own living spaces. Beyond selecting wallpaper and incorporating indoor plants, you can even fill the atmosphere with music played by local animals. While this may seem whimsical, the pressure to meticulously curate one’s environment represents a middle-aged inclination, highlighting a reality where one cannot access such a home without being tethered to a hefty mortgage.
Snow Peak Ruins, Zelda: Twilight Princess
Photo: Nintendo
What’s your favorite Zelda dungeon? The charmingly snowy ruins can be considered the most beloved aspect of Twilight Princess, despite the game boasting superior puzzles and greater rewards for defeating adversaries. This warm refuge among the mountains stands out as the coziest space in the series, with a welcoming contrast to the frigid outdoors, enhanced by the presence of two gentle yetis who tend to a bubbling pot of stew.
Croft Manor, Tomb Raider
Photo: Square Enix
Lara Croft’s Country House initially served as a tutorial zone, but it quickly developed into a distinctive aspect of the series. Croft is not merely an acrobat but an enigma. Her abode features strangely proportioned rooms, characteristic of PS1 titles when they ventured indoors, alongside a hedge maze and even a gym. Interestingly, Croft has a dedicated room for her harpsichord, and her eternal butler, weary and trapped, makes for an amusing addition.
Luigi’s Mansion
Photo: Nintendo
Luigi’s Mansion stands as the first game to reveal the personalities of Nintendo’s plumbers. Interestingly, this is not solely because they traverse vibrant, whimsical realms, but because Luigi confronts the mundane chaos of domestic life. Although the mansion is teeming with ghosts, it retains the charm of bookshelves, rich carpets, ornate lighting, and a suitably-sized kitchen, making it the ideal refuge amidst the hustle of the Mario universe, encapsulating a serene representation of a singular location.
Lighthouse, Beyond Good and Evil
Photo: Mobygames
Jade, a photojournalist rather than a soldier, embarks on an adventure in a fantasy realm reminiscent of Europe instead of the US or Japan. Instead of conventional mansions or high-tech bases, she calls a lighthouse home along the foggy coast of a tranquil water world. This lighthouse serves as both a refuge and an orphanage, and it’s delightful to uncover the intricate details incorporated by the designers, from playful chaos in Jad’s living quarters to crayon artworks.
Botany Manor
Photo: White Thorn Game
Players are drawn into the charm of Botany Manor through engaging puzzles, focusing on identifying the right conditions for various flowers to thrive. However, the beauty of the surroundings ensures that players linger until the game reaches its conclusion. The setting resonates with the elegance of early 20th-century England, situated somewhere between the worlds of Jeeves and Flora Poste, with colors and calmness evoking a sense of tranquility amidst the quirky pottery decorating the cliffs.
Carnovas Estate, Phantasmagoria
Photo: Sierra
When novelist Adrian Delaney retreats to this secluded New England estate for inspiration, she revels in grand fireplaces, maze-like corridors, and real Gothic chapels. However, her enthusiasm wanes upon discovering the sinister presence looming over the estate, intent on dispatching her, resident by resident. Heavily influenced by the genius of Edgar Allan Poe, adventure designer Roberta Williams crafted this mansion into the epitome of gore and scattered horror—a must-see for fans of the genre.
Martin Köhler in front of the Maka Rahi Boulder in Tonga
Martin Köhler/University of Queensland
The massive 1,200 tonne boulders of Tonga were carried inland as towering waves of 50 meters crashed against a 30-meter-high cliff.
“This is not just an ordinary boulder. It holds the title of the largest corrugated boulder found on a cliff and ranks as the third largest boulder globally, signifying that an immense force was needed to propel it from such a height,” said Martin Köhler from the University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
Locally known as Maka Rahi, which translates to a large rock, this boulder had yet to be studied by scientists.
During fieldwork in Tonga in July 2024, the villagers pointed the researchers towards some intriguing rocks they might want to examine.
“We never anticipated discovering such a substantial rock at the finale of our field studies. It dawned on us quickly that we had stumbled upon a significant find,” Kohler explained.
Measuring 14 meters in length, 12 meters in width, and approximately 7 meters in height, it was described as a “remarkable” boulder, composed of limestone coral reef horn rec rocks. Previous satellite images missed this potential Monami Boulder, as vegetation had grown atop it, with surrounding forests extending into the woodland.
Upon observing the boulder, researchers identified a massive gouge believed to have been created at the cliff’s top, approximately 200 meters from the ocean.
The team utilized computer models to ascertain how this colossal boulder ended up above sea level.
Shifting it necessitated a wave with a minimum height of 50 meters and a duration of 90 seconds, implying it moved at a velocity exceeding 22 meters per second over a minute and a half, Kohler stated. Such a colossal tsunami is relatively localized and is thought to stem from nearby underwater landslides.
Dating indicated the boulder’s age to be 6,891 years, well before the settlement of humans on the island.
“It’s hard for me to fathom a 50-meter wave since I’ve never witnessed or heard of such massive waves before,” Kohler remarked. “However, the logic follows easily when one considers this enormous boulder positioned 200 meters inland on a 39-meter-high cliff.”
Only two rocks deposited by the tsunami have been found on land: one weighing 3,400 tons and another weighing 1,500 tons.
Significant amber deposits found in northern Japan may have been propelled from the forest into the sea by tsunamis occurring between 116 million and 114 million years ago during the early Cretaceous period. This is according to a recent study conducted by geological surveys at Japan and Chuo University.
Amber deposits from Sichuan Quarry in Hokkaido, northern Japan. Image credit: Kubota et al. , doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-96498-2.
Identifying traces of ancient tsunamis can be challenging, as the powerful waves tend to reshape coastlines. The sediment left behind often resembles deposits created by other high-energy events, like storms.
Nevertheless, amber, which originates on land and is then transported to the sea, acts as a historical record of tsunami occurrences, illuminating the physical processes influencing sediment movement during these events.
“A tsunami is a destructive ocean wave primarily caused by significant changes in submarine or coastal crust, as well as impacts from asteroids,” explains Dr. Aya Kubota, a researcher at geological surveys at Japan and Chuo University.
“They have been extensively studied during the Holocene (the last 11,700 years) due to their relevance in disaster prevention.”
“Aside from asteroid sediments, accurately identifying ancient tsunamis before major vegetation growth is extremely difficult for two key reasons.”
“First, coastal tsunami deposits are easily eroded in their dynamic environments. Second, well-defined criteria for identifying tsunami deposits have not been established, as they can be difficult to differentiate from other high-energy coastal events, such as cyclones.”
In their research, Dr. Kubota and colleagues examined amber-rich silica deposits from the Shiko River Quarry in northern Hokkaido, which formed during the early Cretaceous period around 115 million years ago.
Using fluorescence imaging, the authors discovered that the amber samples exhibited clear deformation in what is known as the flame structure. This occurs when the amber is still pliable at the time of deposition, allowing it to change shape before solidifying.
This suggests that a substantial quantity of amber was swiftly transported from land into the open ocean due to the backwash from one or more tsunamis, experiencing minimal exposure to air.
The amber then settled at the seabed, becoming covered with a layer of silt, which helped to preserve it.
“Other terrestrial sediments carried into open water could be instrumental in studying significant ancient catastrophic events, such as tsunamis,” the researchers concluded.
Their study was published in the journal Scientific Reports on May 15th.
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A. Kubota et al. 2025. Amber, a deep-sea sediment from the Cretaceous period, reveals a massive tsunami. Sci Rep 15, 14298; doi:10.1038/s41598-025-96498-2
The discovery of this superwalled black hole was made possible by the newly identified tidal disruption event, AT2024TVD.
Tidal Disruption Event AT2024TVD. Image credits: NASA/CXC/University of California, Berkeley/Yao et al. /ESA /STSCI /HST /J. DEPASQUALE.
“A tidal disruption event (TDE) occurs when stars are either stretched or ‘spaghettified’ by the immense gravitational forces of black holes,” explained UC Berkeley researcher Dr. Yuhanyao.
“The remnants of the torn-apart stars are pulled into a circular orbit around the black hole.”
“This process creates high-temperature shocks and emissions that can be detected in ultraviolet and visible light.”
The AT2024TVD event enabled astronomers to utilize the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope to identify elusive wandering supermassive black holes, supported by observations from NASA’s Chandra X-ray Observatory.
Interestingly, these 1 million rogue black holes are often found to be supermassive and actively consuming surrounding material.
Among the roughly 100 TDEs recorded by the Light Sky Survey, this marks the first instance of an offset TDE being identified.
In fact, at the center of the host galaxy lie ultra-massive black holes differing in mass by 100 million solar masses.
Hubble’s optical precision indicates that the TDE is located just 2,600 light-years from the larger black holes at the galaxy’s core.
This distance is comparable to just one minute of the span between our Sun and the central ultra-massive black hole of the Milky Way.
The larger black hole expels energy as it accumulates material, classifying it as an active galactic nucleus.
Interestingly, the two supermassive black holes exist within the same galaxy but are not gravitationally linked like a binary pair.
Smaller black holes can potentially spiral toward the center of the galaxy, eventually merging with their larger counterparts.
However, at this point, they are too distant to be bound by gravity.
“AT2024TVD is the first offset TDE captured through optical observations, opening up new possibilities for studying this elusive population of black holes in future surveys,” Dr. Yao remarked.
“Currently, theorists have not focused extensively on offset TDEs.
“I believe this discovery will drive scientists to search for more instances of this type of event.”
The black holes responsible for AT2024TVD are traversing the bulges of gigantic galaxies.
Black holes periodically consume stars every tens of thousands of years, lying dormant until their next “meal” arrives.
How did the black hole become displaced from the center? Previous studies suggest that three-body interactions can eject lower-mass black holes from a galaxy’s core.
This theory may apply here, given its proximity to the central black hole.
“If a black hole undergoes a three-body interaction with two other black holes in the galaxy’s core, it can remain bound to the galaxy and orbit the central region,” explained Dr. Yao.
Another possibility is that these black holes are remnants from a smaller galaxy that merged with the host galaxy over a billion years ago.
In such a case, the black hole could eventually merge with the central active black hole in the distant future. As of now, astronomers remain uncertain about its trajectory.
“There is already substantial evidence that the galaxy will increase its TDE rate, but the presence of a second black hole associated with AT2024TVD suggests a past merger has occurred.”
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