For the first time, humanity has witnessed the far side of the moon with their own eyes, as stunning new photos are being unveiled.
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In the most eagerly awaited moment of the Artemis II mission, four astronauts orbited the moon on Monday, capturing breathtaking photos and making meticulous observations from the Orion spacecraft.
NASA astronauts Reed Wiseman, Victor Glover, Christina Koch, and Canadian astronaut Jeremy Hansen took countless pictures of the moon’s rugged landscape, vast impact craters, and dark plains.
The first newly released photo, shared by the White House on X Tuesday morning, depicts an “Earthset” taken from the far side of the moon, as the Earth fades from view.
This captivating image serves as a modern reinterpretation of the iconic “Earthrise” photograph captured during the Apollo 8 mission in 1968. Unlike Apollo 8’s images, which showed the Earth coming back into view, this new photo captures the Earth as it disappears behind the moon.
The famous “Earthrise” photo was taken on December 24, 1968, during Apollo 8. William Anders / NASA
The White House also released stunning new photographs taken by Artemis II astronauts of a solar eclipse from space. This extraordinary event occurred Monday evening as the sun slipped behind the moon during the mission’s several-hour lunar flight.
Astronauts became the first humans to witness a solar eclipse from the moon. This groundbreaking image captures the dark moon with the sun’s outer atmosphere, the corona, glowing around its edges.
The moon’s near side is visible to the right, marked by distinct dark patches, while the far side remains unseen from Earth.
NASA
In a historic event, humans have returned to the moon for the first time since Apollo 17 in 1972. On April 6, four astronauts from NASA’s Artemis II mission circled the far side of the moon, reaching unprecedented distances from Earth.
Mission Commander Reed Wiseman emphasized that this journey marks a significant beginning, surpassing Apollo 13’s record of 400,171 kilometers set in 1970. “Let’s inspire this generation and the next to ensure this distance record is challenged,” he stated during a NASA livestream. During the mission, the Artemis team proposed naming two newly discovered craters: “Integrity,” after the Orion capsule, and “Carol,” in honor of Wiseman’s late wife.
Throughout the flyby, the astronauts engaged in both window-side observations and cabin communications with mission control in Houston, Texas. The crew comprises NASA astronauts Wiseman, Christina Koch, and Victor Glover, alongside Canadian Space Agency astronaut Jeremy Hansen.
As Orion orbited behind the moon, the sun appeared smaller in the sky, culminating in a rare solar eclipse not observable from Earth. The astronauts donned eclipse glasses to view the sun and witness its corona, potentially allowing them to capture unprecedented lunar details free from atmospheric interference.
Artemis astronauts experienced an extraordinary solar eclipse.
NASA
The astronauts captured stunning details of the lunar surface, showcasing its vibrant color diversity. While the moon appears gray from Earth, close-up observations reveal hues of green, brown, and even orange, attributed to chemical changes in the lunar soil. “The rapid transformations of the Earth as we orbit the moon are breathtaking,” Hansen noted.
As they orbited the Moon, the crew observed previously unseen regions. They took special interest in the Terminator—the boundary separating day from night—where deep shadows accentuate the landscape’s features. “The visual magic of the Terminator, with its bright islands and dark valleys, is captivating,” Glover remarked.
The astronauts expressed deep emotions witnessing the moon’s diverse terrain up close, imagining what it would be like to traverse its surface. “The moon is a real entity in the universe, not merely a distant poster in the sky,” Koch stated.
NASA astronaut Reed Wiseman took this breathtaking photo of Earth from the Orion spacecraft.
NASA/Reed Wiseman
The Orion capsule reached its closest point to the lunar surface, approximately 6,545 kilometers away. This milestone will stand until the Artemis IV mission, which plans a landing in 2028.
As Orion returns to Earth, expected on April 10, the astronauts will splash down in the Pacific Ocean off California’s coast. Following their return, the team will analyze notes, photos, and scientific findings in preparation for advancing the Artemis program.
As NASA’s Artemis II mission prepares on the launch pad, humanity’s return to the moon for the first time since 1972 is just around the corner.
The mission features four astronauts: NASA commander Reed Wiseman, pilot Victor Glover, mission specialist Christina Koch, and Canadian Space Agency’s Jeremy Hansen. They will orbit the moon for 10 days before returning safely to Earth.
Launched in 2017, the Artemis mission aims to return humans to the moon, including the first woman and the first person of color.
If successful, the next mission, Artemis III, aims to land two astronauts on the moon as early as 2028.
The Artemis II launch window is set from April 1st to April 6th. While you await the launch, explore these 22 astonishing facts about Artemis II.
The Artemis II crew stands ready. From left: Backup crew Andre Douglas (NASA) and Jenny Gibbons (CSA), primary crew Victor Glover, Reed Wiseman, Jeremy Hansen, Christina Koch – Credit: NASA – Photo by NASA
1. Unique Historical Artifacts Will Accompany the Mission
Artemis II will carry a 1-inch square of fabric from the Wright Brothers’ first powered flight in 1903, and the American flag flown during both the inaugural and final Space Shuttle missions, as well as during the first crewed Crew Dragon test.
A flag intended for the cancelled Apollo 18 mission will finally visit the moon after half a century. Additionally, memory cards with millions of names will also be part of this mission.
2. Artemis II Is Almost as Tall as Big Ben
Standing at 98 meters (322 feet), NASA’s Space Launch System (SLS) rocket surpasses Big Ben by 2 meters (7 feet). When fully fueled, the rocket weighs 2,600 tons (5.76 million pounds), but Big Ben is estimated to weigh around 13,700 tons (30 million pounds).
Astronauts aboard the Orion crew capsule journey towards the moon – Credit: ESA
3. The Crew Will Travel Farther than Any Humans Before
Artemis II’s flight path will reach approximately 402,000 km (250,000 miles) from Earth, breaking the Apollo 13 record of 400,171 km (248,655 miles). The total distance traveled will exceed 1 million kilometers (620,000 miles), equivalent to driving across the U.S. coast-to-coast over 200 times.
4. Fastest Return for Astronauts in 50 Years
Upon re-entry, the crew will reach speeds of around 40,000 km/h (25,000 mph), potentially breaking the Apollo 10 record of 39,938 km/h (24,816 mph).
The interior of the Orion capsule, which allows for versatile space usage – Credit: NASA
5. Crew Will Experience Life in Limited Space
The four-person crew will utilize the Orion multipurpose crew vehicle where they will work, eat, and rest in a compact area. A designated “hygiene bay” offers some privacy.
6. No More Drinking Recycled Urine
While on the ISS, astronauts recycle urine, but on Artemis II, the crew will dispose of urine in space. Solid waste will be stored for disposal upon return.
7. Rockets Consume a Massive Amount of Fuel
The SLS’s solid booster rockets burn six tons of propellant every second, producing more thrust than 14 jumbo jets. The core stage will consume 2.8 million liters (733,000 gallons) of liquid hydrogen and oxygen.
In total, the rocket generates 8.8 million pounds of thrust in the eight minutes required to reach orbit.
The recovery team will inspect the capsule for damage post-mission, similar to Artemis I – Credit: NASA
8. Intense Heat During Reentry
As the spacecraft enters Earth’s atmosphere, temperatures outside will soar to around 2,750°C (5,000°F), about half the sun’s surface temperature. The heat shield will protect the crew and maintain a comfortable cabin temperature.
9. None of the Crew Were Alive During the Last Moon Landing
The oldest crew member, Reed Wiseman, was born in 1975, three years after Eugene Cernan’s final Apollo 17 moonwalk.
10. Rocket Engines Have Historic Roots
NAVY reused the shuttle engines in SLS’s orange core stage, ensuring cost-effectiveness with various components dating back to the first Space Shuttle mission in 1981.
Jeremy Hansen and his crew trained in Iceland’s Vatnajökull National Park to simulate lunar conditions – Credit: NASA/Robert Markowitz
11. First Non-American Astronaut to Travel to the Moon
Although selected as a Canadian astronaut in 2009, this will be Jeremy Hansen’s first space mission, following 17 years of training and practice.
12. First Glimpses of Unseen Moon Areas
The crew will explore the far side of the moon and the south pole, locations never witnessed by humans before.
The moon will seem like a basketball at arm’s length and can be surveyed in just three hours.
13. Christina Koch: First Woman on the Moon
With 328 days in space, Christina Koch, the most experienced crew member, will break barriers as she becomes the first woman to approach the moon.
Christina Koch completed over 42 hours in spacewalks, including the first all-female spacewalk – Credit: NASA
14. Free Return Orbit Similar to Apollo 13
After two days in orbit, Artemis II will execute a “free return orbit,” utilizing lunar and Earth gravity to return home, a crucial strategy that saved Apollo 13.
Once separated from the final rocket stage, the Orion module will conduct an automatic backflip, allowing the crew to practice maneuvering close to their target for future docking.
16. Pilot Victor Glover: A Historic First
Victor Glover, a seasoned pilot and former test pilot, will become the first person of color to travel to the moon, continuing to make history on his missions.
Victor Glover joined NASA’s astronaut corps in 2013 and previously flew to the ISS – Credit: NASA
17. Modern Space Cuisine
Crew members enjoy a diverse menu on Artemis II, including chicken curry and shrimp cocktail, all designed to avoid crumbs that could disrupt sensitive equipment.
18. Reed Wiseman: An Experienced Photographer of Earth
During his 165 days on the ISS, Wiseman captured thousands of stunning images of Earth, and he will have the opportunity to photograph the moon in detail.
Wiseman and his adopted mascot Giraphiti during the 2014 ISS mission – Credit: NASA
19. High-Speed Laser Communications
Artemis II will feature an advanced optical communication system using lasers, significantly enhancing data transmission speeds, crucial for future deep space missions like Mars.
20. Gym Equipment on the Moon
To combat muscle and bone atrophy in microgravity, astronauts will utilize an exercise “flywheel” daily, offering resistance for effective workouts.
21. Radiation Challenges Ahead
Beyond Earth’s magnetic field, Artemis II faces radiation challenges. The mission will include “organ-on-a-chip” devices to study cellular responses during the journey.
22. Completing the Cycle with Special Soil
Artemis II will transport soil from ten trees that grew from seeds flown on Artemis 1, finalizing the cycle of lunar exploration and growth.
NASA has unveiled stunning images of Earth taken by the Artemis II mission, as the crew continues their historic journey towards the Moon.
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The image captures Earth behind the Orion spacecraft, with our planet beautifully illuminated by the aurora borealis.
One remarkable photo taken by Artemis II commander Reed Wiseman from Orion’s window shows Earth backlit, with the aurora borealis visible in the upper right and lower left corners. This was confirmed by NASA Artemis program deputy director LaKeisha Hawkins during a press conference on Friday.
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And then there’s liftoff! The Artemis II rocket roared into space, marking NASA’s first manned mission to the moon in over 50 years.
The four-member crew includes Captain Reed Wiseman, pilot Victor Glover, NASA mission specialist Christina Koch, and Jeremy Hansen from the Canadian Space Agency (CSA). They launched from the Kennedy Space Center in Cape Canaveral, Florida, at 6:35 PM local time (11:35 PM UK time).
Their 10-day journey will orbit the far side of the moon and return. Although Artemis II won’t land on the moon, it serves as a crucial dry run to validate the Orion spacecraft and its life support systems under real deep space conditions. If successful, Artemis III is set to follow, with Artemis IV planning to land two astronauts on the moon as early as 2028.
The mission unfolds in several well-structured stages. The first day involves testing Orion’s capability in space. On the second day, a critical event termed “menstrual injection combustion” will ignite the main engine to propel Orion towards the moon.
The spacecraft is expected to enter the moon’s gravitational influence on the fifth day, reaching its closest approach by the sixth day (April 6).
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Photo courtesy: ESA
The second European Service Module (ESM-2), constructed by Airbus for the European Space Agency, will provide propulsion, electrical power, and life support systems to the Orion crew during their voyage. Construction of this module began in 2017 through collaboration with 10 European countries.
Photo courtesy of NASA/Joel Kowsky
From left: backup crew members Andre Douglas (NASA) and Jenny Gibbons (CSA), along with Artemis II primary crew members Victor Glover, Reed Wiseman, Jeremy Hansen (CSA), and Christina Koch, pictured alongside NASA’s Space Launch System rocket and Orion spacecraft.
Photo credit: NASA
After completing their pre-launch quarantine, the astronauts adhered their mission patches to the walls of the Neil Armstrong Operations Checkout Building at NASA’s Kennedy Space Center—a tradition for all manned space missions.
Photo credit: NASA
This aerial photograph captures the Artemis II SLS rocket taken on January 20, 2026. Standing at 98 meters (322 feet), the SLS is the most powerful rocket ever developed by NASA.
Photo credit: Getty
Prior to embarking on this historic mission, the crew had to complete a leak test on their specially designed spacesuits, which are essential for astronaut survival during launch and reentry. These vibrant orange suits enhance visibility post-landing, are fire-resistant, and are equipped with a pressurized layer for mobility.
Photo credit: Getty
The Artemis II crew made their way to the launch pad on April 1, 2026. Victor Glover is the first person of color, Christina Koch is the first woman, and Jeremy Hansen is the first non-American to orbit the moon. Reid Wiseman (second from right) serves as the mission commander.
Photo credit: Getty
The crew journeyed via two sets of elevators to reach their capsule, moving first to the “zero deck” on a mobile launch tower and then ascending to the crew access level, positioned 83.5 meters (274 feet) above ground. Each astronaut carried a green bag with essentials including helmets, gloves, and personal items.
Photo credit: GettyPhoto credit: NASA
The Artemis II SLS rocket lifted off on April 1, 2026, at 6:35 PM local time (11:35 PM UK time), powered by twin solid rocket boosters and four RS-25 engines generating a combined thrust of 8.8 million pounds.
Photo credit: Getty
Officials from the Canadian Space Agency’s offices in Longueuil, near Montreal, watched anxiously as Artemis II soared into the Florida skies. With Jeremy Hansen onboard, they emphatically exclaimed, “We’re going to the moon!”
Photo credit: NASAPhoto credit: Getty
Globally, eyes were riveted on this pivotal moment in 21st-century space exploration.
Photo credit: NASA
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Photo credit: Getty
Two young spectators were seen clutching toy rockets at the viewing area of the A-Max Brewer Bridge in Titusville, Florida. Today’s youth may become the astronauts of tomorrow, driving ambitious missions to Mars and beyond.
Photo credit: Getty
The Stars and Stripes and the Artemis mission banner were prominently displayed as the astronauts embarked on their daring 10-day mission.
Photo credit: NASA
Notable guests, including members of the Trump family, attended to witness the historic launch.
Photo credit: NASA
The Artemis II SLS rocket ascended from the Kennedy Space Center, leaving behind a trail of fire and exhaust.
This launch followed months of delays due to hydrogen leaks, helium flow issues, and a last-minute failure of the flight termination system, all of which were resolved just one hour before liftoff.
Photo credit: Getty
The rocket’s trajectory was not perfectly vertical; within moments, it tilted to use “gravitational rotation,” optimizing its ascending orbit for fuel efficiency.
Photo credit: NASA
Charlie Blackwell Thompson serves as the Artemis Launch Director for NASA’s Exploration Ground Systems Program.
Photo credit: Getty
This launch signifies the dawn of a new era in space travel. NASA and other space agencies are gearing up to establish a permanent base on the moon in the years to come.
Photo credit: NASA
The Artemis mission patch floated around the International Space Station just two days prior to launch. NASA astronaut Jessica Meir shared the moment on X: “Our work at @Space_Station has laid the groundwork for further exploration as we prepare to return humans to the moon this week. Stay tuned as we enter the @NASAArtemis era! We’ll be closely Monitoring Expedition 74. Godspeed, Artemis II!”
“The aircraft itself had no issues,” stated NASA Administrator Jared Isaacman during a post-launch press conference on Wednesday. “We have re-established communications with the crew and are actively addressing this challenge.”
Crew members noted that a fault light was triggered while testing the ship’s toilets on Wednesday.
The Orion capsule features the Universal Waste Management System for its toilets, designed to drain urine into space while storing feces for crew return. A privacy door enhances comfort during use. A similar system has been tested aboard the International Space Station.
Mission managers collaborated with the astronauts overnight to troubleshoot this problem, and early Thursday, NASA confirmed that the crew successfully resolved the issue. You can read more about the toilet’s restoration.
If the issue hadn’t been resolved, the backup plan involved the use of a “collapsible emergency urinal” for urine collection in bags, while toilets would still be operational for fecal storage.
Earth’s horizon as observed from NASA’s Orion spacecraft during the initial hours of the Artemis II mission.NASA Youtube
Another relatable issue for many on Earth arose when the astronauts asked for technical assistance with their computers. The culprit? Microsoft Outlook.
Ultimately, mission controllers managed to access the computers remotely, successfully restoring Outlook functionality for the astronauts.
An over-the-shoulder view of NASA astronaut Victor Glover (left) and mission commander Reid Wiseman (right) within the Orion spacecraft.NASA
These initial glitches were swiftly adjusted, leading to an important milestone for the Artemis II astronauts on the mission’s second day.
After replenishing their energy, the astronauts received a wake-up call on Thursday at 2:35 p.m. ET. They were greeted by John Legend’s “Green Light” and encouraging messages from NASA team members who supported their journey. Glover expressed gratitude for their uplifting words.
Less than two hours post-wakeup, mission managers in Houston convened to discuss the feasibility of executing a critical engine burn to position the Orion capsule into lunar orbit.
The decision was a resounding “go.”
This pivotal maneuver, known as the “lunar insertion burn,” is scheduled for 7:49 p.m. ET and will last just under six minutes. The main engine of Orion will ignite, propelling the capsule out of Earth’s orbit.
A stunning view of Earth as seen from NASA’s Orion spacecraft in orbit.NASA
The Artemis II mission’s spaceflight heavily depends on gravitational forces from both the Earth and the Moon, making this upcoming engine burn crucial. This will be the last major maneuver of this nature during the mission; once executed, the astronauts will embark on a one-way journey around the Moon.
“Flight controllers will monitor engine performance, guidance, and navigation data closely throughout this maneuver to ensure Orion is precisely targeted for its outbound journey,” NASA officials mentioned in a blog update.
If all goes smoothly, the Artemis II astronauts will make history as the first crew to journey to the Moon since Apollo 17 in 1972.
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President Trump Congratulates Astronauts on NASA Artemis II Mission
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Dr. Harrison Schmidt, Apollo 17 astronaut and the last person to walk on the moon, discusses his experiences, moon rock samples, and the significance of the Artemis II mission for future generations. April 1, 2026
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President Trump Congratulates Astronauts on NASA Artemis II Mission
The highly anticipated Artemis II event will mark the family’s first opportunity to witness a rocket launch in person. Aaron plans to drive to Titusville, searching for a less crowded viewing spot for optimal viewing.
The surge of tourists flocking to central Florida is a significant boost for the local economy, although heavy traffic remains a challenge.
Beachfront hotels have been fully booked for weeks, if not months. Many local businesses are participating in the launch festivities, enhancing the community spirit.
The Ace Hardware sign in Titusville showcases a photo of an astronaut, advertising essential launch viewing supplies. A Cocoa Beach shop is offering commemorative items, including Artemis II Aloha shirts.
In addition, Playalinda Brewing Company has crafted a themed pale ale named Artemis IIPA.
“In 2022, Playalinda released Artemis Pale Ale, and with this new venture, we wanted to take it a step further, launching Artemis II Double IPA,” said Ronnie Chabot, one of the brewery’s four owners and operators.
After the beer went on sale on February 3, ahead of the initial launch window targeted by NASA, Chabot reported that both cans and draft beer sold out within days. The beer features a retro label showcasing a Space Launch System rocket and Orion spacecraft, complete with an “Easter egg” for space enthusiasts—the moon depicted in its phase during the launch of Artemis II.
When NASA was forced to abandon the opening launch opportunity that same month, Playalinda decided to produce a larger batch. These cans also sold out swiftly.
“It was the fastest-selling item at the brewery,” Chabot noted.
Artemis II Mission Launch from Kennedy Space Center
AFP (via Getty Images)
The highly anticipated Artemis II mission marks humanity’s first crewed journey to the moon since the Apollo program ceased in 1972. Set to launch from Cape Canaveral, Florida, on April 1, this groundbreaking mission will take four astronauts further into space than ever before.
This mission represents NASA’s second flight of its Space Launch System (SLS) rocket and the Orion crew capsule, showcasing its first crewed operation following the successful unmanned Artemis I mission in 2022 that circled the moon.
Upon launch, NASA astronauts Reed Wiseman, Victor Glover, Christina Koch, and Canadian astronaut Jeremy Hansen will spend the initial two days in Earth orbit, testing the spacecraft’s systems. A critical aspect of these tests is to maneuver the Orion capsule for docking with an older spacecraft, a process that will require astronaut control for safety.
“We may need to intervene if docking doesn’t go as planned,” Glover mentioned during a press conference on March 29. “Our goal is to ensure we can manage any unexpected situations.”
After completing these tests, Orion will embark on its lunar orbit, reaching a maximum distance of approximately 402,000 kilometers from Earth, surpassing the record set by Apollo 13 in 1970. This orbit will provide astronauts with an unprecedented view of the moon’s hidden regions due to favorable lighting conditions.
The entire mission is expected to span approximately 10 days before the Orion capsule returns safely to Earth. Looking ahead, the next phase—Artemis III—is slated for 2027, which will involve testing the lunar module’s docking system but will remain in Earth’s orbit, instead of landing on the moon as initially proposed. The following Artemis IV mission in 2028 aims to achieve a moon landing.
“Our team’s primary objective has always been to ensure the success of Artemis III,” Wiseman stated in a press release. These ongoing missions are essential for establishing a permanent lunar presence, with NASA officials envisioning human habitation on the moon for years to come.
“We genuinely hope that this mission opens the doors to a new era where everyone on Earth can view the moon as a reachable destination,” Koch added, emphasizing the mission’s significance.
Meet the Artemis II Astronauts and the Space Launch System Rocket at Cape Canaveral, Florida
Bill Ingalls/NASA/Getty Images
The highly anticipated Artemis II mission is set to launch as early as April 1, 2024. This groundbreaking NASA mission will mark the first crewed journey to orbit the Moon since 1972, allowing astronauts to capture stunning images of the Moon’s far side, a region yet to be seen by human eyes.
Originally scheduled for 2019, Artemis II faced numerous delays stemming from the earlier uncrewed Artemis I mission, launched successfully in 2022. Artemis I tested the capabilities of the Space Launch System (SLS) rocket and Orion crew capsule.
This time, Artemis II will carry a crew of four astronauts: NASA’s Reed Wiseman, Victor Glover, Christina Koch, and Canadian Space Agency’s Jeremy Hansen.
After a “wet dress rehearsal” in February revealed a minor fuel leak, NASA successfully resolved the issue, returning the vehicle to the launch pad for final preparations. The astronauts are now in quarantine, eagerly awaiting their mission.
At a press conference held on March 29, Commander Wiseman stressed the significance of this mission as a crucial test for both the SLS rocket and Orion capsule. “This is the first time we’re trying this. We’re ready to go, but we won’t launch until we’re absolutely certain the vehicle is ready,” he stated.
If the launch does not take place by April 6, the next available opportunity will be April 30, with subsequent windows opening in May.
Once launched, the SLS rocket will spend two days orbiting Earth, during which the crew will test life support systems and maneuver the Orion capsule for docking with older spacecraft. Following this preparatory phase, the crew will embark on an eight-day journey around the Moon.
This journey will provide the first views of regions on the Moon’s far side, including the Mare Orientale crater, which has only been previously photographed by satellites. “We all think we’ve been to the moon, but approximately 60 percent of the far side is still unexplored,” Wiseman noted during the conference.
Artemis II represents a significant milestone in NASA’s long-term Artemis program. While initial plans included lunar landings by Artemis III, this has now been postponed to Artemis IV, focusing instead on preparing for future lunar operations. Artemis III is slated for 2027, followed by Artemis IV and potentially V in 2028.
These missions aim to establish a permanent human presence on the Moon, paving the way for future explorations. “We’re excited to play our part in this monumental journey, and upon our return, we hope to inspire the next generation,” Hansen said at the conference.
The Orion spacecraft, designed with a distinctive gumdrop shape, has a capacity to carry up to four astronauts. With a width of 16.5 feet and a habitable volume of approximately 330 cubic feet, crew members have been rigorously trained to function effectively in confined spaces, including sleeping, eating, exercising, using the restroom, and communicating with ground control.
Inside the Orion capsule, you’ll find an advanced space toilet equipped with a privacy door. This facility utilizes a vacuum system to expel urine into space, while all other waste is securely stored for disposal upon mission completion.
Post-launch, astronauts have the flexibility to remove and stow two seats to create additional space until landing. Each day, astronauts engage in 30 minutes of training to maintain their physical fitness, as per the Canadian Space Agency. The capsule also features a specialized flywheel device that facilitates exercises like squats and deadlifts.
Looking ahead, NASA plans to reuse Orion components on its forthcoming Artemis III mission, set to launch in mid-2027. This flight will focus on demonstrating important docking and landing techniques in low Earth orbit, followed by the Artemis IV mission, which aims to achieve a lunar landing in 2028.
The Artemis II mission will be commanded by NASA’s Wiseman, with Grover as the pilot. Mission specialists include NASA’s Koch and Canada’s Hansen. The crew has already arrived at the Kennedy Space Center in preparation for the scheduled launch.
NASA officials have announced that future heat shields will be optimized with a more transparent outer material to enhance performance. However, for the Artemis II mission, the heat shield design will remain unchanged.
To mitigate risks to astronauts, mission managers are altering the Orion spacecraft’s reentry trajectory. Instead of the usual atmospheric reentry that simulates a “bouncing stone” effect to reduce thermal stress, this mission will feature a faster, steeper descent to minimize exposure to extreme temperatures.
NASA has confirmed that this revised plan is the result of extensive testing. Isaacman expressed his “complete confidence” in the heat shield during a January update.
During a media event in July, Wiseman echoed this sentiment, stating: “If we adhere to NASA’s new atmospheric entry path, this heat shield will be safe for flight.”
Countdown to the Moon Landing: Two Years Remaining
A significant critique of the Artemis program focuses on its timeline. Nearly four years have passed since Artemis I took flight, and until recently, the next launch, Artemis II, was slated for another two-year wait.
Critics argue that compared to agile private companies like SpaceX, NASA’s slower improvement cycles lead to longer wait times, jeopardizing program security.
Dryer emphasized that “the infrequent launches of space systems pose major structural and safety risks that have been acknowledged for years,” asserting, “We have a limited window to identify potential failure modes.”
NASA’s Space Launch System rolls out from the Vehicle Assembly Building at Kennedy Space Center on January 17. Joe Radle/Getty Images
To address these challenges, Isaacman has initiated vital improvements to the Artemis program, including the addition of more missions and an accelerated launch schedule.
The Artemis III mission, which was originally set to land astronauts on the moon in 2028, is now scheduled to launch into low Earth orbit in mid-2027 for essential technology tests and demonstrations. NASA’s detailed strategy for landing on the lunar surface also includes a second spacecraft—a lander developed by SpaceX or Blue Origin. This lander will rendezvous with Orion in lunar orbit to transport astronauts to the moon. Artemis III is positioned to conduct these critical maneuvers. However, challenges persist in the commercial sector, as reported in a recent report, revealing that SpaceX’s Starship lander is “at least two years behind schedule, with expectations for additional delays.”
Under the revamped strategy, NASA aims to achieve a lunar landing by the Artemis IV mission in 2028.
Key changes include the target of launching Space Launch System rockets approximately every 10 months, compared to the previous three-year intervals, according to Isaacman.
The overall progress hinges on the success of the Artemis II mission, which could provide a much-needed boost for NASA and the American public.
“Whenever the White House seeks positive news, they turn to NASA,” Melroy remarked.
NASA is set to return its colossal moon rocket to the launch pad at Kennedy Space Center in Florida on Thursday night, gearing up for the much-anticipated lunar journey with four astronauts aboard.
The impressive 322-foot-tall Space Launch System (SLS) rocket, carrying the Orion capsule, is on track for a launch that could initiate a 10-day mission as early as April 1. Before this, the rocket and spacecraft must conduct a meticulous four-mile trek from the hangar to the launch pad.
This journey is expected to commence at 8:00 PM ET and wrap up approximately 12 hours later.
This marks the second rollout for the 11-million-pound rocket. Initially rolled out to the launch pad in mid-January, it returned to the vehicle assembly building for necessary repairs after engineers identified a helium flow blockage a few weeks ago.
Utilizing a mobile platform known as a crawler transporter, the rocket will be moved back to its launch pad, progressing at a steady pace of about 1 mile per hour.
The upcoming mission, titled Artemis II, will mark the first time humans are launched aboard NASA’s Space Launch System and Orion spacecraft. This mission follows the 2022 unmanned Artemis I mission, which orbited the moon. The crew, including NASA astronauts Reed Wiseman, Christina Koch, Victor Glover, and Canadian astronaut Jeremy Hansen, could achieve unprecedented distances from Earth as they navigate around the moon.
NASA successfully resolved the helium flow issue while the rocket was in the hangar by replacing a crucial seal in the helium supply line. Engineers also changed batteries on both the rocket and Orion spacecraft, conducting rigorous tests to ensure readiness.
The helium issue came to light during extensive refueling tests and a launch-day rehearsal known as a wet dress rehearsal. This was the second rehearsal for the SLS, as the first had to be halted due to a hydrogen leak detected at the rocket’s rear end.
Last week, NASA officials conducted a comprehensive two-day Flight Readiness Review, bringing together mission managers, four astronauts, and key representatives to evaluate the upcoming flight, assess risks, and outline the necessary steps ahead. The agency confirmed its decision in April to proceed with launch preparations, officially certifying the rocket and spacecraft for their historic mission.
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Shooting Towards the Moon
It has been 54 years since humans last walked on the lunar surface. In that time, numerous robotic missions have explored the Moon, with some landing successfully while others have met disastrous ends. Currently, there are no humans residing on the Moon.
NASA’s Artemis program is projected to land astronauts on the Moon by early 2028. As more missions follow, the Moon’s human population may increase from zero to a small number.
Interestingly, accounting firm PwC released a report in January titled Monthly Market Rating, which declares, “The Moon is rapidly emerging as a potential center for future global economic activity in space.”
This statement raises questions: What opportunities exist for monetizing the Moon? PwC emphasizes that there are “ambitions centered around a sustainable human and commercial presence” on the lunar surface, exploring how expansive this new market could be.
The report adopts a scenario-driven approach to forecast market opportunities for lunar surface activities from 2026 to 2050, analyzing five vital areas: mobility, communications, housing, energy, and water. Each sector is assessed for investment requirements, technological advancements, and potential revenue streams.
Lunar entrepreneurs could see substantial financial returns, with cumulative projected revenues from lunar activities estimated between $93.9 billion and $127.3 billion by 2050—exceeding the GDP of many countries.
However, the future of the lunar economy hinges primarily on the intensity of exploration missions, both crewed and uncrewed, as noted by PwC.
While these projections may seem overly ambitious, particularly with the Artemis mission yet to launch, it’s compelling to consider that this is the second edition of PwC’s Monthly Market Review. The first edition, released in 2021, forecasted revenues totaling $170 billion by 2040.
We remain uncertain about changes over the past five years that might affect the lunar economy’s prospects, yet it’s disappointing to find our dreams of investing in lunar opportunities not yet realized.
Stranger Than Fiction
In February’s diary, the journal Pediatrics and Child Health issued two corrections, which is not unusual; journals frequently amend errors in scientific literature.
However, these corrections were noteworthy. One correction involved 15 papers, while another touched on 123 papers. The headlines indicated they were intended “to add a disclaimer.”
As readers delve through the extensive list of papers requiring disclaimers, they encounter this sentence: “All clinical vignettes featured within the CPSP Highlights section of the magazine are fictional scenarios created for educational purposes relating to Canadian Pediatric Surveillance Program (CPSP) research.”
This phrasing may obscure its importance initially, but the insightful journalists at Retraction Watch clarified that “A medical journal admits that case reports published over 25 years were indeed fictitious.”
Since 2000, the journal has presented case studies that appeared to depict real patients, some of which informed clinical guidelines and urged further medical investigations. However, these studies were fabrications, with no indication given until now.
This feedback suggests that the disclaimer about the fictional nature of these case studies should have been included all along. But perhaps this highlights a broader issue: Science often struggles for media attention, yet devoid of objective truth, it might truly captivate audiences. Imagine headlines like, “Dark Matter is Actually the Flatulence of a Cosmic Whale”: such claims are sure to resonate.
Drink Time
Feedback often revisits the theme, “Well, they would say that, wouldn’t they?” This skepticism persists as spokespersons send press releases that masquerade as objective scientific insight but often slip in ulterior motives.
Recently, another email landed in our overflowing inboxes: “In anticipation of World Sleep Day (March 13, 2026), we’re sharing expert insights on an often-overlooked factor impacting sleep quality: hydration.” The message elucidated that “even mild dehydration can contribute to discomfort, including headaches, dry mouth, muscle cramps, and general restlessness,” suggesting that it can also lead to next-day fatigue.
This press release originated from a company that produces water-soluble electrolyte tablets.
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Innovative advancements in seismic technology are paving the way for artificial earthquakes, which could revolutionize mining discovery on both Earth and the Moon, as revealed by a pioneering German startup, Imensus. This breakthrough could play a crucial role in achieving lunar mining goals, although adapting it for the Moon poses significant challenges.
Inspired by the thundering footsteps of a tyrannosaurus rex, IMENSUS engineers have developed a cutting-edge rover prototype designed to send vibrations into the ground, effectively mapping underground resources.
“You know how dinosaurs move in Jurassic Park and shake the ground? That’s what we are,” stated David Frey, head of prototyping, during an interview with BBC Science Focus. “We are shaking the ground.”
Imensus is currently designing a model intended for Earth, enabling mining companies to locate valuable materials such as copper and gold with precision.
As seismic waves slow down when passing through dense rocks enriched with valuable minerals, geologists can effectively explore below the Earth’s surface. Surface sensors can identify wave speeds, revealing hidden resources underground.
Speaking at the AI Everything Conference in Egypt, Frey highlighted the broader potential applications of this technology beyond Earth. “The entire space industry aims to establish a presence on the Moon,” he stated. “Mining resources is essential for creating sustainable habitats.”
Frey emphasized the importance of investigating the subsoil before beginning any mining operations on Earth. “Why should we treat the Moon differently? This approach is not widely considered,” he noted.
Though lunar exploration typically relies on natural seismic activity caused by temperature fluctuations creating surface cracks, Frey proposed a revolutionary method that could generate artificial “moonquakes” on demand, providing precise measurement and control.
Unlocking Lunar Treasures
The Moon’s south pole has gained significant attention due to its potential for mining. While valuable minerals like copper and gold may be scarce, ice deposits in polar regions could be crucial resources for future missions. Additionally, lunar regolith—the loose soil on the Moon’s surface—will be vital for developing space infrastructures.
“To establish a long-term presence on the Moon, we must access existing resources,” said Lunar Seismologist Dr. Nicholas Schumer in an interview with BBC Science Focus. “Technological advancements that enable resource utilization could significantly enhance human habitats and foster a burgeoning space economy.”
Schumer, an associate professor at the University of Maryland and a scientist for NASA’s Mars Insight mission, emphasized that the seismic techniques employed by IMENSUS are effective for locating subsurface structures within the top 1 km (0.6 miles) of soil.
“They may help predict changes in the regolith’s structure by identifying features like lava tubes, buried ice, or alterations in sublunar geology,” he added.
The IMENSUS sensor captures seismic waves generated by vibrations from the rover, aiding in the exploration of mining sites on Earth – Photo courtesy of IMENSUS
This innovative approach ensures thorough site assessments, preventing financial losses due to unsuitable mining locations, as Frey pointed out: “In space engineering, such considerations are often overlooked. There’s a risk of encountering unanticipated geological features.”
Frey further noted, “Understanding subsoil layers through spacecraft measurements is vital for comprehending the Moon’s structure.”
Securing the Moon’s Future
However, Schumer warns that the Moon presents a “very hostile environment,” characterized by extreme temperatures, intense solar radiation, and abrasive regolith capable of damaging machinery.
“While it’s encouraging to see forward-thinking approaches to lunar challenges, I must stress that if equipment isn’t specially designed for these conditions, it’s likely to fail,” he cautioned.
Despite the nascent stage of lunar seismic exploration technology, Schumer agrees that “future missions will undeniably require effective seismic exploration systems.”
The terrestrial pilot phase for IMENSUS is set to commence in 2027. Whether this lunar-focused technology will be integrated into future space missions will largely depend on the progression of programs like NASA’s Artemis.
Frey envisions possibilities extending even to Mars and asteroid mining projects in the future, should space exploration ambitions shift in that direction.
Ultimately, one fact remains clear: if humanity aims to return to the Moon—or venture to Mars—we must understand what lies beneath the lunar surface.
NASA has exciting news! On Thursday, the space agency announced its plans to launch four astronauts on a long-anticipated mission around the moon, aiming for a launch date as early as April 1.
Lori Glaze, the acting deputy administrator for NASA’s Exploration Systems Development Mission Directorate, stated that the team is on schedule to return the Space Launch System (SLS) rocket and Orion spacecraft to the launch pad at Kennedy Space Center in Florida on March 19.
“Everything is progressing well,” Glaze declared during a news conference.
The mission, named Artemis II, marks a significant milestone, as it will be the first time NASA’s SLS rocket and Orion capsule will carry astronauts. It’s the first crewed lunar journey in over 50 years.
This 10-day mission will have a crew of NASA astronauts Reed Wiseman, Christina Koch, Victor Glover, and Canadian astronaut Jeremy Hansen, who will orbit the moon farther from Earth than any humans have ever ventured.
The launch is targeted for April 1 at 6:24 p.m. ET; however, this date hinges on the completion of the rocket’s checkout in its hangar and further work on the launch pad.
NASA made the decision to proceed with the launch attempt shortly after mission managers and top officials gathered for a two-day flight readiness review, where they formally certify rockets and spacecraft for flight.
Glaze noted that Wiseman, Koch, Glover, and Hansen took part in the flight readiness review virtually, sharing their vital insights.
“Their participation reaffirmed the importance of having transparent discussions about our future steps and the risks involved,” she explained.
The astronauts are currently training at NASA’s Johnson Space Center in Houston and will enter quarantine on-site starting Wednesday to minimize germ exposure before launch. If everything goes smoothly, they will travel to Kennedy Space Center on March 27, as noted by Sean Quinn, NASA’s Exploration Ground Systems Program Manager.
The impressive 322-foot-tall Space Launch System rocket has been undergoing repairs since its relocation from the launch pad on February 25.
This action followed a crucial refueling test on February 19, known as a “wet dress rehearsal,” where NASA simulated nearly every step of a launch countdown. Despite a successful rehearsal, engineers later identified a blockage in the helium flow to a section of the rocket’s upper stage, prompting the cancellation of the launch to make necessary repairs and missing out on a March launch window.
Quinn mentioned that engineers have recently replaced a faulty seal that was obstructing the helium flow. The team is also adding new batteries and conducting tests on the systems of the rocket and Orion spacecraft.
The February 19 wet dress rehearsal was NASA’s second attempt to fill a Space Launch System rocket with over 700,000 gallons of cryogenic propellant. The earlier attempt that month was cut short due to a hydrogen fuel leak discovered at the rear of the rocket, eliminating the opportunity for a February launch.
NASA is exploring a launch opportunity that includes April 2, which wasn’t initially considered, but was added after further analysis. If needed, there is also an opportunity on April 30.
The agency has opted not to speculate on any potential launch dates beyond April due to possible delays.
Thus far, the SLS rocket and Orion capsule’s only spaceflight was the unmanned lunar orbit during the 2022 Artemis I mission, which faced a six-month delay due to a hydrogen leak.
Recently, NASA announced significant revisions to its Artemis moon program. Following Artemis II, the agency has rescheduled the Artemis III mission to land astronauts on the moon to mid-2027 and will instead operate in low-Earth orbit to test technologies. These tests will involve rendezvous and docking with SpaceX’s and Blue Origin’s commercially developed lunar landers.
After that, Artemis IV is slated for a 2028 launch to safely land astronauts on the moon.
NASA Administrator Jared Isaacman stated these changes aim to enhance safety and minimize delays in fulfilling President Donald Trump’s objective of returning astronauts to the lunar surface and establishing a sustainable human presence there.
NASA officially announced a significant transformation of its Artemis moon program on Friday. This “course correction” aims to enhance mission frequency and include additional launches in preparation for the anticipated 2028 lunar landing.
According to NASA Administrator Jared Isaacman, these adjustments will bolster safety, minimize delays, and ultimately facilitate President Donald Trump’s vision of returning astronauts to the moon while establishing a sustained presence there.
“Consensus indicates this is the only viable path forward,” Isaacman stated during a press conference on Friday. “I have had similar discussions with all Congressional stakeholders, and they are fully aligned with NASA’s approach. This is how NASA has historically transformed the world, and it’s how we’ll do it again.”
Mobile Launcher 1, equipped with the Artemis II Space Launch System (SLS) and Orion spacecraft, rolls back to the Vehicle Assembly Building from Launch Pad 39B at Kennedy Space Center at dusk on February 25, 2026, in Cape Canaveral, Florida. Greg Newton/AFP – Getty Images
Isaacman revealed that the Artemis III mission, which was initially planned for a lunar landing in 2028, will now focus on technology demonstrations in low Earth orbit instead. The aim is to launch Artemis III by mid-2027 for essential rendezvous and docking tests with commercial lunar landers from both SpaceX and Blue Origin.
Subsequently, Artemis IV is slated for a moon landing in 2028.
This new direction could rejuvenate the nearly decade-old Artemis program, which has faced numerous challenges, including significant cost overruns and delays—most recently, a one-month postponement of the Artemis II mission intended to send astronauts on a 10-day lunar orbit.
Isaacman noted that insights gained from Artemis II led to the recognition that the progression from lunar orbit to landing in Artemis III was “too vast,” particularly given the SLS rocket and Orion spacecraft’s infrequent launches, currently no more than once every three years.
NASA’s Artemis II SLS rocket. NASA
“As crucial as rocket launches are, conducting them every three years is not a recipe for success,” he noted. “Frequent launches are essential, as extended intervals result in skill degradation and lost operational experience.”
Administrators highlighted similar issues with hydrogen and helium encountered during both Artemis I (an unmanned test flight launched around the moon in 2022) and Artemis II, stressing the difficulty of identifying root causes, likely exacerbated by extended mission gaps.
Two commercial space firms, SpaceX, led by Elon Musk, and Blue Origin, founded by Jeff Bezos, are competing to build lunar landers for the Artemis program. In a recent statement on X, SpaceX affirmed its shared goal with NASA: to return to the Moon safely and efficiently.
“Regular human exploration flights are key for establishing a sustainable human presence in space,” the company stated.
Blue Origin also expressed enthusiastic support for the revisions. “Let’s move forward! Everyone plays a role!” Companies discussing on X.
Among its mission revisions, NASA indicated it would standardize the manufacturing of Space Launch System rockets and strive for booster launches every 10 months, instead of the previous three-year interval.
While other rocket configurations were planned for later Artemis missions, NASA Deputy Administrator Amit Kshatriya noted that those configurations were deemed “unnecessarily complex.”
“Too much learning and testing potential has been left unexplored, leading to excessive risks in both development and production,” Kshatriya stated in a press release. “Our focus now is to continue testing as though we are in production.”
Isaacman concluded that while these changes represent a significant shift for NASA, they should not be unexpected to contractors or stakeholders within Congress and the Trump administration.
“President Trump is passionate about space and played a pivotal role in the creation of the Artemis program,” he remarked. “This initiative is a priority for his administration.”
This overhaul follows additional delays to the Artemis II mission. A hydrogen leak discovered during a critical refueling test prompted NASA to forfeit all possible launch opportunities this month. Though a subsequent refueling test proceeded smoothly, engineers later identified a blockage affecting helium flow to the booster’s upper stage, thwarting plans for a March launch.
NASA has since transported the rocket from its launch pad at Kennedy Space Center in Florida back to its hangar for necessary repairs. Officials anticipate that if the repairs proceed as planned, Artemis II could launch as early as April.
Astronauts Practice in Simulated Lunar Environments
NASA
As NASA prepares for a groundbreaking mission to return humans to the moon, astronaut safety remains a paramount focus. The image above showcases a NASA crew testing cutting-edge spacesuits developed by Axiom Space, a Texas-based aerospace company.
The Axiom Extravehicular Mobility Unit is engineered to enhance astronauts’ mobility and flexibility, enabling them to efficiently navigate the lunar terrain and gather geological samples.
Axiom Space completed an internal review of these innovative spacesuits, and NASA is now evaluating readiness for the upcoming Artemis III mission, set to launch in 2028. This historic mission aims to land humans on the moon’s south pole for the first time in over 55 years.
“This achievement reflects our unwavering commitment to providing a safe and efficient lunar spacesuit, empowering astronauts to explore the moon’s surface,” stated Lara Carney, NASA’s manager of extravehicular activities and human surface mobility programs at the Johnson Space Center in Houston, Texas.
To date, the Axiom suit has undergone over 850 hours of rigorous pressure testing, simulating moon conditions with astronauts inside. In the training process, crew members practice emergency rescue scenarios in a 40-foot-deep pool, with the suit’s weight tailored to match the moon’s gravity, which is about one-sixth of Earth’s gravitational pull.
Exploring the History and Future of Space Exploration in the United States
Embark on an extraordinary journey through America’s significant space and astronomy landmarks, crafted for inquisitive minds and lifelong learners.
NASA is re-evaluating its Artemis moon exploration program. During a press conference on February 27, NASA Administrator Jared Isaacman revealed significant adjustments to the plans for sending humans to the moon for the first time since the Apollo program concluded in 1972.
The upcoming Artemis II mission, set to launch soon, has experienced two challenging tests. The Space Launch System (SLS) rocket faced fuel injection leaks, necessitating a return from the launch pad for thorough analysis and repairs. The SLS saw its last launch in 2022.
Artemis II aims to orbit astronauts around the moon in preparation for a crewed landing in the Artemis III mission, though that goal has now shifted. Artemis III will focus on testing the Orion crew capsule’s docking capabilities with the lander in lunar orbit, along with evaluating the spacesuit for eventual moon landings.
Despite these seemingly negative developments, NASA has laid out plans to increase launch frequency. The revised approach aims for Artemis IV and potentially Artemis V to achieve lunar landings by 2028.
“The entire series of Artemis flights should represent a gradual build-up of capability, with each step advancing our readiness for landing missions,” stated NASA official Amit Kshatriya in a recent statement. “Each phase should be substantial enough for progress, yet measured to avoid unnecessary risks based on our experiences thus far.”
Initially, there were plans to upgrade the SLS rocket’s upper stage for future endeavors. However, Isaacman highlighted a shift towards a “standardized” version, minimizing significant changes for every few missions. “We don’t aim for each rocket to be a work of art,” he said in the press briefing.
These changes denote a shift in the Artemis program’s philosophy, prioritizing thorough testing for every component of the rocket and mission strategy. This approach aims to facilitate swift, small steps rather than large leaps every few years, with Isaacman expressing optimism about reducing the delays that have historically burdened the Artemis program, ultimately promoting a safer and more efficient lunar exploration initiative.
The **wet dress rehearsal** officially commenced on Tuesday evening and extended into Wednesday, with the team powering up both the rocket and spacecraft components while charging flight batteries. The crucial part of this test began on Thursday morning when mission managers approved the fueling of the **Space Launch System (SLS) rocket**.
At around **10:30 a.m. ET**, liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen were initiated into the rocket’s core stage. The booster housed over **700,000 gallons of cryogenic propellant**, and mission managers executed a countdown leading up to a simulated launch time of **8:42 p.m. ET**.
The **refueling test** appeared to proceed smoothly, with NASA performing two walkthroughs during the last 10 minutes of the countdown. A pause occurred at approximately **T minus 1 minute and 30 seconds**, followed by a reset of the countdown clock to **T minus 10 minutes** near **T minus 33 seconds** for the final moments before liftoff.
These pauses were meticulously designed to demonstrate that the rocket’s systems were functioning as anticipated during critical countdown phases, when automated systems assume control of the booster. Additionally, these moments allowed mission managers to rehearse various scenarios, including resolving issues that necessitate investigation or aborting a launch due to technical difficulties or adverse weather conditions.
Explore the Dark Craters near the Moon’s South Pole
Credit: Science Photo Library / Alamy
Scientists aim to establish a groundbreaking laser system in one of the moon’s coldest craters to significantly enhance the navigation capabilities of lunar landers and rovers.
Ultra-stable lasers are vital for highly precise timing and navigation systems. These lasers operate by reflecting a beam between two mirrors within a cavity, maintaining a consistent beam speed. This precision is largely due to the chamber’s size stability, which neither expands nor contracts. To achieve this, mirrors are typically maintained in a cryogenic vacuum, insulated from external vibrations.
The moon hosts numerous craters at its poles, which lack direct sunlight due to minimal axial tilt. Consequently, these permanently shadowed areas are extremely cold, with some craters projected to reach temperatures around -253°C (20 Kelvin) during the lunar winter.
Junye from JILA, along with a research team in Boulder, Colorado, has proposed that these icy conditions, combined with the moon’s absence of natural vibrations and an almost non-existent atmosphere, make these craters ideal for ultra-stable lasers. The potential stability of these lunar lasers could surpass that of any terrestrial counterparts.
“The entire environment is incredibly stable,” Ye emphasizes. “Despite variations between summer and winter on the Moon, temperature fluctuations range only from 20 to 50 Kelvin, contributing to a remarkably consistent environment.”
Ye and his research team envision a lunar laser device akin to an optical cavity already developed in JILA’s lab, featuring a silicon chamber equipped with dual mirrors.
Current optical cavity lasers on Earth can maintain coherence for just a few seconds, meaning their light waves can synchronize briefly. However, the moon-based laser is projected to sustain coherence for at least a minute, which will facilitate its role as a reference laser for a variety of lunar missions. This includes maintaining the lunar time zone and coordinating satellite formations using lasers for distance measurement. Given that light from the moon takes just over a second to reach Earth, it could also serve as a reliable reference for Earth-based activities, as highlighted by Ye.
Although implementing this idea poses challenges, the rationale is sound and could greatly benefit future lunar missions. According to Simeon Barber from the Open University, UK, “Recent lunar landers have experienced suboptimal landings due to varying lighting conditions, complicating vision-based systems. Leveraging stable lasers for positioning, navigation, and timing could enhance the reliability of landings in high-latitude areas.”
NASA’s Revolutionary Nuclear Reactor Plans for the Moon
NASA has revealed its groundbreaking plans to construct a nuclear reactor on the Moon. This ambitious project represents a significant leap forward, potentially providing power for future Moon bases and sustaining long-term missions. However, it also prompts several crucial questions.
What is the estimated cost? Will someone need to remain on-site to manage it? And for the pessimists, what if it malfunctions?
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The History of Nuclear Power in Space
This isn’t the first instance of nuclear technology in space.
In the early 1950s, NASA pioneered the development of the uranium-fueled “SNAP” (Nuclear Auxiliary Power system), designed for space exploration.
In 1965, just four years prior to Neil Armstrong’s historic Moon landing, SNAP-10A became America’s inaugural nuclear-powered satellite, operating for 43 days in Earth orbit.
Nuclear devices have since powered various deep space missions, including Voyager and the Mars rover Curiosity.
Some, like the systems depicted in the movie The Martian, utilize low-power solutions known as radioisotope thermoelectric generators (RTGs), which convert heat from radioactive decay into electricity.
Additionally, two Russian lunar missions have carried radioactive heaters for power generation.
In a quest to supply increased energy for its lunar initiatives, NASA is exploring small-scale nuclear fission systems that focus on splitting atoms.
In 2018, NASA successfully completed a test for a compact uranium-fueled nuclear reactor called Kilopower, roughly the size of a toilet paper roll, affirming its capability to power a lunar outpost with just four units.
While the concept of “moon reactors” may raise safety concerns, these reactors are designed with extensive safety measures including passive cooling and low-enriched uranium, minimizing the risk of catastrophic failure.
Nevertheless, the possibilities of a reactor mishap are intriguing to consider.
What If There’s an Explosion?
The reality of a nuclear meltdown on the Moon remains largely speculative. Current reactor designs suggest they won’t grow large enough to even be classified as a meltdown.
(A single Kilopower reactor can generate sufficient energy to power a handful of Earth homes for around ten years.)
SNAP-10A: The first nuclear power system to operate in space, launched in 1965 – Image credit: Atomics International/U.S. Atomic Energy Commission Contractor
However, the scale of the reactor isn’t the only factor influencing the consequences of an explosion; the lunar environment plays a critical role.
A nuclear reactor failure on the Moon would unfold quite differently than it would on Earth.
With no atmosphere or weather and only one-sixth of Earth’s gravity, scenarios involving explosions, mushroom clouds, and seismic aftershocks (triggered by atmospheric reactions on Earth) are less likely.
Instead, overheating could lead to a glowing pool of molten metal quietly cooling and solidifying without dramatic fallout.
Yet, this does raise substantial risks for personnel nearby due to radiation exposure.
Even with localized fallout being primarily contained, intense radiation surges still pose significant dangers.
A Close Call in Nuclear Space History
Fortunately, we lack detailed answers to this question, but an American scientist proposed a solution in the 1950s.
Project A119 was a covert initiative to detonate a hydrogen bomb on the Moon amidst the space race between the United States and the Soviet Union.
Thankfully, this concept remained in the planning stages and never materialized.
This article addresses the question posed by Worle’s David Martin: “What would a nuclear meltdown on the Moon look like?”
If you have any queries, feel free to reach out to us at:questions@sciencefocus.com or send us a messageFacebook,Twitter or InstagramPage (please include your name and location).
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During the crucial refueling process, initiated at 12:30 PM ET on Monday, mission managers temporarily halted operations twice to investigate a hydrogen fuel leak emanating from the rear of the rocket.
Although testing of the Orion spacecraft atop the rocket resumed, the hydrogen leak reoccurred in the final moments of the mock launch countdown.
NASA reported that a built-in control system on the rocket, designed to manage the booster in the countdown’s critical final minutes, “automatically halted the countdown due to a sudden spike in liquid hydrogen leakage.”
Engineers are also looking into audio issues that affected communication channels for ground teams during the wet dress rehearsals.
The four astronauts set to embark on Artemis II — NASA’s Reed Wiseman, Christina Koch, Victor Glover, and Canadian astronaut Jeremy Hansen — were expected to arrive at Kennedy Space Center on Tuesday afternoon after being quarantined in Houston since January 21 to minimize exposure to bacteria before their mission.
However, NASA has confirmed that the astronauts will not proceed to Florida as anticipated and will be released from their quarantine.
Instead, they will undergo quarantine again approximately two weeks before the next targeted launch opportunity, according to agency officials.
Artemis II marks the second flight for NASA’s Space Launch System rocket and Orion capsule, and it will be the first mission with humans on board.
This much-anticipated launch is set to advance NASA’s objectives of returning astronauts to the lunar surface.
The previous unmanned Artemis I lunar orbit mission in 2022 faced a six-month delay due to a hydrogen leak detected during the initial wet dress rehearsal.
The Artemis II flight carries significant importance, being the inaugural crewed mission aboard the Space Launch System rocket and Orion capsule.
“Our highest priority remains the safety of our astronauts, personnel, systems, and the public,” Isaacman stated on X, emphasizing that NASA will “proceed with the launch only when we are confident in our readiness for this historic mission.”
As NASA gears up for the highly anticipated Artemis II mission, the space agency is preparing for a crucial test that will determine the readiness of its powerful Moon rocket, the Space Launch System (SLS).
This essential “wet dress rehearsal” simulates a full launch day, allowing engineers to fill the SLS rocket with fuel and perform all launch operations up to 30 seconds before liftoff, mimicking real mission conditions.
The results of this rehearsal will be instrumental for engineers and mission managers to evaluate the booster’s performance and overall readiness for the Artemis II mission.
Set to launch by Sunday, Artemis II will embark on a groundbreaking 10-day mission, taking four astronauts farther from Earth than any humans have ventured before.
However, the actual launch date will heavily rely on the outcomes from the wet dress rehearsal.
NASA Administrator Jared Isaacman will hold a press conference with the Artemis II crew on January 17th at Kennedy Space Center. Joe Radle/Getty Images
“We’ll take some time to review the data and prepare for launch,” stated Artemis launch director Charlie Blackwell Thompson during last month’s press conference.
If the rehearsal proceeds without issues, NASA could announce a targeted launch date in a matter of days. Conversely, any problems could lead to mission delays.
Engineers and mission managers will execute a countdown to the mock launch scheduled for 9 PM ET on Monday. Over 700,000 gallons of cryogenic propellant will be loaded into the SLS in the hours leading up to the test, with NASA planning to livestream this crucial process. For more information, check out the Artemis Rocket 24/7 Live Stream at the launch pad.
As part of the rehearsal, mission managers will simulate the countdown several times during the final 10 minutes, which will provide essential data on the rocket’s systems, including an automated control that engages 30 seconds prior to launch.
Artemis II marks NASA’s second mission using the Space Launch System rocket and Orion capsule, with this being the inaugural crewed flight—a pivotal step toward NASA’s goal of returning astronauts to the lunar surface.
The Artemis II crew consists of NASA astronauts Reed Wiseman, Christina Koch, Victor Glover, and Canadian astronaut Jeremy Hansen, who have been in isolation at NASA’s Johnson Space Center in Houston to ensure they remain healthy prior to the mission.
On January 17, NASA successfully positioned the Space Launch System rocket carrying the Orion capsule at Kennedy Space Center in Florida. The agency initially planned a wet dress rehearsal for Saturday but rescheduled due to unexpected cold weather across the Southeast and mid-Atlantic.
NASA’s Artemis II at Kennedy Space Center on January 17th. Joe Radle/Getty Images
Due to the scheduling changes, NASA has eliminated the first two launch windows (Friday and Saturday) for this month, which ends on February 11th. If additional launch opportunities arise, slots may also be opened in March and April.
Ensuring a successful wet dress rehearsal is crucial for a smooth launch this month.
Should issues arise during testing, NASA may need to return the rocket to the vehicle assembly building, reminiscent of the six-month delay faced by Artemis I’s unmanned lunar orbit flight after a hydrogen leak was detected during its initial wet dress rehearsal.
Three highly skilled NASA astronauts are embarking on an exciting mission into space. Reed Wiseman, a former Navy officer who transitioned to astronaut status in 2009, brings significant experience, having spent six months aboard the International Space Station (ISS) in 2014.
Reed Wiseman and daughters. Provided by Reid Wiseman
Since the passing of his wife in 2020, Wiseman has taken on the challenging role of raising two children as a single parent. He acknowledges the stress that comes with being an astronaut, noting that the thrill of the mission is often tempered by the sacrifices it demands from their families.
“I’m a dedicated single father to two daughters,” he shared with NBC’s “TODAY” during a candid interview with fellow crew members. “While it might be easier to relax on the couch with a football game, the reality is that we have four individuals ready to undertake extraordinary and groundbreaking explorations in our civilization.”
Wiseman expressed hope that the outcomes of this monumental mission will validate the sacrifices made by the families of the crew.
“We often look toward the moon and proudly state, ‘We’ve been there.’ However, for this generation—both current and future, known as the Artemis generation—they will look at the moon and proudly declare, ‘We are there,'” he emphasized.
A pendant featuring Jeremy Hansen’s family birthstones accompanied by the engraving “Moon and Back”. Provided by Jeremy Hansen
Each astronaut will carry personal tokens on their historic flights around the moon. Wiseman and Koch will carry letters from their families, while Grover plans to bring a Bible, wedding ring, and a cherished heirloom for his daughters. Hansen will carry a moon pendant featuring his family’s birthstone and the phrase “Moon and Back.” These items serve as meaningful mementos and ways for the astronauts to connect their families to the journey.
Koch, a veteran of profound space missions, holds the record for the longest single spaceflight by a woman, having spent a remarkable 328 days on the ISS in 2019. Alongside fellow astronaut Jessica Meir, she made history with NASA’s first all-female spacewalk.
Christina Koch with her husband and dog. Provided by: Christina Koch
Koch expressed her contentment about not participating in another significant milestone, stating her excitement for her colleagues who are set to leave footprints on the lunar surface.
“I’m genuinely thrilled to see familiar faces taking steps toward walking on the moon. However, if that is not my destiny, I am completely at peace with it,” Koch mentioned, noting NASA has yet to assign a crew for the Artemis III mission.
Victor Glover with his family. Provided by: Victor Glover
In a similar vein, Grover previously participated in a historic flight, flying the SpaceX Crew Dragon capsule to the ISS in 2020. Glover, a former U.S. Navy captain and test pilot, was transitioned from his position in the U.S. Senate when he was selected for NASA’s astronaut program in 2013. Grover and his wife are parents to four children.
Hansen, marking his spaceflight debut, is set to become the first Canadian to explore lunar terrain. A graduate of the Canadian Space Agency’s astronaut program in 2009, he previously served as a fighter pilot and colonel in the Canadian Armed Forces.
With three children, Hansen highlighted the camaraderie that has developed among the crew, remarking that they’ve formed a familial bond through years of intense training together.
Jeremy Hansen with his family. Provided by Jeremy Hansen
The upcoming Artemis II launch will be only the second deployment of NASA’s Space Launch System (SLS) rocket paired with the Orion capsule. The inaugural launch, Artemis I, conducted an unmanned mission that circled the moon over three years ago.
Wiseman, Koch, Grover, and Hansen view this mission as a crucial stepping stone towards the Artemis III ambition, which aims to land four astronauts near the moon’s polar regions in 2027. Throughout their mission, the crew will practice docking procedures in Earth orbit, conduct scientific experiments, and evaluate various systems inside the Orion capsule, serving as a trial run for a forthcoming lunar landing.
“To us, achieving success is synonymous with landing on the moon during Artemis III,” Koch stated. “Success is always Artemis 100. Everything we do is centered around that.”
Discover the Moon’s X: Captured from Tokyo in February 2025
Credit: Yomiuri Shimbun/AP Images/Alamy
Nearly a decade ago, my excitement surged as I captured my first telescope photo of the Moon. With a makeshift setup, I clumsily held my phone camera up to the eyepiece. After a few shaky attempts, I got a clear snapshot of the lunar surface, and shared it online with pride.
Unbeknownst to me, I had clicked the picture during a brief 4-6 hour window each month when fascinating features known as Moon’s X and V could be visible.
These lunar marks are optical illusions, revealing themselves only when sunlight strikes the rims of specific craters during the Moon’s waxing phase, perfectly aligned along the terminator.
The Moon’s X forms a bright X shape, illuminated by sunlight on the edges of three craters: La Caillou, Blanquinus, and Pulbach. Similarly, the V shape comes to life as sunlight hits the Ukert crater and nearby smaller craters.
To witness the Moon’s X and V, a telescope is essential. However, timing is crucial. The visibility of these features varies globally and is influenced by your local time zone.
The next waxing moon occurs at 5 AM GMT on January 26th. However, residents in the UK may miss it as the Moon will be below the horizon then. The best viewing opportunity on the evening of January 25th will be in New York, where the first quarter appears around midnight, enabling visibility of X and V from about 10 PM to 2 AM. In places like Sydney, the daytime blocks visibility as the first quarter falls around 3 PM local time.
For the best chance to view the Moon’s captivating X’s and V’s, ensure you’re gazing at a waxing moon during optimal hours, preferably when it’s high in the night sky. Tools like Stellarium can help you track the Moon’s visibility on specific dates.
Mark your calendars for upcoming first quarter events on February 24th, March 25th, and April 24th-25th. If you’re in the UK, you might want to target March 25th as it aligns well with evening visibility around 7 PM local time.
Understanding the intricacies that must align for the Moon’s X and V to appear, I feel fortunate to have captured my first lunar photo during such a special moment.
NASA is set to roll out a massive 322-foot-tall rocket towards its launch pad this Saturday, a crucial milestone in the preparation for its highly anticipated Artemis II mission, which aims to send four astronauts around the moon.
The Space Launch System (SLS) rocket will transport the Orion capsule containing the astronauts, beginning its slow four-mile trek from NASA’s Vehicle Assembly Building to the launch pad at Kennedy Space Center in Florida at 7 a.m. ET. Viewers can catch the event, known as the “rollout,” live on NASA’s YouTube channel.
This event marks the beginning of essential tests and rehearsals that will pave the way for the first manned flight to the moon in over 50 years. Artemis II is tentatively scheduled for launch between February 6 and 11, with additional windows available in March and April.
The rollout is a critical phase for mission managers as they assess the rocket’s health and safety prior to setting a formal launch date.
“These are the kind of days we are living in,” stated John Honeycutt, chairman of the Artemis II mission management team, during a recent press conference.
Artemis II will feature a crew of four, including NASA astronauts Reed Wiseman, Victor Glover, and Christina Koch, along with Canadian astronaut Jeremy Hansen. They are scheduled to spend 10 days in space, initially orbiting Earth before heading into lunar orbit.
The deployment process is expected to take up to 12 hours. The Crawler Transporter, a giant mobile platform, will carry the 11 million-pound Artemis II rocket to NASA’s historic launch pad 39B, previously used in the Apollo and Space Shuttle programs.
NASA has indicated that the stacked rocket will move forward at a cautious pace, approximately 1 mile per hour.
Upon reaching the launch pad, preparations will begin for the essential launch day walkthrough, known as a wet dress rehearsal. This procedure includes refueling the rocket and conducting all standard protocols leading up to the T-29 second mark on the countdown, as detailed by Artemis launch director Charlie Blackwell Thompson.
“Launch day will closely mirror a wet dress rehearsal,” she explained. “The two main differences are sending our team to the pads and proceeding past the 29-second mark.”
This wet dress rehearsal serves as an opportunity for mission managers to evaluate the rocket’s systems in a real-world context while allowing engineers to identify any potential fuel leaks or technical issues.
If any problems arise, the rocket will be returned to the Vehicle Assembly Building for necessary repairs. However, if everything proceeds smoothly, NASA may soon announce a target launch date.
The Artemis II mission will serve as the most rigorous test yet for the Space Launch System rocket and Orion spacecraft, marking the first time the system will carry a crew.
During their time in the Orion capsule, astronauts will test the spacecraft’s docking capabilities and life support systems while in orbit around both Earth and the Moon.
Success in this mission will establish a foundation for Artemis III, slated for 2027, aiming to land astronauts near the moon’s south pole.
Returning to the moon has emerged as a priority for the U.S. government, particularly amid a new space race with China, which aims to land its own astronauts on the Moon by 2030.
Exploring Supernova Remnant SNR 0509-67.5 with the VLT
Credit: ESO/P. Das et al. Background stars (Hubble): K. Noll et al.
Researchers captured a stunning two-tone sphere, evidence of a rare double-massive explosion, using the European Southern Observatory’s Very Large Telescope in Chile.
Astronomers from the University of New South Wales in Australia theorize that this magnificent gas and dust formation emerged when a white dwarf star, once akin to our sun, absorbed helium from a companion star and detonated. The initial explosion transpired approximately 300 years ago, potentially dazzling the Southern Hemisphere night sky, if not for the Sun’s obstruction from Earth.
Dramatic Explosion of SpaceX’s Starship
Photo by: James Temple
This year has been pivotal for SpaceX as CEO Elon Musk aims to send astronauts to Mars with the company’s Starship, the world’s largest and most powerful rocket. After a successful orbital test flight in August, three previous launches ended in catastrophic explosions, referred to by SpaceX as “unplanned rapid disintegration.” James Temple captured the spectacular display of flames during Starship’s seventh unsuccessful attempt in January.
SpaceX’s Dragon Spacecraft After Splashdown
Credit: NASA/Keegan Barber
Aside from its Starship endeavors, SpaceX made strides this year by successfully ferrying astronauts to and from the International Space Station (ISS), stepping in for NASA’s unready rockets. The stunning photograph captures the moment when SpaceX’s Dragon capsule splashed down near a pod of dolphins, carrying two astronauts who had spent nine months aboard the ISS after the Boeing Starliner spacecraft was rendered unsafe for return.
Historic Lunar Photos by Firefly Aerospace’s Blue Ghost Lander
Credit: Firefly Aerospace
In March, Firefly Aerospace’s Blue Ghost lander made history as the second commercial spacecraft to successfully land on the moon and the first to do so in an upright position, after previously tipping over. After a 45-day journey, it settled in the smooth volcanic terrain of Mare Crisium, capturing a selfie of its shadow against the sunlight, with Earth appearing as a distant dot.
Spectacular View of the Trifid and Lagoon Nebulae
Credit: NSF-DOE Vera C. Rubin Observatory
The newly operational Vera C. Rubin Observatory, one of the most advanced telescopes in the world, will conduct daily scans of the night sky for the next decade. One of its early images depicts the Trifid Nebula, a stellar nursery located about 5,000 light-years away, visible as a pink and blue cloud in the upper right corner, contrasted by the Lagoon Nebula—another stellar formation situated 4,000 light-years from Earth. This breathtaking image was compiled from 678 individual snapshots taken during a seven-hour session.
Stunning Composite of September’s Lunar Eclipse Over Tokyo
Credit: Kyodo News (via Getty Images)
The astronomical community eagerly anticipated September’s lunar eclipse, where the moon traverses through the Earth’s shadow, adopting a distinctive red hue similar to sunsets. This striking composite visual captures the moon’s transition as it soared across the Tokyo skyline.
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Astronomers have a limited timeframe to determine if they will intervene to stop asteroid 2024 YR4 from colliding with the moon in 2032. A brief observation period utilizing the James Webb Space Telescope is set to commence in February, as new findings indicate that the potential for impact is rising to over 30%, posing a significant threat to satellites and future lunar infrastructures.
Discovered late last year, 2024 YR4 quickly emerged as the most probable asteroid to strike Earth. The worst-case scenario initially estimated a collision probability of 1 in 32 for 2032. However, further observations have nearly eliminated the chance of an Earth impact, leaving a 4 percent possibility of a collision with the moon, which could endanger numerous vital satellites orbiting Earth due to debris.
Despite the considerable risk associated with this asteroid, space agencies have yet to take action, although NASA researchers are exploring potential deflection strategies, such as deploying a nuclear charge near the asteroid.
The asteroid has recently moved out of range for Earth’s telescopes, limiting astronomers’ ability to obtain further data on its orbit until it reappears in 2028, which may not allow enough time to execute a deflection mission.
Fortunately, the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) anticipates a brief operational window to observe the asteroid in February 2026 and again in April 2024, offering a critical opportunity to plan a deflection mission. Andrew Rivkin from Johns Hopkins University in Maryland remarked, “By 2028, it will be in close proximity, so capturing data in early 2026 grants us additional time.”
This advantageous positioning will enable JWST to observe 2024 YR4, which follows a distinct orbit around Earth, undetectable by other ground-based telescopes, but the observation will still be challenging, as the asteroid is expected to be dim, even for JWST’s highly sensitive instruments. There will be two narrow windows for observation on February 18th and 26th.
Rivkin and his team computed how new data regarding the asteroid’s positions and velocities could alter the existing understanding based on these observations. Their findings indicate an 80% likelihood of reducing the probability of a lunar impact to under 1%, while there is a 5% chance that the risk could increase to 30% or higher. JWST should have a chance to repeat these observations in 2027, but this will provide less time for decision-making, according to Rivkin.
Nonetheless, it remains uncertain whether space agencies would opt to plan missions in the event of increased risks. “The question of whether planetary defense extends to the moon is entirely new, and different agencies may have varied responses,” Rivkin noted. “If a company operates many satellites, they might advocate for a particular course of action.”
Richard Moisle from the European Space Agency indicated that while the current budget does not allocate for deflection or reconnaissance missions regarding the asteroid, they will reevaluate if next year’s observations indicate a heightened risk of collision. “We chose to delay our decision until next year to allow for a thorough evaluation of our options,” Moisle stated.
Astronomers have identified a peculiar “moon” that casts a shadow on Earth as it navigates through space. Dubbed quasi-moons, these entities don’t orbit our planet in a traditional manner, yet they maintain proximity as they travel around the sun.
According to a new study published in the American Astronomical Society Research Notes, this space rock may have been a companion to Earth for as long as 60 years.
The object, identified as 2025 PN7, is small enough that it might have evaded earlier detections. While its exact dimensions remain uncertain, researchers estimate it to be around 30 meters (98 feet) in diameter—approximately the wingspan of a typical short-haul airliner—making it the tiniest known quasi-moon associated with Earth.
“With rapid technological progress, we’re identifying near-Earth objects faster than ever,” said Dr. Darren Baskill, an astronomy lecturer at the University of Sussex, in BBC Science Focus. “The sensitivity of digital cameras has improved, allowing us to detect these faint objects, and computers can effectively process vast data sets.”
At its closest approach, this object comes within 300,000 km (186,400 miles) of Earth. Usually, it remains about 384,000 km (238,600 miles) away, but its horseshoe-shaped orbit can take it as far as 297 million km (185 million miles) from our planet.
Consequently, it’s only detectable when nearby, as occurred in August 2025, when researchers from Spain’s Complutense University of Madrid spotted it from the PanSTARRS Observatory in Hawaii.
Upon reviewing historical records, scientists identified it as a potential Earth companion for decades.
“The primary question is, where did 2025 PN7 originate?” Baskill noted. “At its closest, 2025 PN7 will be roughly the same distance from Earth as the Moon, providing insights into the Moon’s possible origin.
“Another clue can be observed on a clear night: the Moon is full of craters. Each impact casts debris into the atmosphere, and some material may escape the Moon’s gravity and be launched into space.”
Moon’s craters offer clues to the origin of space rocks – Photo credit: Getty
Another hypothesis suggests that the space rock originated in the asteroid belt, but Baskill states, “It’s challenging to gather sufficient light from such a moving object to determine its chemical composition and origin.”
He further added, “Astronomers must be patient and wait to observe PN7 when it’s at its brightest, closest to Earth.”
2025 PN7 is just one of seven quasi-satellites currently orbiting near Earth. The other is the space rock Kamooarewa, which is the target of China’s Tianwen-2 mission. Launched in May 2025, Tianwen-2 aims to collect samples from asteroids to understand more about Earth’s origins and asteroid formation.
“These near-Earth objects, due to their occasional close passes, might become prime targets for the inaugural mining operations beyond Earth, or even enter Earth’s atmosphere,” Baskill remarked.
PN7 will remain in existence until 2085 when it will be pulled from orbit by gravitational forces.
Titan serves as an intriguing subject for in-depth investigations of organic chemistry under unusual conditions. This Saturnian moon is abundant in nonpolar hydrocarbons like ethane and methane, alongside hydrogen cyanide (HCN), a highly relevant small polar molecule in prebiotic chemistry. Recent studies show that these notably polar compounds can mix at low temperatures, creating structures that challenge traditional chemical theories.
Artistic rendering of Kraken Mare, Titan’s extensive ocean of liquid methane. Image credit: NASA’s John Glenn Research Center.
Hydrogen cyanide is commonly found in the astrochemical landscape and has been detected in numerous celestial bodies, including the interstellar medium, comets, planets, moons, and dwarf planets.
This molecule ranks as the second most prevalent product anticipated from Titan’s atmospheric chemistry.
Dr. Martin Rahm, a researcher from Chalmers University of Technology, stated: “These remarkable discoveries enhance our understanding of something vast—a moon comparable in size to Mercury.”
In laboratory experiments, Rahm and his team combined hydrogen cyanide with methane and ethane at temperatures as low as 90 K (around -180 degrees Celsius).
At this temperature, hydrogen cyanide forms crystals, while methane and ethane exist as liquids.
Using laser spectroscopy to analyze these mixtures at an atomic level, researchers found that while the molecules remained intact, changes were still occurring.
To uncover what was happening, they conducted extensive computer simulations to explore thousands of potential molecular arrangements in the solid phase.
Ultimately, they discovered that the hydrocarbons infiltrated the hydrogen cyanide crystal lattice, leading to the formation of a stable new structure termed a cocrystal.
“The identification of unexpected interactions between these substances may influence our understanding of Titan’s geology and unique features such as lakes, oceans, and sand dunes,” Dr. Rahm explained.
“Moreover, hydrogen cyanide could be crucial in the abiotic synthesis of some life-building blocks, like amino acids for proteins and nucleobases for genetic material.”
“Consequently, our research offers valuable insights into the pre-emergent chemistry of life and the potential for life to evolve in extreme environments.”
of result Published in July 2025. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
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Fernando Izquierdo Ruiz and others. 2025. Hydrogen cyanide and hydrocarbons mix on Titan. PNAS 122 (30): e2507522122; doi: 10.1073/pnas.2507522122
Intricate and sophisticated sequences depend on several untested technologies. A crucial aspect is the refueling of starships in space. Dreyer noted that it remains uncertain how many launches will be required to supply the necessary fuel, but they must occur rapidly.
“It might take between 12 and 20 refueling missions within a month to replenish Starship’s tanks with enough fuel for a mission to the moon and back,” he stated. “Such a scenario has never been realized.”
Refueling only in space would necessitate a “significant advancement” from Starship’s current capabilities, he remarked.
“This poses a tremendous challenge,” Dreyer emphasized. “Without these advancements, our lunar aspirations won’t be achievable.”
The Starship lander is projected to stand approximately 150 feet taller than the rugged, spider-like lunar lander NASA utilized during the Apollo missions. Such a taller design could enable Starship to transport more passengers and cargo; however, it may also be less stable than the Apollo spacecraft.
Nevertheless, Dreyer argued that it wouldn’t have been practical for NASA to depend on outdated technology, especially considering financial constraints. A single Saturn V rocket launch from the Apollo era costs around $2 billion today. In contrast, SpaceX aims to develop Starship as fully reusable, which could lower costs and speed up launch times.
The next phase for the company involves revealing an upgraded Starship prototype. This model is approximately five feet taller and incorporates an enhanced docking mechanism, increased energy storage, and software improvements to facilitate long-duration flights.
This new version will be employed for Starship’s inaugural orbital flight, testing essential SpaceX procedures such as fuel transfer and payload transportation into space, as per SpaceX officials. I discussed this in my previous post following Monday’s test.
Future missions, like this week’s, will also be under scrutiny as China moves toward its 2030 objectives.
“Four years is a short time frame in space,” Dreyer remarked. “These endeavors are exceptionally complex and challenging because the universe is perpetually testing you.”
The prevailing theory regarding the origin of the Moon suggests it formed from a colossal impact event involving Earth and a body known as Theia. The degree to which materials from these two celestial objects mixed during this event is still debated. Poor mixing may leave traces of the original atomic and/or Theia composition. The sulfur isotopic makeup of the primordial materials that survived the impact can help establish parameters concerning the chemistry of the early solar nebula, the sulfur distribution in the early solar system, and the efficiency of mixing during this significant lunar impact event. In a recent study, researchers from Brown University and other institutions present intriguing sulfur isotope data derived from lunar rocks collected from the Taurus Littrow region during Apollo 17. Their analysis reveals that the volcanic material in the samples is significantly depleted in sulfur-33. This depletion sharply contrasts with sulfur isotope ratios found on Earth, suggesting the likelihood of:
Commander Eugene Cernan retrieves a drive tube from a lunar roving vehicle during Apollo 17 EVA. Image credit: NASA.
Some elements possess distinct “fingerprints” through specific isotopic ratios, revealing slight variations in atomic weights.
If two rocks share the same isotopic fingerprint, it strongly indicates a common origin.
In terms of the Moon and Earth, researchers have identified general similarities in the oxygen isotopes of both bodies.
Dr. James Dottin, a researcher from Brown University, stated:
“Previously, it was assumed that the Moon’s mantle shared the same sulfur isotope composition as Earth.”
“This was the anticipated outcome when we examined these samples, yet we observed values markedly different from those found on Earth.”
The sample under investigation was sourced from a double-drive tube—a hollow metal cylinder driven approximately 60 cm into the lunar soil by Apollo 17 astronauts Gene Cernan and Harrison Schmidt.
Upon returning to Earth, NASA secured the tube in a helium chamber to preserve the sample for future studies under the Apollo Next Generation Sample Analysis (ANGSA) program.
In recent years, NASA has begun to make ANGSA samples accessible to academic researchers via a competitive application process.
Dr. Dottin and his team chose secondary ion mass spectrometry for sulfur isotopic analysis. This precise analytical method did not exist in 1972 when the samples were initially returned to Earth.
For their research, they targeted specific samples from drive tubes believed to originate from mantle-derived volcanic rocks.
“There are two possible explanations for the anomalous sulfur,” Dr. Dottin explained.
They may represent remnants of chemical processes that took place during the Moon’s early history.
When sulfur interacts with ultraviolet light in a thin atmosphere, a diminished sulfur-33 ratio can be observed.
It is theorized that the Moon had a transient atmosphere in its early history, which could have facilitated such photochemical reactions.
If this is indeed the case, it would have interesting implications for the Moon’s evolutionary history.
“This offers evidence of ancient material transfer from the lunar surface into the mantle,” Dr. Dottin said.
“On Earth, we rely on plate tectonics for this process, but the Moon lacks such tectonic activity.”
“Thus, the idea of some form of exchange mechanism on the early Moon is thrilling.”
Alternatively, the unusual sulfur signatures could be remnants from the Moon’s formation itself.
The prevailing theory states that a Mars-sized object named Theia collided with Earth early on, with debris from that impact eventually forming the Moon.
The sulfur signatures from Theia differ significantly from those of Earth, and these differences may be reflected in the Moon’s mantle.
This study does not definitively resolve which explanation is accurate.
“Investigating sulfur isotopes from Mars and other celestial bodies may someday provide insights,” Dr. Dottin remarked.
“Ultimately, a better understanding of isotopic distributions will enhance our comprehension of solar system formation.”
study Published in Journal of Geophysics: Planets.
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JW Dottin III et al. 2025. Endogenous yet exotic sulfur in the lunar mantle. JGR: Planet 130(9):e2024je008834; doi:10.1029/2024je008834
The stark differences in proximity and width between the moon’s near and far sides, along with their topography, volcanism, and crustal structures, offer crucial insights into the moon’s formation and evolution. However, investigations into the mechanisms behind this hemispherical asymmetry have been constrained by the absence of far-side samples. A recent study revealed fragments of rock and soil collected by China’s Chang’e 6 spacecraft from a large crater on the moon last year. Researchers confirmed that these rock samples are approximately 2.8 billion years old, analyzed the chemical composition of the minerals, and estimated that they were formed from lava deep within the moon at temperatures around 1,100 degrees Celsius. Survey results were published in the journal Natural Earth Science.
A global map of Albedo from a 750 nm filter on a UV-VIS camera mounted on NASA’s Clementine spacecraft. This image shows the near and far side of Lambert’s moon, and is an equal area projection. Image credit: NASA.
“The near and far sides of the moon differ significantly, both on the surface and potentially in their internal structures,” said Professor Yang Lee, a researcher at the University of London.
“This is one of the moon’s great mysteries. We refer to it as the two-sided moon. While variations in temperature between the near and far sides have long been theorized, our research presents the first evidence derived from actual samples.”
“These discoveries bring us closer to understanding the moon’s dual nature,” stated PhD candidate Xuelin Zhu from Peking University.
“They indicate that the disparities between the two sides extend beyond the surface, reaching deep within the moon.”
In this research, the authors examined 300 grams of lunar soil assigned to the Beijing Institute of Uranium Geology.
“This sample represents the first collection by the Chang’e 6 mission from across the moon,” commented Dr. Sheng, a researcher at the same institute.
The researchers found the samples were primarily composed of basalt particles and utilized electron probes to map specific areas of the sample, determining their composition.
They analyzed variations in lead isotopes dating back 2.8 billion years.
Several techniques were employed to estimate the sample temperatures at different stages in the moon’s past.
The first method involved analyzing mineral composition and comparing it with computer simulations to estimate the formation temperatures of the rocks.
This was juxtaposed with similar estimates for rocks from the near side, revealing a temperature difference of approximately 100 degrees Celsius.
The second technique delved further into the sample’s history, inferring from its chemical composition to ascertain the heat of the “parent rock” and comparing it with estimates of lunar samples obtained during the Apollo missions.
Once again, a Celsius difference of about 100 degrees was identified.
Due to the limited samples returned, they estimated the parent rock temperature using satellite data from the Chang’e landing sites on both sides, comparing this with similar data from nearby areas, which revealed a difference of 70 degrees Celsius.
On the moon, thermogenic elements like uranium, thorium, and potassium are often found alongside phosphorus and rare earth elements within a material referred to as KREEP (an acronym for potassium (K), rare earth element (REE), and phosphorus (P)).
The leading theory regarding the moon’s origin posits that it formed from debris resulting from a large-scale collision between Earth and a Mars-sized protoplanet, developing from primarily molten rock.
This magma solidified as it cooled, but KREEP elements were compatible with the forming crystals and remained within the magma for extended periods.
Scientists anticipate that KREEP material would be evenly distributed across the moon. In reality, it appears to be concentrated in the near side’s mantle.
The distribution of these elements may explain why the near side exhibited more volcanic activity.
While the current mantle temperatures on the far and near sides of the moon remain unknown due to this study, the temperature imbalances are likely to persist for a considerable duration, as the moon cools very slowly since its formation from a catastrophic impact.
Scientists aim to provide definitive answers to these questions in ongoing research.
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she et al. Chang’e-6 basalt and relatively cool moon facid mantle inferred from remote sensing. nut. Geosci Published online on September 30th, 2025. doi:10.1038/s41561-025-01815-z
What action should humanity take if an asteroid is heading toward the moon? Why not attempt to divert these celestial bodies before they collide? Should we neutralize it with a nuclear explosion?
These queries are examined in a recent paper authored by more than a dozen researchers, including NASA scientists. These scenarios aren’t merely theoretical: the asteroid known as 2024 YR4 is estimated to have a 4% chance of impacting the moon in 2032.
Such collisions could “spike levels of background radiation up to 1,000 times higher in just a few days, posing threats to astronauts and spacecraft in low-Earth orbit,” the researchers noted in their paper. The preprint on arXiv was published on September 15th but has yet to undergo peer review.
To prevent a potentially hazardous debris field, one approach is to use nuclear energy to neutralize the asteroid or, as scientists term it, create a “robust mess” before it reaches the moon.
Cue references from the “Armageddon” movie.
However, this approach carries significant risks, as it has never been tested for asteroid destruction using nuclear forces.
Crucial information about asteroid 2024 YR4 remains unknown, including its mass, which is vital for determining the most effective way to “destroy” it without unintentionally creating greater problems.
“If an explosion isn’t sufficient, just create a debris field anyway,” remarked Julie Brissett, interim director of the Florida Space Institute.
Asteroid 2024 YR4 was first identified in December by Chile’s Asteroid Land Impact Trajectory Store Alt System Station. NASA estimates it could be up to 220 feet in diameter, large enough to be categorized as a “city killer,” since it could severely damage an urban area or region on Earth.
Experts initially estimated a slim chance of asteroids hitting Earth, with an impact probability of 3% predicted earlier this year. However, subsequent analyses ruled out collisions with our planet.
Given that Earth appears to be safe, asteroid 2024 YR4 is considered to have an estimated 4.3% chance of impacting the moon.
The authors of a recent paper suggested launching a reconnaissance mission to study the asteroid and then developing an explosive device before deploying it for a space lock.
Alternatively, if a nuclear detonation is deemed too extreme for destruction, researchers will provide detailed strategies for steering the asteroid off course.
NASA has relevant experience; in 2022, its DART probe successfully altered its orbit by crashing into a small asteroid called Dimorphos. This test occurred 6.8 million miles from Earth, successfully redirecting Dimorphos and reducing its orbital period by 33 minutes, according to NASA.
However, for deflection efforts to succeed, Brissett noted that it’s crucial to ascertain the mass of asteroid 2024 YR4.
In response to an NBC News inquiry regarding NASA’s recent paper, Kelly Fast, the agency’s Planetary Defense Officer, stated that there are currently no plans to deflect the asteroid or intervene in its course.
Nevertheless, she indicated that a study is planned for early next year using the James Webb Space Telescope, aiming to yield insights into its trajectory.
“If we observe it, additional data could enhance our understanding of the asteroid’s position in December 2032,” Fast mentioned, “possibly reducing the impact probability to 0%.”
Even if missions, such as those discussed in the paper, can be executed, there are political dynamics to consider.
Currently, no astronauts or long-term habitats exist on the moon, though this may change. China, for instance, intends to send astronauts to the moon by 2030 and has discussed establishing a nuclear power plant there to support lunar bases in partnership with Russia.
The U.S. plans to conduct regular missions to the moon before NASA eventually targets Mars, but future missions and objectives remain uncertain due to notable budget cuts exceeding $6 billion in the NASA budget plan proposed by President Trump.
The use of nuclear devices in space could escalate tensions among the U.S., China, and other space-faring nations, potentially leading to disputes over which countries and agencies would spearhead or contribute to such projects, noted Brissett.
“It’s likely a country with the technical capability to do that,” she said, “narrowing it down to three or four, but the question remains: do they want to collaborate?”
Satellite images of the moon’s Antarctic region and Schrödinger Basin
NASA/Science Photo Library
The moon might endure far longer than previously thought, raising the concern of contaminating its surface before future lunar missions take place.
Space missions are required to follow the “Planetary Protection” policy, ensuring that microorganisms from Earth do not contaminate other celestial bodies.
Unlike Earth, where protective measures such as the atmosphere and magnetic fields exist, the moon’s surface faces intense high-energy particles from space, extreme temperatures, and harmful ultraviolet rays from the sun, making it a harsh habitat for surviving organisms.
As a result, many astronomers classify the moon’s surface as inherently barren. The Space Research Committee ranks it in the second lowest category of planetary protection, alongside Venus and comets, indicating that “spacecraft-mediated contamination could compromise investigations.”
Nonetheless, new findings from Stefano Bertone of the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center and colleagues indicate that in certain areas near the moon’s poles, which are set to be visited by NASA’s upcoming Artemis Mission, life might survive for several days, possibly over a week. This heightens the risk of contaminating these zones and generating misleading results in the search for extraterrestrial life.
“We’re returning to the moon, leaving traces behind. We need to study what kinds of traces we’re leaving and how to minimize them,” Bertone remarked at the Europlanet Science Congress (EPSC) in Helsinki, Finland, on September 12th.
Bertone and his team discovered five microbial species that show resilience to harsh environments, including black mold (Aspergillus niger) and bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis. They assessed how much ultraviolet radiation these organisms could withstand in their laboratory. They compiled data concerning UV levels on the moon’s surface, sunlight exposure, and temperature fluctuations, which allowed them to create a map indicating where these five organisms could survive for at least one day.
All living organisms can endure well-lit areas outside the permanently shadowed regions where sunlight and ultraviolet rays are absent, making these bright zones prime candidates for lunar exploration. The black mold exhibited the highest resilience, surviving in extensive areas for up to seven days.
“This is a significant study that clearly shows if there’s a risk of contamination, then certain actions need to be taken. However, we must also recognize that these actions have economic implications,” stated Stas Barabash from the Swedish Institute of Astrophysics. For instance, space agencies might decide that equipment requires more thorough sterilization, which could increase mission costs.
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Embark on an extraordinary journey aboard the state-of-the-art expedition ship Douglas Mawson, witnessing the longest solar eclipse of the century on August 2, 2027.
What would occur if a Super Collider encircled the moon? Surprisingly, scientists and engineers are intrigued by the concept of a Super Collider of the Moon.
This type of machine operates similarly to the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN near Geneva, which is the world’s most extensive and highest-energy particle accelerator. These “atomic smashers” generate two beams of particles that travel in opposing directions through ultra-high navigational rings.
A robust superconducting electromagnet propels the beams to nearly the speed of light. When these beams collide with detector instruments, they produce a cascade of additional particles that can be measured and analyzed.
The greater the energy of the particles involved, the more substantial the mass of the collider’s “products”.
Numerous inquiries in contemporary particle physics necessitate exploring this high mass parameter space. Consequently, physicists are eager to construct larger, more powerful colliders. The moon, in this case, serves as an ideal location.
One study from 2022 explored the concept of atomic smashers surrounding the moon, spanning approximately 11,000 km (6,835 miles). This collider could operate at 1,000 times the energy of the LHC, enabling physicists to search for new particles and phenomena.
The Large Hadron Collider has enabled us to deduce important properties of dark matter. A nuclear clock may further illuminate this enigmatic material that constitutes most of the universe. – Photo Credit: Getty Images
While it is challenging to foresee the discoveries that such an enormous accelerator might yield, scientists hope it could provide insights into the evolution of the universe and its colossal structures.
But why construct these machines on the moon instead of Earth? Essentially, it boils down to real estate. Colliders exceeding 10,000 km (6,214 miles) in diameter present numerous geological, technical, and political challenges on our planet.
Conversely, the moon offers several advantages. Building a circular tunnel beneath its surface and maintaining the essential superconducting ring would be easier (and more cost-effective).
Additionally, the moon is more geologically stable than Earth and has a plentiful supply of solar energy.
Engineers estimate that establishing a Super Collider on the moon would take over 20 years, assuming human presence is established there. Thus, the prospect of a “Mega-Collider” materializing in this century appears slim.
This article addresses the question posed by Faye Holmes via email: “What if we made a Super Collider around the Moon?”
Please reach out to us with your questionsat Question @sciencefocus.com or message us onFacebook,Twitter, orInstagramPage (don’t forget to include your name and location).
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Jupiter showcases the most brilliant and magnificent auroras in the solar system. Near its poles, these shimmering lights provide insight into how its moons and planets engage with the solar wind propelled by Jupiter’s magnetic field. In contrast to Earth’s auroras, the largest of Jupiter’s moons generates its own unique auroral signature within the planet’s atmosphere. The auroras linked to these moons, referred to as satellite footprints, illustrate the interactions of each moon with its immediate spatial environment.
Junho captures the mark on Jupiter in all four Galilean Moons. The aurora associated with each are labelled IO, EUR (europa), Gan (for Ganymede), and Cal (for Callisto). Image credits: NASA/JPL-CALTECH/SWRI/UVS TEAM/MSSS/GILL/Jónsson/Perry/Hue/Rabia.
Prior to NASA’s Juno Mission, three of Jupiter’s largest moons—Io, Europa, and Ganymede—were known to produce distinct auroral signatures.
However, the farthest moon, Callisto, remained an enigma.
Despite numerous attempts using the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope, Callisto’s footprints were faint and difficult to detect, often overshadowed by the bright Main Auroral Oval, the region where auroras are prominently observed.
NASA’s Juno Mission has been in orbit around Jupiter since 2016, providing an unprecedented close-up view of these polar light displays.
To capture Callisto’s footprint, the main auroral oval needs to be bypassed while imaging the polar regions.
Additionally, to incorporate it into the suite of instruments analyzing the fields and particles within Juno’s payload, the spacecraft’s path must cross the magnetic field line linking Callisto to Jupiter.
These necessary conditions coincidentally occurred during Juno’s 22nd orbit of the giant planet in September 2019, leading to the discovery of Callisto’s Auroral Footprint and offering samples of the magnetic fields related to particle populations, electromagnetic waves, and interactions.
Jupiter’s magnetic field extends far beyond its largest moon, forming a vast area (magnetosphere) where solar wind flows from the sun.
Just like solar storms on Earth can push the Northern Lights to lower latitudes, Jupiter’s auroras are also influenced by solar activity.
In September 2019, a significant and dense solar stream impacted Jupiter’s magnetosphere, causing the auroral ellipse to shift towards the equator, revealing a faint yet distinct feature associated with Callisto.
This finding confirms that all four Galilean moons leave their imprint on Jupiter’s atmosphere, with Callisto’s footprints closely resembling those of its inner companions, thus completing the family portrait marked by Galilean Moon Auroras.
“Our observations substantiate the electrodynamic coupling between Callisto and Jupiter,” stated Dr. Jonas Lavia, a researcher at Astrophysics-Planetology and CNRS, along with colleagues.
“This combination will undergo further examination by NASA’s JUICE mission, which was successfully launched in April 2023. This mission will facilitate repeated explorations of Callisto and its local environment, enhancing our understanding of the magnetospheric interactions between Callisto and Jupiter.”
“Reported in situ and remote observations complete the family portrait of the footprints of Galilean Moon Auroras, addressing a long-standing question about whether Callisto’s electromagnetic interactions differ fundamentally from the inner three Galilean satellites.”
“The observed similarities in both the auroral structure and the in situ characteristics of electrons point to the universal physical mechanisms at play in the magnetospheric interaction of moons and stars, akin to other binary systems accessible within the solar system and beyond.”
The team’s paper was published this week in the journal Nature Communications.
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J. Ravia et al. 2025. in situ Remote observation of Callisto’s UV footprint by Juno spacecraft. Nat Commun 16, 7791; doi:10.1038/s41467-025-62520-4
My perspective on the moon has changed in the past year, especially since I gave birth during the harvest month, coinciding with the full moon.
In those early months with my son, time felt peculiar. The boundary between day and night blurred. Yet, the lunar cycle marked the passage of time. Each full moon signified that another 29.5 days had gone by and reminded me that my son was growing month by month.
<p>The upcoming full moon will carry special significance, as it coincides with a total lunar eclipse on September 7th, 2025.</p>
<p>This spectacular event will be visible to many around the globe, including parts of Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia, and South America. In my location in the UK, the moon will emerge from below the horizon around 20 minutes later, at approximately 7:30 PM, and will remain visible until the eclipse concludes.</p>
<p>As I mentioned, the full moon occurs every 29.5 days. During this phase, our planet is positioned between the sun and the moon, allowing the moon to fully reflect sunlight towards us.</p>
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<p>However, because the moon's orbit is slightly tilted relative to Earth's orbit around the sun, these celestial bodies don’t always align perfectly (a phenomenon known as Syzygy).</p>
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<p>When syzygy happens during the new moon, a solar eclipse occurs. Conversely, if it happens during the full moon, we witness a total lunar eclipse.</p>
<p>During this event, the moon will enter Earth's shadow, which is why it appears dark and red. The only light that reaches the moon's surface and is reflected back to us has passed through Earth's atmosphere, scattering most wavelengths except for the reds.</p>
<p>To discover the best times to view the lunar eclipse and what you can see from your location, check out the <a href="https://www.timeanddate.com/eclipse/lunar/2025-september-7">Interactive Solar Eclipse Map</a>.</p>
<p>Unlike solar eclipses, no special equipment is necessary for viewing the lunar eclipse—just a clear sky. Once you know when to look, find the moon and watch it transition to a dark, red hue (as shown in the photo). If you're in the UK, you’ll find the moon positioned on the eastern horizon, so make sure to find a spot with a clear view to the east.</p>
<p>This full moon, occurring just before the autumn equinox, is often referred to as the harvest blood moon due to the reddish color it takes on during the eclipse.</p>
<p>I’m not certain how old he has to be to appreciate it, but I plan to take my son outside to witness this beautiful lunar sight that coincides with his birth in the harvest month.</p>
<p><em>Abigail Beall is the editor of New Scientist and the author of *Art of Urban Astronomy*. Follow her @abbybeall</em></p>
<p>For more projects, please visit newscientist.com/maker</p>
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